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New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures

November 20, 2023

The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) is a translation of the Bible published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society; it is used and distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses.[9][10] The New Testament portion was released first, in 1950, as The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures,[11][12] with the complete New World Translation of the Bible released in 1961.[13][14]

New World Translation
Full nameNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
AbbreviationNWT
Language279 languages[1][2][3]
NT published1950
Complete Bible
published		1961
AuthorshipNew World Bible Translation Committee
Textual basisOT: Biblia Hebraica
NT: Westcott & Hort
Translation typeFormal Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalence[4][5][6]
Revision1984, 2013
Copies printedMore than 240 million[7][8]
Religious affiliationJehovah's Witnesses
Webpagewww.jw.org/en/library/bible/
Genesis 1:1–3
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and desolate, and there was darkness upon the surface of the watery deep, and God's active force was moving about over the surface of the waters. And God said: "Let there be light." Then there was light.
John 3:16
For God loved the world so much that he gave his only-begotten Son, so that everyone exercising faith in him might not be destroyed but have everlasting life.

It is not the first Bible to be published by the Watch Tower Society, but it is its first original translation of ancient Biblical Hebrew, Koine Greek, and Old Aramaic biblical texts.[15] Although commentators have said a scholarly effort went into the translation, critics have described it as "biased".[16]

History edit

Until the release of the New World Translation, Jehovah's Witnesses in English-speaking countries primarily used the King James Version.[17][18][14] According to the publishers, one of the main reasons for producing a new translation was that most Bible versions in common use, including the Authorized Version (King James), employed archaic language.[19] The stated intention was to produce a fresh translation, free of archaisms.[20] Additionally, over the centuries since the King James Version was produced, more copies of earlier manuscripts of the original texts in the Hebrew and Greek languages had become available. According to the publishers, better manuscript evidence had made it possible to determine with greater accuracy what the original writers intended, particularly in more obscure passages, allowing linguists to better understand certain aspects of the original languages.[21]

A fresh translation of the New Testament, which Jehovah's Witnesses usually refer to as the Christian Greek Scriptures, was proposed in October 1946 by the president of the Watch Tower Society, Nathan H. Knorr.[22][23] Work began on December 2, 1947, when the "New World Bible Translation Committee" was formed, composed of Jehovah's Witnesses who professed to be anointed.[24][25][26] The Watch Tower Society is said to have "become aware" of the committee's existence a year later. The committee agreed to turn over its translation to the Society for publication[27] and on September 3, 1949, Knorr convened a joint meeting of the board of directors of both the Watch Tower Society's New York and Pennsylvania corporations where he again announced to the directors the existence of the committee[28] and that it was now able to print its new modern English translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures. Several chapters of the translation were read to the directors, who then voted to accept it as a gift.[27] The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures was released at a Jehovah's Witness convention at Yankee Stadium, New York, on August 2, 1950.[29][30]

The translation of the Old Testament, which Jehovah's Witnesses refer to as the Hebrew Scriptures, was released in five volumes in 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, and 1960. The complete New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released as a single volume in 1961,[13][14] and has since undergone various revisions.[31][32] Cross references which had appeared in the six separate volumes were updated and included in the complete volume in the 1984 revision.[33][34]

In 1961, the Watch Tower Society began to translate the New World Translation into Dutch, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish; the New Testament in these languages was released simultaneously in July 1963 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. By 1989, the New World Translation was translated into eleven languages, with more than 56,000,000 copies printed.[35]

Translators edit

The New World Translation was produced by the New World Bible Translation Committee, formed in 1947. This committee is said to have comprised unnamed members of multinational background.[36] The committee requested that the Watch Tower Society not publish the names of its members,[37][38] stating that they did not want to "advertise themselves but let all the glory go to the Author of the Scriptures, God,"[39] adding that the translation, "should direct the reader, not to the translators, but to the Bible’s Author, Jehovah God".[40] The publishers stated that "the particulars of [the New World Bible Translation Committee's members] university or other educational training are not the important thing" and that "the translation testifies to their qualification".[40]

Former high-ranking Watch Tower staff have identified various members of the translation team. Former Governing Body member Raymond Franz listed Nathan H. Knorr, Fredrick W. Franz, Albert D. Schroeder, George D. Gangas, and Milton G. Henschel as members of the translation team, adding that only Frederick Franz had sufficient knowledge in biblical languages.[41][42] Referring to the identified members, evangelical minister Walter Ralston Martin said, "The New World Bible translation committee had no known translators with recognized degrees in Greek or Hebrew exegesis or translation... None of these men had any university education except Franz, who left school after two years, never completing even an undergraduate degree." Fredrick Franz had stated that he was familiar with not only Hebrew, but with Greek, Latin, Spanish, Portuguese, German, and French for the purpose of biblical translation.[43][44]

Translation Services Department edit

In 1989, a Translation Services Department was established at the world headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses, overseen by the Writing Committee of the Governing Body. The goal of the Translation Services Department was to accelerate Bible translation with the aid of computer technology. Previously, some Bible translation projects lasted twenty years or more. Under the direction of the Translation Services Department, translation of the Old Testament in a particular language may be completed in as little as two years. During the period from 1963 to 1989, the New World Translation became available in ten additional languages. Since the formation of the Translation Services Department in 1989, there has been a significant increase in the number of languages in which the New World Translation has been made available.[45][46]

2013 revision edit

At the Watch Tower Society's annual meeting on October 5, 2013, a significantly revised translation was released. Referring to the new revision, the publishers stated, "There are now about 10 percent fewer English words in the translation. Some key Biblical terms were revised. Certain chapters were changed to poetic format, and clarifying footnotes were added to the regular edition."[47]

The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53 – 8:11) and the Short and Long Conclusions of Mark 16 (Mark 16:8–20)—offset from the main text in earlier editions—were removed.[48] The new revision was also released as part of an app called JW Library.[49] As of October 2023, the 2013 edition of the New World Translation has been translated, in whole or in part, into 279 languages.[1]

Translation edit

According to the Watch Tower Society, the New World Translation attempts to convey the intended sense of original-language words according to the context. The original New World Translation employs nearly 16,000 English expressions to translate about 5,500 biblical Greek terms, and over 27,000 English expressions to translate about 8,500 Hebrew terms. The translators state that, where possible in the target language, the New World Translation prefers literal renderings and does not paraphrase the original text.[50]

Textual basis edit

The master text used for translating the Old Testament into English was Kittel's Biblia Hebraica. The Hebrew texts, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and Biblia Hebraica Quinta, were used for preparing the latest version of this translation. Other works consulted in preparing the translation include Aramaic Targums, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Torah, the Greek Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate, the Masoretic Text, the Cairo Codex, the Aleppo Codex, Christian David Ginsburg's Hebrew Text, and the Leningrad Codex.[51][52]

  • Diagrammatic representation of textual basis
  •  

    Hebrew

  •  

    Greek

The Greek master text by the Cambridge University scholars B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort (1881) was used as the basis for translating the New Testament into English.[31] The committee also referred to the Novum Testamentum Graece (18th edition, 1948) and to works by Jesuit scholars José M. Bover (1943),[31] and Augustinus Merk (1948).[31] The United Bible Societies' text (1975) and the Nestle-Aland text (1979) were used to update the footnotes in the 1984 version. Additional works consulted in preparing the New World Translation include the Armenian Version, Coptic Versions, the Latin Vulgate, Sistine and Clementine Revised Latin Texts, Textus Receptus, the Johann Jakob Griesbach's Greek text, the Emphatic Diaglott, and various papyri.[51]

Other languages edit

Translation into other languages is based on the English text, supplemented by comparison with the Hebrew and Greek.[53] The complete New World Translation has been published in more than one hundred languages or scripts, with the New Testament available in more than fifty additional languages.

When the Writing Committee approves the translation of the Bible into a new language, it appoints a group of baptized Jehovah's Witnesses to serve as a translation team. Translators are given a list of words and expressions commonly used in the English New World Translation with related English words grouped together (e.g. atone, atonement or propitiation). A list of vernacular equivalents is then composed. A database of Greek and Hebrew terms is available where a translator has difficulty rendering a verse. The vernacular terms are then applied to the text in the target language. Further editing and translation is then performed to produce a final version.[45]

Features edit

The layout resembles the 1901 edition of the American Standard Version. The translators use the terms "Hebrew-Aramaic Scriptures" and "Christian Greek Scriptures" rather than "Old Testament" and "New Testament", stating that the use of "testament" was based on a misunderstanding of 2 Corinthians 3:14.[29][54] Headings were included at the top of each page to assist in locating texts; these have been replaced in the 2013 revision by an "Outline of Contents" introducing each Bible book. There is also an index listing scriptures by subject.

Square brackets [ ] were added around words that were inserted editorially, but were removed as of the 2006 printing. Double brackets were used to indicate text considered doubtful. The pronoun "you" was printed in small capitals (i.e., YOU) to indicate plurality, as were some verbs when plurality may be unclear. These features were discontinued in the 2013 release. The New World Translation attempts to indicate progressive rather than completed actions, such as "proceeded to rest" at Genesis 2:2 instead of "rested". The 2013 release indicates progressive verbs only where considered contextually important.

Use of Jehovah edit

Main article: Jehovah
See also: Names and titles of God in the New Testament

The name Jehovah is a translation of the Tetragrammaton (Hebrew: יהוה, transliterated as YHWH, though the original pronunciation is unknown). The New World Translation uses the name Jehovah 6,979 times in the Old Testament.[55] According to the Watch Tower Society, the Tetragrammaton appears in "the oldest fragments of the Greek Septuagint".[56] In reference to the Septuagint, biblical scholar Paul E. Kahle stated, "We now know that the Greek Bible text as far as it was written by Jews for Jews did not translate the Divine name by Kyrios, but the Tetragrammaton written with Hebrew or Greek letters was retained in such MSS (manuscripts). It was the Christians who replaced the Tetragrammaton by Kyrios, when the divine name written in Hebrew letters was not understood any more."[57] However, according to professor Albert Pietersma, since pre-Christian times adonai and the Tetragrammaton were considered equivalent to the Greek term kyrios. Pietersma stated, "The translators felt no more bound to retain the tetragram in written form than they felt compelled to render distinctively Hebrew el, elohim or shaddai."[58] He also considers that old manuscripts containing the tetragram, like the papyrus Fouad 266, "is evidence of a secondary stage."[59]

The New World Translation also uses the name Jehovah 237 times in the New Testament where the extant texts use only the Greek words kyrios (Lord) and theos (God).[60][61] The use of Jehovah in the New Testament is very rare, but not unique to the New World Translation.[62] Walter Martin, an evangelical minister, wrote, "It can be shown from literally thousands of copies of the Greek New Testament that not once does the tetragrammaton appear."[63] However, the translators of the New World Translation believed that the name Jehovah was present in the original manuscripts of the New Testament when quoting from the Old Testament, but replaced with the other terms by later copyists. Based on this reasoning, the translators consider to have "restored the divine name", though it is not present in any extant manuscripts.[64][65]

Editions edit

In 1984, a Reference edition of the New World Translation was released in addition to a revision of the regular volume.[66][67] The regular edition includes several appendices containing arguments for various translation decisions, maps, diagrams and other information; and over 125,000 cross references. The reference edition contains the cross references and adds footnotes about translation decisions and additional appendices that provide further detail relating to certain translation decisions and doctrinal views.[68] The Reference edition is out of print as of the release of the 2013 revision of the New World Translation.

Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures edit

The New World Bible Translation Committee included the English text from the New World Translation in its 1969 and 1985 editions of The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures. It also incorporates the Greek text published by Westcott and Hort in The New Testament in the Original Greek and a literal word-for-word translation.[69][70][71]

Non-print editions edit

In 1978, the Watch Tower Society began producing recordings of the New World Translation on audio cassette,[72] with the New Testament released by 1981[73] and the Old Testament in three albums released by 1990.[74] In 2004, the NWT was released on compact disc in MP3 format in major languages.[75] Since 2008, audio downloads of the NWT have been made available in 18 languages in MP3 and AAC formats, including support for podcasts.

 
A diskette edition of the NWT released in 1993

In 1983, the English Braille edition of the New World Translation's New Testament was released;[76] the complete English Braille edition was released by 1988.[77] NWT editions have since become available in several additional Braille scripts.[78] Production of the NWT in American Sign Language began in 2006; the New Testament was made available by 2010,[79][80] and the complete ASL edition was released in February 2020.[81]

In 1992, a digital edition of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References was released on floppy disk. Since 1994, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References has been included in the Watchtower Library on CD-ROM.[82][83] Both editions of the New World Translation are available online in various languages and digital formats.[84][85][86] Since 2015, a Study Edition of the New World Translation has been gradually released online starting with the books of the New Testament, based on the 2013 revision with additional reference material.[87]

Critical review edit

Overall review edit

In its review of Bible translations released from 1955 to 1985, The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary listed the New World Translation among the major modern translations.[88]

In 1982, Pentecostal theologian Gordon Fee and Douglas K. Stuart in their How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth refer to the New World Translation as being an "extremely literal translation" filled with "heretical doctrines".[89] In 1985, Alan Stewart Duthie responded to the assertion by Fee & Stuart that the NWT is "filled with the heretical doctrines of this cult",[90] stating that although "there are some heretical doctrines to be found ... [it] does not reach even 0.1% of the whole, which is very far from 'full'".[91]

In 2004, Anthony Byatt and Hal Flemings published their anthology 'Your Word is Truth', Essays in Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1950, 1953). They included essays responding to criticism of the New World Translation from non-Witnesses, and a bibliography of reviews of the work.[92]

George D. Chryssides stated in 2019 that the unfavourable criticisms by Harold Henry Rowley, Julius R. Mantey and William Barclay "were extremely vague", but that Bruce M. Metzger "mentioned a few specific passages which he believed were wrongly translated."[93]

Old Testament edit

Regarding the New World Translation's use of English in the first volume of the New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures (Genesis to Ruth, 1953), biblical scholar Harold Henry Rowley was critical of what he called "wooden literalism" and "harsh construction". He characterized these as "an insult to the Word of God", citing various verses of Genesis as examples. Rowley concluded, "From beginning to end this [first] volume is a shining example of how the Bible should not be translated."[94] He added in a subsequent review that "the second volume shows the same faults as the first."[95] While a member of the denomination, Rolf Furuli—a former professor in Semitic languages—said that a literal translation that follows the sentence structure of the source language rather than target language must be somewhat wooden and unidiomatic. Furuli added that Rowley's assessment based on his own preference for idiomatic translations ignores the NWT's stated objective of being as literal as possible.[96]

Samuel Haas, in his 1955 review of the first volume of the NWT in the Journal of Biblical Literature, stated that he did not agree with the introduction of the name Jehovah: "religious bias is shown most clearly in the policy of translating the tetragrammaton as Jehovah."[97] He concluded, "this work indicates a great deal of effort and thought as well as considerable scholarship, it is to be regretted that religious bias was allowed to colour many passages."[98]

In 1960, Frederick William Danker wrote, "not to be snubbed is the New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, Rendered from the Original by the New World Translation Committee... 'the orthodox' do not possess all the truth, yet one does well to 'test the spirits'."[99]

In 1981, biblical scholar Benjamin Kedar-Kopfstein stated that the Old Testament work is largely based on the formal structure of biblical Hebrew.[100] In 1989, Kedar-Kopfstein said, "In my linguistic research in connection with the Hebrew Bible and translations, I often refer to the English edition of what is known as the 'New World Translation.' In so doing, I find my feeling repeatedly confirmed that this work reflects an honest endeavor to achieve an understanding of the text that is as accurate as possible. Giving evidence of a broad command of the original language, it renders the original words into a second language understandably without deviating unnecessarily from the specific structure of the Hebrew. ... Every statement of language allows for a certain latitude in interpreting or translating. So the linguistic solution in any given case may be open to debate. But I have never discovered in the 'New World Translation' any biased intent to read something into the text that it does not contain."[101] In 1993 Kedar-Kopfstein said that the NWT is one of his occasionally quoted reference works.[102]

New Testament edit

Criticism of the New World Translation is particularly concentrated on Christological issues, mainly the translation of the word kurios (Greek: κύριος) as "Jehovah"—usually translated "Lord" by the classical translators and its rendering of John 1:1.

Edgar J. Goodspeed, translator of the New Testament in An American Translation, positively criticized the New World translation.[93] According to the October 15, 1999 issue of The Watchtower, Goodspeed wrote to the Watch Tower Society in 1950 stating, "I am interested in the mission work of your people, and its world wide scope, and much pleased with the free, frank and vigorous translation. It exhibits a vast array of sound serious learning, as I can testify."[103]

Steven T. Byington said in 1950, "the book does not give enjoyable continuous reading; but if you are digging for excellent or suggestive renderings, this is among the richer mines."[104]

In 1952, religious writer Alexander Thomson wrote of the New World Translation: "The translation is evidently the work of skilled and clever scholars, who have sought to bring out as much of the true sense of the Greek text as the English language is capable of expressing. ... We heartily recommend the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, published in 1950 by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society."[105] In 1959, Thomson added that on the whole the version was quite a good one, even though it was padded with many English words which had no equivalent in the Greek or Hebrew.[106]

Allen Wikgren (member of the New Revised Standard Version committee, as well as the committee which produced the USB Greek text) said in 1952, "independent readings of merit often occur in other modern speech versions, such as Verkyl's New Testament (1945) and the Jehovah's Witnesses' edition of the New Testament (1950)".[107]

In 1953, former American Bible Society board member Bruce M. Metzger concluded that "on the whole, one gains a tolerably good impression of the scholarly equipment of the translators,"[31][108] but identified instances where the translation has been written to support Jehovah's Witness doctrines, with "several quite erroneous renderings of the Greek".[109] Metzger said there were a number of "indefensible" characteristics of the translation, including its use of "Jehovah" in the New Testament.[110]

J. Carter Swaim in 1953 wrote that "objection is sometimes made to new translations on the ground that to abolish archaic phrases tends to cheapen the Scripture".[111] Referring to the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures he added: "it is a translation that has its own peculiarities, and its own excellences too. The Witnesses, who are enthusiastic in the spread of their tenets, regard this as one of their most effective devices".[112]

In 1954, Unitarian theologian Charles Francis Potter stated about the New World Translation: "Apart from a few semantic peculiarities like translating the Greek word stauros as 'stake' instead of 'cross', and the often startling use of the colloquial and the vernacular, the anonymous translators have certainly rendered the best manuscript texts, both Greek and Hebrew, with scholarly ability and acumen."[113]

Frederick E. Mayer wrote in 1954: "It is a version that lends support to denial of doctrines which the Christian churches consider basic, such as the co-equality of Jesus Christ with the Father, the personhood of the Holy Spirit, and the survival of the human person after physical death. It teaches the annihilation of the wicked, the non-existence of hell, and the purely animal nature of man's soul."[114][115]

In 1961 F. F. Bruce stated: "some of its distinctive renderings reflect the biblical interpretations which we have come to associate with Jehovah's Witnesses (e. g. 'the Word was a god" in John 1:1)".[116] He also stated that "some of the renderings which are free from a theological tendency strike one as quite good".[116]

In his review in Andover Newton Quarterly Robert M. McCoy reported in 1963: "in not a few instances the New World Translation contains passages which must be considered as 'theological translations.' This fact is particularly evident in those passages which express or imply the deity of Jesus Christ."[117] He concludes: "The translation of the New Testament is evidence of the presence in the movement of scholars qualified to deal intelligently with the many problems of Biblical translation. This translation, as J. Carter Swaim observes, has its peculiarities and its excellences. All in all, it would seem that a reconsideration of the challenge of this movement to the historic churches is in order."[118]

In 1963, theologian Anthony A. Hoekema wrote, "Their New World Translation of the Bible is by no means an objective rendering of the sacred text into modern English, but is a biased translation in which many of the peculiar teachings of the Watchtower Society are smuggled into the text of the Bible itself."[119]

Samuel MacLean Gilmour said in 1966: "the New World translation was made by a committee whose membership has never been revealed-a committee that possessed an unusual competence in Greek ... It is clear that doctrinal considerations influenced many turns of phrase, but the work is no crack-pot or pseudo-historical fraud.[120]

In 1967, Robert H. Countess wrote that the "NWT has certain praiseworthy features—for example, an apparatus criticus—everyone must admit", but described the NWT's rendering of "a god" at John 1:1 as "most unfortunate for several reasons".[121] In 1982, in his critical analysis The Jehovah's Witness' New Testament he wrote that the NWT "must be viewed as a radically biased piece of work. At some points it is actually dishonest. At others it is neither modern nor scholarly."[122]

Julius R. Mantey, co-author of A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament and A Hellenistic Greek Reader, said in 1980 that the NWT's rendering of John 1:1 is "a shocking mistranslation" and "Obsolete and incorrect".[123]

In October 1996, James B. Parkinson stated, "the Jehovah's Witnesses' New World Translation (NWT, 1950) offers a relatively accurate translation from a different theological perspective. Like Rotherham, though, it is often not smooth reading."[124]

Theologian William Barclay concluded, "the deliberate distortion of truth by this sect is seen in the New Testament translation. ... It is abundantly clear that a sect which can translate the New Testament like that is intellectually dishonest."[125]

Theologian John Ankerberg accused the New World Translation's translators of renderings that conform "to their own preconceived and unbiblical theology." John Weldon and Ankerberg cite several examples wherein they consider the NWT to support theological views overriding appropriate translation.[126]

The 2003 edition of the New Catholic Encyclopedia states, "[Jehovah's Witnesses] are allowed no other books than the Bible and the society's own publications, which includes its own translation of the Bible with an impressive critical apparatus. The work is excellent except when scientific knowledge comes into conflict with the accepted doctrines of the movement. In their so-called New World Translation, the term Kyrios is rendered Jehovah instead of Lord everywhere in the New Testament (237 times) except at Philippians 2.11, where St. Paul refers the word to Christ."[127]

In 2004, historian Jason BeDuhn examined New Testament passages in which he believed "bias is most likely to interfere with translation"[128] from nine of "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world".[129][130] For each passage, he compared the Greek text with the renderings of each English translation, and looked for biased attempts to change the meaning. BeDuhn said that the New World Translation was "not bias free",[128] adding that whilst the general public and various biblical scholars might assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias, he considered it to be "the most accurate of the translations compared",[131] and a "remarkably good translation".[128] He added that "most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation".[128] Despite his positive review, BeDuhn said the introduction of the name "Jehovah" into the New Testament 237 times was "not accurate translation by the most basic principle of accuracy",[132] and that it "violate[s] accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God".[133][130] In rebuttal, Thomas Howe strongly criticized BeDuhn's positive review of the New World Translation, stating that BeDuhn's main goal is to deny the deity of Christ.[134]

In 2008, Kenneth J. Baumgarten and Kevin Gary Smith published an article in the South African Theological Seminary's journal, Conspectus, entitled, "An Examination of the Consistency of the New World Translation with the Stated Philosophy of the Translators", in which they studied the use of "the Greek term θεός in reference to Jesus Christ" and concluded that "in seven of the nine sample texts, the NWT violates one or more of its stated translation values and principles. They said the most common violation is its pervasive tendency to subvert the most natural understanding of the Greek text in favour of a ‘preferred religious view’."[135]

George D. Chryssides noted in 2016 that the New World Translation's rendering of passages about Christ's role in the creation of the world—for example, Colossians 1:15-17—are phrased in such a way as to suggest that Christ was created and not, as the Nicene Creed states, "begotten of the Father before all worlds, God of God."[16]

Commentary about non-English versions edit

Cees Houtman wrote of the Dutch translation in 1984: "respect and knowledge are the requirements that a translator must meet. It was noted above that in the past distrust was often expressed regarding the translation work of persons belonging to a different modality or denomination and there was a fear of the theological points of view being reflected in the translation. A purely objective evaluation of translations, however, must conclude that only in very exceptional cases can passages be pointed out in which the confessional (or political and social) point of view of the translators shines through. Even the New World Translation of the Jehovah's Witnesses can survive the scrutiny of the critics. In this context, one should also note, for example, that Remonstrants and Mennonites were able to use the SV [(Statenvertaling)]. Scripture and religious beliefs tend to come to light in notes and introductions to translations."[136]

The Evangelical German Bible Society reviewed the German-language edition of 1986 and described the NWT as a "translation that is accurate in many respects, but tendentious in the sense of the special teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses".[137]

In 2004, Xabier Pikaza wrote of the Spanish translation, "Traducción del Nuevo Mundo ... is the name given by Jehovah's Witnesses to their version of the Bible, which is based on the conviction that the other versions, in all languages, are somehow tainted by the presuppositions of the various churches and Christian confessions. Only this version would reflect the exact content of the Scriptures in the original languages, because 'The Bible is the Word of God as long as it is well translated'. It is not a direct translation from the original languages, but is made from the English text (published in 1960), although the editors claim to have faithfully consulted the original Hebrew and Greek texts. The edition, in two columns, is very well cared for; it includes a critical apparatus and numerous intertextual references. Many Catholic and Protestant scholars have accused this Bible of flaws and biased interpretations. But, on the whole, it offers a reliable vision of the Word of God, which can lead men to the New World, that is, to the Messianic Kingdom".[138]

Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures edit

Thomas Nelson Winter considered the Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures to be a "highly useful aid toward the mastery of koine (and classical) Greek," adding that the translation "is thoroughly up-to-date and consistently accurate."[139]

Julius R. Mantey stated that the KIT "changed the readings in scores of passages to state what Jehovah's Witnesses believe and teach. That is a distortion not a translation."[123]

According to the February 1, 1998 issue of The Watchtower, Jason BeDuhn ordered copies of the KIT for his students at Indiana University Bloomington, and wrote that "it is the best interlinear New Testament available".[140][141]

Controversial passages edit

Much criticism of the New World Translation involves the rendering of certain texts in the New Testament considered to be biased in favor of specific Witness practices and doctrines.[142][143][144][126][145][146] These include:

  • the use of "torture stake" instead of "cross" as the instrument of Jesus' crucifixion;[31][142]
  • the use of the indefinite article ("a") in its rendering of John 1:1 to give "the Word was a god";[31][142][147]
  • the term "public declaration" at Romans 10:10, which may reinforce the imperative to engage in public preaching;[142]
  • the term "taking in knowledge" rather than "know" at John 17:3 (in the 1984 revision), to suggest that salvation is dependent on ongoing study;[142]
  • the placement of the comma in Luke 23:43, which affects the timing of the fulfillment of Jesus' promise to the thief at Calvary.[148]

Russia ban edit

The New World Translation was banned in Russia in 2017,[149] after the prosecution used quotes from Wikipedia to argue that the translation is extremist and not a true Bible.[150] This decision was questioned by international observers, and even by Alexander Dvorkin, who had previously asked for the Jehovah's Witnesses' organization to be banned.[151][152]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "2023 Governing Body Update #7". Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  2. ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Reach Translation Milestone With Bible Release in Mozambique". Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  3. ^ "The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures Now Available in Krio". Watch Tower Society.
  4. ^ BeDuhn 2003, pp. 93.
  5. ^ All Scripture Is Inspired by God and Beneficial1990 p. 326 paras. 32–33 Study Number 7—The Bible in Modern Times: New World Translation A Literal Translation, 1990
  6. ^ "Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek | NWT". JW.ORG. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  7. ^ "Online Bible". Watch Tower Society.
  8. ^ "Baybul we De Insay di Langwej we Pipul dɛn De Tɔk Ɛvride". Watch Tower Society.
  9. ^ Torres-Pruñonosa, Jose; Plaza-Navas, Miquel-Angel; Brown, Silas (2022). "Jehovah's Witnesses' adoption of digitally-mediated services during Covid-19 pandemic". Cogent Social Sciences. 8 (1). doi:10.1080/23311886.2022.2071034. hdl:10261/268521. S2CID 248581687.
  10. ^ "Are All Religions Good?", The Watchtower, August 1, 2009, p. 4, "Jehovah's Witnesses, produce a reliable Bible translation known as the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. However, if you are not one of Jehovah's Witnesses, you may prefer to use other translations"
  11. ^ Scorgie, Strauss & Voth 2009, pp. 185.
  12. ^ Geisler & Nix 2012, pp. 455.
  13. ^ a b Andrews 2018, pp. 24.
  14. ^ a b c Gordon 2010, pp. 280.
  15. ^ Geisler & Nix 2012, pp. 456.
  16. ^ a b Chryssides 2016, pp. 140.
  17. ^ The Watchtower, 1 November 1959, p. 672: "Up until 1950 the teachings of Jehovah's witnesses were based mainly upon the King James Version of the Bible"
  18. ^ Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8020-6545-2. The King James Bible was used by the Witnesses prior to the release of their own version, which began with the Greek Scriptures, in 1950.
  19. ^ Chryssides 2009, pp. lx.
  20. ^ "Announcements", The Watchtower, August 1, 1954, p. 480
  21. ^ "Bible Knowledge Made Plain Through Modern Translation", The Watchtower, October 15, 1961, p. 636
  22. ^ "Part Three—How the Bible Came to Us", The Watchtower, October 15, 1997, p. 11, "With this objective, associates of the Society set out in 1946 to produce a fresh translation of the Scriptures. A translation committee of experienced anointed Christians was organized to produce the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in English."
  23. ^ Mattingly 1951, pp. 439.
  24. ^ "Stand Complete and With Firm Conviction—The New World Translation Appreciated by Millions Worldwide", The Watchtower, November 15, 2001, p. 7.
  25. ^ "How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation:, The Watchtower, January 15, 2001, p. 30.
  26. ^ Chryssides 2016, pp. 137.
  27. ^ a b "New Bible Translation Completed, Released", The Watchtower, October 1, 1960, p. 599.
  28. ^ "New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures", The Watchtower, September 15, 1950, p. 315.
  29. ^ a b Chryssides 2009, pp. 100.
  30. ^ Taylor 1955, pp. 75.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Paul 2003, pp. 85.
  32. ^ Watchtower October 1st, 1960 p. 601 para. 13
  33. ^ Bradshaw 2002, pp. 261.
  34. ^ Foreword, New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, 1984.
  35. ^ All Scripture is Inspired of God and Beneficial 1990 p. 331
  36. ^ New York Times, August 3, 1950 p. 19.
  37. ^ The Watchtower, September 15, 1950, p. 320
  38. ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, cross examination of Frederick Franz pp. 90–92
  39. ^ The Watchtower, November 15, 1950, p. 454
  40. ^ a b The Watchtower, December 15, 1974, p. 768.
  41. ^ Raymond V. Franz, Crisis of Conscience (Atlanta: Commentary Press, 1983), p. 50.
  42. ^ Tony Wills, M.A., A People For His Name—A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and An Evaluation, Lulu, 2006. Originally published in 1967 by Vantage Press. "[Frederick] Franz is a language scholar of no mean ability—he supervised the translation of the Bible from the original languages into the New World Translation, completed in 1961." (p. 253)
  43. ^ Walter Martin, Kingdom of the Cults—Expanded Anniversary Edition, October 1997, Bethany House Publishers, p. 123-124. "the New World Bible translation committee had no known translators with recognized degrees in Greek or Hebrew exegesis or translation. While the members of the [NWT] committee have never been identified officially by the Watchtower, many Witnesses who worked at the headquarters during the translation period were fully aware of who the members were. They included Nathan H. Knorr (president of the Society at the time), Frederick W. Franz (who later succeeded Knorr as president), Albert D. Schroeder, George Gangas, and Milton Henschel'."
  44. ^ Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8020-7973-2.
  45. ^ a b A Milestone for Lovers of God's Word (Watchtower October 15, 1999 pp. 30–31)
  46. ^ 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 26
  47. ^ JW.org, "The 2013 Revision of the New World Translation"
  48. ^ Chryssides 2016, pp. 142.
  49. ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses distribute free Bibles", The Daytona Beach News-Journal, October 26, 2013
  50. ^ How Can You Choose a Good Bible Translation? (Watchtower May 1, 2008 pp. 18–22)
  51. ^ a b "All Scripture is Inspired of God and Beneficial" 1990 pp. 305-314
  52. ^ How the Bible Came to Us, Appendix A3 of 2013 REVISION
  53. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (1993) Chap. 27 p. 611, subheading Translation Into Other Languages.
  54. ^ Appendix 7E in the New World Translation reference edition
  55. ^ Revised New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures 2013-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 14 October 2013.
  56. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Vol. II p. 9, 1988; Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
  57. ^ The Cairo Geniza, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1959, p. 222
  58. ^ De Septuaginta: Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, Albert Pietersma, 1984, pages 98-99
  59. ^ De Septuaginta: Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, Albert Pietersma, 1984, pages 99-100
  60. ^ Gutjahr 2017, pp. 655–656.
  61. ^ Bowman, Robert M. Understanding Jehovah's Witnesses. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. 1991. p. 114
  62. ^ Translations in English with similar renderings include A Literal Translation of the New Testament ... From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript (Heinfetter, 1863); The Emphatic Diaglott (Benjamin Wilson, 1864); The Epistles of Paul in Modern English (George Stevens, 1898); St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans (Rutherford, 1900); The Christian's Bible — New Testament (LeFevre, 1928) and The New Testament Letters (Wand, 1946).
  63. ^ Walter Martin, The Kingdom of the Cults Revised, Updated, and Expanded Anniversary Edition, Bethany House Publishers, Minneapolis, Minnesota 1997, p. 125.
  64. ^ The Watchtower, August 1, 2008. Brooklyn, New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2008. pp. 18–23.
  65. ^ "Lord". Insight on the Scriptures. Vol. 2. p. 267.
  66. ^ "Announcements", Our Kingdom Ministry, September 1988, p. 4
  67. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, published by Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 614
  68. ^ "Study—Rewarding and Enjoyable", The Watchtower, October 1, 2000, p. 16
  69. ^ Paul 2003, pp. 127.
  70. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, published 1993 by Jehovah's Witnesses, "Chapter 27: Printing and Distributing God's Own Sacred Word", p. 610
  71. ^ ""Between-the-Lines" Translations of the Bible", The Watchtower, November 15, 1969, p. 692.
  72. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, September 1978, p. 3
  73. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, October 1981, p. 7
  74. ^ The Watchtower, February 15, 1990, p. 32
  75. ^ Watchtower Publications Index 1986–2007, "Compact Discs"
  76. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, August 1983, pp. 3–4
  77. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, published 1993 by Jehovah's Witnesses, "Chapter 27: Printing and Distributing God's Own Sacred Word", pp. 614–615
  78. ^ Awake!, November, 2007 p. 30
  79. ^ 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, published by Jehovah's Witnesses, pp. 21–22
  80. ^ Sign Language Connection on jw.org
  81. ^ The Complete New World Translation of the Bible Is Available in ASL
  82. ^ "The Compact Disc—What Is It All About?", Awake!, April 22, 1994, p. 23
  83. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, September 2007, p. 3.
  84. ^ "Watch Tower Online Library". Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
  85. ^ "Online Bible-Jehovah's Witnesses: jw.org". Watch Tower Society. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  86. ^ "JW Library APP-Jehovah's Witnesses". Watch Tower Society. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  87. ^ JW.org, "New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition)"
  88. ^ Bratcher 1996, pp. 292.
  89. ^ Fee, Gordon D.; Stuart, Douglas K. (1982). How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth: A Guide to Understanding the Bible. Zondervan. p. 41. ISBN 9780310373612. Among the whole Bible translations not discussed are some that are theologically biased, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses' New World Translation (1961). This is an extremely literal translation filled with the heretical doctrines of this cult
  90. ^ Duthie 1985, pp. 20.
  91. ^ Duthie 1985, pp. 70.
  92. ^ Williams, J. T. (June 2006). "'Your Word is Truth': Essays in Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1950, 1953)". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 30 (5): 54.  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  93. ^ a b Chryssides 2019, pp. 232.
  94. ^ H.H. Rowley, How Not To Translate the Bible, The Expository Times, 1953; 65; 41
  95. ^ Gruss, Edmond C. (1970). Apostles of Denial: An Examination and Exposé of the History, Doctrines and Claims of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-0-87552-305-7.
  96. ^ Furuli, Rolf (1999). "An evaluation of NWT's critics". The Role of Theology and Bias in Bible Translation. Huntington Beach, California: Elihu books. pp. 293–294. ISBN 0-9659814-9-5.
  97. ^ Haas 1955, pp. 282.
  98. ^ Haas 1955, pp. 283.
  99. ^ Danker 1960, pp. 194.
  100. ^ Kedar-Kopfstein 1981, pp. 262.
  101. ^ Andrews 2018, pp. 18.
  102. ^ Kedar-Kopfstein 1994, pp. 17.
  103. ^ "A Milestone for Lovers of God's Word". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. October 15, 1999. p. 31.
  104. ^ Byington 1950, pp. 589.
  105. ^ Alexander Thomson, The Differentiator, 1952, 55, 57 Nos. 2, 6
  106. ^ The Differentiator (June 1959), cited in Ian Croft, "The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures: Does It Really Have the Support of Greek Scholars?", Perth, Western Australia, Concerned Growth Ministries, 1987, p. 2
  107. ^ Wikgren 1952, pp. 99.
  108. ^ Metzger 1964, pp. 151.
  109. ^ Metzger 1953, pp. 74.
  110. ^ Metzger 1964, pp. 152.
  111. ^ Swaim 1953, pp. 39.
  112. ^ Swaim 1953, pp. 40.
  113. ^ The faiths men live by, Kessinger Publishing, 1954, 239. ISBN 1-4254-8652-5.
  114. ^ Mayer, Frederick E. (1954). The Religious Bodies of America (1st edition) (1961 Revised ed.). Concordia Publishing House. p. 469. ISBN 978-0-75860-231-2.
  115. ^ Gruss, Edmond C. (1970). Apostles of Denial: An Examination and Exposé of the History, Doctrines and Claims of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-87552-305-7.
  116. ^ a b Bruce 1961, pp. 184.
  117. ^ McCoy 1963, pp. 29.
  118. ^ McCoy 1963, pp. 31.
  119. ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, The Four Major Cults, Christian Science, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism, Seventh-day Adventism, William B. Eerdmans, 1963, ISBN 0802831176, pp. 208–209
  120. ^ MacLean Gilmour 1966, pp. 26.
  121. ^ Countess 1967, pp. 160.
  122. ^ Robert Countess, The Jehovah's Witness' New Testament, A Critical Analysis of the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, Presbyterian & Reformed, 1982, ISBN 0875522106, pp. 91–93
  123. ^ a b Julius Robert Mantey, Depth Exploration in the New Testament, Vantage Press, 1980, ISBN 0533045355, pp. 136–137
  124. ^ Parkinson 1996.
  125. ^ R. Rhodes, The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions, The Essential Guide to Their History, Their Doctrine, and Our Response, Zondervan, 2001, p. 94
  126. ^ a b Ankerberg, John and John Weldon, 2003, The New World Translation of the Jehovah's Witnesses, accessible online October 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  127. ^ Catholic University of America staff (2003). "Jehovah's Witnesses". In Berard L. Marthaler (ed.). The New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7: Hol-Jub (2 ed.). Detroit: Thompson/Gale. p. 751. ISBN 9780787640040. OCLC 773389253.
  128. ^ a b c d BeDuhn 2003, pp. 165.
  129. ^ BeDuhn 2003, pp. viii.
  130. ^ a b Jason D. BeDuhn, Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament, 2004, pp. 163, 165, 169, 175, 176. BeDuhn compared the King James, the (New) Revised Standard, the New International, the New American Bible, the New American Standard Bible, the Amplified Bible, the Living Bible, Today's English and the NWT versions in Matthew 28:9, Philippians 2:6, Colossians 1:15–20, Titus 2:13, Hebrews 1:8, John 8:58, John 1:1.
  131. ^ BeDuhn 2003, pp. 163.
  132. ^ BeDuhn 2003, pp. 169.
  133. ^ BeDuhn 2003, pp. 170.
  134. ^ Thomas A Howe, Bias in New Testament Translations?, 2010, p. 326 (back cover), "In this critical evaluation, BeDuhn's arguments are challenged and his conclusions called into question."—See also Thomas A. Howe, The Deity of Christ in Modern Translations, 2015
  135. ^ Kenneth J. Baumgarten, Smith Kevin Gary, “An Examination of the Consistency of the New World Translation with the Stated Philosophy of the Translators,” Conspectus, The Journal of the South African Theological Seminary, Volume 6, 2008 (Rivonia, South Africa), 25.
  136. ^ Houtman 1984, pp. 279–280.
  137. ^ Haug 1993, pp. 34–35.
  138. ^ Pikaza 2004, pp. 778.
  139. ^ Winter 1974, pp. 376.
  140. ^ Andrews 2023, pp. 124.
  141. ^ ""It Is the Best Interlinear New Testament Available"". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. February 1, 1998. p. 32.
  142. ^ a b c d e Penton, M. J. (1997), Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press, pp. 174–176
  143. ^ Robert M. Bowman Jr, Understanding Jehovah's Witnesses, (Grand Rapids MI: Baker Book House, 1992)
  144. ^ Samuel Haas,Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 74, No. 4, (Dec. 1955), p. 283, "This work indicates a great deal of effort and thought as well as considerable scholarship, it is to be regretted that religious bias was allowed to colour many passages."
  145. ^ Rhodes R, The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions, The Essential Guide to Their History, Their Doctrine, and Our Response, Zondervan, 2001, p. 94
  146. ^ Bruce M Metzger, "Jehovah's Witnesses and Jesus Christ," Theology Today, (April 1953 p. 74); see also Metzger, "The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures," The Bible Translator (July 1964)
  147. ^ C.H. Dodd: "The reason why [the Word was a god] is unacceptable is that it runs counter to the current of Johannine thought, and indeed of Christian thought as a whole." Technical Papers for The Bible Translator, Vol 28, No. 1, January 1977
  148. ^ Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984), The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses, University of Toronto Press, pp. 98–101, ISBN 0-8020-6545-7
  149. ^ Balmforth, Tom (August 18, 2017). "Russia Bans Jehovah's Witnesses' Translation Of Bible". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  150. ^ [Reportage: Trial of the Bible in Vyborg]. Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2018-12-12. The reference to Wikipedia is at time 14:45
  151. ^ "АЛЕКСАНДР ДВОРКИН: РЕШЕНИЕ ВЫБОРГСКОГО СУДА О ПРИЗНАНИИ ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКИМ МАТЕРИАЛОМ «ПЕРЕВОДА НОВОГО МИРА» – ГРОМАДНАЯ ОШИБКА" [ALEXANDER DVORKIN: THE DECISION OF THE VYBORG COURT TO RECOGNIZE THE NEW WORLD TRANSLATION AS AN EXTREMIST MATERIAL IS A HUGE MISTAKE]. pravoslavie.ru (in Russian).
  152. ^ Andrews 2018, pp. 60.

Bibliography edit

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  • BeDuhn, Jason D. (2003). Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761825555.
  • Bradshaw, Paul F., ed. (2002). The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. ISBN 9780334028833.
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  • Bruce, F. F. (1961). The English Bible: A History of Translations. London: Oxford University Press. LCCN 61000960. OCLC 345350. OL 1318916W.
  • Byatt, Anthony; Flemings, Hal, eds. (2004). 'Your Word is Truth', Essays in Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1950, 1953). Golden Age Books. ISBN 0-9506212-6-9.
  • Byington, Steven T. (1950-11-01). "Review of the New World Translation". The Christian Century. 67: 588–9.
  • Chryssides, George D. (2009). The A to Z of Jehovah's Witnesses. The A to Z Guide Series (reprinted ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810870543.
  • Chryssides, George D. (2016). Jehovah's Witnesses: Continuity and Change. Routledge New Religions. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315251561. ISBN 9781351925426.
  • Chryssides, George D. (2019). "'Be not conformed' - A historical survey of the Watch Tower Society's relationship with society". In Besier, Gerhard; Huhta, Ilkka (eds.). Religious Freedom: Its Confirmation and Violation During the 20th and 21st Centuries. 18. Jahrgang (2017), Heft 1+2. Issue 1-2 de Religion - Staat - Gesellschaft - Zeitsch, ISSN 1438-955X / Religion, Staat, Gesellschaft : Zeitschrift für Glaubensformen und Weltanschauungen. Vol. 18. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643997456.
  • Countess, Robert H. (1967). "The Translation of ΘΕΟΣ in the New World Translation" (PDF). Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society. 10 (3): 153–60. ISSN 0361-5138. OCLC 01776411.
  • Countess, Robert (1982). Jehovah's Witnesses' New Testament: A Critical Analysis. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87552-210-6.
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  • Furuli, Rolf (1999). The Role of Theology and Bias in Bible Translation: With a special look at the New World Translation of Jehovah's Witnesses. Elihu Books. ISBN 0-9659814-9-5.
  • Geisler, Norman L.; Nix, William E. (2012). From God To Us Revised and Expanded: How We Got Our Bible. Moody Publishers. ISBN 9780802483928.
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  • Haug, Hellmut (1993). Deutsche Bibelübersetzungen; Das gegenwärtige Angebot – Information und Bewertung, erweiterte Neuausgabe. Wissenswertes zur Bibel. Vol. 10 (2 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. ISBN 3438064901.
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  • Kedar-Kopfstein, Benjamin (1981). "Die Stammbildung qôṭel als Übersetzungsproblem" [The rooting qôṭel as a translation problem]. Journal of Old Testament Scholarship (Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft) (in German, English, and Biblical Hebrew). 93 (2): 254–279. doi:10.1515/zatw.1981.93.2.254. S2CID 170623057. Retrieved 2017-12-09. p. 262: In sharp contrast to this free translation [Die Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testamentes (1957)], LXX [Septuagint] and NWT are largely based on the formal structure of the source language [ancient Hebrew].
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  • Pikaza, Xabier (2004). "Artículos temáticos: Textos y versiones". In Brown, Raymond E.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland E. (eds.). Nuevo Comentario Bíblico San Jerónimo (in Spanish). Translated by Tosaus Abadía, José Pedro; Pérez Escobar, José; Pastor Ramos, Federico; Viña, Olga Ma; Nicolau, Olga; Forcades, Teresa. Spain: Editorial Verbo Divino. ISBN 84-8169-470-3.
  • Stafford, Greg (1997). Jehovah's Witnesses Defended. Elihu Books. ISBN 0-9659814-7-9.
  • Scorgie, Glen G.; Strauss, Mark L.; Voth, Steven M. (2009). The Challenge of Bible Translation: Communicating God's Word to the World. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 9780310321859.
  • Shead, Andrew G. (2018). "Burning Scripture with Passion: A Review of The Psalms (The Passion Translation)". Themelios. The Gospel Coalition. 43 (1): 58–71. ISSN 0307-8388. OCLC 669699890.
  • Swaim, J. Carter (1953). Right and Wrong Ways to Use the Bible. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. LCCN 53005959. OCLC 747567. OL 6133321M.
  • Taylor, William Carey (1955). "Its Banishment of Many Bible Words § Jehovah – The Complete Banished Word". The New Bible, Pro and Con. New York: Vantage Press. OCLC 1085898453.
  • Wikgren, Allen (1952). "The English Bible". In Buttrick, George Arthur; Bowie, Walter Russell; Scherer, Paul; Knox, John; Terrien, Samuel; Harmon, Nolan B. (eds.). The Interpreter's Bible. General and Old Testament Articles. Genesis. Exodus. A Commentary in Twelve Volumes. Vol. 1. Nashville, Tennessee: Abringdon Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-687-19207-2. LCCN 51012276.
  • Winter, Thomas (April 1974). "Review of New World Bible Translation Committee's The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures". Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 376. JSTOR 3295986. Retrieved October 30, 2018. I think it is a legitimate and highly useful aid toward the mastery of koine (and classical) Greek. After examining a copy, I equipped several interested second-year Greek students with it as an auxiliary text. ... a motivated student could probably learn koine Greek from this source alone. [...] translation by the anonymous committee is thoroughly up-todate and consistently accurate

Further reading edit

 
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November 20, 2023
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The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures NWT is a translation of the Bible published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society it is used and distributed by Jehovah s Witnesses 9 10 The New Testament portion was released first in 1950 as The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures 11 12 with the complete New World Translation of the Bible released in 1961 13 14 New World TranslationFull nameNew World Translation of the Holy ScripturesAbbreviationNWTLanguage279 languages 1 2 3 NT published1950Complete Biblepublished1961AuthorshipNew World Bible Translation CommitteeTextual basisOT Biblia HebraicaNT Westcott amp HortTranslation typeFormal Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalence 4 5 6 Revision1984 2013Copies printedMore than 240 million 7 8 Religious affiliationJehovah s WitnessesWebpagewww wbr jw wbr org wbr en wbr library wbr bible wbr Genesis 1 1 3In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth Now the earth was formless and desolate and there was darkness upon the surface of the watery deep and God s active force was moving about over the surface of the waters And God said Let there be light Then there was light John 3 16For God loved the world so much that he gave his only begotten Son so that everyone exercising faith in him might not be destroyed but have everlasting life It is not the first Bible to be published by the Watch Tower Society but it is its first original translation of ancient Biblical Hebrew Koine Greek and Old Aramaic biblical texts 15 Although commentators have said a scholarly effort went into the translation critics have described it as biased 16 Contents 1 History 1 1 Translators 1 2 Translation Services Department 1 3 2013 revision 2 Translation 2 1 Textual basis 2 2 Other languages 3 Features 3 1 Use of Jehovah 3 2 Editions 3 2 1 Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures 3 3 Non print editions 4 Critical review 4 1 Overall review 4 2 Old Testament 4 3 New Testament 4 4 Commentary about non English versions 4 5 Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures 5 Controversial passages 6 Russia ban 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory editUntil the release of the New World Translation Jehovah s Witnesses in English speaking countries primarily used the King James Version 17 18 14 According to the publishers one of the main reasons for producing a new translation was that most Bible versions in common use including the Authorized Version King James employed archaic language 19 The stated intention was to produce a fresh translation free of archaisms 20 Additionally over the centuries since the King James Version was produced more copies of earlier manuscripts of the original texts in the Hebrew and Greek languages had become available According to the publishers better manuscript evidence had made it possible to determine with greater accuracy what the original writers intended particularly in more obscure passages allowing linguists to better understand certain aspects of the original languages 21 A fresh translation of the New Testament which Jehovah s Witnesses usually refer to as the Christian Greek Scriptures was proposed in October 1946 by the president of the Watch Tower Society Nathan H Knorr 22 23 Work began on December 2 1947 when the New World Bible Translation Committee was formed composed of Jehovah s Witnesses who professed to be anointed 24 25 26 The Watch Tower Society is said to have become aware of the committee s existence a year later The committee agreed to turn over its translation to the Society for publication 27 and on September 3 1949 Knorr convened a joint meeting of the board of directors of both the Watch Tower Society s New York and Pennsylvania corporations where he again announced to the directors the existence of the committee 28 and that it was now able to print its new modern English translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures Several chapters of the translation were read to the directors who then voted to accept it as a gift 27 The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures was released at a Jehovah s Witness convention at Yankee Stadium New York on August 2 1950 29 30 The translation of the Old Testament which Jehovah s Witnesses refer to as the Hebrew Scriptures was released in five volumes in 1953 1955 1957 1958 and 1960 The complete New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released as a single volume in 1961 13 14 and has since undergone various revisions 31 32 Cross references which had appeared in the six separate volumes were updated and included in the complete volume in the 1984 revision 33 34 In 1961 the Watch Tower Society began to translate the New World Translation into Dutch French German Italian Portuguese and Spanish the New Testament in these languages was released simultaneously in July 1963 in Milwaukee Wisconsin By 1989 the New World Translation was translated into eleven languages with more than 56 000 000 copies printed 35 Translators edit The New World Translation was produced by the New World Bible Translation Committee formed in 1947 This committee is said to have comprised unnamed members of multinational background 36 The committee requested that the Watch Tower Society not publish the names of its members 37 38 stating that they did not want to advertise themselves but let all the glory go to the Author of the Scriptures God 39 adding that the translation should direct the reader not to the translators but to the Bible s Author Jehovah God 40 The publishers stated that the particulars of the New World Bible Translation Committee s members university or other educational training are not the important thing and that the translation testifies to their qualification 40 Former high ranking Watch Tower staff have identified various members of the translation team Former Governing Body member Raymond Franz listed Nathan H Knorr Fredrick W Franz Albert D Schroeder George D Gangas and Milton G Henschel as members of the translation team adding that only Frederick Franz had sufficient knowledge in biblical languages 41 42 Referring to the identified members evangelical minister Walter Ralston Martin said The New World Bible translation committee had no known translators with recognized degrees in Greek or Hebrew exegesis or translation None of these men had any university education except Franz who left school after two years never completing even an undergraduate degree Fredrick Franz had stated that he was familiar with not only Hebrew but with Greek Latin Spanish Portuguese German and French for the purpose of biblical translation 43 44 Translation Services Department edit In 1989 a Translation Services Department was established at the world headquarters of Jehovah s Witnesses overseen by the Writing Committee of the Governing Body The goal of the Translation Services Department was to accelerate Bible translation with the aid of computer technology Previously some Bible translation projects lasted twenty years or more Under the direction of the Translation Services Department translation of the Old Testament in a particular language may be completed in as little as two years During the period from 1963 to 1989 the New World Translation became available in ten additional languages Since the formation of the Translation Services Department in 1989 there has been a significant increase in the number of languages in which the New World Translation has been made available 45 46 2013 revision edit At the Watch Tower Society s annual meeting on October 5 2013 a significantly revised translation was released Referring to the new revision the publishers stated There are now about 10 percent fewer English words in the translation Some key Biblical terms were revised Certain chapters were changed to poetic format and clarifying footnotes were added to the regular edition 47 The Pericope Adulterae John 7 53 8 11 and the Short and Long Conclusions of Mark 16 Mark 16 8 20 offset from the main text in earlier editions were removed 48 The new revision was also released as part of an app called JW Library 49 As of October 2023 the 2013 edition of the New World Translation has been translated in whole or in part into 279 languages 1 Translation editAccording to the Watch Tower Society the New World Translation attempts to convey the intended sense of original language words according to the context The original New World Translation employs nearly 16 000 English expressions to translate about 5 500 biblical Greek terms and over 27 000 English expressions to translate about 8 500 Hebrew terms The translators state that where possible in the target language the New World Translation prefers literal renderings and does not paraphrase the original text 50 Textual basis edit The master text used for translating the Old Testament into English was Kittel s Biblia Hebraica The Hebrew texts Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and Biblia Hebraica Quinta were used for preparing the latest version of this translation Other works consulted in preparing the translation include Aramaic Targums the Dead Sea Scrolls the Samaritan Torah the Greek Septuagint the Latin Vulgate the Masoretic Text the Cairo Codex the Aleppo Codex Christian David Ginsburg s Hebrew Text and the Leningrad Codex 51 52 Diagrammatic representation of textual basis nbsp Hebrew nbsp GreekThe Greek master text by the Cambridge University scholars B F Westcott and F J A Hort 1881 was used as the basis for translating the New Testament into English 31 The committee also referred to the Novum Testamentum Graece 18th edition 1948 and to works by Jesuit scholars Jose M Bover 1943 31 and Augustinus Merk 1948 31 The United Bible Societies text 1975 and the Nestle Aland text 1979 were used to update the footnotes in the 1984 version Additional works consulted in preparing the New World Translation include the Armenian Version Coptic Versions the Latin Vulgate Sistine and Clementine Revised Latin Texts Textus Receptus the Johann Jakob Griesbach s Greek text the Emphatic Diaglott and various papyri 51 Other languages edit Translation into other languages is based on the English text supplemented by comparison with the Hebrew and Greek 53 The complete New World Translation has been published in more than one hundred languages or scripts with the New Testament available in more than fifty additional languages When the Writing Committee approves the translation of the Bible into a new language it appoints a group of baptized Jehovah s Witnesses to serve as a translation team Translators are given a list of words and expressions commonly used in the English New World Translation with related English words grouped together e g atone atonement or propitiation A list of vernacular equivalents is then composed A database of Greek and Hebrew terms is available where a translator has difficulty rendering a verse The vernacular terms are then applied to the text in the target language Further editing and translation is then performed to produce a final version 45 Features editThe layout resembles the 1901 edition of the American Standard Version The translators use the terms Hebrew Aramaic Scriptures and Christian Greek Scriptures rather than Old Testament and New Testament stating that the use of testament was based on a misunderstanding of 2 Corinthians 3 14 29 54 Headings were included at the top of each page to assist in locating texts these have been replaced in the 2013 revision by an Outline of Contents introducing each Bible book There is also an index listing scriptures by subject Square brackets were added around words that were inserted editorially but were removed as of the 2006 printing Double brackets were used to indicate text considered doubtful The pronoun you was printed in small capitals i e YOU to indicate plurality as were some verbs when plurality may be unclear These features were discontinued in the 2013 release The New World Translation attempts to indicate progressive rather than completed actions such as proceeded to rest at Genesis 2 2 instead of rested The 2013 release indicates progressive verbs only where considered contextually important Use of Jehovah edit Main article Jehovah See also Names and titles of God in the New Testament The name Jehovah is a translation of the Tetragrammaton Hebrew יהוה transliterated as YHWH though the original pronunciation is unknown The New World Translation uses the name Jehovah 6 979 times in the Old Testament 55 According to the Watch Tower Society the Tetragrammaton appears in the oldest fragments of the Greek Septuagint 56 In reference to the Septuagint biblical scholar Paul E Kahle stated We now know that the Greek Bible text as far as it was written by Jews for Jews did not translate the Divine name by Kyrios but the Tetragrammaton written with Hebrew or Greek letters was retained in such MSS manuscripts It was the Christians who replaced the Tetragrammaton by Kyrios when the divine name written in Hebrew letters was not understood any more 57 However according to professor Albert Pietersma since pre Christian times adonai and the Tetragrammaton were considered equivalent to the Greek term kyrios Pietersma stated The translators felt no more bound to retain the tetragram in written form than they felt compelled to render distinctively Hebrew el elohim or shaddai 58 He also considers that old manuscripts containing the tetragram like the papyrus Fouad 266 is evidence of a secondary stage 59 The New World Translation also uses the name Jehovah 237 times in the New Testament where the extant texts use only the Greek words kyrios Lord and theos God 60 61 The use of Jehovah in the New Testament is very rare but not unique to the New World Translation 62 Walter Martin an evangelical minister wrote It can be shown from literally thousands of copies of the Greek New Testament that not once does the tetragrammaton appear 63 However the translators of the New World Translation believed that the name Jehovah was present in the original manuscripts of the New Testament when quoting from the Old Testament but replaced with the other terms by later copyists Based on this reasoning the translators consider to have restored the divine name though it is not present in any extant manuscripts 64 65 Editions edit In 1984 a Reference edition of the New World Translation was released in addition to a revision of the regular volume 66 67 The regular edition includes several appendices containing arguments for various translation decisions maps diagrams and other information and over 125 000 cross references The reference edition contains the cross references and adds footnotes about translation decisions and additional appendices that provide further detail relating to certain translation decisions and doctrinal views 68 The Reference edition is out of print as of the release of the 2013 revision of the New World Translation Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures edit The New World Bible Translation Committee included the English text from the New World Translation in its 1969 and 1985 editions of The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures It also incorporates the Greek text published by Westcott and Hort in The New Testament in the Original Greek and a literal word for word translation 69 70 71 Non print editions edit In 1978 the Watch Tower Society began producing recordings of the New World Translation on audio cassette 72 with the New Testament released by 1981 73 and the Old Testament in three albums released by 1990 74 In 2004 the NWT was released on compact disc in MP3 format in major languages 75 Since 2008 audio downloads of the NWT have been made available in 18 languages in MP3 and AAC formats including support for podcasts nbsp A diskette edition of the NWT released in 1993In 1983 the English Braille edition of the New World Translation s New Testament was released 76 the complete English Braille edition was released by 1988 77 NWT editions have since become available in several additional Braille scripts 78 Production of the NWT in American Sign Language began in 2006 the New Testament was made available by 2010 79 80 and the complete ASL edition was released in February 2020 81 In 1992 a digital edition of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures With References was released on floppy disk Since 1994 the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures With References has been included in the Watchtower Library on CD ROM 82 83 Both editions of the New World Translation are available online in various languages and digital formats 84 85 86 Since 2015 a Study Edition of the New World Translation has been gradually released online starting with the books of the New Testament based on the 2013 revision with additional reference material 87 Critical review editOverall review edit In its review of Bible translations released from 1955 to 1985 The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary listed the New World Translation among the major modern translations 88 In 1982 Pentecostal theologian Gordon Fee and Douglas K Stuart in their How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth refer to the New World Translation as being an extremely literal translation filled with heretical doctrines 89 In 1985 Alan Stewart Duthie responded to the assertion by Fee amp Stuart that the NWT is filled with the heretical doctrines of this cult 90 stating that although there are some heretical doctrines to be found it does not reach even 0 1 of the whole which is very far from full 91 In 2004 Anthony Byatt and Hal Flemings published their anthology Your Word is Truth Essays in Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures 1950 1953 They included essays responding to criticism of the New World Translation from non Witnesses and a bibliography of reviews of the work 92 George D Chryssides stated in 2019 that the unfavourable criticisms by Harold Henry Rowley Julius R Mantey and William Barclay were extremely vague but that Bruce M Metzger mentioned a few specific passages which he believed were wrongly translated 93 Old Testament edit Regarding the New World Translation s use of English in the first volume of the New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures Genesis to Ruth 1953 biblical scholar Harold Henry Rowley was critical of what he called wooden literalism and harsh construction He characterized these as an insult to the Word of God citing various verses of Genesis as examples Rowley concluded From beginning to end this first volume is a shining example of how the Bible should not be translated 94 He added in a subsequent review that the second volume shows the same faults as the first 95 While a member of the denomination Rolf Furuli a former professor in Semitic languages said that a literal translation that follows the sentence structure of the source language rather than target language must be somewhat wooden and unidiomatic Furuli added that Rowley s assessment based on his own preference for idiomatic translations ignores the NWT s stated objective of being as literal as possible 96 Samuel Haas in his 1955 review of the first volume of the NWT in the Journal of Biblical Literature stated that he did not agree with the introduction of the name Jehovah religious bias is shown most clearly in the policy of translating the tetragrammaton as Jehovah 97 He concluded this work indicates a great deal of effort and thought as well as considerable scholarship it is to be regretted that religious bias was allowed to colour many passages 98 In 1960 Frederick William Danker wrote not to be snubbed is the New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures Rendered from the Original by the New World Translation Committee the orthodox do not possess all the truth yet one does well to test the spirits 99 In 1981 biblical scholar Benjamin Kedar Kopfstein stated that the Old Testament work is largely based on the formal structure of biblical Hebrew 100 In 1989 Kedar Kopfstein said In my linguistic research in connection with the Hebrew Bible and translations I often refer to the English edition of what is known as the New World Translation In so doing I find my feeling repeatedly confirmed that this work reflects an honest endeavor to achieve an understanding of the text that is as accurate as possible Giving evidence of a broad command of the original language it renders the original words into a second language understandably without deviating unnecessarily from the specific structure of the Hebrew Every statement of language allows for a certain latitude in interpreting or translating So the linguistic solution in any given case may be open to debate But I have never discovered in the New World Translation any biased intent to read something into the text that it does not contain 101 In 1993 Kedar Kopfstein said that the NWT is one of his occasionally quoted reference works 102 New Testament edit Criticism of the New World Translation is particularly concentrated on Christological issues mainly the translation of the word kurios Greek kyrios as Jehovah usually translated Lord by the classical translators and its rendering of John 1 1 Edgar J Goodspeed translator of the New Testament in An American Translation positively criticized the New World translation 93 According to the October 15 1999 issue of The Watchtower Goodspeed wrote to the Watch Tower Society in 1950 stating I am interested in the mission work of your people and its world wide scope and much pleased with the free frank and vigorous translation It exhibits a vast array of sound serious learning as I can testify 103 Steven T Byington said in 1950 the book does not give enjoyable continuous reading but if you are digging for excellent or suggestive renderings this is among the richer mines 104 In 1952 religious writer Alexander Thomson wrote of the New World Translation The translation is evidently the work of skilled and clever scholars who have sought to bring out as much of the true sense of the Greek text as the English language is capable of expressing We heartily recommend the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures published in 1950 by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society 105 In 1959 Thomson added that on the whole the version was quite a good one even though it was padded with many English words which had no equivalent in the Greek or Hebrew 106 Allen Wikgren member of the New Revised Standard Version committee as well as the committee which produced the USB Greek text said in 1952 independent readings of merit often occur in other modern speech versions such as Verkyl s New Testament 1945 and the Jehovah s Witnesses edition of the New Testament 1950 107 In 1953 former American Bible Society board member Bruce M Metzger concluded that on the whole one gains a tolerably good impression of the scholarly equipment of the translators 31 108 but identified instances where the translation has been written to support Jehovah s Witness doctrines with several quite erroneous renderings of the Greek 109 Metzger said there were a number of indefensible characteristics of the translation including its use of Jehovah in the New Testament 110 J Carter Swaim in 1953 wrote that objection is sometimes made to new translations on the ground that to abolish archaic phrases tends to cheapen the Scripture 111 Referring to the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures he added it is a translation that has its own peculiarities and its own excellences too The Witnesses who are enthusiastic in the spread of their tenets regard this as one of their most effective devices 112 In 1954 Unitarian theologian Charles Francis Potter stated about the New World Translation Apart from a few semantic peculiarities like translating the Greek word stauros as stake instead of cross and the often startling use of the colloquial and the vernacular the anonymous translators have certainly rendered the best manuscript texts both Greek and Hebrew with scholarly ability and acumen 113 Frederick E Mayer wrote in 1954 It is a version that lends support to denial of doctrines which the Christian churches consider basic such as the co equality of Jesus Christ with the Father the personhood of the Holy Spirit and the survival of the human person after physical death It teaches the annihilation of the wicked the non existence of hell and the purely animal nature of man s soul 114 115 In 1961 F F Bruce stated some of its distinctive renderings reflect the biblical interpretations which we have come to associate with Jehovah s Witnesses e g the Word was a god in John 1 1 116 He also stated that some of the renderings which are free from a theological tendency strike one as quite good 116 In his review in Andover Newton Quarterly Robert M McCoy reported in 1963 in not a few instances the New World Translation contains passages which must be considered as theological translations This fact is particularly evident in those passages which express or imply the deity of Jesus Christ 117 He concludes The translation of the New Testament is evidence of the presence in the movement of scholars qualified to deal intelligently with the many problems of Biblical translation This translation as J Carter Swaim observes has its peculiarities and its excellences All in all it would seem that a reconsideration of the challenge of this movement to the historic churches is in order 118 In 1963 theologian Anthony A Hoekema wrote Their New World Translation of the Bible is by no means an objective rendering of the sacred text into modern English but is a biased translation in which many of the peculiar teachings of the Watchtower Society are smuggled into the text of the Bible itself 119 Samuel MacLean Gilmour said in 1966 the New World translation was made by a committee whose membership has never been revealed a committee that possessed an unusual competence in Greek It is clear that doctrinal considerations influenced many turns of phrase but the work is no crack pot or pseudo historical fraud 120 In 1967 Robert H Countess wrote that the NWT has certain praiseworthy features for example an apparatus criticus everyone must admit but described the NWT s rendering of a god at John 1 1 as most unfortunate for several reasons 121 In 1982 in his critical analysis The Jehovah s Witness New Testament he wrote that the NWT must be viewed as a radically biased piece of work At some points it is actually dishonest At others it is neither modern nor scholarly 122 Julius R Mantey co author of A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament and A Hellenistic Greek Reader said in 1980 that the NWT s rendering of John 1 1 is a shocking mistranslation and Obsolete and incorrect 123 In October 1996 James B Parkinson stated the Jehovah s Witnesses New World Translation NWT 1950 offers a relatively accurate translation from a different theological perspective Like Rotherham though it is often not smooth reading 124 Theologian William Barclay concluded the deliberate distortion of truth by this sect is seen in the New Testament translation It is abundantly clear that a sect which can translate the New Testament like that is intellectually dishonest 125 Theologian John Ankerberg accused the New World Translation s translators of renderings that conform to their own preconceived and unbiblical theology John Weldon and Ankerberg cite several examples wherein they consider the NWT to support theological views overriding appropriate translation 126 The 2003 edition of the New Catholic Encyclopedia states Jehovah s Witnesses are allowed no other books than the Bible and the society s own publications which includes its own translation of the Bible with an impressive critical apparatus The work is excellent except when scientific knowledge comes into conflict with the accepted doctrines of the movement In their so called New World Translation the term Kyrios is rendered Jehovah instead of Lord everywhere in the New Testament 237 times except at Philippians 2 11 where St Paul refers the word to Christ 127 In 2004 historian Jason BeDuhn examined New Testament passages in which he believed bias is most likely to interfere with translation 128 from nine of the Bibles most widely in use in the English speaking world 129 130 For each passage he compared the Greek text with the renderings of each English translation and looked for biased attempts to change the meaning BeDuhn said that the New World Translation was not bias free 128 adding that whilst the general public and various biblical scholars might assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias he considered it to be the most accurate of the translations compared 131 and a remarkably good translation 128 He added that most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal conservative translation 128 Despite his positive review BeDuhn said the introduction of the name Jehovah into the New Testament 237 times was not accurate translation by the most basic principle of accuracy 132 and that it violate s accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God 133 130 In rebuttal Thomas Howe strongly criticized BeDuhn s positive review of the New World Translation stating that BeDuhn s main goal is to deny the deity of Christ 134 In 2008 Kenneth J Baumgarten and Kevin Gary Smith published an article in the South African Theological Seminary s journal Conspectus entitled An Examination of the Consistency of the New World Translation with the Stated Philosophy of the Translators in which they studied the use of the Greek term 8eos in reference to Jesus Christ and concluded that in seven of the nine sample texts the NWT violates one or more of its stated translation values and principles They said the most common violation is its pervasive tendency to subvert the most natural understanding of the Greek text in favour of a preferred religious view 135 George D Chryssides noted in 2016 that the New World Translation s rendering of passages about Christ s role in the creation of the world for example Colossians 1 15 17 are phrased in such a way as to suggest that Christ was created and not as the Nicene Creed states begotten of the Father before all worlds God of God 16 Commentary about non English versions edit Cees Houtman wrote of the Dutch translation in 1984 respect and knowledge are the requirements that a translator must meet It was noted above that in the past distrust was often expressed regarding the translation work of persons belonging to a different modality or denomination and there was a fear of the theological points of view being reflected in the translation A purely objective evaluation of translations however must conclude that only in very exceptional cases can passages be pointed out in which the confessional or political and social point of view of the translators shines through Even the New World Translation of the Jehovah s Witnesses can survive the scrutiny of the critics In this context one should also note for example that Remonstrants and Mennonites were able to use the SV Statenvertaling Scripture and religious beliefs tend to come to light in notes and introductions to translations 136 The Evangelical German Bible Society reviewed the German language edition of 1986 and described the NWT as a translation that is accurate in many respects but tendentious in the sense of the special teachings of Jehovah s Witnesses 137 In 2004 Xabier Pikaza wrote of the Spanish translation Traduccion del Nuevo Mundo is the name given by Jehovah s Witnesses to their version of the Bible which is based on the conviction that the other versions in all languages are somehow tainted by the presuppositions of the various churches and Christian confessions Only this version would reflect the exact content of the Scriptures in the original languages because The Bible is the Word of God as long as it is well translated It is not a direct translation from the original languages but is made from the English text published in 1960 although the editors claim to have faithfully consulted the original Hebrew and Greek texts The edition in two columns is very well cared for it includes a critical apparatus and numerous intertextual references Many Catholic and Protestant scholars have accused this Bible of flaws and biased interpretations But on the whole it offers a reliable vision of the Word of God which can lead men to the New World that is to the Messianic Kingdom 138 Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures edit Thomas Nelson Winter considered the Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures to be a highly useful aid toward the mastery of koine and classical Greek adding that the translation is thoroughly up to date and consistently accurate 139 Julius R Mantey stated that the KIT changed the readings in scores of passages to state what Jehovah s Witnesses believe and teach That is a distortion not a translation 123 According to the February 1 1998 issue of The Watchtower Jason BeDuhn ordered copies of the KIT for his students at Indiana University Bloomington and wrote that it is the best interlinear New Testament available 140 141 Controversial passages editMuch criticism of the New World Translation involves the rendering of certain texts in the New Testament considered to be biased in favor of specific Witness practices and doctrines 142 143 144 126 145 146 These include the use of torture stake instead of cross as the instrument of Jesus crucifixion 31 142 the use of the indefinite article a in its rendering of John 1 1 to give the Word was a god 31 142 147 the term public declaration at Romans 10 10 which may reinforce the imperative to engage in public preaching 142 the term taking in knowledge rather than know at John 17 3 in the 1984 revision to suggest that salvation is dependent on ongoing study 142 the placement of the comma in Luke 23 43 which affects the timing of the fulfillment of Jesus promise to the thief at Calvary 148 Russia ban editThe New World Translation was banned in Russia in 2017 149 after the prosecution used quotes from Wikipedia to argue that the translation is extremist and not a true Bible 150 This decision was questioned by international observers and even by Alexander Dvorkin who had previously asked for the Jehovah s Witnesses organization to be banned 151 152 See also edit nbsp Bible portalJehovah s Witnesses publications List of Bible translations by language List of Watch Tower Society publicationsReferences edit a b 2023 Governing Body Update 7 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania Retrieved October 20 2023 Jehovah s Witnesses Reach Translation Milestone With Bible Release in Mozambique Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania Retrieved March 2 2021 The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures Now Available in Krio Watch Tower Society BeDuhn 2003 pp 93 All Scripture Is Inspired by God and Beneficial1990 p 326 paras 32 33 Study Number 7 The Bible in Modern Times New World Translation A Literal Translation 1990 Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek NWT JW ORG Retrieved 2017 09 04 Online Bible Watch Tower Society Baybul we De Insay di Langwej we Pipul dɛn De Tɔk Ɛvride Watch Tower Society Torres Prunonosa Jose Plaza Navas Miquel Angel Brown Silas 2022 Jehovah s Witnesses adoption of digitally mediated services during Covid 19 pandemic Cogent Social Sciences 8 1 doi 10 1080 23311886 2022 2071034 hdl 10261 268521 S2CID 248581687 Are All Religions Good The Watchtower August 1 2009 p 4 Jehovah s Witnesses produce a reliable Bible translation known as the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures However if you are not one of Jehovah s Witnesses you may prefer to use other translations Scorgie Strauss amp Voth 2009 pp 185 Geisler amp Nix 2012 pp 455 a b Andrews 2018 pp 24 a b c Gordon 2010 pp 280 Geisler amp Nix 2012 pp 456 a b Chryssides 2016 pp 140 The Watchtower 1 November 1959 p 672 Up until 1950 the teachings of Jehovah s witnesses were based mainly upon the King James Version of the Bible Botting Heather Gary Botting 1984 The Orwellian World of Jehovah s Witnesses University of Toronto Press p 99 ISBN 978 0 8020 6545 2 The King James Bible was used by the Witnesses prior to the release of their own version which began with the Greek Scriptures in 1950 Chryssides 2009 pp lx Announcements The Watchtower August 1 1954 p 480 Bible Knowledge Made Plain Through Modern Translation The Watchtower October 15 1961 p 636 Part Three How the Bible Came to Us The Watchtower October 15 1997 p 11 With this objective associates of the Society set out in 1946 to produce a fresh translation of the Scriptures A translation committee of experienced anointed Christians was organized to produce the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in English Mattingly 1951 pp 439 Stand Complete and With Firm Conviction The New World Translation Appreciated by Millions Worldwide The Watchtower November 15 2001 p 7 How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation The Watchtower January 15 2001 p 30 Chryssides 2016 pp 137 a b New Bible Translation Completed Released The Watchtower October 1 1960 p 599 New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures The Watchtower September 15 1950 p 315 a b Chryssides 2009 pp 100 Taylor 1955 pp 75 a b c d e f g Paul 2003 pp 85 Watchtower October 1st 1960 p 601 para 13 Bradshaw 2002 pp 261 Foreword New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures 1984 All Scripture is Inspired of God and Beneficial 1990 p 331 New York Times August 3 1950 p 19 The Watchtower September 15 1950 p 320 Walsh vs Honorable James Latham Court of Session Scotland 1954 cross examination of Frederick Franz pp 90 92 The Watchtower November 15 1950 p 454 a b The Watchtower December 15 1974 p 768 Raymond V Franz Crisis of Conscience Atlanta Commentary Press 1983 p 50 Tony Wills M A A People For His Name A History of Jehovah s Witnesses and An Evaluation Lulu 2006 Originally published in 1967 by Vantage Press Frederick Franz is a language scholar of no mean ability he supervised the translation of the Bible from the original languages into the New World Translation completed in 1961 p 253 Walter Martin Kingdom of the Cults Expanded Anniversary Edition October 1997 Bethany House Publishers p 123 124 the New World Bible translation committee had no known translators with recognized degrees in Greek or Hebrew exegesis or translation While the members of the NWT committee have never been identified officially by the Watchtower many Witnesses who worked at the headquarters during the translation period were fully aware of who the members were They included Nathan H Knorr president of the Society at the time Frederick W Franz who later succeeded Knorr as president Albert D Schroeder George Gangas and Milton Henschel Penton M James 1997 Apocalypse Delayed The Story of Jehovah s Witnesses 2nd ed University of Toronto Press p 174 ISBN 978 0 8020 7973 2 a b A Milestone for Lovers of God s Word Watchtower October 15 1999 pp 30 31 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah s Witnesses p 26 JW org The 2013 Revision of the New World Translation Chryssides 2016 pp 142 Jehovah s Witnesses distribute free Bibles The Daytona Beach News Journal October 26 2013 How Can You Choose a Good Bible Translation Watchtower May 1 2008 pp 18 22 a b All Scripture is Inspired of God and Beneficial 1990 pp 305 314 How the Bible Came to Us Appendix A3 of 2013 REVISION Jehovah s Witnesses Proclaimers of God s Kingdom 1993 Chap 27 p 611 subheading Translation Into Other Languages Appendix 7E in the New World Translation reference edition Revised New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures Archived 2013 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 14 October 2013 Insight on the Scriptures Vol II p 9 1988 Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania The Cairo Geniza Basil Blackwell Oxford 1959 p 222 De Septuaginta Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on His Sixty Fifth Birthday Albert Pietersma 1984 pages 98 99 De Septuaginta Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on His Sixty Fifth Birthday Albert Pietersma 1984 pages 99 100 Gutjahr 2017 pp 655 656 Bowman Robert M Understanding Jehovah s Witnesses Grand Rapids Baker Book House 1991 p 114 Translations in English with similar renderings include A Literal Translation of the New Testament From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript Heinfetter 1863 The Emphatic Diaglott Benjamin Wilson 1864 The Epistles of Paul in Modern English George Stevens 1898 St Paul s Epistle to the Romans Rutherford 1900 The Christian s Bible New Testament LeFevre 1928 and The New Testament Letters Wand 1946 Walter Martin The Kingdom of the Cults Revised Updated and Expanded Anniversary Edition Bethany House Publishers Minneapolis Minnesota 1997 p 125 The Watchtower August 1 2008 Brooklyn New York Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania 2008 pp 18 23 Lord Insight on the Scriptures Vol 2 p 267 Announcements Our Kingdom Ministry September 1988 p 4 Jehovah s Witnesses Proclaimers of God s Kingdom published by Jehovah s Witnesses p 614 Study Rewarding and Enjoyable The Watchtower October 1 2000 p 16 Paul 2003 pp 127 Jehovah s Witnesses Proclaimers of God s Kingdom published 1993 by Jehovah s Witnesses Chapter 27 Printing and Distributing God s Own Sacred Word p 610 Between the Lines Translations of the Bible The Watchtower November 15 1969 p 692 Our Kingdom Ministry September 1978 p 3 Our Kingdom Ministry October 1981 p 7 The Watchtower February 15 1990 p 32 Watchtower Publications Index 1986 2007 Compact Discs Our Kingdom Ministry August 1983 pp 3 4 Jehovah s Witnesses Proclaimers of God s Kingdom published 1993 by Jehovah s Witnesses Chapter 27 Printing and Distributing God s Own Sacred Word pp 614 615 Awake November 2007 p 30 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah s Witnesses published by Jehovah s Witnesses pp 21 22 Sign Language Connection on jw org The Complete New World Translation of the Bible Is Available in ASL The Compact Disc What Is It All About Awake April 22 1994 p 23 Our Kingdom Ministry September 2007 p 3 Watch Tower Online Library Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society Retrieved 2014 11 07 Online Bible Jehovah s Witnesses jw org Watch Tower Society Retrieved 2012 10 27 JW Library APP Jehovah s Witnesses Watch Tower Society Retrieved 2012 10 27 JW org New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures Study Edition Bratcher 1996 pp 292 Fee Gordon D Stuart Douglas K 1982 How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth A Guide to Understanding the Bible Zondervan p 41 ISBN 9780310373612 Among the whole Bible translations not discussed are some that are theologically biased such as the Jehovah s Witnesses New World Translation 1961 This is an extremely literal translation filled with the heretical doctrines of this cult Duthie 1985 pp 20 Duthie 1985 pp 70 Williams J T June 2006 Your Word is Truth Essays in Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures 1950 1953 Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 30 5 54 via EBSCO s Academic Search Complete subscription required a b Chryssides 2019 pp 232 H H Rowley How Not To Translate the Bible The Expository Times 1953 65 41 Gruss Edmond C 1970 Apostles of Denial An Examination and Expose of the History Doctrines and Claims of the Jehovah s Witnesses Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co pp 212 213 ISBN 978 0 87552 305 7 Furuli Rolf 1999 An evaluation of NWT s critics The Role of Theology and Bias in Bible Translation Huntington Beach California Elihu books pp 293 294 ISBN 0 9659814 9 5 Haas 1955 pp 282 Haas 1955 pp 283 Danker 1960 pp 194 Kedar Kopfstein 1981 pp 262 Andrews 2018 pp 18 Kedar Kopfstein 1994 pp 17 A Milestone for Lovers of God s Word The Watchtower Watch Tower Society October 15 1999 p 31 Byington 1950 pp 589 Alexander Thomson The Differentiator 1952 55 57 Nos 2 6 The Differentiator June 1959 cited in Ian Croft The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures Does It Really Have the Support of Greek Scholars Perth Western Australia Concerned Growth Ministries 1987 p 2 Wikgren 1952 pp 99 Metzger 1964 pp 151 Metzger 1953 pp 74 Metzger 1964 pp 152 Swaim 1953 pp 39 Swaim 1953 pp 40 The faiths men live by Kessinger Publishing 1954 239 ISBN 1 4254 8652 5 Mayer Frederick E 1954 The Religious Bodies of America 1st edition 1961 Revised ed Concordia Publishing House p 469 ISBN 978 0 75860 231 2 Gruss Edmond C 1970 Apostles of Denial An Examination and Expose of the History Doctrines and Claims of the Jehovah s Witnesses Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co p 210 ISBN 978 0 87552 305 7 a b Bruce 1961 pp 184 McCoy 1963 pp 29 McCoy 1963 pp 31 Anthony A Hoekema The Four Major Cults Christian Science Jehovah s Witnesses Mormonism Seventh day Adventism William B Eerdmans 1963 ISBN 0802831176 pp 208 209 MacLean Gilmour 1966 pp 26 Countess 1967 pp 160 Robert Countess The Jehovah s Witness New Testament A Critical Analysis of the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures Presbyterian amp Reformed 1982 ISBN 0875522106 pp 91 93 a b Julius Robert Mantey Depth Exploration in the New Testament Vantage Press 1980 ISBN 0533045355 pp 136 137 Parkinson 1996 R Rhodes The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions The Essential Guide to Their History Their Doctrine and Our Response Zondervan 2001 p 94 a b Ankerberg John and John Weldon 2003 The New World Translation of the Jehovah s Witnesses accessible online Archived October 29 2012 at the Wayback Machine Catholic University of America staff 2003 Jehovah s Witnesses In Berard L Marthaler ed The New Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 7 Hol Jub 2 ed Detroit Thompson Gale p 751 ISBN 9780787640040 OCLC 773389253 a b c d BeDuhn 2003 pp 165 BeDuhn 2003 pp viii a b Jason D BeDuhn Truth in Translation Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament 2004 pp 163 165 169 175 176 BeDuhn compared the King James the New Revised Standard the New International the New American Bible the New American Standard Bible the Amplified Bible the Living Bible Today s English and the NWT versions in Matthew 28 9 Philippians 2 6 Colossians 1 15 20 Titus 2 13 Hebrews 1 8 John 8 58 John 1 1 BeDuhn 2003 pp 163 BeDuhn 2003 pp 169 BeDuhn 2003 pp 170 Thomas A Howe Bias in New Testament Translations 2010 p 326 back cover In this critical evaluation BeDuhn s arguments are challenged and his conclusions called into question See also Thomas A Howe The Deity of Christ in Modern Translations 2015 Kenneth J Baumgarten Smith Kevin Gary An Examination of the Consistency of the New World Translation with the Stated Philosophy of the Translators Conspectus The Journal of the South African Theological Seminary Volume 6 2008 Rivonia South Africa 25 Houtman 1984 pp 279 280 Haug 1993 pp 34 35 Pikaza 2004 pp 778 Winter 1974 pp 376 Andrews 2023 pp 124 It Is the Best Interlinear New Testament Available The Watchtower Watch Tower Society February 1 1998 p 32 a b c d e Penton M J 1997 Apocalypse Delayed 2nd ed University of Toronto Press pp 174 176 Robert M Bowman Jr Understanding Jehovah s Witnesses Grand Rapids MI Baker Book House 1992 Samuel Haas Journal of Biblical Literature Vol 74 No 4 Dec 1955 p 283 This work indicates a great deal of effort and thought as well as considerable scholarship it is to be regretted that religious bias was allowed to colour many passages Rhodes R The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions The Essential Guide to Their History Their Doctrine and Our Response Zondervan 2001 p 94 Bruce M Metzger Jehovah s Witnesses and Jesus Christ Theology Today April 1953 p 74 see also Metzger The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures The Bible Translator July 1964 C H Dodd The reason why the Word was a god is unacceptable is that it runs counter to the current of Johannine thought and indeed of Christian thought as a whole Technical Papers for The Bible Translator Vol 28 No 1 January 1977 Botting Heather Gary Botting 1984 The Orwellian World of Jehovah s Witnesses University of Toronto Press pp 98 101 ISBN 0 8020 6545 7 Balmforth Tom August 18 2017 Russia Bans Jehovah s Witnesses Translation Of Bible Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Reportazh Sud nad Bibliej v Vyborge Reportage Trial of the Bible in Vyborg Jehovah s Witnesses in Russia in Russian Archived from the original on 2018 12 12 The reference to Wikipedia is at time 14 45 ALEKSANDR DVORKIN REShENIE VYBORGSKOGO SUDA O PRIZNANII EKSTREMISTSKIM MATERIALOM PEREVODA NOVOGO MIRA GROMADNAYa OShIBKA ALEXANDER DVORKIN THE DECISION OF THE VYBORG COURT TO RECOGNIZE THE NEW WORLD TRANSLATION AS AN EXTREMIST MATERIAL IS A HUGE MISTAKE pravoslavie ru in Russian Andrews 2018 pp 60 Bibliography editAndrews Edward D 2018 Reviewing 2013 New World Translation of Jehovah s Witnesses Examining the History of the Watchtower Translation and the Latest Revision Christian Publishing House ISBN 9781945757785 Andrews Edward D 2023 04 11 Evaluating The New World Translation An Examination of the Accuracy of the New World Translation of Jehovah s Witnesses Christian Publishing House ISBN 9798390901854 BeDuhn Jason D 2003 Truth in Translation Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament G Reference Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series University Press of America ISBN 9780761825555 Bradshaw Paul F ed 2002 The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd ISBN 9780334028833 Bratcher Robert G 1996 English Bible The In Achtemeier Paul J Boraas Roger S Fishbane Michael Cummings Nathan Perkins Pheme Walker William O The Society of Biblical Literature eds The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary revised and updated ed San Francisco CA HarperCollins Publishers pp 288 293 ISBN 9780060600372 OCLC 34965544 Revised and updated edition of Harper s Bible Dictionary 1st ed c1985 Bruce F F 1961 The English Bible A History of Translations London Oxford University Press LCCN 61000960 OCLC 345350 OL 1318916W Byatt Anthony Flemings Hal eds 2004 Your Word is Truth Essays in Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures 1950 1953 Golden Age Books ISBN 0 9506212 6 9 Byington Steven T 1950 11 01 Review of the New World Translation The Christian Century 67 588 9 Chryssides George D 2009 The A to Z of Jehovah s Witnesses The A to Z Guide Series reprinted ed Scarecrow Press ISBN 9780810870543 Chryssides George D 2016 Jehovah s Witnesses Continuity and Change Routledge New Religions Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315251561 ISBN 9781351925426 Chryssides George D 2019 Be not conformed A historical survey of the Watch Tower Society s relationship with society In Besier Gerhard Huhta Ilkka eds Religious Freedom Its Confirmation and Violation During the 20th and 21st Centuries 18 Jahrgang 2017 Heft 1 2 Issue 1 2 de Religion Staat Gesellschaft Zeitsch ISSN 1438 955X Religion Staat Gesellschaft Zeitschrift fur Glaubensformen und Weltanschauungen Vol 18 LIT Verlag Munster ISBN 9783643997456 Countess Robert H 1967 The Translation of 8EOS in the New World Translation PDF Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society 10 3 153 60 ISSN 0361 5138 OCLC 01776411 Countess Robert 1982 Jehovah s Witnesses New Testament A Critical Analysis Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company ISBN 0 87552 210 6 Danker Frederick W 1960 Multipurpose Tools for Bible Study Concordia Publishing House Duthie Alan S 1985 Bible Translations And how to Choose Between Them Paternoster ISBN 9780853644002 Furuli Rolf 1999 The Role of Theology and Bias in Bible Translation With a special look at the New World Translation of Jehovah s Witnesses Elihu Books ISBN 0 9659814 9 5 Geisler Norman L Nix William E 2012 From God To Us Revised and Expanded How We Got Our Bible Moody Publishers ISBN 9780802483928 MacLean Gilmour Samuel September 1966 The Use and Abuse of the Book of Revelation Andover Newton Quarterly 7 1 25 26 Gordon Campbell 2010 Bible The Story of the King James Version Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780191624797 Gutjahr Paul C ed 2017 The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in America Oxford handbooks Oxford University Press ISBN 9780190258849 Haas Samuel S 1955 Reviewed Work New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures Vol I by New World Bible Translation Committee Journal of Biblical Literature 74 4 282 283 doi 10 2307 3261681 JSTOR 3261681 Haug Hellmut 1993 Deutsche Bibelubersetzungen Das gegenwartige Angebot Information und Bewertung erweiterte Neuausgabe Wissenswertes zur Bibel Vol 10 2 ed Stuttgart Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft ISBN 3438064901 Houtman C 1984 De kritiek op de Groot Nieuws Bijbel in het licht van de kritiek op eerdere Nederlandse bijbelvertalingen Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift in Dutch Boekencentrum 38 4 265 289 doi 10 5117 NTT1984 4 001 HOUT ISSN 2542 6583 OCLC 1776626 Kedar Kopfstein Benjamin 1981 Die Stammbildung qoṭel als Ubersetzungsproblem The rooting qoṭel as a translation problem Journal of Old Testament Scholarship Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft in German English and Biblical Hebrew 93 2 254 279 doi 10 1515 zatw 1981 93 2 254 S2CID 170623057 Retrieved 2017 12 09 p 262 In sharp contrast to this free translation Die Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testamentes 1957 LXX Septuagint and NWT are largely based on the formal structure of the source language ancient Hebrew Kedar Kopfstein Benjamin 1994 On the Decoding of Polysemantic Lexemes in Biblical Hebrew Zeitschrift fur Althebraistik W Kohlhammer 7 1 17 25 ISSN 0932 4461 Mattingly John F October 1951 Jehovah s Witnesses Translate the New Testament The Catholic Biblical Quarterly Catholic Biblical Association 13 4 439 443 JSTOR 43720341 McCoy Robert M January 1963 Jehovah s Witnesses and Their New Testament PDF Andover Newton Quarterly 3 3 15 31 Metzger Bruce M 1953 The Jehovah s Witnesses and Jesus Christ A Biblical and Theological Appraisal Theology Today 10 1 65 85 doi 10 1177 004057365301000110 OCLC 18487857 S2CID 170358762 Metzger B M 1964 Book Review New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures The Bible Translator 15 3 150 152 doi 10 1177 000608446401500311 ISSN 2051 6789 S2CID 220318160 Archived from the original on 2022 02 28 Parkinson James 1996 How to Choose a Bible Translation Herald Magazine the Herald of Christ s Kingdom Milwaukee Wis Pastoral Bible Institute ISSN 0884 8777 OCLC 3800192 Paul William E 2003 English Language Bible Translators McFarland amp Company ISBN 9780786414253 Pikaza Xabier 2004 Articulos tematicos Textos y versiones In Brown Raymond E Fitzmyer Joseph A Murphy Roland E eds Nuevo Comentario Biblico San Jeronimo in Spanish Translated by Tosaus Abadia Jose Pedro Perez Escobar Jose Pastor Ramos Federico Vina Olga Ma Nicolau Olga Forcades Teresa Spain Editorial Verbo Divino ISBN 84 8169 470 3 Stafford Greg 1997 Jehovah s Witnesses Defended Elihu Books ISBN 0 9659814 7 9 Scorgie Glen G Strauss Mark L Voth Steven M 2009 The Challenge of Bible Translation Communicating God s Word to the World Zondervan Academic ISBN 9780310321859 Shead Andrew G 2018 Burning Scripture with Passion A Review of The Psalms The Passion Translation Themelios The Gospel Coalition 43 1 58 71 ISSN 0307 8388 OCLC 669699890 Swaim J Carter 1953 Right and Wrong Ways to Use the Bible Philadelphia The Westminster Press LCCN 53005959 OCLC 747567 OL 6133321M Taylor William Carey 1955 Its Banishment of Many Bible Words Jehovah The Complete Banished Word The New Bible Pro and Con New York Vantage Press OCLC 1085898453 Wikgren Allen 1952 The English Bible In Buttrick George Arthur Bowie Walter Russell Scherer Paul Knox John Terrien Samuel Harmon Nolan B eds The Interpreter s Bible General and Old Testament Articles Genesis Exodus A Commentary in Twelve Volumes Vol 1 Nashville Tennessee Abringdon Press p 99 ISBN 0 687 19207 2 LCCN 51012276 Winter Thomas April 1974 Review of New World Bible Translation Committee s The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures Faculty Publications Classics and Religious Studies Department The Johns Hopkins University Press 376 JSTOR 3295986 Retrieved October 30 2018 I think it is a legitimate and highly useful aid toward the mastery of koine and classical Greek After examining a copy I equipped several interested second year Greek students with it as an auxiliary text a motivated student could probably learn koine Greek from this source alone translation by the anonymous committee is thoroughly up todate and consistently accurateFurther reading edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures External links editOfficial webpage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures amp oldid 1181428558, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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