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Hell in Christianity

January 01, 1970

In Christian theology, Hell is the place or state into which, by God's definitive judgment, unrepentant sinners pass in the general judgment, or, as some Christians believe, immediately after death (particular judgment).[1][2] Its character is inferred from teaching in the biblical texts, some of which, interpreted literally, have given rise to the popular idea of Hell.[1] Theologians today generally see Hell as the logical consequence of rejecting union with God and with God's justice and mercy.[1]

A detail from Hieronymous Bosch's depiction of Hell (16th century)

Different Hebrew and Greek words are translated as "Hell" in most English-language Bibles. These words include:

  • "Sheol" in the Hebrew Bible, and "Hades" in the New Testament. Many modern versions, such as the New International Version, translate Sheol as "grave" and simply transliterate "Hades". It is generally agreed that both sheol and hades do not typically refer to the place of eternal punishment, but to the grave, the temporary abode of the dead, the underworld.[3]
  • "Gehenna" in the New Testament, where it is described as a place where both soul and body could be destroyed (Matthew 10:28) in "unquenchable fire" (Mark 9:43). The word is translated as either "Hell" or "Hell fire" in many English versions.[4] Gehenna was a physical location outside the city walls where they burned rubbish and where lepers and outcasts were sent, hence the weeping and gnashing of teeth.
  • The Greek verb ταρταρῶ (tartarō, derived from Tartarus), which occurs once in the New Testament (in 2 Peter 2:4), is almost always translated by a phrase such as "thrown down to hell". A few translations render it as "Tartarus"; of this term, the Holman Christian Standard Bible states: "Tartarus is a Greek name for a subterranean place of divine punishment lower than Hades."[5]

Jewish background edit

Main articles: Sheol and Gehenna

In ancient Jewish belief, the dead were consigned to Sheol, a place to which all were sent indiscriminately (cf. Genesis 37:35; Numbers 16:30–33; Psalm 86:13; Ecclesiastes 9:10). Sheol was thought of as a place situated below the ground (cf. Ezek. 31:15), a place of darkness, silence and forgetfulness (cf. Job 10:21).[6] By the third to second century BC, the idea had grown to encompass separate divisions in sheol for the righteous and wicked (cf. the Book of Enoch).[7]

By at least the late or saboraic rabbinical period (500–640 AD), Gehinnom was viewed as the place of ultimate punishment, exemplified by the rabbinical statement "the best of physicians are destined to Gehinnom." (M. Kiddushin 4:14); also described in Assumption of Moses and 2 Esdras.[8]

New Testament edit

Three different New Testament words appear in most English translations as "Hell":

Greek NT NT occurrences KJV NKJV NASB NIV ESV CEV NLT
ᾅδης (Hades)[9] 9[10] Hell (9/10)[11] Hades (10/10) Hades (9/9) Hades (7/9 or 4/9)[12] Hades (8/9)[13] death's kingdom (3/9)[14] grave (6/9)[15]
γέεννα (Gehenna)[9] 12[16] Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell
ταρταρῶ (Tartarō̂, verb)[9] 1[17] Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell

The most common New Testament term translated as "Hell" is γέεννα (gehenna), a direct loan of Hebrew גהנום/גהנם (ge-hinnom). Apart from one use in James 3:6, this term is found exclusively in the synoptic gospels.[18][19] Gehenna is most frequently described as a place of punishment (e.g., Matthew 5:22, Matthew 18:8–9; Mark 9:43–49); other passages mention darkness and "weeping and gnashing of teeth" (e.g., Matthew 8:12; Matthew 22:13).[19]

The New Testament also uses the Greek word hades, usually to refer to the abode of the dead (e.g., Acts 2:31; Revelation 20:13).[7] Only one passage describes hades as a place of torment, the parable of Lazarus and Dives (Luke 16:19–31). Jesus here depicts a wicked man suffering fiery torment in hades, which is contrasted with the bosom of Abraham, and explains that it is impossible to cross over from one to the other. Some scholars believe that this parable reflects the intertestamental Jewish view of hades (or sheol) as containing separate divisions for the wicked and righteous.[7]

Parables of Jesus concerning the hereafter edit

In the eschatological discourse of Matthew 25:31–46, Jesus says that, when the Son of Man comes in his glory, he will separate people from one another as a shepherd separates sheep from goats, and will consign to everlasting fire those who failed to aid "the least of his brothers". This separation is stark, with no explicit provision made for fine gradations of merit or guilt:[20]

Depart from me, you who are cursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me nothing to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink, I was a stranger and you did not invite me in, I needed clothes and you did not clothe me, I was sick and in prison and you did not look after me. ...whatever you did not do for one of the least of these, you did not do for me.

— Matthew 25:41–43 (NIV)

Related concepts edit

Lake of Fire edit

Further information: Lake of Fire

The Book of Revelation mentions a lake of fire and brimstone in which unrighteous people are thrown.

Abyss edit

Further information: Abyss (religion)

According to the Book of Revelation, the abyss is the place in which the Seven-Headed Dragon is imprisoned during the Millennium.

Eastern Orthodox views edit

 
Hell—detail from a fresco in the medieval church St. Nicolas in Raduil, Bulgaria
See also: Bosom of Abraham
See also: Apocatastasis, Aerial toll house, and Eastern Orthodox theology

Some Eastern Orthodox Christians believe that Heaven and Hell are relations to or experiences of God's just and loving presence.[21][22] There is no created place of divine absence, nor is hell an ontological separation from God.[23] One expression of the Eastern teaching is that hell and heaven are dimensions of God's intensifying presence, as this presence is experienced either as torment or as paradise depending on the spiritual state of a person dwelling with God.[21][24] For one who hates God and by extension hates himself as God's image-bearer, to be encompassed by the divine presence could only result in unspeakable anguish.[25][26][27] Aristotle Papanikolaou[28] and Elizabeth H. Prodromou[29] write in their book Thinking Through Faith: New Perspectives from Orthodox Christian Scholars that for the Eastern Orthodox: "Those theological symbols, heaven and hell, are not crudely understood as spatial destinations but rather refer to the experience of God's presence according to two different modes."[30] Several Eastern Orthodox theologians do describe hell as separation from God, in the sense of being out of fellowship or loving communion. Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov) spoke of "the hell of separation from God".[31] Paul Evdokimov stated: "Hell is nothing else but separation of man from God, his autonomy excluding him from the place where God is present."[32] According to Theodore Stylianopoulos, "Hell is a spiritual state of separation from God and inability to experience the love of God, while being conscious of the ultimate deprivation of it as punishment."[33] Michel Quenot stated: "Hell is none other than the state of separation from God, a condition into which humanity was plunged for having preferred the creature to the Creator. It is the human creature, therefore, and not God, who engenders hell. Created free for the sake of love, man possesses the incredible power to reject this love, to say 'no' to God. By refusing communion with God, he becomes a predator, condemning himself to a spiritual death (hell) more dreadful than the physical death that derives from it."[34] Another writer declared: "The circumstances that rise before us, the problems we encounter, the relationships we form, the choices we make, all ultimately concern our eternal union with or separation from God."[35]

 
"A Monster from Hell". A 19th-century Russian hand-drawn lubok.

The Eastern Orthodox Church rejects what is presented as the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory as a place where believers suffer as their "venial sins" are purged before gaining admittance to heaven.[36]

Images edit

 
Icon in Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, showing monks falling from the Ladder to Heaven into the mouth of a dragon, representing Hell

John Chrysostom pictured Hell as associated with "unquenchable" fire and "various kinds of torments and torrents of punishment".[37]

 
Depiction of Hell on an icon in Gelati Monastery, Georgia

Icons based on The Ladder of Divine Ascent, by John Climacus, show monks ascending a thirty-rung ladder to Heaven represented by Christ, or succumbing to the arrows of demons and falling from the ladder into Hell, sometimes represented by an open-jawed dragon.[38]

Roman Catholicism edit

Main article: Hell in Catholicism
 
Medieval image of hell in the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg (c. 1180)

As eternal flames edit

The Council of Trent taught, in the 5th canon of its 14th session, that damnation is eternal: "...the loss of eternal blessedness, and the eternal damnation which he has incurred..."[39] This teaching is based on Jesus' parable of the sheep and the goats: "Depart from me, you accursed, into the eternal fire...And these will go off to eternal punishment,..."[40]

As self-exclusion or final impenitence edit

The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines hell as self-exclusion from Heaven, a freely chosen consequence of final impenitence, i.e., deliberately and willingly refusing to repent of mortal sin at death and accept divine mercy:

To die in mortal sin without repenting and accepting God's merciful love means remaining separated from him for ever by our own free choice. This state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God and the blessed is called "hell."[41]
[Perfect] contrition remits venial sins; it also obtains forgiveness of mortal sins if it includes the firm resolution to have recourse to sacramental confession as soon as possible.[42][43]

The prisoners of hell are the impenitent, such as Satan; Satan's fall from Heaven is irrevocable because he chooses not to repent.[44] No one is predestined to commit sin[45] or to go to hell.[46] Catholic doctrine holds that after death, repentance is impossible.[47]

As a place or a state edit

State edit

The Baltimore Catechism defined Hell by using the word "state" alone: "Hell is a state to which the wicked are condemned, and in which they are deprived of the sight of God for all eternity, and are in dreadful torments." However, suffering is characterized as both mental and physical: "The damned will suffer in both mind and body, because both mind and body had a share in their sins."[48]

Pope John Paul II stated on 28 July 1999, that, in speaking of Hell as a place, the Bible uses "a symbolic language", which "must be correctly interpreted […]. Rather than a place, hell indicates the state of those who freely and definitively separate themselves from God, the source of all life and joy."[49] Some have interpreted these words as a denial that Hell can be considered to be a place, or at least as providing an alternative picture of Hell.[50] Others have explicitly disagreed with the interpretation of what the Pope said as an actual denial that Hell can be considered a place and have said that the Pope was only directing attention away from what is secondary to the real essence of hell.[51]

Catholic theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–1988) said that "we must see that hell is not an object that is 'full' or 'empty' of human individuals, but a possibility that is not 'created' by God but in any case by the free individuals who choose it".[52]

The Catholic Faith Handbook for Youth, with imprimatur of 2007, also says that "more accurately" heaven and hell are not places but states.[53]

Capuchin theologian Berard A. Marthaler also says that "hell is not 'a place'".[54]

Place edit

 
Hell (on the right) is portrayed in Paradise and Hell, a 16th-century Hieronymus Bosch (or Bosch workshop) painting.

Traditionally in the past Hell has been spoken of or considered as a place.[55] Some have rejected metaphorical interpretations of the biblical descriptions of hell,[56] and have attributed to Hell a location within the earth,[57] while others who uphold the opinion that hell is a definite place, say instead that its location is unknown.[58]

In a homily given on 25 March 2007, Pope Benedict XVI stated: "Jesus came to tell us that he wants us all in heaven and that hell, of which so little is said in our time, exists and is eternal for those who close their hearts to his love."[59][60] Journalist Richard Owen's interpretation of this remark as declaring that hell is an actual place was reported in many media.[61]

Writing in the 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia, Joseph Hontheim said that "theologians generally accept the opinion that hell is really within the earth. The Catholic Church has decided nothing on this subject; hence we may say hell is a definite place; but where it is, we do not know." He cited the view of Augustine of Hippo that Hell is under the earth and that of Gregory the Great that hell is either on the earth or under it.[62]

The posthumous supplement to Aquinas' Summa theologiciae suppl. Q97 A4 flags discussion of the location of hell as speculation: As Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xv, 16), "I am of opinion that no one knows in what part of the world hell is situated, unless the Spirit of God has revealed this to some one."

Both edit

Other Catholics neither affirm nor deny that Hell is a place, and speak of it as "a place or state". Ludwig Ott's work "The Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma" said: "Hell is a place or state of eternal punishment inhabited by those rejected by God".[63] Robert J. Fox wrote: "Hell is a place or state of eternal punishment inhabited by those rejected by God because such souls have rejected God's saving grace."[64] Evangelicals Norman L. Geisler and Ralph E. MacKenzie interpret official Roman Catholic teaching as: "Hell is a place or state of eternal punishment inhabited by those rejected by God."[65]

Nature of suffering edit

It is agreed that Hell is a place of suffering.[66][67][68]

The Catechism of the Catholic Church states:

Jesus often speaks of "Gehenna" of "the unquenchable fire" reserved for those who to the end of their lives refuse to believe and be converted, where both soul and body can be lost. Jesus solemnly proclaims that he "will send his angels, and they will gather. . . all evil doers, and throw them into the furnace of fire", and that he will pronounce the condemnation: "Depart from me, you cursed, into the eternal fire!"

The teaching of the Church affirms the existence of hell and its eternity. Immediately after death the souls of those who die in a state of mortal sin descend into hell, where they suffer the punishments of hell, "eternal fire". The chief punishment of hell is eternal separation from God, in whom alone man can possess the life and happiness for which he was created and for which he longs.[69]

Although the Catechism explicitly speaks of the punishments of hell in the plural, calling them "eternal fire", and speaks of eternal separation from God as the "chief" of those punishments, one commentator claims that it is non-committal on the existence of forms of punishment other than that of separation of God: after all, God, being above all a merciful and loving entity, takes no pleasure in the death of the living, and does not will or predestine anyone to go there (the Catholic stance is that God does not will suffering, and that the only entities known to be in hell beyond a doubt are Satan and his evil angels, and that the only suffering in hell is not fire or torture, but the freely-chosen, irrevocable and inescapable eternal separation from God and his freely given love, and the righteous, who are in heaven; thus the church and the popes have placed emphasis on the potential irreversibility of a mortally sinful life that goes un-absolved before one's death, and the dogma and reality of the place or state of hell).[70] Another interpretation is that the Catechism by no means denies other forms of suffering, but stresses that the pain of loss is central to the Catholic understanding of hell.[71]

Augustine of Hippo said that the suffering of hell is compounded because God continues to love the sinner who is not able to return the love.[72] According to the church, whatever is the nature of the sufferings, "they are not imposed by a vindictive judge"[72][73]

"Concerning the detailed specific nature of hell ... the Catholic Church has defined nothing. ... It is useless to speculate about its true nature, and more sensible to confess our ignorance in a question that evidently exceeds human understanding."[74]

In his book, Inventing Hell, Catholic writer and historian Jon M. Sweeney is critical of the ways that Christians have appropriated Dante's vision and images of hell. In its review, Publishers Weekly called the book "persuasively argued."[75] An article on the same subject by Sweeney that was published on the Huffington Post's religion page was liked by more than 19,000 people, including Anne Rice.[76]

Visions edit

A number of Catholic mystics and saints have claimed to have received visions of Hell or other revelations concerning Hell. During various Marian apparitions, such as those at Fatima or at Kibeho, the visionaries claimed that the Virgin Mary during the course of the visions showed them a view of Hell where sinners were suffering.[77]

At Fátima in Portugal, it is claimed that she told Jacinta Marto; that more sinners go to Hell because of sins of impurity than any other.[78][79]

The biblical Book of Revelation mentions a lake of fire where the beast and all those marked with his number were placed.

Columba of Iona is alleged to have on several occasions even been able to name particular individuals who he said were going to end life in hellfire for their sins and accurately predicted the way they would die before the event had even happened.[80]

A story recorded by Cluniac monks in the Middle Ages claimed that Benedict of Nursia appeared to a monk on one occasion and told the monk that there had just been (at that point in time) a monk who had fled the monastic life to go back into the world, and the ex-monk then died and he went to hell.[81]

Call to responsibility edit

The Catholic Church teaches that no one is predestined to Hell, and that the church's teaching on Hell is not meant to frighten but is a call for people to use their freedom wisely. It is first and foremost a call to conversion, and to show that Humanity's true destiny lies with God in heaven.[82]

Predestination edit

Further information: Predestination § Catholicism

The Catholic Church, and the Catechism, repudiates the view commonly known as "double predestination" which claims that God not only chooses who will be saved, but that he also creates some people who will be doomed to damnation.[83] This view is often associated with the Protestant reformer John Calvin.[84]

Protestantism edit

Main article: Christian views on Hades
 
The parable of the Rich man and Lazarus depicting the rich man in hell asking for help to Abraham and Lazarus in heaven by James Tissot

In historic Protestant traditions, hell is the place created by God for the punishment of the devil and fallen angels (cf. Matthew 25:41), and those whose names are not written in the book of life (cf. Revelation 20:15). It is the final destiny of every person who does not receive salvation, where they will be punished for their sins. People will be consigned to hell after the last judgment.[85]

The nuances in the views of "hell" held by different Protestant denominations, both in relation to Hades (i.e., the abode of the dead) and Gehenna (i.e., the destination of the wicked), are largely a function of the varying Protestant views on the intermediate state between death and resurrection; and different views on the immortality of the soul or the alternative, the conditional immortality. For example, John Calvin, who believed in conscious existence after death,[86] had a very different concept of hell (Hades and Gehenna) to Martin Luther who held that death was sleep.[87]

Eternal torment view edit

The historic Protestant view of hell is expressed in the Westminster Confession (1646), a Reformed confession of faith:

"but the wicked, who know not God, and obey not the gospel of Jesus Christ, shall be cast into eternal torments, and punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power." (Chapter XXXIII, Of the Last Judgment)

The Book of Discipline of the Evangelical Methodist Church Conference similarly teaches:[88]

While the saint goes from the judgment to enjoy eternal bliss, the impenitent sinner is turned away into everlasting condemnation, punishment and misery. As heaven is described in the Bible as a place of everlasting happiness, so hell is described as a place of endless torment, where the worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched. Matt. 25:41, 46; Mark 9:44-48; Luke 13:3; John 8:21, 23 —Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline (¶25)[88]

This is known as the eternal conscious torment (ECT) view.[89] This view is the traditional position of Anabaptist (Mennonite, Hutterite, Bruderhof, Amish, Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren and Apostolic Christian churches), Anglican, Baptist, Charismatics, Lutheran, Methodist, Moravian, Pentecostals, Plymouth Brethren, Reformed (Congregationalist, Continental Reformed and Presbyterian churches), and Conservative Quaker denominations.[90][91][88][92]

Some recent writers such as Anglican layman C. S. Lewis[93] and J.P. Moreland[94] have cast hell in terms of "eternal separation" from God. Certain biblical texts have led some theologians[who?] to the conclusion that punishment in hell, though eternal and irrevocable, will be proportional to the deeds of each soul (e.g., Matthew 10:15, Luke 12:46–48).[95]

Another area of debate is the fate of the unevangelized (i.e., those who have never had an opportunity to hear the Christian gospel).

View of conditional immortality and annihilationism edit

A minority of Protestants believe in the doctrine of conditional immortality,[96] which teaches that those sent to hell will not experience eternal conscious punishment, but instead will be extinguished or annihilated after a period of "limited conscious punishment".[19]

Prominent evangelical theologians who have adopted conditionalist beliefs include John Wenham, Edward Fudge, Clark Pinnock, Greg Boyd.[97]

The Seventh-day Adventist Church holds annihilationism. Seventh-day Adventists believe that death is a state of unconscious sleep until the resurrection. They base this belief on biblical texts such as Ecclesiastes 9:5 which states "the dead know nothing", and 1 Thessalonians 4:13 which contains a description of the dead being raised from the grave at the second coming. These verses, Adventists say, indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber.[98]

Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians also teach the annihilationist viewpoint.

Other groups edit

Christian Science edit

Christian Science defines "hell" as follows: "Mortal belief; error; lust; remorse; hatred; revenge; sin; sickness; death; suffering and self-destruction; self-imposed agony; effects of sin; that which 'worketh abomination or maketh a lie.' " (Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures)

Christian Universalism edit

Main article: Christian Universalism

Some today holding mostly Protestant views (such as George MacDonald, Karl Barth, William Barclay, Keith DeRose, Robin Parry, and Thomas Talbott) believe that after serving their sentence in Gehenna, all souls are reconciled to God and admitted to heaven, or ways are found at the time of death of drawing all souls to repentance so that no "hellish" suffering is experienced. This view is often called Christian universalism—its conservative branch is more specifically called 'Biblical or Trinitarian universalism'— related to, but different from Unitarian Universalism. See universal reconciliation, apocatastasis and the Problem of Hell. Though a theological minority in contemporary Western Christianity, many global Christians held this view throughout history (such as Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, etc.) and some Orthodox theologians argue that it was once the theological majority view.[99]

Christian Universalism teaches that an eternal Hell does not exist and is a later creation of the church with no biblical support. Reasoning by Christian Universalists includes that an eternal Hell is against the nature, character and attributes of a loving God, human nature, sin's nature of destruction rather than perpetual misery, the nature of holiness and happiness and the nature and object of punishment.[100]

Thomas Talbott, a prominent Trinitarian Universalist, illustrates this viewpoint by delineating three propositions which are biblically based, but which he asserts to be mutually exclusive:

  1. God is omnipotent and exercises sovereign control over all aspects of human life and history.
  2. God is omni-benevolent, is ontologically Love, and desires the salvation of all people.
  3. Some (many) persons will experience everlasting, conscious torment in a place of (either literal or metaphorical) fire.[101]

Traditional theology clarifies omnipotence or omni-benevolence to resolve the contradiction. Calvinism resolves it by positing a doctrine of limited atonement, which claims that God's love is restricted. Only a select number of people are elected to be saved, which includes redemption and purification. This demonstrates a special love, and most people (the 'eternally reprobate' or non-elect) are given only common grace and tolerance. This bifurcation of grace intends to retain a doctrine of God's omnibenevolence and a doctrine of hell. In comparison, Arminianism resolves the contradiction by rejecting divine omnipotence with respect to human will. This is commonly referred to as synergism. It posits that human beings have an inviolable free will, which allows the choice of accepting or rejecting God's grace. Universalists disagree with the third claim, and argue that all people receive salvation. [102]

Gnosticism edit

Main article: Gnosticism

Many gnostic Christians, such as the Cathars, interpreted hell as a metaphor for this flawed, material world in which human souls have become entrapped. Later writers influenced by the gnostic worldview, such as Milton and Blake, interpreted it differently. In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, William Blake is read by certain scholars as implying that hell is similar to heaven, or even preferable to it in terms of being a state in which creative impulses are allowed free rein outside the domination of society, which prefers the limitations of heaven.[103][104]

Jehovah's Witnesses edit

Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in an immortal soul that survives after physical death. They believe the Bible presents "hell", as translated from "Sheol" and "Hades", to be the common grave for both the good and the bad. They reject the idea of a place of literal eternal pain or torment as being inconsistent with God's love and justice. They define "Gehenna" as eternal destruction or the "second death", which is reserved for those with no opportunity of a resurrection such as those who will be destroyed at Armageddon.[105] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that others who have died before Armageddon will be resurrected bodily on earth and then judged during the 1,000-year rule of Christ; the judgement will be based on their obedience to God's laws after their resurrection.[106]

The Christadelphian view is broadly similar to the Jehovah's Witness view, except for the fact that it teaches the belief that the resurrected will be judged for how they lived their lives before the resurrection.

Latter Day Saints edit

Main article: Outer darkness
Further information: Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints) and Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that the word "hell" is used scripturally in at least two senses.[107] The first is a place commonly called Spirit Prison which is a state of punishment for those who reject Christ and his Atonement. This is understood to be a temporary state in which the spirits of deceased persons will be taught the gospel and have an opportunity to repent and accept ordinances of salvation.[108] Latter-day Saints teach that it was for this purpose that Christ visited the Spirit World after his crucifixion (1 Peter 3:19–20, 1 Peter 4:5–6). Modern-day revelation clarifies that while there, Christ began the work of salvation for the dead by commissioning spirits of the righteous to teach the gospel to those who didn't have the opportunity to receive it while on earth.[108]

Latter-day Saints also believe that righteous people will rise in a "first resurrection" and live with Christ on earth after his return.[109] After the 1000 years known as the Millennium, the individuals in spirit prison who chose not to accept the gospel and repent[110] will also be resurrected (1 Corinthians 15:20-22) and receive an immortal physical body, which is referred to as the "second resurrection".[111] At these appointed times of resurrection, "death and hell" will deliver up the dead that are in them to be judged according to their works (Revelations 20:13), at which point all but the sons of perdition will receive a degree of glory, which Paul compared to the glory of the sun, moon, and stars (1 Corinthians 15:41). The Church explains biblical descriptions of hell being "eternal" or "endless" punishment as being descriptive of their infliction by God rather than an unending temporal period. Latter-day Saint scripture quotes God as saying "I am endless, and the punishment which is given from my hand is endless punishment, for Endless is my name. Wherefore—Eternal punishment is God's punishment. Endless punishment is God's punishment."[112] Latter-day Saints also believe in a more permanent concept of hell, commonly referred to as outer darkness. It is said that very few people who have lived on the earth will be consigned to this hell, but Latter-day Saint scripture suggests that at least Cain will be present.[113] Other mortals who during their lifetime become sons of perdition, those who commit the unpardonable sin or sin "against the Holy Ghost", will be consigned to outer darkness.[109] Near the end of his life, in a discourse called the King Follett Sermon, Joseph Smith taught that, "After a man has sinned against the Holy Ghost, there is no repentance for him. He has got to say that the sun does not shine while he sees it; he has got to deny Jesus Christ when the heavens have been opened unto him, and to deny the plan of salvation with his eyes open to the truth of it; and from that time he begins to be an enemy."[114] In other words, the unpardonable sin is committed by those who "den[y] the Son after the Father has revealed him".[115] However, according to the Latter-day Saint understanding, since most humans lack such an extent of religious enlightenment, they cannot commit the Eternal sin,[116] and the vast majority of residents of outer darkness will be the "devil and his angels...the third part of the hosts of heaven" who in the premortal existence followed Lucifer and never received a mortal body.[117] The residents of outer darkness are the only children of God that will not receive one of three kingdoms of glory at the Last Judgment.

It is unclear whether those in outer darkness will ultimately be redeemed. Of outer darkness and the sons of perdition, Latter-day Saint scripture states that "the end thereof, neither the place thereof, nor their torment, no man knows; Neither was it revealed, neither is, neither will be revealed unto man, except to them who are made partakers thereof".[118] The scripture asserts that those who are consigned to this state will be aware of its duration and limitations.

Seventh-day Adventist Church edit

The Seventh-day Adventist Church believes that the concept of eternal suffering is incompatible with God's character and that he cannot torture His children.[119][120] They instead believe that Hell is not a place of eternal suffering, but of eternal death and that death is a state of unconscious sleep until the resurrection. They base this belief on biblical texts such as Ecclesiastes 9:5 which states "the dead know nothing", and 1 Thessalonians 4:13 which contains a description of the dead being raised from the grave at the second coming. These verses, it is argued, indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber.[98] Based on verses like Matthew 16:27 and Romans 6:23 they believe the unsaved do not go to any place of punishment as soon as they die, but are reserved in the grave until the day of judgment after the Second coming of Jesus to be judged, either for eternal life or eternal death. This interpretation is called annihilationism.

They also hold that Hell is not an eternal place and that the descriptions of it as "eternal" or "unquenchable" does not mean that the fire will never go out. They base this idea in other biblical cases such as the "eternal fire" (e.g. Jude 1:7) that was sent as punishment to the people of Sodom and Gomorrah, that later extinguished.[120]

Swedenborgianism edit

See Swedenborgianism § Hell

Unity Church edit

The Unity Church of Charles Fillmore considers the concept of everlasting physical Hell to be false doctrine and contradictory to that reported by John the Evangelist.[121]

Biblical terminology edit

Sheol
In the King James Bible, the Old Testament term Sheol is translated as "Hell" 31 times,[122] and it is translated as "the grave" 31 times.[123] Sheol is also translated as "the pit" three times.[124]
Modern Bible translations typically render Sheol as "the grave", "the pit", or "death".
Abaddon
The Hebrew word abaddon, meaning "destruction", is sometimes interpreted as being a synonym for "Hell".[125]
Gehenna
In the New Testament, both early (i.e., the KJV) and modern translations often translate Gehenna as "Hell".[126] Young's Literal Translation and the New World Translation are two notable exceptions, both of which simply use the word "Gehenna".
Hades
Hades is the Greek word which is traditionally used in place of the Hebrew word Sheol in works such as the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. Like other first-century Jews who were literate in Greek, Christian writers of the New Testament employed this usage. While earlier translations most often translated Hades as "Hell", as does the King James Version, modern translations use the transliteration "Hades",[127] or render the word as allusions "to the grave",[128] "among the dead",[129] "place of the dead"[130] or they contain similar statements. In Latin, Hades were translated as Purgatorium (Purgatory) after about 1200 AD,[131] but no modern English translations render Hades as Purgatory.
Tartarus
Only appears in 2 Peter 2:4 in the New Testament; both early and modern Bible translations usually translate Tartarus as "Hell", though a few render it as "Tartarus".

See also edit

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ a b c Cross, F. L., Livingstone, E. (editors), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press. 2005), article "Hell"
  2. ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+21%3A8&version=ESV. 8 March 2020. Retrieved on 8 March 2020.
  3. ^ New Bible Dictionary third edition, IVP 1996. Articles on "Hell", "Sheol".
  4. ^ noted(RSV mg. "Gehenna": in Mk. 9:47)
  5. ^ 2  Peter 2:4
  6. ^ Tabor, James D (n.d.). . Archived from the original on 6 May 2013.
  7. ^ a b c New Bible Dictionary 3rd edition, IVP Leicester 1996. "Sheol".
  8. ^ New Bible Dictionary 3rd edition, IVP Leicester 1996, "Hell".
  9. ^ a b c "Genesis 1:1 (KJV)". Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  10. ^ Mt 11:23; 16:18; Lk 10:15; Acts 2:27, 2:31; Rev 1:18; 6:8; 20:13–14. Some late Greek manuscripts, which are followed by KJV and NKJV, have ᾅδης in 1 Cor. 15:55
  11. ^ The King James Version translates "ᾅδης" 9 times as "Hell" and once as "grave" (in 1 Cor. 15:55)
  12. ^ The 2010 New International Version translates "ᾅδης" seven times as "Hades", and two times as "realm of the dead"; the 1984 NIV translates it four times as "Hades", twice as "depths", twice as "grave", and once as "hell".
  13. ^ The English Standard Version translates "ᾅδης" 8 times as "Hades" and once as "Hell".
  14. ^ The Contemporary English Version translates "ᾅδης" twice as "Hell", once as "death", twice as "grave", once as "world of the dead", three times as "death's kingdom".
  15. ^ The New Living Translation renders "ᾅδης" once as "place of the dead", twice as "the dead" and six times as "the grave".
  16. ^ Matthew 5:22, 5:29; 5:30;10:28; 18:9; 23:15, 23:33; Mk 9:43, 9:45, 9:47; Lk 12:5; James 3:6.
  17. ^ 2  Peter 2:4
  18. ^ New Bible Dictionary 3rd ed., IVP, Leicester 1996. Article "Hell", pages 463-464
  19. ^ a b c New Dictionary of Biblical Theology; IVP Leicester 2000, "Hell"
  20. ^ "hell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 4 March 2013.
  21. ^ a b God himself is both heaven and hell, reward and punishment. All men have been created to see God unceasingly in his uncreated glory. Whether God will be for each man heaven or hell, reward or punishment, depends on man's response to God's love and on man's transformation from the state of selfish and self-centered love, to Godlike love which does not seek its own ends. "Empirical Theology Versus Speculative Theology" by John S. Romanides part 2 [1]
  22. ^ Thus it is the Church's spiritual teaching that God does not punish man by some material fire or physical torment. God simply reveals Himself in the risen Lord Jesus in such a glorious way that no man can fail to behold His glory. It is the presence of God's splendid glory and love that is the scourge of those who reject its radiant power and light.
    ... those who find themselves in hell will be chastised by the scourge of love. How cruel and bitter this torment of love will be! For those who understand that they have sinned against love, undergo no greater suffering than those produced by the most fearful tortures. The sorrow which takes hold of the heart, which has sinned against love, is more piercing than any other pain. It is not right to say that the sinners in hell are deprived of the love of God ... But love acts in two ways, as suffering of the reproved, and as joy in the blessed! (St. Isaac of Syria, Mystic Treatises) The Orthodox Church of America website [2] 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ For those who love the Lord, his Presence will be infinite joy, paradise and eternal life. For those who hate the Lord, the same Presence will be infinite torture, hell and eternal death. The reality for both the saved and the damned will be exactly the same when Christ "comes in glory, and all angels with Him, " so that "God may be all in all." (I Corinthians 15-28) Those who have God as their "all" within this life will finally have divine fulfillment and life. For those whose "all" is themselves and this world, the "all" of God will be their torture, their punishment and their death. And theirs will be "weeping and gnashing of teeth." (Matthew 8:21, et al.) The Son of Man will send His angels and they will gather out of His kingdom all causes of sin and all evil doers, and throw them into the furnace of fire; there men will weep and gnash their teeth. Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the Kingdom of their Father. (Matthew 13:41-43) According to the saints, the "fire" that will consume sinners at the coming of the Kingdom of God is the same "fire" that will shine with splendor in the saints. It is the "fire" of God's love; the "fire" of God himself who is love. "For our God is a consuming fire" (Hebrews 12:29) who "dwells in unapproachable light." (I Timothy 6:16) For those who love God and who love all creation in him, the "consuming fire" of God will be radiant bliss and unspeakable delight. For those who do not love God, and who do not love at all, this same "consuming fire" will be the cause of their "weeping" and their "gnashing of teeth." Thus it is the Catholic Church's spiritual teaching that God does not punish man by some material fire or physical torment. God simply reveals himself in the risen Lord Jesus in such a glorious way that no man can fail to behold his glory. It is the presence of God's splendid glory and love that is the scourge of those who reject its radiant power and light. ... those who find themselves in hell will be chastised by the scourge of love. How cruel and bitter this torment of love will be! For those who understand that they have sinned against love, undergo no greater suffering than those produced by the most fearful tortures. The sorrow which takes hold of the heart, which has sinned against love, is more piercing than any other pain. It is not right to say that the sinners in hell are deprived of the love of God ... But love acts in two ways, as suffering of the reproved, and as joy in the blessed! (St. Isaac of Syria, Mystic Treatises) The Orthodox Church of America website [3] 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Paradise and Hell exist not in the form of a threat and a punishment on the part of God but in the form of an illness and a cure. Those who are cured and those who are purified experience the illuminating energy of divine grace, while the uncured and ill experience the caustic energy of God." [4] 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Man has a malfunctioning or non-functioning noetic faculty in the heart, and it is the task especially of the clergy to apply the cure of unceasing memory of God, otherwise called unceasing prayer or illumination. "Those who have selfless love and are friends of God see God in light—Divine light, while the selfish and impure see God the judge as fire—darkness". [5] 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Those who have selfless love and are friends of God see God in light—divine light, while the selfish and impure see God the judge as fire—darkness". [6] 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Proper preparation for vision of God takes place in two stages: purification, and illumination of the noetic faculty. Without this, it is impossible for man's selfish love to be transformed into selfless love. This transformation takes place during the higher level of the stage of illumination called theoria, literally meaning vision-in this case vision by means of unceasing and uninterrupted memory of God. Those who remain selfish and self-centered with a hardened heart, closed to God's love, will not see the glory of God in this life. However, they will see God's glory eventually, but as an eternal and consuming fire and outer darkness. From FRANKS, ROMANS, FEUDALISM, AND DOCTRINE/Diagnosis and Therapy Father John S. Romanides Diagnosis and Therapy [7]
  28. ^ "Fordham online information | Academics | Academic Departments | Theology".
  29. ^ . bu.edu. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  30. ^ Regarding specific conditions of after-life existence and eschatology, Orthodox thinkers are generally reticent; yet two basic shared teachings can be singled out. First, they widely hold that immediately following a human being's physical death, his or her surviving spiritual dimension experiences a foretaste of either heaven or hell. (Those theological symbols, heaven and hell, are not crudely understood as spatial destinations but rather refer to the experience of God's presence according to two different modes.) Thinking Through Faith: New Perspectives from Orthodox Christian Scholars page 195 By Aristotle Papanikolaou, Elizabeth H. Prodromou [8]
  31. ^ Sophrony, Archimandrite (2001). The Monk of Mount Athos: Staretz Silouan, 1866-1938. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-913836-15-X.
  32. ^ In the World, of the Church: A Paul Evdokimov Reader. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. 2001. p. 32. ISBN 0-88141-215-5.
  33. ^ Father Theodore Stylianopoulos[permanent dead link]
  34. ^ Quenot, Michel (1997). The Resurrection and the Icon. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-88141-149-3.
  35. ^ "The Spirit of Thankfulness". theologic.com. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  36. ^ Orthodox Christianity also rejects such teachings as the Immaculate Conception, purgatory, and other uniquely Roman Catholic doctrines. [9]
  37. ^ Epistle I to Theodore of Mopsuestia 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Cormack, Robin (2007). Icons. British Museum Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-674-02619-3.
  39. ^ Council of Trent, Session 14, Canon 5
  40. ^ USCCB Bible, Matthew 25:41,46
  41. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1033 9 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1452
  43. ^ Vatican News: Act of Contrition and Sacrament of Reconciliation Should we be in need of forgiveness of mortal sin, and cannot for some reason go to confession, a perfect Act of Contrition is needed along with the intention of going to confession as soon as possible.
  44. ^ CCC 391
  45. ^ NewAdvent: Predestination
  46. ^ CCC 1037
  47. ^ CCC 393
  48. ^ "Lesson 37: On the Last Judgment and the Resurrection, Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  49. ^ "28 July 1999 – John Paul II". w2.vatican.va. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  50. ^ "Hell is traditionally considered a literal place of eternal torture, but the Pope has also described hell as the condition of pain that results from alienation from God, a thing of one's own doing, not an actual place.", Burke, Chauvin, & Miranti, Religious and spiritual issues in counseling, p. 236 (2003).
  51. ^ "In the common sense of the word 'place', if you were to say 'Hell is not a place', you would be denying that Hell exists. Some thought that the Pope, in the statement quoted above, was denying that Hell is a place in this sense. He was, of course, doing nothing of the sort. Thus, to return to the Pope's words again, John Paul II must not be misinterpreted when he said 'Rather than [or more than] a place, hell indicates [a] state….' He certainly was not denying that it is a place, but instead was shifting our focus to the real essence of hell—what the term 'hell' truly indicates—the self-chosen separation from God. The 'place' or 'location' of hell is secondary, and considerations of where it is should not deflect us from our most important concerns: what it is, and how to avoid it" (.
  52. ^ Jack Mulder (2010). Kierkegaard and the Catholic Tradition. Indiana University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-253-22236-7.
  53. ^ Singer-Towns, Brian; Claussen, Janet; Vanbrandwijk, Clare (2008). Catholic Faith Handbook for Youth. Saint Mary's Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-88489-987-7.
  54. ^ Marthaler, Berard A. (2007). The Creed. Twenty-Third Publications. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-89622-537-4.
  55. ^ Flatt, Lizann (2009). Religion in the Renaissance. Crabtree. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7787-4597-6. Hell was a place of eternal suffering for sinners
  56. ^ "No cogent reason has been advanced for accepting a metaphorical interpretation in preference to the most natural meaning of the words of Scripture" (Hontheim in Catholic Encyclopedia 1910).
  57. ^ "Theologians generally accept the opinion that hell is really within the earth" (Hontheim 1910)
  58. ^ "It is certain from Scripture and tradition that the torments of hell are inflicted in a definite place. But it is uncertain where the place is" Addis & Arnold (eds), A Catholic Dictionary Containing Some Account of the Doctrine, Discipline, Rites, Ceremonies, Councils, and Religious Orders of the Catholic Church: Part One, p. 404 (1903).
  59. ^ "25 March 2007: Pastoral visit to the Parish of "Santa Felicita e Figli martiri", Rome – BENEDICT XVI". w2.vatican.va. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  60. ^ CiNews of 28 March 2007 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ^ The Times, 27 March 2007, reported "Hell is a place where sinners really do burn in an everlasting fire, and not just a religious symbol designed to galvanise the faithful, the Pope has said" (The Fires of Hell Are Real and Eternal, Pope Warns). Fox News reproduced the article as published on The Times, under the heading: "Pope: Hell Is a Real Place Where Sinners Burn in Everlasting Fire" (Pope: Hell Is a Real Place Where Sinners Burn in Everlasting Fire 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine). The Australian published Owen's article on its 28 March 2007 issue (Hell is real and eternal: Pope). The Canadian National Post of 28 March 2007, quoting The Times, reported: "Pope Benedict XVI has been reminding the faithful of some key beliefs of their faith, including the fact hell is a place where sinners burn in an everlasting fire" (Hell 'exists and is eternal, ' Pope warns 11 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine). The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette of 3 April 2007, again referring to The Times, reported: "Pope Benedict XVI has reinstated hell as a real place where the heat is always on." (Playing with fire)
  62. ^ Joseph Hontheim, "Hell" in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. Retrieved 3 September 2010
  63. ^ Ott, The Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, p. 479 (1955).
  64. ^ Fox, "The Catholic Faith", p. 262 (1983).
  65. ^ Geisler & MacKenzie, "Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: agreements and differences", p. 143 (1995).
  66. ^ "The Green Catechism" (1939–62) said: Hell is a place of torments. God made hell to punish the devils or bad angels, and all who die in mortal sin. No one can come out of Hell, for out of Hell there is no redemption" (Crawford & Rossiter, "Reasons for Living: Education and Young People's Search for Meaning" (2006). p. 192).
  67. ^ "Hell is the place and state of eternal punishment for the fallen angels and human beings who die deliberately estranged from the love of God" (work by Fr. Kenneth Baker published by Ignatius Press ).
  68. ^ "What do we mean by "hell"? Hell is the place and state of eternal punishment for the fallen angels and human beings who die deliberately estranged from the love of God. The existence of hell, as the everlasting abode of the devils and those human beings who have died in the state of mortal sin, is a defined dogma of the Catholic Church" (Baker, "Fundamentals of Catholicism" (1983), volume 3, p. 371).
  69. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1035 9 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^ "The recent Catechism is ambiguous, neither denying nor confirming the existence of physical torments" – Charles Steven Seymour, "A Theodicy of Hell', p. 82 (2000).
  71. ^ "Hell is the natural consequence of a life lived apart from God. The terrible suffering of hell consists in the realization that, over the course of a lifetime, one has come, not to love, but to hate one's true good, and thus to be radically unfit to enjoy that Good. It is this pain of loss that is central to the Catholic understanding of hell. Imagine the predicament of one who both knows that God is the great love of his life, and that he has turned irreversably away from this love. This is what hell is" (J. A. DiNoia, Gabriel O'Donnell, Romanus Cessario, Peter J. Cameron (editors), The Love That Never Ends: A Key to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, p. 45).
  72. ^ a b Marthaler, Berard L. (2007). The Creed. Twenty-Third Publications. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-89622-537-4.
  73. ^ Hayes, Zachary J. (1996). Four Views on Hell. Zondervan. p. 176. ISBN 0-310-21268-5.
  74. ^ John Anthony O'Brien, The Faith of Millions: The Credentials of the Catholic Religion, pp. 19–20
  75. ^ "Nonfiction Book Review: Inventing Hell: Dante, the Bible, and Eternal Torment by Jon M. Sweeney. Jericho, $16 trade paper (208p) ISBN 978-1-4555-8224-2". PublishersWeekly.com. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  76. ^ "Anne Rice". Retrieved 5 June 2019 – via Facebook.
  77. ^ "The Story of Fatima: The Apparitions of Our Lady of Fatima". World Apostolate of Fatima, official U.S. website.
  78. ^ "A Summary of the Message of Fatima". salvemariaregina.info. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  79. ^ "Week 1 – Lent with Jacinta – The "sins of impurity"". Our Lady's Blue Army – World Apostolate of Fatima U.S.A. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  80. ^ Adomnan of Iona, Life of St Columba. Penguin Books, 1995
  81. ^ Lucy Margaret Smith. The Early History of the Monastery of Cluny. Oxford University Press, 1920
  82. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church – Hell". Vatican.va. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  83. ^ Bayer, Oswald (2008). Martin Luther's Theology: A Contemporary Interpretation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8028-2799-9.
  84. ^ James, Frank A. III (1998). Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 30, 69.
  85. ^ Bruce Milne (1998). Know the Truth, 2nd ed. IVP. p. 335.
  86. ^ Calvin Psychopannychia
  87. ^ Luther Exposition of Salomon's Booke etc.
  88. ^ a b c Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline. Evangelical Methodist Church Conference. 15 July 2017. p. 17.
  89. ^ Date, Christopher; Highfield, Ron (13 October 2015). A Consuming Passion: Essays on Hell and Immortality in Honor of Edward Fudge. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4982-2306-5.
  90. ^ Luecke, George (1920). The Distinctive Characteristics of the Lutheran Church: With Special Reference to the Luthern Church of America. Concordia Publishing House. p. 39.
  91. ^ Schweinitz, Edmund De (1859). The Moravian Manual: Containing an Account of the Protestant Church of the Moravian United Brethren, Or Unitas Fratrum. Lindsay & Blakiston. p. 118.
  92. ^ Helms, Phil. "What Do Conservative Friends Bel". Michigan Quakers: Crossroads Friends Meeting. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  93. ^ C. S. Lewis, The Great Divorce, 1946
  94. ^ Lee Strobel, The Case for Faith, 2000
  95. ^ Millard Erickson (2001). Introducing Christian Doctrine, 2nd ed. Baker Academic.
  96. ^ . Evangelical Alliance. 2000. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  97. ^ . ReKnew. 19 January 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  98. ^ a b "What do Seventh Day Adventists Really Believe?". Adventist.org. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  99. ^ Hart, David Bentley (2019). That all shall be saved: heaven, hell, and universal salvation. New Haven [Connecticut]. ISBN 978-0-300-24622-3. OCLC 1089571251.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  100. ^ Guild, E.E. 'Arguments in Favour of Universalism'. http://www.tentmaker.org/books/InFavorCh20.html http://godfire.net/eby/saviour_of_the_world.html http://www.godfire.net/Hellidx.html
  101. ^ Talbott, Thomas. The Inescapable Love of God.1999. ISBN 1-58112-831-2.
  102. ^ Thomas Talbott (1999). The Inescapable Love of God. Parkland, Fla: Universal Publishers. ISBN 1-58112-831-2.
  103. ^ Nuttall, A.D. (1998). The Alternative Trinity: Gnostic Heresy in Marlowe, Milton, and Blake. Clarendon Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-19-818462-1. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  104. ^ Borges, J.L.; Arias, M.; Hadis, M.; Silver, K. (2013). Professor Borges: A Course on English Literature. New Directions. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8112-1875-7. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  105. ^ "What Really Is Hell?". The Watchtower: 5–7. 15 July 2002.
  106. ^ "What Is Judgment Day?". Awake!: 10–11. January 2010.
  107. ^ ""Hell", True to the Faith: A Gospel Reference (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2004) p. 81.
  108. ^ a b Doctrine and Covenants section 138.
  109. ^ a b "Chapter 46: The Last Judgment", Gospel Principles (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2011).
  110. ^ "Hell". churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  111. ^ Doctrine and Covenants 88:100–01.
  112. ^ Doctrine and Covenants 19:10–12.
  113. ^ Moses 5:22–26.
  114. ^ Smith, Joseph; President, Jr First; Saints, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day. "The King Follett Sermon". churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  115. ^ LDS Church, Guide to the Scriptures: Hell; see also Doctrine and Covenants 76:43–46.
  116. ^ Spencer W. Kimball: The Miracle of Forgiveness, p. 123.
  117. ^ Doctrine and Covenants 29:36–39.
  118. ^ Doctrine and Covenants 76:45–46.
  119. ^ "Forever and Ever". 11 November 2016.
  120. ^ a b "How long does hell burn for? | Bibleinfo.com". bibleinfo.com. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  121. ^ "The word Hell is not translated with clearness sufficient to represent the various meanings of the word in the original language. There are three words from which "Hell" is derived: Sheol, "the unseen state"; Hades, "the unseen world"; and Gehenna, "Valley of Hinnom." These are used in various relations, nearly all of them allegorical. In a sermon Archdeacon Farrar said: "There would be the proper teaching about Hell if we calmly and deliberately erased from our English Bibles the three words, 'damnation, ' 'Hell, ' and 'everlasting. ' I say—unhesitatingly I say, claiming the fullest right to speak with the authority of knowledge—that not one of those words ought to stand any longer in our English Bible, for, in our present acceptation of them, they are simply mistranslations." This corroborates the metaphysical interpretation of Scripture, and sustains the truth that Hell is a figure of speech that represents a corrective state of mind. When error has reached its limit, the retroactive law asserts itself, and judgment, being part of that law, brings the penalty upon the transgressor. This penalty is not punishment, but discipline, and if the transgressor is truly repentant and obedient, he is forgiven in Truth. —Charles Fillmore, Christian Healing, Lesson 11, item eleven."
  122. ^ Deut. 32:22, Deut. 32:36a & 39, II Sam. 22:6, Job 11:8, Job 26:6, Psalm 9:17, Psalm 16:10, Psalm 18:5, Psalm 55:15, Psalm 86:13, Ps. 116:3, Psalm 139:8, Prov. 5:5, Prov. 7:27, Prov. 9:18, Prov. 15:11, Prov. 15:24, Prov. 23:14, Prov. 27:20, Isa. 5:14, Isa. 14:9, Isa. 14:15, Isa. 28:15, Isa. 28:18, Isa. 57:9, Ezek. 31:16, Ezek. 31:17, Ezek. 32:21, Ezk. 32:27, Amos 9:2, Jonah 2:2, Hab. 2:5
  123. ^ Gen. 37:35, Gen. 42:38, Gen. 44:29, Gen. 44:31, I Sam. 2:6, I Kings 2:6, I Kings 2:9, Job 7:9, Job 14:13, Job 17:13, Job 21:13, Job 24:19, Psalm 6:5, Psalm 30:3, Psalm 31:17, Psalm 49:14, Psalm 49:14, Psalm 49:15, Psalm 88:3, Psalm 89:48, Prov. 1:12, Prov. 30:16, Ecc. 9:10, Song 8:6, Isa. 14:11, Isa. 38:10, Isa. 38:18, Ezek. 31:15, Hosea 13:14, Hosea 13:14, Psalm 141:7
  124. ^ Num. 16:30, Num. 16:33, Job 17:16
  125. ^ Roget's Thesaurus, VI. V.2, "Hell"
  126. ^ Mat. 5:29, Mat. 5:30, Matt. 10:28, Matt. 23:15, Matt. 23:33, Mark 9:43, Mark 9:45, Mark 9:47, Luke 12:5, Matt. 5:22, Matt. 18:9, Jas. 3:6
  127. ^ Acts 2:27, New American Standard Bible
  128. ^ Acts 2:27, New International Version
  129. ^ Acts 2:27, New Living Translation
  130. ^ Luke 16:23, New Living Translation
  131. ^ Catholic for a Reason, edited by Scott Hahn and Leon Suprenant, copyright 1998 by Emmaus Road Publishing, Inc., chapter by Curtis Martin, pg 294-295

Further reading edit

  • Cochem, Martin of (1899). "On Hell" . The four last things: death, judgment, hell, heaven. Benziger Brothers.
  • Hontheim, Joseph (1910). "Hell" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Liguori, Alphonus (1882). "Sermon X. On the pains of hell" . Sermons for all the Sundays in the year. Dublin.
  • Talbott, Thomas. "Heaven and Hell in Christian Thought". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Maps with Christian views on Hell can be found in the Cornell University PJ Mode Collection of Persuasive Cartography (Browse "Heaven and Hell" Category)

External links edit

 
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January 01, 1970
hell, christianity, christian, theology, hell, place, state, into, which, definitive, judgment, unrepentant, sinners, pass, general, judgment, some, christians, believe, immediately, after, death, particular, judgment, character, inferred, from, teaching, bibl. In Christian theology Hell is the place or state into which by God s definitive judgment unrepentant sinners pass in the general judgment or as some Christians believe immediately after death particular judgment 1 2 Its character is inferred from teaching in the biblical texts some of which interpreted literally have given rise to the popular idea of Hell 1 Theologians today generally see Hell as the logical consequence of rejecting union with God and with God s justice and mercy 1 A detail from Hieronymous Bosch s depiction of Hell 16th century Different Hebrew and Greek words are translated as Hell in most English language Bibles These words include Sheol in the Hebrew Bible and Hades in the New Testament Many modern versions such as the New International Version translate Sheol as grave and simply transliterate Hades It is generally agreed that both sheol and hades do not typically refer to the place of eternal punishment but to the grave the temporary abode of the dead the underworld 3 Gehenna in the New Testament where it is described as a place where both soul and body could be destroyed Matthew 10 28 in unquenchable fire Mark 9 43 The word is translated as either Hell or Hell fire in many English versions 4 Gehenna was a physical location outside the city walls where they burned rubbish and where lepers and outcasts were sent hence the weeping and gnashing of teeth The Greek verb tartarῶ tartarō derived from Tartarus which occurs once in the New Testament in 2 Peter 2 4 is almost always translated by a phrase such as thrown down to hell A few translations render it as Tartarus of this term the Holman Christian Standard Bible states Tartarus is a Greek name for a subterranean place of divine punishment lower than Hades 5 Contents 1 Jewish background 2 New Testament 2 1 Parables of Jesus concerning the hereafter 2 2 Related concepts 2 2 1 Lake of Fire 2 2 2 Abyss 3 Eastern Orthodox views 3 1 Images 4 Roman Catholicism 4 1 As eternal flames 4 2 As self exclusion or final impenitence 4 3 As a place or a state 4 3 1 State 4 3 2 Place 4 3 3 Both 4 4 Nature of suffering 4 5 Visions 4 6 Call to responsibility 4 7 Predestination 5 Protestantism 5 1 Eternal torment view 5 2 View of conditional immortality and annihilationism 6 Other groups 6 1 Christian Science 6 2 Christian Universalism 6 3 Gnosticism 6 4 Jehovah s Witnesses 6 5 Latter Day Saints 6 6 Seventh day Adventist Church 6 7 Swedenborgianism 6 8 Unity Church 7 Biblical terminology 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading 11 External linksJewish background editMain articles Sheol and Gehenna In ancient Jewish belief the dead were consigned to Sheol a place to which all were sent indiscriminately cf Genesis 37 35 Numbers 16 30 33 Psalm 86 13 Ecclesiastes 9 10 Sheol was thought of as a place situated below the ground cf Ezek 31 15 a place of darkness silence and forgetfulness cf Job 10 21 6 By the third to second century BC the idea had grown to encompass separate divisions in sheol for the righteous and wicked cf the Book of Enoch 7 By at least the late or saboraic rabbinical period 500 640 AD Gehinnom was viewed as the place of ultimate punishment exemplified by the rabbinical statement the best of physicians are destined to Gehinnom M Kiddushin 4 14 also described in Assumption of Moses and 2 Esdras 8 New Testament editThree different New Testament words appear in most English translations as Hell Greek NT NT occurrences KJV NKJV NASB NIV ESV CEV NLT ᾅdhs Hades 9 9 10 Hell 9 10 11 Hades 10 10 Hades 9 9 Hades 7 9 or 4 9 12 Hades 8 9 13 death s kingdom 3 9 14 grave 6 9 15 geenna Gehenna 9 12 16 Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell tartarῶ Tartarō verb 9 1 17 Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell Hell The most common New Testament term translated as Hell is geenna gehenna a direct loan of Hebrew גהנום גהנם ge hinnom Apart from one use in James 3 6 this term is found exclusively in the synoptic gospels 18 19 Gehenna is most frequently described as a place of punishment e g Matthew 5 22 Matthew 18 8 9 Mark 9 43 49 other passages mention darkness and weeping and gnashing of teeth e g Matthew 8 12 Matthew 22 13 19 The New Testament also uses the Greek word hades usually to refer to the abode of the dead e g Acts 2 31 Revelation 20 13 7 Only one passage describes hades as a place of torment the parable of Lazarus and Dives Luke 16 19 31 Jesus here depicts a wicked man suffering fiery torment in hades which is contrasted with the bosom of Abraham and explains that it is impossible to cross over from one to the other Some scholars believe that this parable reflects the intertestamental Jewish view of hades or sheol as containing separate divisions for the wicked and righteous 7 Parables of Jesus concerning the hereafter edit In the eschatological discourse of Matthew 25 31 46 Jesus says that when the Son of Man comes in his glory he will separate people from one another as a shepherd separates sheep from goats and will consign to everlasting fire those who failed to aid the least of his brothers This separation is stark with no explicit provision made for fine gradations of merit or guilt 20 Depart from me you who are cursed into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels For I was hungry and you gave me nothing to eat I was thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink I was a stranger and you did not invite me in I needed clothes and you did not clothe me I was sick and in prison and you did not look after me whatever you did not do for one of the least of these you did not do for me Matthew 25 41 43 NIV Related concepts edit Lake of Fire edit Further information Lake of Fire The Book of Revelation mentions a lake of fire and brimstone in which unrighteous people are thrown Abyss edit Further information Abyss religion According to the Book of Revelation the abyss is the place in which the Seven Headed Dragon is imprisoned during the Millennium Eastern Orthodox views edit nbsp Hell detail from a fresco in the medieval church St Nicolas in Raduil BulgariaSee also Bosom of Abraham See also Apocatastasis Aerial toll house and Eastern Orthodox theology Some Eastern Orthodox Christians believe that Heaven and Hell are relations to or experiences of God s just and loving presence 21 22 There is no created place of divine absence nor is hell an ontological separation from God 23 One expression of the Eastern teaching is that hell and heaven are dimensions of God s intensifying presence as this presence is experienced either as torment or as paradise depending on the spiritual state of a person dwelling with God 21 24 For one who hates God and by extension hates himself as God s image bearer to be encompassed by the divine presence could only result in unspeakable anguish 25 26 27 Aristotle Papanikolaou 28 and Elizabeth H Prodromou 29 write in their book Thinking Through Faith New Perspectives from Orthodox Christian Scholars that for the Eastern Orthodox Those theological symbols heaven and hell are not crudely understood as spatial destinations but rather refer to the experience of God s presence according to two different modes 30 Several Eastern Orthodox theologians do describe hell as separation from God in the sense of being out of fellowship or loving communion Archimandrite Sophrony Sakharov spoke of the hell of separation from God 31 Paul Evdokimov stated Hell is nothing else but separation of man from God his autonomy excluding him from the place where God is present 32 According to Theodore Stylianopoulos Hell is a spiritual state of separation from God and inability to experience the love of God while being conscious of the ultimate deprivation of it as punishment 33 Michel Quenot stated Hell is none other than the state of separation from God a condition into which humanity was plunged for having preferred the creature to the Creator It is the human creature therefore and not God who engenders hell Created free for the sake of love man possesses the incredible power to reject this love to say no to God By refusing communion with God he becomes a predator condemning himself to a spiritual death hell more dreadful than the physical death that derives from it 34 Another writer declared The circumstances that rise before us the problems we encounter the relationships we form the choices we make all ultimately concern our eternal union with or separation from God 35 nbsp A Monster from Hell A 19th century Russian hand drawn lubok The Eastern Orthodox Church rejects what is presented as the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory as a place where believers suffer as their venial sins are purged before gaining admittance to heaven 36 Images edit nbsp Icon in Saint Catherine s Monastery Sinai showing monks falling from the Ladder to Heaven into the mouth of a dragon representing Hell John Chrysostom pictured Hell as associated with unquenchable fire and various kinds of torments and torrents of punishment 37 nbsp Depiction of Hell on an icon in Gelati Monastery Georgia Icons based on The Ladder of Divine Ascent by John Climacus show monks ascending a thirty rung ladder to Heaven represented by Christ or succumbing to the arrows of demons and falling from the ladder into Hell sometimes represented by an open jawed dragon 38 Roman Catholicism editMain article Hell in Catholicism nbsp Medieval image of hell in the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg c 1180 As eternal flames edit The Council of Trent taught in the 5th canon of its 14th session that damnation is eternal the loss of eternal blessedness and the eternal damnation which he has incurred 39 This teaching is based on Jesus parable of the sheep and the goats Depart from me you accursed into the eternal fire And these will go off to eternal punishment 40 As self exclusion or final impenitence edit The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines hell as self exclusion from Heaven a freely chosen consequence of final impenitence i e deliberately and willingly refusing to repent of mortal sin at death and accept divine mercy To die in mortal sin without repenting and accepting God s merciful love means remaining separated from him for ever by our own free choice This state of definitive self exclusion from communion with God and the blessed is called hell 41 Perfect contrition remits venial sins it also obtains forgiveness of mortal sins if it includes the firm resolution to have recourse to sacramental confession as soon as possible 42 43 The prisoners of hell are the impenitent such as Satan Satan s fall from Heaven is irrevocable because he chooses not to repent 44 No one is predestined to commit sin 45 or to go to hell 46 Catholic doctrine holds that after death repentance is impossible 47 As a place or a state edit State edit The Baltimore Catechism defined Hell by using the word state alone Hell is a state to which the wicked are condemned and in which they are deprived of the sight of God for all eternity and are in dreadful torments However suffering is characterized as both mental and physical The damned will suffer in both mind and body because both mind and body had a share in their sins 48 Pope John Paul II stated on 28 July 1999 that in speaking of Hell as a place the Bible uses a symbolic language which must be correctly interpreted Rather than a place hell indicates the state of those who freely and definitively separate themselves from God the source of all life and joy 49 Some have interpreted these words as a denial that Hell can be considered to be a place or at least as providing an alternative picture of Hell 50 Others have explicitly disagreed with the interpretation of what the Pope said as an actual denial that Hell can be considered a place and have said that the Pope was only directing attention away from what is secondary to the real essence of hell 51 Catholic theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar 1905 1988 said that we must see that hell is not an object that is full or empty of human individuals but a possibility that is not created by God but in any case by the free individuals who choose it 52 The Catholic Faith Handbook for Youth with imprimatur of 2007 also says that more accurately heaven and hell are not places but states 53 Capuchin theologian Berard A Marthaler also says that hell is not a place 54 Place edit nbsp Hell on the right is portrayed in Paradise and Hell a 16th century Hieronymus Bosch or Bosch workshop painting Traditionally in the past Hell has been spoken of or considered as a place 55 Some have rejected metaphorical interpretations of the biblical descriptions of hell 56 and have attributed to Hell a location within the earth 57 while others who uphold the opinion that hell is a definite place say instead that its location is unknown 58 In a homily given on 25 March 2007 Pope Benedict XVI stated Jesus came to tell us that he wants us all in heaven and that hell of which so little is said in our time exists and is eternal for those who close their hearts to his love 59 60 Journalist Richard Owen s interpretation of this remark as declaring that hell is an actual place was reported in many media 61 Writing in the 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia Joseph Hontheim said that theologians generally accept the opinion that hell is really within the earth The Catholic Church has decided nothing on this subject hence we may say hell is a definite place but where it is we do not know He cited the view of Augustine of Hippo that Hell is under the earth and that of Gregory the Great that hell is either on the earth or under it 62 The posthumous supplement to Aquinas Summa theologiciae suppl Q97 A4 flags discussion of the location of hell as speculation As Augustine says De Civ Dei xv 16 I am of opinion that no one knows in what part of the world hell is situated unless the Spirit of God has revealed this to some one Both edit Other Catholics neither affirm nor deny that Hell is a place and speak of it as a place or state Ludwig Ott s work The Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma said Hell is a place or state of eternal punishment inhabited by those rejected by God 63 Robert J Fox wrote Hell is a place or state of eternal punishment inhabited by those rejected by God because such souls have rejected God s saving grace 64 Evangelicals Norman L Geisler and Ralph E MacKenzie interpret official Roman Catholic teaching as Hell is a place or state of eternal punishment inhabited by those rejected by God 65 Nature of suffering edit It is agreed that Hell is a place of suffering 66 67 68 The Catechism of the Catholic Church states Jesus often speaks of Gehenna of the unquenchable fire reserved for those who to the end of their lives refuse to believe and be converted where both soul and body can be lost Jesus solemnly proclaims that he will send his angels and they will gather all evil doers and throw them into the furnace of fire and that he will pronounce the condemnation Depart from me you cursed into the eternal fire The teaching of the Church affirms the existence of hell and its eternity Immediately after death the souls of those who die in a state of mortal sin descend into hell where they suffer the punishments of hell eternal fire The chief punishment of hell is eternal separation from God in whom alone man can possess the life and happiness for which he was created and for which he longs 69 Although the Catechism explicitly speaks of the punishments of hell in the plural calling them eternal fire and speaks of eternal separation from God as the chief of those punishments one commentator claims that it is non committal on the existence of forms of punishment other than that of separation of God after all God being above all a merciful and loving entity takes no pleasure in the death of the living and does not will or predestine anyone to go there the Catholic stance is that God does not will suffering and that the only entities known to be in hell beyond a doubt are Satan and his evil angels and that the only suffering in hell is not fire or torture but the freely chosen irrevocable and inescapable eternal separation from God and his freely given love and the righteous who are in heaven thus the church and the popes have placed emphasis on the potential irreversibility of a mortally sinful life that goes un absolved before one s death and the dogma and reality of the place or state of hell 70 Another interpretation is that the Catechism by no means denies other forms of suffering but stresses that the pain of loss is central to the Catholic understanding of hell 71 Augustine of Hippo said that the suffering of hell is compounded because God continues to love the sinner who is not able to return the love 72 According to the church whatever is the nature of the sufferings they are not imposed by a vindictive judge 72 73 Concerning the detailed specific nature of hell the Catholic Church has defined nothing It is useless to speculate about its true nature and more sensible to confess our ignorance in a question that evidently exceeds human understanding 74 In his book Inventing Hell Catholic writer and historian Jon M Sweeney is critical of the ways that Christians have appropriated Dante s vision and images of hell In its review Publishers Weekly called the book persuasively argued 75 An article on the same subject by Sweeney that was published on the Huffington Post s religion page was liked by more than 19 000 people including Anne Rice 76 Visions edit A number of Catholic mystics and saints have claimed to have received visions of Hell or other revelations concerning Hell During various Marian apparitions such as those at Fatima or at Kibeho the visionaries claimed that the Virgin Mary during the course of the visions showed them a view of Hell where sinners were suffering 77 At Fatima in Portugal it is claimed that she told Jacinta Marto that more sinners go to Hell because of sins of impurity than any other 78 79 The biblical Book of Revelation mentions a lake of fire where the beast and all those marked with his number were placed Columba of Iona is alleged to have on several occasions even been able to name particular individuals who he said were going to end life in hellfire for their sins and accurately predicted the way they would die before the event had even happened 80 A story recorded by Cluniac monks in the Middle Ages claimed that Benedict of Nursia appeared to a monk on one occasion and told the monk that there had just been at that point in time a monk who had fled the monastic life to go back into the world and the ex monk then died and he went to hell 81 Call to responsibility edit The Catholic Church teaches that no one is predestined to Hell and that the church s teaching on Hell is not meant to frighten but is a call for people to use their freedom wisely It is first and foremost a call to conversion and to show that Humanity s true destiny lies with God in heaven 82 Predestination edit Further information Predestination Catholicism The Catholic Church and the Catechism repudiates the view commonly known as double predestination which claims that God not only chooses who will be saved but that he also creates some people who will be doomed to damnation 83 This view is often associated with the Protestant reformer John Calvin 84 Protestantism editMain article Christian views on Hades nbsp The parable of the Rich man and Lazarus depicting the rich man in hell asking for help to Abraham and Lazarus in heaven by James Tissot In historic Protestant traditions hell is the place created by God for the punishment of the devil and fallen angels cf Matthew 25 41 and those whose names are not written in the book of life cf Revelation 20 15 It is the final destiny of every person who does not receive salvation where they will be punished for their sins People will be consigned to hell after the last judgment 85 The nuances in the views of hell held by different Protestant denominations both in relation to Hades i e the abode of the dead and Gehenna i e the destination of the wicked are largely a function of the varying Protestant views on the intermediate state between death and resurrection and different views on the immortality of the soul or the alternative the conditional immortality For example John Calvin who believed in conscious existence after death 86 had a very different concept of hell Hades and Gehenna to Martin Luther who held that death was sleep 87 Eternal torment view edit The historic Protestant view of hell is expressed in the Westminster Confession 1646 a Reformed confession of faith but the wicked who know not God and obey not the gospel of Jesus Christ shall be cast into eternal torments and punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his power Chapter XXXIII Of the Last Judgment The Book of Discipline of the Evangelical Methodist Church Conference similarly teaches 88 While the saint goes from the judgment to enjoy eternal bliss the impenitent sinner is turned away into everlasting condemnation punishment and misery As heaven is described in the Bible as a place of everlasting happiness so hell is described as a place of endless torment where the worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched Matt 25 41 46 Mark 9 44 48 Luke 13 3 John 8 21 23 Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline 25 88 This is known as the eternal conscious torment ECT view 89 This view is the traditional position of Anabaptist Mennonite Hutterite Bruderhof Amish Schwarzenau Brethren River Brethren and Apostolic Christian churches Anglican Baptist Charismatics Lutheran Methodist Moravian Pentecostals Plymouth Brethren Reformed Congregationalist Continental Reformed and Presbyterian churches and Conservative Quaker denominations 90 91 88 92 Some recent writers such as Anglican layman C S Lewis 93 and J P Moreland 94 have cast hell in terms of eternal separation from God Certain biblical texts have led some theologians who to the conclusion that punishment in hell though eternal and irrevocable will be proportional to the deeds of each soul e g Matthew 10 15 Luke 12 46 48 95 Another area of debate is the fate of the unevangelized i e those who have never had an opportunity to hear the Christian gospel View of conditional immortality and annihilationism edit A minority of Protestants believe in the doctrine of conditional immortality 96 which teaches that those sent to hell will not experience eternal conscious punishment but instead will be extinguished or annihilated after a period of limited conscious punishment 19 Prominent evangelical theologians who have adopted conditionalist beliefs include John Wenham Edward Fudge Clark Pinnock Greg Boyd 97 The Seventh day Adventist Church holds annihilationism Seventh day Adventists believe that death is a state of unconscious sleep until the resurrection They base this belief on biblical texts such as Ecclesiastes 9 5 which states the dead know nothing and 1 Thessalonians 4 13 which contains a description of the dead being raised from the grave at the second coming These verses Adventists say indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber 98 Jehovah s Witnesses and Christadelphians also teach the annihilationist viewpoint Other groups editChristian Science edit Christian Science defines hell as follows Mortal belief error lust remorse hatred revenge sin sickness death suffering and self destruction self imposed agony effects of sin that which worketh abomination or maketh a lie Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures Christian Universalism edit Main article Christian Universalism Some today holding mostly Protestant views such as George MacDonald Karl Barth William Barclay Keith DeRose Robin Parry and Thomas Talbott believe that after serving their sentence in Gehenna all souls are reconciled to God and admitted to heaven or ways are found at the time of death of drawing all souls to repentance so that no hellish suffering is experienced This view is often called Christian universalism its conservative branch is more specifically called Biblical or Trinitarian universalism related to but different from Unitarian Universalism See universal reconciliation apocatastasis and the Problem of Hell Though a theological minority in contemporary Western Christianity many global Christians held this view throughout history such as Clement of Alexandria Origen Gregory of Nyssa etc and some Orthodox theologians argue that it was once the theological majority view 99 Christian Universalism teaches that an eternal Hell does not exist and is a later creation of the church with no biblical support Reasoning by Christian Universalists includes that an eternal Hell is against the nature character and attributes of a loving God human nature sin s nature of destruction rather than perpetual misery the nature of holiness and happiness and the nature and object of punishment 100 Thomas Talbott a prominent Trinitarian Universalist illustrates this viewpoint by delineating three propositions which are biblically based but which he asserts to be mutually exclusive God is omnipotent and exercises sovereign control over all aspects of human life and history God is omni benevolent is ontologically Love and desires the salvation of all people Some many persons will experience everlasting conscious torment in a place of either literal or metaphorical fire 101 Traditional theology clarifies omnipotence or omni benevolence to resolve the contradiction Calvinism resolves it by positing a doctrine of limited atonement which claims that God s love is restricted Only a select number of people are elected to be saved which includes redemption and purification This demonstrates a special love and most people the eternally reprobate or non elect are given only common grace and tolerance This bifurcation of grace intends to retain a doctrine of God s omnibenevolence and a doctrine of hell In comparison Arminianism resolves the contradiction by rejecting divine omnipotence with respect to human will This is commonly referred to as synergism It posits that human beings have an inviolable free will which allows the choice of accepting or rejecting God s grace Universalists disagree with the third claim and argue that all people receive salvation 102 Gnosticism edit Main article Gnosticism Many gnostic Christians such as the Cathars interpreted hell as a metaphor for this flawed material world in which human souls have become entrapped Later writers influenced by the gnostic worldview such as Milton and Blake interpreted it differently In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell William Blake is read by certain scholars as implying that hell is similar to heaven or even preferable to it in terms of being a state in which creative impulses are allowed free rein outside the domination of society which prefers the limitations of heaven 103 104 Jehovah s Witnesses edit Jehovah s Witnesses do not believe in an immortal soul that survives after physical death They believe the Bible presents hell as translated from Sheol and Hades to be the common grave for both the good and the bad They reject the idea of a place of literal eternal pain or torment as being inconsistent with God s love and justice They define Gehenna as eternal destruction or the second death which is reserved for those with no opportunity of a resurrection such as those who will be destroyed at Armageddon 105 Jehovah s Witnesses believe that others who have died before Armageddon will be resurrected bodily on earth and then judged during the 1 000 year rule of Christ the judgement will be based on their obedience to God s laws after their resurrection 106 The Christadelphian view is broadly similar to the Jehovah s Witness view except for the fact that it teaches the belief that the resurrected will be judged for how they lived their lives before the resurrection Latter Day Saints edit Main article Outer darkness Further information Plan of salvation Latter Day Saints and Spirit world Latter Day Saints The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints LDS Church teaches that the word hell is used scripturally in at least two senses 107 The first is a place commonly called Spirit Prison which is a state of punishment for those who reject Christ and his Atonement This is understood to be a temporary state in which the spirits of deceased persons will be taught the gospel and have an opportunity to repent and accept ordinances of salvation 108 Latter day Saints teach that it was for this purpose that Christ visited the Spirit World after his crucifixion 1 Peter 3 19 20 1 Peter 4 5 6 Modern day revelation clarifies that while there Christ began the work of salvation for the dead by commissioning spirits of the righteous to teach the gospel to those who didn t have the opportunity to receive it while on earth 108 Latter day Saints also believe that righteous people will rise in a first resurrection and live with Christ on earth after his return 109 After the 1000 years known as the Millennium the individuals in spirit prison who chose not to accept the gospel and repent 110 will also be resurrected 1 Corinthians 15 20 22 and receive an immortal physical body which is referred to as the second resurrection 111 At these appointed times of resurrection death and hell will deliver up the dead that are in them to be judged according to their works Revelations 20 13 at which point all but the sons of perdition will receive a degree of glory which Paul compared to the glory of the sun moon and stars 1 Corinthians 15 41 The Church explains biblical descriptions of hell being eternal or endless punishment as being descriptive of their infliction by God rather than an unending temporal period Latter day Saint scripture quotes God as saying I am endless and the punishment which is given from my hand is endless punishment for Endless is my name Wherefore Eternal punishment is God s punishment Endless punishment is God s punishment 112 Latter day Saints also believe in a more permanent concept of hell commonly referred to as outer darkness It is said that very few people who have lived on the earth will be consigned to this hell but Latter day Saint scripture suggests that at least Cain will be present 113 Other mortals who during their lifetime become sons of perdition those who commit the unpardonable sin or sin against the Holy Ghost will be consigned to outer darkness 109 Near the end of his life in a discourse called the King Follett Sermon Joseph Smith taught that After a man has sinned against the Holy Ghost there is no repentance for him He has got to say that the sun does not shine while he sees it he has got to deny Jesus Christ when the heavens have been opened unto him and to deny the plan of salvation with his eyes open to the truth of it and from that time he begins to be an enemy 114 In other words the unpardonable sin is committed by those who den y the Son after the Father has revealed him 115 However according to the Latter day Saint understanding since most humans lack such an extent of religious enlightenment they cannot commit the Eternal sin 116 and the vast majority of residents of outer darkness will be the devil and his angels the third part of the hosts of heaven who in the premortal existence followed Lucifer and never received a mortal body 117 The residents of outer darkness are the only children of God that will not receive one of three kingdoms of glory at the Last Judgment It is unclear whether those in outer darkness will ultimately be redeemed Of outer darkness and the sons of perdition Latter day Saint scripture states that the end thereof neither the place thereof nor their torment no man knows Neither was it revealed neither is neither will be revealed unto man except to them who are made partakers thereof 118 The scripture asserts that those who are consigned to this state will be aware of its duration and limitations Seventh day Adventist Church edit The Seventh day Adventist Church believes that the concept of eternal suffering is incompatible with God s character and that he cannot torture His children 119 120 They instead believe that Hell is not a place of eternal suffering but of eternal death and that death is a state of unconscious sleep until the resurrection They base this belief on biblical texts such as Ecclesiastes 9 5 which states the dead know nothing and 1 Thessalonians 4 13 which contains a description of the dead being raised from the grave at the second coming These verses it is argued indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber 98 Based on verses like Matthew 16 27 and Romans 6 23 they believe the unsaved do not go to any place of punishment as soon as they die but are reserved in the grave until the day of judgment after the Second coming of Jesus to be judged either for eternal life or eternal death This interpretation is called annihilationism They also hold that Hell is not an eternal place and that the descriptions of it as eternal or unquenchable does not mean that the fire will never go out They base this idea in other biblical cases such as the eternal fire e g Jude 1 7 that was sent as punishment to the people of Sodom and Gomorrah that later extinguished 120 Swedenborgianism edit See Swedenborgianism Hell Unity Church edit The Unity Church of Charles Fillmore considers the concept of everlasting physical Hell to be false doctrine and contradictory to that reported by John the Evangelist 121 Biblical terminology editSheol In the King James Bible the Old Testament term Sheol is translated as Hell 31 times 122 and it is translated as the grave 31 times 123 Sheol is also translated as the pit three times 124 Modern Bible translations typically render Sheol as the grave the pit or death Abaddon The Hebrew word abaddon meaning destruction is sometimes interpreted as being a synonym for Hell 125 Gehenna In the New Testament both early i e the KJV and modern translations often translate Gehenna as Hell 126 Young s Literal Translation and the New World Translation are two notable exceptions both of which simply use the word Gehenna Hades Hades is the Greek word which is traditionally used in place of the Hebrew word Sheol in works such as the Septuagint the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible Like other first century Jews who were literate in Greek Christian writers of the New Testament employed this usage While earlier translations most often translated Hades as Hell as does the King James Version modern translations use the transliteration Hades 127 or render the word as allusions to the grave 128 among the dead 129 place of the dead 130 or they contain similar statements In Latin Hades were translated as Purgatorium Purgatory after about 1200 AD 131 but no modern English translations render Hades as Purgatory Tartarus Only appears in 2 Peter 2 4 in the New Testament both early and modern Bible translations usually translate Tartarus as Hell though a few render it as Tartarus See also editHell in CatholicismNotes and references edit a b c Cross F L Livingstone E editors The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church Oxford University Press 2005 article Hell https www biblegateway com passage search Revelation 21 3A8 amp version ESV 8 March 2020 Retrieved on 8 March 2020 New Bible Dictionary third edition IVP 1996 Articles on Hell Sheol noted RSV mg Gehenna in Mk 9 47 2 Peter 2 4 Tabor James D n d What the Bible says about Death Afterlife and the Future Archived from the original on 6 May 2013 a b c New Bible Dictionary 3rd edition IVP Leicester 1996 Sheol New Bible Dictionary 3rd edition IVP Leicester 1996 Hell a b c Genesis 1 1 KJV Blue Letter Bible Retrieved 5 June 2019 Mt 11 23 16 18 Lk 10 15 Acts 2 27 2 31 Rev 1 18 6 8 20 13 14 Some late Greek manuscripts which are followed by KJV and NKJV have ᾅdhs in 1 Cor 15 55 The King James Version translates ᾅdhs 9 times as Hell and once as grave in 1 Cor 15 55 The 2010 New International Version translates ᾅdhs seven times as Hades and two times as realm of the dead the 1984 NIV translates it four times as Hades twice as depths twice as grave and once as hell The English Standard Version translates ᾅdhs 8 times as Hades and once as Hell The Contemporary English Version translates ᾅdhs twice as Hell once as death twice as grave once as world of the dead three times as death s kingdom The New Living Translation renders ᾅdhs once as place of the dead twice as the dead and six times as the grave Matthew 5 22 5 29 5 30 10 28 18 9 23 15 23 33 Mk 9 43 9 45 9 47 Lk 12 5 James 3 6 2 Peter 2 4 New Bible Dictionary 3rd ed IVP Leicester 1996 Article Hell pages 463 464 a b c New Dictionary of Biblical Theology IVP Leicester 2000 Hell hell Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 2013 Web 4 March 2013 a b God himself is both heaven and hell reward and punishment All men have been created to see God unceasingly in his uncreated glory Whether God will be for each man heaven or hell reward or punishment depends on man s response to God s love and on man s transformation from the state of selfish and self centered love to Godlike love which does not seek its own ends Empirical Theology Versus Speculative Theology by John S Romanides part 2 1 Thus it is the Church s spiritual teaching that God does not punish man by some material fire or physical torment God simply reveals Himself in the risen Lord Jesus in such a glorious way that no man can fail to behold His glory It is the presence of God s splendid glory and love that is the scourge of those who reject its radiant power and light those who find themselves in hell will be chastised by the scourge of love How cruel and bitter this torment of love will be For those who understand that they have sinned against love undergo no greater suffering than those produced by the most fearful tortures The sorrow which takes hold of the heart which has sinned against love is more piercing than any other pain It is not right to say that the sinners in hell are deprived of the love of God But love acts in two ways as suffering of the reproved and as joy in the blessed St Isaac of Syria Mystic Treatises The Orthodox Church of America website 2 Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine For those who love the Lord his Presence will be infinite joy paradise and eternal life For those who hate the Lord the same Presence will be infinite torture hell and eternal death The reality for both the saved and the damned will be exactly the same when Christ comes in glory and all angels with Him so that God may be all in all I Corinthians 15 28 Those who have God as their all within this life will finally have divine fulfillment and life For those whose all is themselves and this world the all of God will be their torture their punishment and their death And theirs will be weeping and gnashing of teeth Matthew 8 21 et al The Son of Man will send His angels and they will gather out of His kingdom all causes of sin and all evil doers and throw them into the furnace of fire there men will weep and gnash their teeth Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the Kingdom of their Father Matthew 13 41 43 According to the saints the fire that will consume sinners at the coming of the Kingdom of God is the same fire that will shine with splendor in the saints It is the fire of God s love the fire of God himself who is love For our God is a consuming fire Hebrews 12 29 who dwells in unapproachable light I Timothy 6 16 For those who love God and who love all creation in him the consuming fire of God will be radiant bliss and unspeakable delight For those who do not love God and who do not love at all this same consuming fire will be the cause of their weeping and their gnashing of teeth Thus it is the Catholic Church s spiritual teaching that God does not punish man by some material fire or physical torment God simply reveals himself in the risen Lord Jesus in such a glorious way that no man can fail to behold his glory It is the presence of God s splendid glory and love that is the scourge of those who reject its radiant power and light those who find themselves in hell will be chastised by the scourge of love How cruel and bitter this torment of love will be For those who understand that they have sinned against love undergo no greater suffering than those produced by the most fearful tortures The sorrow which takes hold of the heart which has sinned against love is more piercing than any other pain It is not right to say that the sinners in hell are deprived of the love of God But love acts in two ways as suffering of the reproved and as joy in the blessed St Isaac of Syria Mystic Treatises The Orthodox Church of America website 3 Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Paradise and Hell exist not in the form of a threat and a punishment on the part of God but in the form of an illness and a cure Those who are cured and those who are purified experience the illuminating energy of divine grace while the uncured and ill experience the caustic energy of God 4 Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Man has a malfunctioning or non functioning noetic faculty in the heart and it is the task especially of the clergy to apply the cure of unceasing memory of God otherwise called unceasing prayer or illumination Those who have selfless love and are friends of God see God in light Divine light while the selfish and impure see God the judge as fire darkness 5 Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Those who have selfless love and are friends of God see God in light divine light while the selfish and impure see God the judge as fire darkness 6 Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Proper preparation for vision of God takes place in two stages purification and illumination of the noetic faculty Without this it is impossible for man s selfish love to be transformed into selfless love This transformation takes place during the higher level of the stage of illumination called theoria literally meaning vision in this case vision by means of unceasing and uninterrupted memory of God Those who remain selfish and self centered with a hardened heart closed to God s love will not see the glory of God in this life However they will see God s glory eventually but as an eternal and consuming fire and outer darkness From FRANKS ROMANS FEUDALISM AND DOCTRINE Diagnosis and Therapy Father John S Romanides Diagnosis and Therapy 7 Fordham online information Academics Academic Departments Theology Elizabeth H Prodromou International Relations Boston University bu edu Archived from the original on 2 February 2011 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Regarding specific conditions of after life existence and eschatology Orthodox thinkers are generally reticent yet two basic shared teachings can be singled out First they widely hold that immediately following a human being s physical death his or her surviving spiritual dimension experiences a foretaste of either heaven or hell Those theological symbols heaven and hell are not crudely understood as spatial destinations but rather refer to the experience of God s presence according to two different modes Thinking Through Faith New Perspectives from Orthodox Christian Scholars page 195 By Aristotle Papanikolaou Elizabeth H Prodromou 8 Sophrony Archimandrite 2001 The Monk of Mount Athos Staretz Silouan 1866 1938 St Vladimir s Seminary Press p 32 ISBN 0 913836 15 X In the World of the Church A Paul Evdokimov Reader St Vladimir s Seminary Press 2001 p 32 ISBN 0 88141 215 5 Father Theodore Stylianopoulos permanent dead link Quenot Michel 1997 The Resurrection and the Icon St Vladimir s Seminary Press p 85 ISBN 0 88141 149 3 The Spirit of Thankfulness theologic com Retrieved 5 June 2019 Orthodox Christianity also rejects such teachings as the Immaculate Conception purgatory and other uniquely Roman Catholic doctrines 9 Epistle I to Theodore of Mopsuestia Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Cormack Robin 2007 Icons British Museum Press p 20 ISBN 978 0 674 02619 3 Council of Trent Session 14 Canon 5 USCCB Bible Matthew 25 41 46 Catechism of the Catholic Church 1033 Archived 9 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Catechism of the Catholic Church 1452 Vatican News Act of Contrition and Sacrament of Reconciliation Should we be in need of forgiveness of mortal sin and cannot for some reason go to confession a perfect Act of Contrition is needed along with the intention of going to confession as soon as possible CCC 391 NewAdvent Predestination CCC 1037 CCC 393 Lesson 37 On the Last Judgment and the Resurrection Hell Purgatory and Heaven Catholic News Agency Retrieved 5 June 2019 28 July 1999 John Paul II w2 vatican va Retrieved 5 June 2019 Hell is traditionally considered a literal place of eternal torture but the Pope has also described hell as the condition of pain that results from alienation from God a thing of one s own doing not an actual place Burke Chauvin amp Miranti Religious and spiritual issues in counseling p 236 2003 In the common sense of the word place if you were to say Hell is not a place you would be denying that Hell exists Some thought that the Pope in the statement quoted above was denying that Hell is a place in this sense He was of course doing nothing of the sort Thus to return to the Pope s words again John Paul II must not be misinterpreted when he said Rather than or more than a place hell indicates a state He certainly was not denying that it is a place but instead was shifting our focus to the real essence of hell what the term hell truly indicates the self chosen separation from God The place or location of hell is secondary and considerations of where it is should not deflect us from our most important concerns what it is and how to avoid it https web archive org web 20110928085437 http www cuf org faithfacts details view asp ffID 69 29 Jack Mulder 2010 Kierkegaard and the Catholic Tradition Indiana University Press p 145 ISBN 978 0 253 22236 7 Singer Towns Brian Claussen Janet Vanbrandwijk Clare 2008 Catholic Faith Handbook for Youth Saint Mary s Press p 421 ISBN 978 0 88489 987 7 Marthaler Berard A 2007 The Creed Twenty Third Publications p 211 ISBN 978 0 89622 537 4 Flatt Lizann 2009 Religion in the Renaissance Crabtree p 8 ISBN 978 0 7787 4597 6 Hell was a place of eternal suffering for sinners No cogent reason has been advanced for accepting a metaphorical interpretation in preference to the most natural meaning of the words of Scripture Hontheim in Catholic Encyclopedia 1910 Theologians generally accept the opinion that hell is really within the earth Hontheim 1910 It is certain from Scripture and tradition that the torments of hell are inflicted in a definite place But it is uncertain where the place is Addis amp Arnold eds A Catholic Dictionary Containing Some Account of the Doctrine Discipline Rites Ceremonies Councils and Religious Orders of the Catholic Church Part One p 404 1903 25 March 2007 Pastoral visit to the Parish of Santa Felicita e Figli martiri Rome BENEDICT XVI w2 vatican va Retrieved 5 June 2019 CiNews of 28 March 2007 Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Times 27 March 2007 reported Hell is a place where sinners really do burn in an everlasting fire and not just a religious symbol designed to galvanise the faithful the Pope has said The Fires of Hell Are Real and Eternal Pope Warns Fox News reproduced the article as published on The Times under the heading Pope Hell Is a Real Place Where Sinners Burn in Everlasting Fire Pope Hell Is a Real Place Where Sinners Burn in Everlasting Fire Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Australian published Owen s article on its 28 March 2007 issue Hell is real and eternal Pope The Canadian National Post of 28 March 2007 quoting The Times reported Pope Benedict XVI has been reminding the faithful of some key beliefs of their faith including the fact hell is a place where sinners burn in an everlasting fire Hell exists and is eternal Pope warns Archived 11 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Pittsburgh Post Gazette of 3 April 2007 again referring to The Times reported Pope Benedict XVI has reinstated hell as a real place where the heat is always on Playing with fire Joseph Hontheim Hell in The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 7 New York Robert Appleton Company 1910 Retrieved 3 September 2010 Ott The Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma p 479 1955 Fox The Catholic Faith p 262 1983 Geisler amp MacKenzie Roman Catholics and Evangelicals agreements and differences p 143 1995 The Green Catechism 1939 62 said Hell is a place of torments God made hell to punish the devils or bad angels and all who die in mortal sin No one can come out of Hell for out of Hell there is no redemption Crawford amp Rossiter Reasons for Living Education and Young People s Search for Meaning 2006 p 192 Hell is the place and state of eternal punishment for the fallen angels and human beings who die deliberately estranged from the love of God work by Fr Kenneth Baker published by Ignatius Press What do we mean by hell Hell is the place and state of eternal punishment for the fallen angels and human beings who die deliberately estranged from the love of God The existence of hell as the everlasting abode of the devils and those human beings who have died in the state of mortal sin is a defined dogma of the Catholic Church Baker Fundamentals of Catholicism 1983 volume 3 p 371 Catechism of the Catholic Church 1035 Archived 9 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine The recent Catechism is ambiguous neither denying nor confirming the existence of physical torments Charles Steven Seymour A Theodicy of Hell p 82 2000 Hell is the natural consequence of a life lived apart from God The terrible suffering of hell consists in the realization that over the course of a lifetime one has come not to love but to hate one s true good and thus to be radically unfit to enjoy that Good It is this pain of loss that is central to the Catholic understanding of hell Imagine the predicament of one who both knows that God is the great love of his life and that he has turned irreversably away from this love This is what hell is J A DiNoia Gabriel O Donnell Romanus Cessario Peter J Cameron editors The Love That Never Ends A Key to the Catechism of the Catholic Church p 45 a b Marthaler Berard L 2007 The Creed Twenty Third Publications p 211 ISBN 978 0 89622 537 4 Hayes Zachary J 1996 Four Views on Hell Zondervan p 176 ISBN 0 310 21268 5 John Anthony O Brien The Faith of Millions The Credentials of the Catholic Religion pp 19 20 Nonfiction Book Review Inventing Hell Dante the Bible and Eternal Torment by Jon M Sweeney Jericho 16 trade paper 208p ISBN 978 1 4555 8224 2 PublishersWeekly com 17 June 2014 Retrieved 5 June 2019 Anne Rice Retrieved 5 June 2019 via Facebook The Story of Fatima The Apparitions of Our Lady of Fatima World Apostolate of Fatima official U S website A Summary of the Message of Fatima salvemariaregina info Retrieved 30 October 2020 Week 1 Lent with Jacinta The sins of impurity Our Lady s Blue Army World Apostolate of Fatima U S A 7 March 2019 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Adomnan of Iona Life of St Columba Penguin Books 1995 Lucy Margaret Smith The Early History of the Monastery of Cluny Oxford University Press 1920 Catechism of the Catholic Church Hell Vatican va Retrieved 19 September 2020 Bayer Oswald 2008 Martin Luther s Theology A Contemporary Interpretation Wm B Eerdmans Publishing p 209 ISBN 978 0 8028 2799 9 James Frank A III 1998 Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer Oxford Clarendon pp 30 69 Bruce Milne 1998 Know the Truth 2nd ed IVP p 335 Calvin Psychopannychia Luther Exposition of Salomon s Booke etc a b c Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline Evangelical Methodist Church Conference 15 July 2017 p 17 Date Christopher Highfield Ron 13 October 2015 A Consuming Passion Essays on Hell and Immortality in Honor of Edward Fudge Wipf and Stock Publishers p 84 ISBN 978 1 4982 2306 5 Luecke George 1920 The Distinctive Characteristics of the Lutheran Church With Special Reference to the Luthern Church of America Concordia Publishing House p 39 Schweinitz Edmund De 1859 The Moravian Manual Containing an Account of the Protestant Church of the Moravian United Brethren Or Unitas Fratrum Lindsay amp Blakiston p 118 Helms Phil What Do Conservative Friends Bel Michigan Quakers Crossroads Friends Meeting Retrieved 2 August 2022 C S Lewis The Great Divorce 1946 Lee Strobel The Case for Faith 2000 Millard Erickson 2001 Introducing Christian Doctrine 2nd ed Baker Academic The Nature of Hell Conclusions and Recommendations Evangelical Alliance 2000 Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 Retrieved 19 April 2019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Are you an annihilationist and if so why ReKnew 19 January 2008 Archived from the original on 17 May 2020 Retrieved 13 July 2020 a b What do Seventh Day Adventists Really Believe Adventist org Retrieved 1 February 2023 Hart David Bentley 2019 That all shall be saved heaven hell and universal salvation New Haven Connecticut ISBN 978 0 300 24622 3 OCLC 1089571251 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Guild E E Arguments in Favour of Universalism http www tentmaker org books InFavorCh20 html http godfire net eby saviour of the world html http www godfire net Hellidx html Talbott Thomas The Inescapable Love of God 1999 ISBN 1 58112 831 2 Thomas Talbott 1999 The Inescapable Love of God Parkland Fla Universal Publishers ISBN 1 58112 831 2 Nuttall A D 1998 The Alternative Trinity Gnostic Heresy in Marlowe Milton and Blake Clarendon Press p 260 ISBN 978 0 19 818462 1 Retrieved 21 June 2023 Borges J L Arias M Hadis M Silver K 2013 Professor Borges A Course on English Literature New Directions p 145 ISBN 978 0 8112 1875 7 Retrieved 21 June 2023 What Really Is Hell The Watchtower 5 7 15 July 2002 What Is Judgment Day Awake 10 11 January 2010 Hell True to the Faith A Gospel Reference Salt Lake City Utah LDS Church 2004 p 81 a b Doctrine and Covenants section 138 a b Chapter 46 The Last Judgment Gospel Principles Salt Lake City Utah LDS Church 2011 Hell churchofjesuschrist org Retrieved 5 June 2019 Doctrine and Covenants 88 100 01 Doctrine and Covenants 19 10 12 Moses 5 22 26 Smith Joseph President Jr First Saints The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day The King Follett Sermon churchofjesuschrist org Retrieved 24 November 2021 LDS Church Guide to the Scriptures Hell see also Doctrine and Covenants 76 43 46 Spencer W Kimball The Miracle of Forgiveness p 123 Doctrine and Covenants 29 36 39 Doctrine and Covenants 76 45 46 Forever and Ever 11 November 2016 a b How long does hell burn for Bibleinfo com bibleinfo com Retrieved 29 January 2023 The word Hell is not translated with clearness sufficient to represent the various meanings of the word in the original language There are three words from which Hell is derived Sheol the unseen state Hades the unseen world and Gehenna Valley of Hinnom These are used in various relations nearly all of them allegorical In a sermon Archdeacon Farrar said There would be the proper teaching about Hell if we calmly and deliberately erased from our English Bibles the three words damnation Hell and everlasting I say unhesitatingly I say claiming the fullest right to speak with the authority of knowledge that not one of those words ought to stand any longer in our English Bible for in our present acceptation of them they are simply mistranslations This corroborates the metaphysical interpretation of Scripture and sustains the truth that Hell is a figure of speech that represents a corrective state of mind When error has reached its limit the retroactive law asserts itself and judgment being part of that law brings the penalty upon the transgressor This penalty is not punishment but discipline and if the transgressor is truly repentant and obedient he is forgiven in Truth Charles Fillmore Christian Healing Lesson 11 item eleven Deut 32 22 Deut 32 36a amp 39 II Sam 22 6 Job 11 8 Job 26 6 Psalm 9 17 Psalm 16 10 Psalm 18 5 Psalm 55 15 Psalm 86 13 Ps 116 3 Psalm 139 8 Prov 5 5 Prov 7 27 Prov 9 18 Prov 15 11 Prov 15 24 Prov 23 14 Prov 27 20 Isa 5 14 Isa 14 9 Isa 14 15 Isa 28 15 Isa 28 18 Isa 57 9 Ezek 31 16 Ezek 31 17 Ezek 32 21 Ezk 32 27 Amos 9 2 Jonah 2 2 Hab 2 5 Gen 37 35 Gen 42 38 Gen 44 29 Gen 44 31 I Sam 2 6 I Kings 2 6 I Kings 2 9 Job 7 9 Job 14 13 Job 17 13 Job 21 13 Job 24 19 Psalm 6 5 Psalm 30 3 Psalm 31 17 Psalm 49 14 Psalm 49 14 Psalm 49 15 Psalm 88 3 Psalm 89 48 Prov 1 12 Prov 30 16 Ecc 9 10 Song 8 6 Isa 14 11 Isa 38 10 Isa 38 18 Ezek 31 15 Hosea 13 14 Hosea 13 14 Psalm 141 7 Num 16 30 Num 16 33 Job 17 16 Roget s Thesaurus VI V 2 Hell Mat 5 29 Mat 5 30 Matt 10 28 Matt 23 15 Matt 23 33 Mark 9 43 Mark 9 45 Mark 9 47 Luke 12 5 Matt 5 22 Matt 18 9 Jas 3 6 Acts 2 27 New American Standard Bible Acts 2 27 New International Version Acts 2 27 New Living Translation Luke 16 23 New Living Translation Catholic for a Reason edited by Scott Hahn and Leon Suprenant copyright 1998 by Emmaus Road Publishing Inc chapter by Curtis Martin pg 294 295Further reading editCochem Martin of 1899 On Hell The four last things death judgment hell heaven Benziger Brothers Hontheim Joseph 1910 Hell In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 7 New York Robert Appleton Company Liguori Alphonus 1882 Sermon X On the pains of hell Sermons for all the Sundays in the year Dublin Talbott Thomas Heaven and Hell in Christian Thought In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Maps with Christian views on Hell can be found in the Cornell University PJ Mode Collection of Persuasive Cartography Browse Heaven and Hell Category External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Hell in Christianity nbsp Media related to Hell in Christianity at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hell in Christianity amp oldid 1214834082, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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