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Christian Science

April 27, 2024

Not to be confused with Christianity and science, Christians in Science, Christians in science and technology, or Scientology.

Christian Science is a set of beliefs and practices which are associated with members of the Church of Christ, Scientist. Adherents are commonly known as Christian Scientists or students of Christian Science, and the church is sometimes informally known as the Christian Science church. It was founded in 1879 in New England by Mary Baker Eddy, who wrote the 1875 book Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, which outlined the theology of Christian Science.[n 2] The book became Christian Science's central text, along with the Bible, and by 2001 had sold over nine million copies.[5]

Christian Science
The First Church of Christ, Scientist at the Christian Science Center in Boston with the original Mother Church (1894) in the foreground and the Mother Church Extension (1906) behind it.[1]
ScriptureScience and Health with Key to the Scriptures by Mary Baker Eddy and the Bible
Theology"Basic teachings", Church of Christ, Scientist
FounderMary Baker Eddy (1821–1910)
MembersEstimated 106,000 in the United States in 1990[2] and under 50,000 in 2009;[3] according to the church, 400,000 worldwide in 2008.[n 1]
Official websitechristianscience.com

Eddy and 26 followers were granted a charter by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1879 to found the "Church of Christ (Scientist)"; the church would be reorganized under the name "Church of Christ, Scientist" in 1892.[6] The Mother Church, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, was built in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1894.[7] Christian Science became the fastest growing religion in the United States, with nearly 270,000 members there by 1936, a figure that had declined to just over 100,000 by 1990[8] and reportedly to under 50,000 by 2009.[3] The church is known for its newspaper, The Christian Science Monitor, which won seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002, and for its public Reading Rooms around the world.[n 3]

Eddy described Christian Science as a return to "primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing".[10] There are key differences between Christian Science theology and that of traditional Christianity.[11] In particular, adherents subscribe to a radical form of philosophical idealism, believing that reality is purely spiritual and the material world an illusion.[12] This includes the view that disease is a mental error rather than physical disorder, and that the sick should be treated not by medicine but by a form of prayer that seeks to correct the beliefs responsible for the illusion of ill health.[13][14]

The church does not require that Christian Scientists avoid medical care—adherents use dentists, optometrists, obstetricians, physicians for broken bones, and vaccination when required by law—but maintains that Christian Science prayer is most effective when not combined with medicine.[15][16] The reliance on prayer and avoidance of medical treatment has been blamed for the deaths of several adherents and their children. Between the 1880s and 1990s, parents and others were prosecuted for, and in a few cases convicted of, manslaughter or neglect.[17]

Overview edit

Metaphysical family edit

See also: Great Awakening

Several periods of Protestant Christian revival nurtured a proliferation of new religious movements in the United States.[18] In the latter half of the 19th century these included what came to be known as the metaphysical family: groups such as Christian Science, Divine Science, the Unity School of Christianity, and (later) the United Church of Religious Science.[n 4] From the 1890s the liberal section of the movement became known as New Thought, in part to distinguish it from the more authoritarian Christian Science.[24]

The term metaphysical referred to the movement's philosophical idealism, a belief in the primacy of the mental world.[n 5] Adherents believed that material phenomena were the result of mental states, a view expressed as "life is consciousness" and "God is mind." The supreme cause was referred to as Divine Mind, Truth, God, Love, Life, Spirit, Principle or Father–Mother, reflecting elements of Plato, Hinduism, Berkeley, Hegel, Swedenborg, and transcendentalism.[26][27]

The metaphysical groups became known as the mind-cure movement because of their strong focus on healing.[28][n 6] Medical practice was in its infancy, and patients regularly fared better without it. This provided fertile soil for the mind-cure groups, who argued that sickness was an absence of "right thinking" or failure to connect to Divine Mind.[31] The movement traced its roots in the United States to Phineas Parkhurst Quimby (1802–1866), a New England clockmaker turned mental healer. His advertising flyer, "To the Sick" included this explanation of his clairvoyant methodology: ". . .he gives no medicines and makes no outward applications, but simply sits down by the patients, tells them their feelings and what they think is their disease. If the patients admit that he tells them their feelings, &c., then his explanation is the cure; and, if he succeeds in correcting their error, he changes the fluids of the system and establishes the truth, or health. The Truth is the Cure. This mode of practise applies to all cases. If no explanation is given, no charge is made, for no effect is produced."[32][n 7] Mary Baker Eddy had been a patient of his (1862-1865), leading to debate about how much of Christian Science was based on his ideas.[34]

New Thought and Christian Science differed in that Eddy saw her views as a unique and final revelation.[35][n 8] Eddy's idea of malicious animal magnetism (that people can be harmed by the bad thoughts of others) marked another distinction, introducing an element of fear that was absent from the New Thought literature.[37][38] Most significantly, she dismissed the material world as an illusion, rather than as merely subordinate to Mind, leading her to reject the use of medicine, or materia medica, and making Christian Science the most controversial of the metaphysical groups. Reality for Eddy was purely spiritual.[39][n 9]

Christian Science theology edit

Further information: § Christian Science prayer
 
Christian Science seal, with the Cross and Crown and words from Matthew 10:8

Christian Science leaders place their religion within mainstream Christian teaching, according to J. Gordon Melton, and reject any identification with the New Thought movement.[n 10] Eddy was strongly influenced by her Congregationalist upbringing.[42] According to the church's tenets, adherents accept "the inspired Word of the Bible as [their] sufficient guide to eternal Life ... acknowledge and adore one supreme and infinite God ... [and] acknowledge His Son, one Christ; the Holy Ghost or divine Comforter; and man in God's image and likeness."[43] When founding the Church of Christ, Scientist, in April 1879, Eddy wrote that she wanted to "reinstate primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing".[10] Later she suggested that Christian Science was a kind of second coming and that Science and Health was an inspired text.[n 11][46] In 1895, in the Manual of the Mother Church, she ordained the Bible and Science and Health as "Pastor over the Mother Church".[47]

Christian Science theology differs in several respects from that of traditional Christianity. Eddy's Science and Health reinterprets key Christian concepts, including the Trinity, divinity of Jesus, atonement, and resurrection; beginning with the 1883 edition, she added with a Key to the Scriptures to the title and included a glossary that redefined the Christian vocabulary.[n 10] At the core of Eddy's theology is the view that the spiritual world is the only reality and is entirely good, and that the material world, with its evil, sickness and death, is an illusion. Eddy saw humanity as an "idea of Mind" that is "perfect, eternal, unlimited, and reflects the divine", according to Bryan Wilson; what she called "mortal man" is simply humanity's distorted view of itself.[50] Despite her view of the non-existence of evil, an important element of Christian Science theology is that evil thought, in the form of malicious animal magnetism, can cause harm, even if the harm is only apparent.[51]

 
The First Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston

Eddy viewed God not as a person but as "All-in-all". Although she often described God in the language of personhood—she used the term "Father–Mother God" (as did Ann Lee, the founder of Shakerism), and in the third edition of Science and Health she referred to God as "she"—God is mostly represented in Christian Science by the synonyms "Mind, Spirit, Soul, Principle, Life, Truth, Love".[52][n 12] The Holy Ghost is Christian Science, and heaven and hell are states of mind.[n 13] There is no supplication in Christian Science prayer. The process involves the Scientist engaging in a silent argument to affirm to herself the unreality of matter, something Christian Science practitioners will do for a fee, including in absentia, to address ill health or other problems.[55] Wilson writes that Christian Science healing is "not curative ... on its own premises, but rather preventative of ill health, accident and misfortune, since it claims to lead to a state of consciousness where these things do not exist. What heals is the realization that there is nothing really to heal."[56] It is a closed system of thought, viewed as infallible if performed correctly; healing confirms the power of Truth, but its absence derives from the failure, specifically the bad thoughts, of individuals.[57]

Eddy accepted as true the creation narrative in the Book of Genesis up to chapter 2, verse 6—that God created man in his image and likeness—but she rejected the rest "as the story of the false and the material", according to Wilson.[58] Her theology is nontrinitarian: she viewed the Trinity as suggestive of polytheism.[n 14] She saw Jesus as a Christian Scientist, a "Way-shower" between humanity and God,[60] and she distinguished between Jesus the man and the concept of Christ, the latter a synonym for Truth and Jesus the first person fully to manifest it.[61] The crucifixion was not a divine sacrifice for the sins of humanity, the atonement (the forgiveness of sin through Jesus's suffering) "not the bribing of God by offerings", writes Wilson, but an "at-one-ment" with God.[62] Her views on life after death were vague and, according to Wilson, "there is no doctrine of the soul" in Christian Science: "[A]fter death, the individual continues his probationary state until he has worked out his own salvation by proving the truths of Christian Science."[13] Eddy did not believe that the dead and living could communicate.[63]

To the more conservative of the Protestant clergy, Eddy's view of Science and Health as divinely inspired was a challenge to the Bible's authority.[64] "Eddyism" was viewed as a cult; one of the first uses of the modern sense of the word was in A. H. Barrington's Anti-Christian Cults (1898), a book about Spiritualism, Theosophy and Christian Science.[65] In a few cases Christian Scientists were expelled from Christian congregations, but ministers also worried that their parishioners were choosing to leave. In May 1885 the London Times' Boston correspondent wrote about the "Boston mind-cure craze": "Scores of the most valued Church members are joining the Christian Scientist branch of the metaphysical organization, and it has thus far been impossible to check the defection."[66] In 1907 Mark Twain described the appeal of the new religion to its adherents:

[Mrs. Eddy] has delivered to them a religion which has revolutionized their lives, banished the glooms that shadowed them, and filled them and flooded them with sunshine and gladness and peace; a religion which has no hell; a religion whose heaven is not put off to another time, with a break and a gulf between, but begins here and now, and melts into eternity as fancies of the waking day melt into the dreams of sleep.

They believe it is a Christianity that is in the New Testament; that it has always been there, that in the drift of ages it was lost through disuse and neglect, and that this benefactor has found it and given it back to men, turning the night of life into day, its terrors into myths, its lamentations into songs of emancipation and rejoicing.

There we have Mrs. Eddy as her followers see her. ... They sincerely believe that Mrs. Eddy's character is pure and perfect and beautiful, and her history without stain or blot or blemish. But that does not settle it. ...[67]

History edit

Mary Baker Eddy and the early Christian Science movement edit

Further information: Mary Baker Eddy and History of the Christian Science movement
 
Mary Baker Eddy

Mary Baker Eddy was born Mary Morse Baker on a farm in Bow, New Hampshire, the youngest of six children in a religious family of Protestant Congregationalists.[68] In common with most women at the time, Eddy was given little formal education, but read widely at home and was privately tutored.[69] From childhood she lived with protracted ill health.[70] Eddy's first husband died six months after their marriage and three months before their son was born, leaving her penniless; and as a result of her poor health she lost custody of the boy when he was four.[71] She married again, and her new husband promised to become the child's legal guardian, but after their marriage he refused to sign the needed papers and the boy was taken to Minnesota and told his mother had died.[72][n 15] Eddy, then known as Mary Patterson, and her husband moved to rural New Hampshire, where Eddy continued to suffer from health problems which often kept her bedridden.[74] Eddy tried various cures for her health problems, including conventional medicine as well as most forms of alternative medicine such as Grahamism, electrotherapy, homeopathy, hydropathy, and finally mesmerism under Phineas Quimby.[75] She was later accused by critics, beginning with Julius Dresser, of borrowing ideas from Quimby in what biographer Gillian Gill would call the "single most controversial issue" of her life.[76]

In February 1866, Eddy fell on the ice in Lynn, Massachusetts. Evidence suggests she had severe injuries, but a few days later she apparently asked for her Bible, opened it to an account of one of Jesus' miracles, and left her bed telling her friends that she was healed through prayer alone.[77] The moment has since been controversial, but she considered this moment one of the "falling apples" that helped her to understand Christian Science, although she said she did not fully understand it at the time.[78]

In 1866, after her fall on the ice, Eddy began teaching her first student and began writing her ideas which she eventually published in Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, considered her most important work.[79] Her students voted to form a church called the Church of Christ (Scientist) in 1879, later reorganized as The First Church of Christ, Scientist, also known as The Mother Church, in 1892.[80] She founded the Massachusetts Metaphysical College in 1881 to continue teaching students,[81] Eddy started a number of periodicals: The Christian Science Journal in 1883, the Christian Science Sentinel in 1898, The Herald of Christian Science in 1903, and The Christian Science Monitor in 1908, the latter being a secular newspaper.[82] The Monitor has gone on to win seven Pulitzer prizes as of 2011.[83] She also wrote numerous books and articles in addition to Science and Health, including the Manual of The Mother Church which contained by-laws for church government and member activity, and founded the Christian Science Publishing Society in 1898 in order to distribute Christian Science literature.[82] Although the movement started in Boston, the first purpose-built Christian Science church building was erected in 1886 in Oconto, Wisconsin.[84] During Eddy's lifetime, Christian Science spread throughout the United States and to other parts of the world including Canada, Great Britain, Germany, South Africa, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Australia, and elsewhere.[85]

Eddy encountered significant opposition after she began teaching and writing on Christian Science, which only increased towards the end of her life.[86] One of the most prominent examples was Mark Twain, who wrote a number of articles on Eddy and Christian Science which were first published in Cosmopolitan magazine in 1899 and were later published as a book.[87] Another extended criticism, which again was first serialized in a magazine and then published in book form, was Georgine Milmine and Willa Cather's The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science which first appeared in McClure's magazine in January 1907.[88] Also in 1907, several of Eddy's relatives filed an unsuccessful lawsuit instigated by the New York World, known in the press as the "Next Friends Suit", against members of Eddy's household, alleging that she was mentally unable to manage her own affairs.[89] The suit fell apart after Eddy was interviewed in her home in August 1907 by the judge and two court appointed masters (one a psychiatrist) who concluded that she was mentally competent. Separately she was seen by two psychiatrists, including Allan McLane Hamilton, who came to the same conclusion.[90] The McClure's and New York World stories are considered to at least partially be the reason Eddy asked the church in July 1908 to found the Christian Science Monitor as a platform for responsible journalism.[91]

Eddy died two years later, on the evening of Saturday, December 3, 1910, aged 89. The Mother Church announced at the end of the Sunday morning service that Eddy had "passed from our sight". The church stated that "the time will come when there will be no more death," but that Christian Scientists "do not look for [Eddy's] return in this world."[92] Her estate was valued at $1.5 million, most of which she left to the church.[93]

Eddy's debt to Quimby edit

Eddy's debt to Phineas Parkhurst Quimby became the "single most controversial issue" of her life, according to Gillian Gill.[94] Quimby was not the only source Eddy stood accused of having copied; Ernest Sutherland Bates and John V. Dittemore, Bryan Wilson, Charles S. Braden and Martin Gardner identified several texts she had used without attribution.[n 16] For example, an open letter from Eddy to the church, dated September 1895 and published in Eddy's Miscellaneous Writings 1883–1896 (1897), is almost identical to Hugh Blair's essay "The Man of Integrity," published in Lindley Murray's The English Reader (1799).[98] Eddy acknowledged Quimby's influence in her early years. When a prospective student asked in 1871 whether her methods had been used before, she replied:

Never advertised, and practiced by only one individual who healed me, Dr. Quimby of Portland, ME., an old gentleman who had made it a research for twenty-five years, starting from the standpoint of magnetism thence going forward and leaving that behind. I discovered the art in a moment's time, and he acknowledged it to me; he died shortly after and since then, eight years, I have been founding and demonstrating the science.[99]

 
Manuscript that Eddy used when teaching Sally Wentworth, 1868–1870

Later she drew a distinction between their methods, arguing that Quimby's involved one mind healing another, while hers depended on a connection with Divine Mind.[n 17] In February 1883, Julius Dresser, a former patient of Quimby's, accused Eddy in letters to The Boston Post of teaching Quimby's work as her own.[101] In response Eddy disparaged Quimby as a mesmerist and said she had experimented with mental healing in or around 1853, nine years before she met him.[101] She wrote later: "We caught some of his thoughts, and he caught some of ours; and both of us were pleased to say this to each other."[102]

The issue went to court in September 1883, when Eddy complained that her student Edward Arens had copied parts of Science and Health in a pamphlet, and Arens counter-claimed that Eddy had copied it from Quimby in the first place.[103][n 18] Quimby's son was so unwilling to produce his father's manuscripts that he sent them out of the country (perhaps fearing litigation with Eddy or that someone would tamper with them), and Eddy won the case.[104][105] Things were stirred up further by Eddy's pamphlet Historical Sketch of Metaphysical Healing (1885), in which she again called Quimby a mesmerist, and by the publication of Julius Dresser's The True History of Mental Healing (1887).[106]

The charge that Christian Science came from Quimby, not divine revelation, stemmed in part from Eddy's use of Quimby's manuscript (right) when teaching Sally Wentworth and others in 1868–1870.[n 19] Eddy said she had helped to fix Quimby's unpublished work, and now stood accused of having copied her own corrections.[108][n 20] Against this, Lyman P. Powell, one of Eddy's biographers, wrote in 1907 that Quimby's son held an almost identical copy, in Quimby's wife's handwriting, of the Quimby manuscript that Eddy had used when teaching Sally Wentworth. It was dated February 1862, eight months before Eddy met Quimby.[113]

In July 1904 the New York Times obtained a copy of the Quimby manuscript from Sally Wentworth's son, and juxtaposed passages with Science and Health to highlight the similarities. It also published Eddy's handwritten notes on Quimby's manuscript to show what the newspaper alleged was the transition from his words to hers.[n 21][115] Quimby's manuscripts were published in 1921. Eddy's biographers continued to disagree about his influence on Eddy. Bates and Dittemore, the latter a former director of the Christian Science church, argued in 1932 that "as far as the thought is concerned, Science and Health is practically all Quimby," except for malicious animal mesmerism.[116] Robert Peel, who also worked for the church, wrote in 1966 that Eddy may have influenced Quimby as much as he influenced her.[117] Gardner argued in 1993 that Eddy had taken "huge chunks" from Quimby, and Gill in 1998 that there were only general similarities.[118]

First prosecutions edit

 
Cover of Puck magazine, November 19, 1902, by Udo Keppler. The caption says: "The law can not be 'removed' by Christian Science." The man with the beard is labeled "Chr. S. healer" and is holding a copy of Science and Health.

In 1887 Eddy started teaching a "metaphysical obstetrics" course, two one-week classes. She had started calling herself "Professor of Obstetrics" in 1882; McClure's wrote: "Hundreds of Mrs. Eddy's students were then practising who knew no more about obstetrics than the babes they helped into this world."[119] The first prosecutions took place that year, when practitioners were charged with practicing medicine without a licence. All were acquitted during the trial, or convictions were overturned on appeal.[120]

The first manslaughter charge was in March 1888, when Abby H. Corner, a practitioner in Medford, Massachusetts, attended to her daughter during childbirth; the daughter bled to death and the baby did not survive. The defense argued that they might have died even with medical attention, and Corner was acquitted.[121] To the dismay of the Christian Scientists' Association (the secretary resigned), Eddy distanced herself from Corner, telling the Boston Globe that Corner had only attended the college for one term and had never entered the obstetrics class.[122]

From then until the 1990s around 50 parents and practitioners were prosecuted, and often acquitted, after adults and children died without medical care; charges ranged from neglect to second-degree murder.[123] The American Medical Association (AMA) declared war on Christian Scientists; in 1895 its journal called Christian Science and similar ideas "molochs to infants, and pestilential perils to communities in spreading contagious diseases."[124] Juries were nevertheless reluctant to convict when defendants believed they were helping the patient. There was also opposition to the AMA's effort to strengthen medical licensing laws.[125] Historian Shawn Peters writes that, in the courts and public debate, Christian Scientists and Jehovah's Witnesses linked their healing claims to early Christianity to gain support from other Christians.[126]

Vaccination was another battleground. A Christian Scientist in Wisconsin won a case in 1897 that allowed his son to attend public school despite not being vaccinated against smallpox. Others were arrested in 1899 for avoiding vaccination during a smallpox epidemic in Georgia. In 1900 Eddy advised adherents to obey the law, "and then appeal to the gospel to save ...[themselves] from any bad results."[127] In October 1902, after seven-year-old Esther Quimby, the daughter of Christian Scientists, died of diphtheria in White Plains, New York (she had received no medical care and had not been quarantined), the authorities pursued manslaughter charges. The controversy prompted Eddy to declare that "until public thought becomes better acquainted with Christian Science, the Christian Scientists shall decline to doctor infectious or contagious diseases", and from that time the church required Christian Scientists to report contagious diseases to health boards.[128]

The Christian Science movement after 1910 edit

Main article: History of the Christian Science movement
 
The First Church of Christ, Scientist, 1974

In the aftermath of Eddy's death some newspapers speculated that the church would fall apart, while others expected it to continue just as it had before.[129] As it was, the movement continued to grow in the first few decades after 1910.[130] The Manual of the Mother Church prohibits the church from publishing membership figures,[n 22] and it is not clear exactly when the height of the movement was. A 1936 census counted c. 268,915 Christian Scientists in the United States (2,098 per million), and Rodney Stark believes this to be close to the height.[132] However the number of Christian Science churches continued to increase until around 1960, at which point there was a reversal and since then many churches have closed their doors.[133] The number of Christian Science practitioners in the United States began to decline in the 1940s according to Stark.[134] According to J. Gordon Melton, in 1972 there were 3,237 congregations worldwide, of which roughly 2,400 were in the United States; and in the following ten years about 200 congregations were closed.[135]

During the years after Eddy's death, the church has gone through a number of hardships and controversies.[136] This included attempts to make practicing Christian Science illegal in the United States and elsewhere;[137] a period known as the Great Litigation which involved two intertwined lawsuits regarding church governance;[138] persecution under the Nazi and Communist regimes in Germany[139] and the Imperial regime in Japan;[140] a series of lawsuits involving the deaths of members of the church, most notably some children;[141] and a controversial decision to publish a book by Bliss Knapp.[142] In conjunction with the Knapp book controversy, there was controversy within the church involving The Monitor Channel, part of The Christian Science Monitor which had been losing money, and which eventually led to the channel shutting down.[143] Acknowledging their earlier mistake, of accepting a multi-million dollar publishing incentive to offset broadcasting losses, The Christian Science Board Of Directors, with the concurrence of the Trustees Of The Christian Science Publishing Society, withdrew Destiny Of The Mother Church from publication in September 2023. (A message from the Christian Science Board of Directors https://journal.christianscience.com/issues/2023/10/141-10/a-message-from-the-christian-science-board-of-directors) In addition, it has since its beginning been branded as a cult by more fundamentalist strains of Christianity, and attracted significant opposition as a result.[144] A number of independent teachers and alternative movements of Christian Science have emerged since its founding, but none of these individuals or groups have achieved the prominence of the Christian Science church.[145]

Despite the hardships and controversies, many Christian Science churches and Reading Rooms remain in existence around the world,[146] and in recent years there have been reports of the religion growing in Africa.[147] The Christian Science Monitor also remains a well respected non-religious paper which is especially noted for its international reporting and lack of partisanship.[148]

Healing practices edit

Christian Science prayer edit

Further information: Christian Science practitioner

[A]ll healing is a metaphysical process. That means that there is no person to be healed, no material body, no patient, no matter, no illness, no one to heal, no substance, no person, no thing and no place that needs to be influenced. This is what the practitioner must first be clear about.

— Practitioner Frank Prinz-Wondollek, 2011.[149]
 
Mary Baker Eddy Library, 200 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston

Christian Scientists avoid almost all medical treatment, relying instead on Christian Science prayer.[150] This consists of silently arguing with oneself; there are no appeals to a personal god, and no set words.[151] Caroline Fraser wrote in 1999 that the practitioner might repeat: "the allness of God using Eddy's seven synonyms—Life, Truth, Love, Spirit, Soul, Principle and Mind," then that "Spirit, Substance, is the only Mind, and man is its image and likeness; that Mind is intelligence; that Spirit is substance; that Love is wholeness; that Life, Truth, and Love are the only reality." She might deny other religions, the existence of evil, mesmerism, astrology, numerology, and the symptoms of whatever the illness is. She concludes, Fraser writes, by asserting that disease is a lie, that this is the word of God, and that it has the power to heal.[152]

Christian Science practitioners are certified by the Church of Christ, Scientist, to charge a fee for Christian Science prayer. There were 1,249 practitioners worldwide in 2015;[153] in the United States in 2010 they charged $25–$50 for an e-mail, telephone or face-to-face consultation.[154] Their training is a two-week, 12-lesson course called "primary class", based on the Recapitulation chapter of Science and Health.[155] Practitioners wanting to teach primary class take a six-day "normal class", held in Boston once every three years, and become Christian Science teachers.[156] There are also Christian Science nursing homes. They offer no medical services; the nurses are Christian Scientists who have completed a course of religious study and training in basic skills, such as feeding and bathing.[157]

The Christian Science Journal and Christian Science Sentinel publish anecdotal healing testimonials (they published 53,900 between 1900 and April 1989),[158] which must be accompanied by statements from three verifiers: "people who know [the testifier] well and have either witnessed the healing or can vouch for [the testifier's] integrity in sharing it".[159] Philosopher Margaret P. Battin wrote in 1999 that the seriousness with which these testimonials are treated by Christian Scientists ignores factors such as false positives caused by self-limiting conditions. Because no negative accounts are published, the testimonials strengthen people's tendency to rely on anecdotes.[158] A church study published in 1989 examined 10,000 published testimonials, 2,337 of which the church said involved conditions that had been medically diagnosed, and 623 of which were "medically confirmed by follow-up examinations". The report offered no evidence of the medical follow-up.[160] The Massachusetts Committee for Children and Youth listed among the report's flaws that it had failed to compare the rates of successful and unsuccessful Christian Science treatment.[161]

Nathan Talbot, a church spokesperson, told the New England Journal of Medicine in 1983 that church members were free to choose medical care,[162] but according to former Christian Scientists those who do may be ostracized.[154] In 2010 the New York Times reported church leaders as saying that, for over a year, they had been "encouraging members to see a physician if they feel it is necessary", and that they were repositioning Christian Science prayer as a supplement to medical care, rather than a substitute. The church has lobbied to have the work of Christian Science practitioners covered by insurance.[154]

As of 2015, it was reported that Christian Scientists in Australia were not advising anyone against vaccines, and the religious exception was deemed "no longer current or necessary".[163] In 2021, a church Committee on Publication reiterated that although vaccination was an individual choice, that the church did not dictate against it, and those who were not vaccinated did not do so because of any "church dogma".[164]

Church of Christ, Scientist edit

Governance edit

Further information: Christian Science Center; Category:Christian Science churches; and List of former Christian Science churches, societies and buildings
 
The First Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston

In the hierarchy of the Church of Christ, Scientist, only the Mother Church in Boston, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, uses the definite article in its name. Otherwise the first Christian Science church in any city is called First Church of Christ, Scientist, then Second Church of Christ, Scientist, and so on, followed by the name of the city (for example, Third Church of Christ, Scientist, London). When a church closes, the others in that city are not renamed.[165]

Founded in April 1879, the Church of Christ, Scientist is led by a president and five-person board of directors. There is a public-relations department, known as the Committee on Publication, with representatives around the world; this was set up by Eddy in 1898 to protect her own and the church's reputation.[166] The church was accused in the 1990s of silencing internal criticism by firing staff, delisting practitioners and excommunicating members.[167]

The church's administration is headquartered on Christian Science Center on the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Huntington Avenue, located on several acres in the Back Bay section of Boston.[168] The 14.5-acre site includes the Mother Church (1894), Mother Church Extension (1906), the Christian Science Publishing Society building (1934)—which houses the Mary Baker Eddy Library and the church's administrative staff—the Sunday School building (1971), and the Church Colonnade building (1972).[169] It also includes the 26-story Administration Building (1972), designed by Araldo Cossutta of I. M. Pei & Associates, which until 2008 housed the administrative staff from the church's 15 departments. There is also a children's fountain and a 690 ft × 100 ft (210 m × 30 m) reflecting pool.[170][171]

Manual of The Mother Church edit

 
Eddy's Manual of The Mother Church, 89th edition[172]

Eddy's Manual of The Mother Church (first published 1895) lists the church's by-laws.[173] Requirements for members include daily prayer and daily study of the Bible and Science and Health.[n 23] Members must subscribe to church periodicals if they can afford to, and pay an annual tax to the church of not less than one dollar.[175]

Prohibitions include engaging in mental malpractice; visiting a store that sells "obnoxious" books; joining other churches; publishing articles that are uncharitable toward religion, medicine, the courts or the law; and publishing the number of church members.[176] The manual also prohibits engaging in public debate about Christian Science without board approval,[177] and learning hypnotism.[178] It includes "The Golden Rule": "A member of The Mother Church shall not haunt Mrs. Eddy's drive when she goes out, continually stroll by her house, or make a summer resort near her for such a purpose."[179]

Services edit

Further information: Reader (Christian Science Church)

The Church of Christ, Scientist is a lay church which has no ordained clergy or rituals, and performs no baptisms; with clergy of other faiths often performing marriage or funeral services since they have no clergy of their own. Its main religious texts are the Bible and Science and Health. Each church has two Readers, who read aloud a "Bible lesson" or "lesson sermon" made up of selections from those texts during the Sunday service, and a shorter set of readings to open Wednesday evening testimony meetings. In addition to readings, members offer testimonials during the main portion of the Wednesday meetings, including recovery from ill health attributed to prayer. There are also hymns, time for silent prayer, and repeating together the Lord's Prayer at each service.[180]

Notable members edit

Main article: List of Christian Scientists (religious denomination)

Notable adherents of Christian Science have included Directors of Central Intelligence William H. Webster and Admiral Stansfield M. Turner; and Richard Nixon's chief of staff H. R. Haldeman and Chief Domestic Advisor John Ehrlichman.[181] The viscountess Nancy Astor was a Christian Scientist, as was naval officer Charles Lightoller, who survived the sinking of the Titanic in 1912.[182]

Christian Science has been well represented in the film industry, including Carol Channing and Jean Stapleton;[183] Colleen Dewhurst;[184] Joan Crawford, Doris Day, George Hamilton, Mary Pickford, Ginger Rogers, Mickey Rooney;[185] Horton Foote;[186] King Vidor;[187] Robert Duvall, and Val Kilmer.[188] Those raised by Christian Scientists include jurist Helmuth James Graf von Moltke,[189] military analyst Daniel Ellsberg;[190] Ellen DeGeneres, Henry Fonda, Audrey Hepburn;[191] James Hetfield, Marilyn Monroe, Robin Williams, and Elizabeth Taylor.[186] Taylor's godfather, the British politician Victor Cazalet, was also a member of the church. Actor Anne Archer was raised within Christian Science; she left the church when her son, Tommy Davis, was a child, and both became prominent in the Church of Scientology.[192]

A conspicuous event was the death in June 1937 of actress Jean Harlow, who died of kidney failure at age 26. Her mother, known as Mama Jean, was a recent convert to Christian Science and did on at least two occasions attempt to block conventional medical treatment for her daughter. Fellow actors and studio executives intervened, and Harlow received medical treatment, although in 1937, nothing could be done for kidney failure and she perished.[193][194][n 24]

Christian Science Publishing Society edit

 
The Christian Science Publishing Society, Massachusetts Avenue, Boston

The Christian Science Publishing Society publishes several periodicals, including the Christian Science Monitor, winner of seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002. This had a daily circulation in 1970 of 220,000, which by 2008 had contracted to 52,000. In 2009 it moved to a largely online presence with a weekly print run.[195] In the 1980s the church produced its own television programs, and in 1991 it founded a 24-hour news channel, which closed with heavy losses after 13 months.[196]

The church also publishes the weekly Christian Science Sentinel, the monthly Christian Science Journal, and the Herald of Christian Science, a non-English publication. In April 2012 JSH-Online made back issues of the Journal, Sentinel and Herald available online to subscribers.[197]

Works by Mary Baker Eddy edit

  • Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875)
  • Christian Healing (1880)
  • The People's Idea of God: Its Effect on Health and Christianity (1883)
  • Historical Sketch of Metaphysical Healing (1885)
  • Defence of Christian Science (1885)
  • No and Yes (1887)
  • Rudiments and Rules of Divine Science (1887)
  • Unity of Good and Unreality of Evil (1888)
  • Retrospection and Introspection (1891)
  • Christ and Christmas (1893)
  • Rudimental Divine Science (1894)
  • Manual of The Mother Church (1895)
  • Pulpit and Press (1895)
  • Miscellaneous Writings, 1883–1896 (1897)
  • Christian Science versus Pantheism (1898)
  • The Christian Science Hymnal (1898)
  • Christian Healing and the People's Idea of God (1908)
  • Poems (1910)
  • The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Miscellany (1913)
  • Prose Works Other than Science and Health (1925)

See also edit

Citations edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ PBS, August 2008: "The church estimates it has about 400,000 members worldwide, but independent studies put membership at around 100,000."[4]
  2. ^ The book was originally just called Science and Health; the subtitle with a Key to the Scriptures was added in 1883 and was later amended to with Key to the Scriptures.[citation needed]
  3. ^ In April 2010, the Christian Science Journal listed 1,068 Reading Rooms in the United States and 489 elsewhere.[9]
  4. ^ Dawn Hutchinson, 2014: "Scholars of American religious history have used the term "New Thought" to refer either to individuals and churches that officially joined the International New Thought Alliance (INTA) or to American metaphysical religions affiliated with Phineas Quimby, Mary Baker Eddy, and Emma Curtis Hopkins. New Thought writers shared the idea that God is Mind."[19]
    John Saliba, 2003: "The Christian Science–Metaphysical Family. This family, known also as 'New Thought' in academic literature, stresses the need to understand the functioning of the human mind in order to achieve the healing of all human ailments. ... Metaphysics/New Thought is a nineteenth-century movement and is exemplified by such groups as the Unity School of Christianity, the United Church of Religious Science, Divine Science Federation International, and Christian Science."[20]
    James R. Lewis, 2003: "Groups in the metaphysical (Christian Science–New Thought) tradition ... usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which, if properly understood and applied, transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals ..."[21]
    John K. Simmons, 1995: "While members, past and present, of the Christian Science movement understandably claim Mrs. Eddy's truths to be part of a unique and final religious revelation, most outside observers place Christian Science in the metaphysical family of religious organizations ..."[22]
    Charles S. Braden, 1963: "[I]t was in America that [mesmerism] ... gave rise to a complex of religious faiths varying from one another in significant ways, but all agreeing upon the central fact that healing and for that matter every good thing is possible through a right relationship with the ultimate power in the Universe, Creative Mind—called God, Principle, Life, Wisdom ...
    "This broad complex of religions is sometimes described by the rather general term 'metaphysical' ... The general movement has proliferated in many directions. Two main streams seem most vigorous: one is called Christian Science; the other, which no single name adequately describes, has come rather generally to be known as New Thought."[23]
  5. ^ John K. Simmons, 1995: "The broad descriptive term 'metaphysical' is not used in a manner common to the trained philosopher. Instead, it denotes the primacy of Mind as the controlling factor in human experience. At the heart of the metaphysical perspective is the theological/ontological affirmation that God is perfect Mind and human beings, in reality, exist in a state of eternal manifestation of that Divine Mind."[25]
  6. ^ William James, 1902: "To my mind a current far more important and interesting religiously ... I will give the title of the Mind-Cure movement. There are various sects of this "New Thought" ... but their agreements are so profound that their differences may be neglected for my present purposes ...".[29] "Christian Science so-called, the sect of Mrs. Eddy, is the most radical branch of mind-cure in its dealings with evil."[30]
  7. ^ Philip Jenkins, 2000: "Christian Science and New Thought both emerged from a common intellectual background in mid-nineteenth-century New England, and they shared many influences from an older mystical and magical fringe, including Swedenborgian teachings, Mesmerism, and Transcentalism. The central figure and prophet of the emerging synthesis was Phineas P. Quimby, 'the John the Baptist of Christian Science,' whose faith-healing work began in 1838. Quimby and his followers taught the overwhelming importance of thought in shaping reality, a message that was crucial for healing. If disease existed only as thought, then only by curing the mind could the body be set right: disease was a matter of wrong belief."[33]
  8. ^ Meredith B. McGuire, 1988: "The most familiar offshoot of the metaphysical movement ... is Christian Science, which was based upon a more extreme interpretation of metaphysical healing than that of the New Thought groups. ... Christian Science is unlike New Thought and other metaphysical movements of that era in that Mary Baker Eddy successfully arrogated to herself all teaching authority, centralized decision-making and organizational power, and developed the movement's sectarian character."[36]
  9. ^ Charles S. Braden, 1963: "Mary Baker Eddy pushed the postulates of positive thinking to their absolute limit. ... She proposed not merely that the spiritual overshadows the material, but that the material world does not exist. The world of our senses is but an illusion of our minds. If the material world causes us pain, grief, danger and even death, that can be changed by changing our thoughts."[40]

    Roy M. Anker, 1999: " ... Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science (denominationally known as the Church of Christ, Scientist), the most prominent, successful, controversial, and distinctive of all the groups whose inspiration scholars trace to the healing and intellectual influence of Quimby."[41]

  10. ^ a b J. Gordon Melton, 1992: "Almost as much as the medical controversy, charges of heresy from orthodox Christian churches have hounded the Church. Leaders of Christian Science insist that they are within the mainstream of Christian teachings, a concern which leads to their strong resentment of any identification with the New Thought movement, which they see as having drifted far from their central Christian affirmations. At the same time, strong differences with traditional Christian teachings concerning the Trinity, the unique divinity of Jesus Christ, atonement for sin, and the creation are undeniable. While using Christian language, Science and Health with Key to Scriptures and Eddy's other writings radically redefine basic theological terms, usually by the process commonly called allegorization. Such redefinitions are most clearly evident in the glossary to Science and Health (pages 579–599)."[48]

    Rodney Stark, 1998: "But, of course, Christian Science was not just another Protestant sect. Like Joseph Smith, Mary Baker Eddy added too much new religious culture for her movement to qualify fully as a member of the Christian family—as all the leading clerics of the time repeatedly and vociferously pointed out. However, unlike Madame Blavatsky's Theosophical Society, and like the Mormons, Christian Science retained an immense amount of Christian culture. These continuities allowed converts from a Christian background to preserve a great deal of cultural capital."[49]

  11. ^ Mary Baker Eddy, 1891: "The second appearing of Jesus is, unquestionably, the spiritual advent of the advancing idea of God, as in Christian Science."[44]

    Eddy, January 1901: "I should blush to write of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures as I have, were it of human origin, and I, apart from God, its author. But, as I was only a scribe echoing the harmonies of heaven in divine metaphysics, I cannot be super-modest in my estimate of the Christian Science textbook."[45]

  12. ^ Eddy, Science and Health: "Question. — What is God?" Answer. — God is incorporeal, divine, supreme, infinite Mind, Spirit, Soul, Principle, Life, Truth, Love."[53]
  13. ^ Wilson 1961: "[T]he Holy Ghost is understood to be Christian Science—the promised Comforter." "Heaven and Hell are understood to be mental states ..."[54]
  14. ^ Eddy, Science and Health: "The theory of three persons in one God (that is, a personal Trinity or Tri-unity) suggests polytheism, rather than the one ever-present I AM."[59]
  15. ^ Per the legal doctrine of coverture, women in the United States could not then be their own children's guardians.
    Harvard Business School, 2010: "A married woman or feme covert was a dependent, like an underage child or a slave, and could not own property in her own name or control her own earnings, except under very specific circumstances. When a husband died, his wife could not be the guardian to their under-age children."[73]
  16. ^ The writers whose work Eddy was accused of having used include John Ruskin, Thomas Carlyle, Charles Kingsley and Henri-Frédéric Amiel.[95]
    According to Bates and Dittemore 1932, an essay, "Taking Offense," was printed as one of Eddy's when it had first been published anonymously by an obscure newspaper.[96]
    Eddy was also accused, by Walter M. Haushalter in his Mrs. Eddy Purloins from Hegel, Boston: A. A. Beauchamp, 1936, of having copied material from "The Metaphysical Religion of Hegel" (1866), an essay by Francis Lieber.[97]
  17. ^ Eddy, Miscellaneous Writings, 1883–1896, 1897: "A 'mind-cure' is a matter-cure. ... The Theology of Christian Science is based on the action of the divine Mind over the human mind and body; whereas, 'mind-cure' rests on the notion that the human mind can cure its own disease, or that which it causes ..."[100]
  18. ^ The pamphlet was Theology, or the Understanding of God as Applied to Healing the Sick (1881). Arens credited Quimby, the Gottesfreunde, Jesus, and "some thoughts contained in a work by Eddy".
  19. ^ Ernest Sutherland Bates and John V. Dittemore, 1932: The title page stated "Extracts from Dr. P. P. Quimby's writings." On the next page there was a title, "The Science of Man or the principle which controls all phenomena." The preface was signed Mary M. Glover. A note in the margin said, "P. P. Q's mss," then Quimby's manuscript followed.[107]
  20. ^ Eddy, February 1899: "Quotations have been published, purporting to be Dr. Quimby's own words, which were written while I was his patient in Portland and holding long conversations with him on my views of mental therapeutics. Some words in these quotations certainly read like words that I said to him, and which I, at his request, had added to his copy when I corrected it. In his conversations with me and in his scribblings, the word science was not used at all, till one day I declared to him that back of his magnetic treatment and manipulation of patients, there was a science, and it was the science of mind, which had nothing to do with matter, electricity, or physics."[109]
    Eddy, 1889: "Mr. Quimby's son has stated ... that he has in his possession all his father's written utterances; and I have offered to pay for their publication, but he declines to publish them; for their publication would silence the insinuation that Mr. Quimby originated the system of healing which I claim to be mine."[110]
    Eddy, 1891: "In 1870 I copyrighted the first publication on spiritual, scientific Mind-healing, entitled The Science of Man. This little book is converted into the chapter on Recapitulation in Science and Health. It was so new—the basis it laid down for physical and moral health was so hopelessly original—that I did not venture upon its publication until later ...".[111] "Five years after taking out my first copyright, I taught the Science of Mind-healing, alias Christian Science, by writing out my manuscripts for students and distributing them unsparingly. This will account for certain published and unpublished manuscripts extant, which the evil-minded would insinuate did not originate with me."[112]
  21. ^ New York Times, July 10, 1904: The similarities included "Error is sickness, Truth is health" (Quimby manuscript), "Sickness is part of the error which Truth casts out" (Science and Health); "Truth is God" (Quimby), "Truth is God" (S&H); "Error is matter" (Quimby), "Matter is mortal error" (S&H); "Matter has no intelligence" (Quimby), "The fundamental error of mortal man is the belief that matter is intelligent" (S&H).[114]
  22. ^ Manual of the Mother Church: "Christian Scientists shall not report for publication the number of the members of The Mother Church, nor that of the branch churches. According to the Scripture they shall turn away from personality and numbering the people."[131]
  23. ^ Members are expected to pray each day: "Thy kingdom come; let the reign of divine Truth, Life, and Love be established in me, and rule out of me all sin; and may Thy Word enrich the affections of all mankind, and govern them!"[174]
  24. ^ Wikipedia's Jean Harlow page dismisses this rumor and says she was consistently attended by physicians.

References edit

  1. ^ "Christian Science Center Complex" 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, Boston Landmarks Commission, Environment Department, City of Boston, January 25, 2011 (hereafter Boston Landmarks Commission 2011), pp. 6–12.
  2. ^ Stark, Rodney (1998). "The Rise and Fall of Christian Science". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 13 (2): (189–214), 191. doi:10.1080/13537909808580830.
  3. ^ a b Prothero, Donald; Callahan, Timothy D. (2017). UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens: What Science Says. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 165.
  4. ^ Valente, Judy (August 1, 2008). . PBS.
  5. ^ Gutjahr, Paul C. (2001). "Sacred Texts in the United States". Book History. 4: (335–370) 348. doi:10.1353/bh.2001.0008. JSTOR 30227336. S2CID 162339753.
  6. ^ "Women and the Law". The Mary Baker Eddy Library. 22 January 2016. from the original on 18 January 2021.
  7. ^ For the charter, Eddy, Mary Baker (1908) [1895]. Manual of the Mother Church, 89th edition. Boston: The First Church of Christ, Scientist. pp. 17–18.
  8. ^ Stark 1998, pp. 190–191.
  9. ^ Fuller 2011, p. 175
  10. ^ a b Wilson, Bryan (1961). Sects and Society: A Sociological Study of the Elim Tabernacle, Christian Science, and Christadelphians. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 125.

    Eddy, Manual of the Mother Church, p. 17.

  11. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 124.
  12. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 127; Rescher, Nicholas (2009) [1996]. "Idealism", in Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa (eds.). A Companion to Metaphysics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 318 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ^ a b Wilson 1961, p. 125.
  14. ^ Battin, Margaret P. (1999). "High-Risk Religion: Christian Science and the Violation of Informed Consent". In DesAutels, Peggy; Battin, Margaret P.; May, Larry (eds.). Praying for a Cure: When Medical and Religious Practices Conflict. Lanham, MD, and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 0-8476-9262-0.
  15. ^ Schoepflin, Rennie B. (2003). Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 192–193.

    Trammell, Mary M., chair, Christian Science board of directors (March 26, 2010). "Letter; What the Christian Science Church Teaches" 2022-08-07 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times.

  16. ^ Regarding vaccines specifically, see:
    • Christine Pae (September 1, 2021). "Here's who qualifies for a religious exemption to Washington's COVID-19 vaccine mandate". 2021-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. KING 5.
    • Samantha Maiden (April 18, 2015). "No Jab, No Pay reforms: Religious exemptions for vaccination dumped". 2021-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Daily Telegraph (Australia).
  17. ^ Schoepflin 2003, pp. 212–216 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; Peters, Shawn Francis (2007). When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 91, 109–130. 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ^ William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, pp. 10–11, 16–17.

    Roy M. Anker, "Revivalism, Religious Experience and the Birth of Mental Healing," Self-help and Popular Religion in Early American Culture: An Interpretive Guide, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Company, 1999(a), (pp. 11–100), pp. 8, 176ff.

  19. ^ Hutchinson, Dawn (November 2014). "New Thought's Prosperity Theology and Its Influence on American Ideas of Success", Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 18(2), (pp. 28–44), p. 28. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2014.18.2.28
  20. ^ Saliba, John (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. Walnut Creek, CA: Rowman Altamira. p. 26 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ^ Lewis, James R. (2003). Legitimating New Religions. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 94 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ^ Simmons, John K. (1995). "Christian Science and American Culture", in Timothy Miller (ed.). America's Alternative Religions, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 61 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ^ Charles S. Braden, Spirits in Rebellion: The Rise and Development of New Thought, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963, pp. 4–5.
  24. ^ John S. Haller, The History of New Thought: From Mental Healing to Positive Thinking and the Prosperity Gospel, West Chester, PA: Swedenborg Foundation Press, 2012, pp. 10–11.
    Horatio W. Dresser, A History of the New Thought Movement, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1919, pp. 152–153.

    For early uses of New Thought, William Henry Holcombe, Condensed Thoughts about Christian Science (pamphlet), Chicago: Purdy Publishing Company, 1887; Horatio W. Dresser, "The Metaphysical Movement" (from a statement issued by the Metaphysical Club, Boston, 1901), The Spirit of the New Thought, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1917, p. 215.

  25. ^ Simmons 1995, p. 61.
  26. ^ Dell De Chant, "The American New Thought Movement," in Eugene Gallagher and Michael Ashcraft (eds.), Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Company, 2007, pp. 81–82.
  27. ^ William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (Gifford Lectures, Edinburgh), New York: Longmans, Green, & Co, 1902, pp. 75–76; "New Thought" 2015-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014.
  28. ^ de Chant 2007, p. 73.
  29. ^ James 1902, p. 94.
  30. ^ James 1902, p. 106.
  31. ^ Stark 1998, pp. 197–198, 211–212; de Chant 2007, p. 67.
  32. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 135 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; Braden 1963, p. 62 (for "the truth is the cure"); McGuire 1988, p. 79 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.

    Also see "Religion: New Thought" 2014-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Time magazine, 7 November 1938; "Phineas Parkhurst Quimby" 2014-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica, September 9, 2013.

  33. ^ Philip Jenkins, Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 53–54.
  34. ^ Simmons 1995, p. 64 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; Fuller 2013, pp. 212–213 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, n. 16.
  35. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 156 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; Braden 1963, pp. 14, 16; Simmons 1995, p. 61 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ^ McGuire 1988, p. 79.
  37. ^ Wilson 1961, pp. 126–127 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; Braden 1963, pp. 18–19.
  38. ^ Gottschalk, Stephen (1973). The Emergence of Christian Science in American Religious Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 128, 148–149.
    Moore, Laurence R. (1986). Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–113.

    Simmons 1995, p. 62 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; Whorton, James C. (2004). Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 128–129 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.

  39. ^ Craig R. Prentiss, "Sickness, Death and Illusion in Christian Science," in Colleen McDannell (ed.), Religions of the United States in Practice, Vol. 1, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 322 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.

    Claudia Stokes, The Altar at Home: Sentimental Literature and Nineteenth-Century American Religion, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, p. 181 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.

  40. ^ Braden 1963, p. 19; Stark 1998, p. 195
  41. ^ Anker 1999(a), p. 9 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  42. ^ Catherine Albanese, A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural History of American Metaphysical Religion, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007, p. 284.
  43. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 121; Eddy, Manual of the Mother Church, pp. 15–16.
  44. ^ Eddy, Retrospection and Introspection, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, 1891, p. 70.
  45. ^ Eddy, Christian Science Journal, January 1901, reprinted in "The Christian Science Textbook," The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Miscellany, Boston: Alison V. Stewart, 1914, p. 115.
  46. ^ David L. Weddle, "The Christian Science Textbook: An Analysis of the Religious Authority of Science and Health by Mary Baker Eddy" 2020-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Harvard Theological Review, 84(3), 1991, p. 281; Gottschalk 1973, p. xxi.
  47. ^ Eddy, Manual of the Mother Church, p. 58; Weddle 1991 2020-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, p. 273.
  48. ^ J. Gordon Melton, "Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science)," Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America, New York: Routledge, 1992, p. 36 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ^ Stark 1998, p. 195.
  50. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 122 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 127 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; Moore 1986, p. 112 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; Simmons 1995, p. 62 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ^ For personhood, "Father–Mother God" and "she", see Gottschalk 1973, p. 52 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; for Ann Lee, see Stokes 2014, p. 186 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. For the seven synonyms, see Wilson 1961, p. 124 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  53. ^ Eddy, Science and Health, "Recapitulation" 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, p. 465:
  54. ^ Wilson 1961, pp. 121 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, 125.
  55. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 129; Stark 1998, pp. 196–197
  56. ^ Wilson 1961, pp. 125–126.
  57. ^ Wilson 1961, pp. 123, 128–129.
  58. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 122; Gottschalk 1972, p. xxvii; "Genesis Chapter 2" 2014-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, kingjamesbibleonline.org.
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  60. ^ Eddy, Retrospection and Introspection, p. 26.
  61. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 121; Stark 1998, pp. 199
  62. ^ Wilson 1961, p. 124.
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  65. ^ J. Gordon Melton, "An Introduction to New Religions," in James R. Lewis (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 17; for Barrington, see Jenkins 2000, p. 49.
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  67. ^ Mark Twain, Christian Science, p. 180 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; "Mark Twain & Mary Baker Eddy, a film by Val Kilmer" 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine, YouTube, from 04:30 mins.
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  69. ^ Bates & Dittemore 1932, pp. 16–25; Gill 1998, pp. 35–37; Voorhees 2021, pp. 22–24.
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  72. ^ Gill 1998, pp. 100–102, 113–115.
  73. ^ "Women and the Law". Women, Enterprise & Society. Harvard Business School. from the original on 24 August 2019.
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  75. ^ Piepmeier, Alison (2004). Out in public: configurations of women's bodies in nineteenth-century America. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 63, 229; Voorhees 2021, pp. 32–34; Bates & Dittemore 1932, p. 88; Melton 1992, p. 29.
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  78. ^ Gill 1998, pp. 161–168; Voorhees 2021, pp. 57–58. For her account see: Eddy, "The Great Discovery", Retrospection and Introspection, pp. 24–29.
  79. ^ Bates & Dittemore 1932, pp. 118–135; Gottschalk 2006, pp. 80–81; Voorhees 2021, pp. 65–70; Gutjahr, Paul C. "Sacred Texts in the United States", Book History, 4, 2001 (335–370), 348. JSTOR 30227336
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  89. ^ Bates & Dittemore 1932, pp. 396–417; Gill 1998, pp. 471–520.
  90. ^ Bates & Dittemore 1932, pp. 411–417; "Dr. Alan McLane Hamilton Tells About His Visit to Mrs. Eddy" 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, August 25, 1907.
  91. ^ Canham, Erwin (1958). Commitment To Freedom: The Story of the Christian Science Monitor. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 14–15.
  92. ^ Bates & Dittemore 1932, p. 451; "New York Eddyites Take Death Calmly" 2021-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 5, 1910; "Look for Mrs. Eddy to rise from tomb" 2021-01-10 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 29, 1910.
  93. ^ "Nothing left to relatives" 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 8, 1910; "Church gets most of her estate" 2021-01-10 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 15, 1910.
  94. ^ Gill 1998, p. 119.
  95. ^ Wilson 1961, pp. 135–136, n. 3; Braden 1967, p. 296; Gardner 1993, pp. 145–154. Also see Bryan Wilson, "The Origins of Christian Science: A Survey," Hibbert Journal, January 1959.
  96. ^ Bates and Dittemore 1932, pp. 248–249.
  97. ^ Gardner 1993, pp. 145–154; for rebuttal, Thomas C. Johnsen, "Historical Consensus and Christian Science: The Career of a Manuscript Controversy", The New England Quarterly, 53(1), March 1980, pp. 3–22.
  98. ^ Braden 1967, p. 296; Blair, "The Man of Integrity," in Lindley Murray, The English Reader, York: Longman and Rees, 1799, p. 151; Eddy, Miscellaneous Writings 1883–1896, Boston: Joseph Armstrong, 1897, p. 147.
  99. ^ Peel 1966, p. 259; Bates and Dittemore 1932, pp. 142–143.
  100. ^ Eddy, Miscellaneous Writings, 1883–1896, Boston: Joseph Armstrong, 1897, p. 62.
  101. ^ a b "A. O." "The Founder of the Mental Method of Treating Disease," Boston Post, February 8, 1883; "E. G."'s reply, February 19, 1883 (in Septimus J. Hanna, Christian Science History, Boston: The Christian Science Publishing Company, 1899, p. 26ff).
    Dresser's reply, February 23, 1883; Eddy's reply, March 7, 1883, in Dresser 1919, p. 58.

    Also see Horatio Dresser (ed.), The Quimby Manuscripts, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1921, p. 433; Bates & Dittemore 1932, pp. 233–238; Peel 1971, p. 130.

  102. ^ Peel 1971, pp. 135–136, citing Eddy, Journal of Christian Science, December 1883.
  103. ^ Bates & Dittemore 1932, pp. 211–212, 240–242.
  104. ^ Bates & Dittemore 1932, pp. 240–242; Peel 1971, pp. 133–134, 344, n. 44, for Quimby's son sending the manuscript overseas); also see Gill 1998, p. 316.
  105. ^ Ventimiglia, Andrew (2019). Copyrighting God: Ownership of the Sacred in American Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–122. ISBN 978-1-108-42051-8.
  106. ^ Bates & Dittemore 1932, pp. 243–244; Julius A. Dresser, The True History of Mental Science, Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son, 1887.

    There was also an article, George A. Quimby, "Phineas Parkhurst Quimby", The New England Magazine, 6(33), March 1888, pp. 267–276.

  107. ^ Bates and Dittemore 1932, pp. 129–130.
  108. ^ Bates and Dittemore 1932, p. 241.
  109. ^ Eddy, "Reminiscences," The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Miscellany, pp. 306–307.
  110. ^ Eddy, Science and Health, 1889, p. 7.
  111. ^ Eddy, Retrospection and Introspection, p. 35.
  112. ^ Eddy, Retrospection and Introspection, p. 36.
  113. ^ Lyman Pierson Powell, Christian Science: The Faith and Its Founder, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1917 [1907], p. 71.
  114. ^ "True Origin of Christian Science", The New York Times, July 10, 1904.
  115. ^ Also see Quimby, "Questions and Answers", The Quimby Manuscripts, chapter 13; Cather and Milmine 1909, pp. 125–133.
    For more on the manuscripts, S. P. Bancroft, Mrs. Eddy as I Knew Her in 1870 (1923); for the history of the Science and Man manuscript, Peel 1966, pp. 231–236, and Fraser 1999, p. 468, n. 99. Several versions of Science and Man can be found in "Essays and other footprints left by Mary Baker Eddy", Rare Book Company, Freehold, New Jersey, p. 178ff.
  116. ^ Bates and Dittemore 1932, pp. 156, 244–245.
  117. ^ Peel 1966, pp. 179–183, particularly 182; Peel 1971, p. 345, n. 44.
  118. ^ Gardner 1993, p. 47; Gill 1998, p. 316.
  119. ^ Cather and Milmine 1909, p. 355; for Eddy calling herself "Professor of Obstetrics," Gill 1998, p. 347; for two one-week classes, Peel 1971, p. 237.
  120. ^ Schoepflin 2003, p. 212.
  121. ^ Cather and Milmine 1909, pp. 354–355; Bates and Dittemore 1932, p. 282; Peel 1971, p. 237; Schoepflin 2003, pp. 82–85.

    "Christian Science Killed Her", The New York Times, May 18, 1888; "Mrs. Corner on Trial", May 22, 1888; "The Christian Scientist Held", May 26, 1888; "The Christian Scientist Not Indicted", June 10, 1888.

  122. ^ Cather and Milmine 1909, p. 356; for the secretary resigning, Bates and Dittemore 1932, p. 283.
  123. ^ Schoepflin 2003, pp. 212–217.
  124. ^ Cunningham 1967, p. 902; Peters 2007, p. 98.
  125. ^ Schoepflin 2003, p. 189; Peters 2007, p. 100.
  126. ^ Peters 2007, pp. 107–108.
  127. ^ Michael Willrich, Pox: An American History, Penguin Press, 2011, pp. 260–261.
  128. ^ "Christian Scientists' change of front", The New York Times, November 14, 1902; Peters 2007, pp. 94–95;
  129. ^ Beasley 1956, p. 3.
  130. ^ Stark 1998;[page needed] Beasley 1956, p. 80.
  131. ^ Eddy, "Discipline" 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Manual of the Mother Church, Article VIII, Section 28.
  132. ^ Stark 1998, pp. 190–191; Dart, John (20 December 1986). "Healing Church Shows Signs It May Be Ailing" 2015-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times.
  133. ^ Stores, Bruce (2004). Christian Science: Its Encounter with Lesbian/Gay America. iUniverse. p. 34
  134. ^ Christian Science practitioner figures, and practitioners per million, 1883–1995: Stark 1998, p. 192, citing the Christian Science Journal.
  135. ^ Melton 1992, p. 34.
  136. ^ Melton 1992, pp. 34–37.
  137. ^ Melton 1992, p. 34; Beasley 1956, pp. 46–77, 81.
  138. ^ Simmons, John K. (1991). When Prophets Die: The Postcharismatic Fate of New Religious Movements. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 113–115; Beasley 1956, pp. 144–181; The "Great Litigation" 2022-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. Mary Baker Eddy Library. March 30, 2012.
  139. ^ King, Christine Elizabeth. (1982). The Nazi State and The New Religions: Five Case Studies in Non-Conformity. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 29–57; Beasley 1956, pp. 233–246; Sandford, Gregory W. (2014). Christian Science in East Germany: The Church that Came in from the Cold. CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
  140. ^ Beasley 1956, pp. 245–246; Abiko, Emi (1978). A Precious Legacy: Christian Science Comes to Japan. E. D. Abbott Co.
  141. ^ Barns, Linda L.; Plotnikoff, Gregory A.; Fox, Kenneth; Pendleton, Sara (2000). "Spirituality, Religion, and Pediatrics: Intersecting Worlds of Healing". Pediatrics 104, no. 6: 899–911; DesAutels, Peggy; Battin, Margaret; May, Larry (1999). Praying for a Cure: When Medical and Religious Practices Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers; Kondos, Elena M. (1992). "The Law and Christian Science Healing for Children: A Pathfinder." Legal Reference Services Quarterly. 12: 5–71; Gill 1998, pp. xv–xvi.
  142. ^ "Court rejects Christian Science motion on bequests" 2021-12-07 at the Wayback Machine Stanford University. Press release, September 23, 1992; "Christian Scientists Charge Their Church with Violating Its Principles" 2022-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Christian Research Institute, April 9, 2009; "Christian Science Church Settles Claim to Bequest" 2022-01-12 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, October 14, 1993.
  143. ^ Bridge, Susan (1998). Monitoring the News: The Brilliant Launch and Sudden Collapse of the Monitor Channel. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe; Gold, Allan R. (November 15, 1988). "Editors of Monitor Resign Over Cuts" 2022-01-12 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times.
  144. ^ Knee 1994, pp. 62, 134–135; Melton 1992, pp. 4, 34–37.
  145. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (1999). Encyclopedia of American religions. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 140–142.
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  148. ^ Fuller 2011, pp. 1–8; Squires, L. Ashley (2015). "All the News Worth Reading: The Christian Science Monitor and the Professionalization of Journalism" 2022-01-12 at the Wayback Machine. Book History. 18: 235–272.
  149. ^ Frank Prinz-Wondollek, "How does Christian Science heal?" 2015-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, Boston: Christian Science Lectures, April 28, 2011, from 00:02 mins.
  150. ^ Battin 1999, p. 7 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  151. ^ Stark 1998, pp. 196–197; Gottschalk 2006, p. 86 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  152. ^ Fraser 1999, pp. 94–96.
  153. ^ "Teachers and practitioners" 2022-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, Christian Science Journal.
  154. ^ a b c Vitello, Paul (March 23, 2010). "Christian Science Church Seeks Truce With Modern Medicine" 2017-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times.
  155. ^ Fraser 1999, pp. 91–93; Eddy, "Recapitulation" 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, Science and Health.
  156. ^ Fraser 1999, p. 91.
  157. ^ Fraser 1999, p. 329; "Christian Science nursing facilities" 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Commission for Accreditation of Christian Science Nursing Organizations/Facilities.
  158. ^ a b Battin 1999, p. 15 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  159. ^ "Testimony Guidelines" 2014-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, JSH-Online, Christian Science church.
  160. ^ Battin 1999, p. 15 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine; "An Empirical Analysis of Medical Evidence in Christian Science Testimonies of Healing, 1969–1988" 2010-07-10 at the Wayback Machine, Christian Science church, April 1989, pp. 2, 7, courtesy of the Johnson Fund.
  161. ^ Peters 2007, p. 22; "An Analysis of a Christian Science Study of the Healings of 640 Childhood Illnesses" 2017-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, Death by Religious Exemption, Coalition to Repeal Exemptions to Child Abuse Laws, Massachusetts Committee for Children and Youth, January 1992, Section IX, p. 34.
  162. ^ Talbot, Nathan (1983). "The position of the Christian Science church". New England Journal of Medicine. 309 (26): 1641–1644 [1642]. doi:10.1056/NEJM198312293092611. PMID 6646189.
  163. ^ Samantha Maiden (April 18, 2015). "No Jab, No Pay reforms: Religious exemptions for vaccination dumped" 2021-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Daily Telegraph.
  164. ^ Christine Pae (September 1, 2021). "Here's who qualifies for a religious exemption to Washington's COVID-19 vaccine mandate" 2021-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. KING 5.
  165. ^ Stark 1998, p. 193.
  166. ^ Eddy, "List of Church Officers" Archived 2014-03-22 at archive.today, Manual of the Mother Church; Gottschalk 1973, p. 190; Fraser (Atlantic) 1995 2017-02-11 at the Wayback Machine.
  167. ^ Steve Stecklow, "Church's Media Moves At Issue A Burgeoning Network Sparks Dissent" 2013-01-14 at the Wayback Machine, Philadelphia Inquirer, October 14, 1991;[failed verification] Fraser 1999, pp. 373–374[better source needed]
  168. ^ Boston Landmarks Commission 2011 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, p. 1.
  169. ^ Boston Landmarks Commission 2011 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 5–6.
  170. ^ "Christian Science Plaza Revitalization Project Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC)" 2015-07-01 at the Wayback Machine, Boston Redevelopment Authority.
  171. ^ Boston Landmarks Commission 2011 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, p. 18.
  172. ^ Eddy, Manual of the Mother Church 2013-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, 89th edition.
  173. ^ Gottshalk 1973, p. 183.
  174. ^ Eddy, "Discipline" 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Manual of the Mother Church, Article VIII, Section 4; for more about prayer, Gottschalk 1973, pp. 239–240.
  175. ^ Eddy, "Discipline" 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Manual of the Mother Church, Article VIII, Sections 13, 14.
  176. ^ Eddy, "Discipline" 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Manual of the Mother Church, Article VIII, Sections 8, 12, 17, 26, 28.
  177. ^ Eddy, "Discipline" 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Manual of the Mother Church, Article X, Section 1.
  178. ^ Eddy, "Discipline" 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Manual of the Mother Church, Article XI, Section 9.
  179. ^ Eddy, "Discipline" 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Manual of the Mother Church, Article VIII, Section 27.
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    Dell de Chant, "World Religions made in the U.S.A.: Metaphysical Communities – Christian Science and Theosophy," in Jacob Neusner (ed.), World Religions in America, Westminster John Knox Press, 2009 (pp. 251–270), p. 257.

    "Sunday church services and Wednesday testimony meetings" 2014-02-09 at the Wayback Machine, and "Online Wednesday meetings" 2020-06-13 at the Wayback Machine, First Church of Christ, Scientist.

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Sources edit

Further reading edit

  • Church of Christ, Scientist 2020-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, christianscience.com
  • Mary Baker Eddy, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures 2020-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, christianscience.com
  • New York Times archives: "Christian Science" 2018-01-04 at the Wayback Machine; "Mary Baker Eddy" 2018-01-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  • The Christian Science Monitor 2012-08-31 at the Wayback Machine
  • Christian Science Journal 2021-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  • Christian Science Sentinel 2021-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  • The Herald of Christian Science 2020-11-15 at the Wayback Machine
  • JSH-Online 2021-12-19 at the Wayback Machine (Journal, Sentinel, Herald)
  • Independent Christian Science 2021-10-29 at the Wayback Machine, plainfieldscs.com
  • Haller, John S. Shadow Medicine: The Placebo in Conventional and Alternative Therapies, New York: Columbia University Press, 2014.
  • Rogers, Alan. The Child Cases: How America's Religious Exemption Laws Harm Children, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2014.
  • Swan, Rita. "Religion, Culture and Criminal Law" 2014-06-30 at the Wayback Machine, Child-Friendly Faith Project Conference, November 8, 2013.
  • Wallner, Peter (2014). Faith on Trail: Mary Baker Eddy, Christian Science and the First Amendment. Concord, New Hampshire: Plaidswede Publishing.

Church histories

(chronological)
  • Cather, Willa and Milmine, Georgine. "Mary Baker G. Eddy", McClure's magazine, December 1906 – June 1908.
  • Powell, Lyman Pierson. Christian Science: The Faith and Its Founder, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1917 [1907].
  • Peabody, Frederick William. Complete Exposure of Eddyism or Christian Science, Boston: Frederick Peabody, 1907.
  • Wilbur, Sibyl. The Life of Mary Baker Eddy, New York: Concord Publishing Company, 1908 (first serialized in Human Life, 1907; published by the Christian Science Publishing Society, 1913).
  • Meehan, Michael. Mrs. Eddy and the Late Suit in Equity, Concord, NH: Michael Meehan, 1908 (also published as Mrs. Eddy and Next Friends).
  • Milmine, Georgine (1909). The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. via Archive.org
  • Lord, Myra B. Mary Baker Eddy: A Concise Story of Her Life and Work, Boston, Mass: Davis & Bond, 1918
  • Bancroft, Samuel P. Mrs. Eddy as I Knew Her in 1870, Boston: Geo H. Ellis Co, 1923.
  • Ramsay, E. Mary. Christian Science and its Discoverer, Cambridge: Heffer & Sons, 1923. [Republished: CS Pub. Soc., 1923]
  • Dickey, Adam E. Memoirs of Mary Baker Eddy, London: Robert G. Carter, 1927.
  • Dakin, Edwin Franden. Mrs. Eddy, the Biography of a Virginal Mind, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1929.
  • Fisher, H. A. L. Our New Religion: An Examination of Christian Science, New York, J. Cape & H. Smith, 1930.
  • Powell, Lyman Pierson. Mary Baker Eddy: A Life Size Portrait, New York: The MacMillan Company, 1930. [reprinted by CS Pub. Soc.: 1930, 1950, 1991]
  • Springer, Fleta Campbell. According to the Flesh, New York: Coward-McCann, 1930.
  • Bates, Ernest Sutherland and Dittemore, John V. Mary Baker Eddy: The Truth and the Tradition, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1932.
  • Zweig, Stefan. Mental Healers: Mesmer, Eddy and Freud, London: Pushkin Press, 2012 [1932].
  • Smith, Clifford P. Historical Sketches from the Life of Mary Baker Eddy and the History of Christian Science, Boston: CS Pub. Soc., 1934. [1941, 1969]
  • Tomlinson, Irving C. Twelve Years with Mary Baker Eddy, Boston: Christian Science Publishing Society, 1945.
  • Studdert Kennedy, Hugh A. Mrs. Eddy: Her Life, Her Work and Her Place in History, San Francisco: The Farallon Press, 1947.
  • Beasley, Norman. The Cross and the Crown, the History of Christian Science, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1952.
  • Beasley, Norman. The Continuing Spirit, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956.
  • Beasley, Norman. Mary Baker Eddy, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1963.
  • Peel, Robert. Mary Baker Eddy: The Years of Discovery, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966.
  • Peel, Robert. Mary Baker Eddy: The Years of Authority, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977.
  • Silberger, Julius. Mary Baker Eddy, an interpretive biography of the founder of Christian Science, Boston: Little, Brown, 1980.
  • Gardner, Martin. The Healing Revelations of Mary Baker Eddy, New York: Prometheus Books, 1993.
  • Thomas, Robert David. With Bleeding Footsteps: Mary Baker Eddy's Path to Religious Leadership, New York: Knopf, 1994.
  • Knee, Stuart E. Christian Science in the Age of Mary Baker Eddy, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Company, 1994.
  • Williams, Jean Kinney. The Christian Scientists. NY: Franklin Watts, 1997.
  • Nenneman, Richard A. Persistent Pilgrim: The Life of Mary Baker Eddy, Etna, NH: Nebbadoon Press, 1997.
  • Gill, Gillian. Mary Baker Eddy, Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1998.
  • Von Fettweis, Yvonne Cache; Warneck, Robert Townsend Mary Baker Eddy: Christian Healer, Boston: CS Pub. Soc., 1998. [Amplified 2009]
  • Koestler-Grack, Rachel A. Mary Baker Eddy, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004.
  • Gottschalk, Stephen. Rolling Away the Stone: Mary Baker Eddy's Challenge to Materialism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
  • Ferguson, Isabel and Vogel Frederick, Heather. A World More Bright: The Life of Mary Baker Eddy, Boston: CS Pub. Soc., 2013.

Books by former Christian Scientists

  • Fraser, Caroline. God's Perfect Child: Living and Dying in the Christian Science Church, New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999.
  • Greenhouse, Lucy. Fathermothergod: My Journey Out of Christian Science, New York: Crown Publishers, 2011.
  • Kramer, Linda S. Perfect Peril: Christian Science and Mind Control, Lafayette: Huntington House, 2000 (first published as The Religion That Kills. Christian Science: Abuse, Neglect, and Mind Control).
  • Simmons, Thomas. The Unseen Shore: Memories of a Christian Science Childhood, Boston: Beacon 1991.
  • Swan, Rita. The Last Strawberry, Dublin: Hag's Head Press, 2009.
  • Wilson, Barbara. Blue Windows: A Christian Science Childhood, New York: Picador 1997.

External links edit

 
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  • Plainfield Christian Science Church, Independent—A part of the Christian Science movement, independent from the Mother Church in Boston

April 27, 2024
christian, science, confused, with, christianity, science, christians, science, christians, science, technology, scientology, beliefs, practices, which, associated, with, members, church, christ, scientist, adherents, commonly, known, christian, scientists, st. Not to be confused with Christianity and science Christians in Science Christians in science and technology or Scientology Christian Science is a set of beliefs and practices which are associated with members of the Church of Christ Scientist Adherents are commonly known as Christian Scientists or students of Christian Science and the church is sometimes informally known as the Christian Science church It was founded in 1879 in New England by Mary Baker Eddy who wrote the 1875 book Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures which outlined the theology of Christian Science n 2 The book became Christian Science s central text along with the Bible and by 2001 had sold over nine million copies 5 Christian ScienceThe First Church of Christ Scientist at the Christian Science Center in Boston with the original Mother Church 1894 in the foreground and the Mother Church Extension 1906 behind it 1 ScriptureScience and Health with Key to the Scriptures by Mary Baker Eddy and the BibleTheology Basic teachings Church of Christ ScientistFounderMary Baker Eddy 1821 1910 MembersEstimated 106 000 in the United States in 1990 2 and under 50 000 in 2009 3 according to the church 400 000 worldwide in 2008 n 1 Official websitechristianscience com Eddy and 26 followers were granted a charter by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1879 to found the Church of Christ Scientist the church would be reorganized under the name Church of Christ Scientist in 1892 6 The Mother Church The First Church of Christ Scientist was built in Boston Massachusetts in 1894 7 Christian Science became the fastest growing religion in the United States with nearly 270 000 members there by 1936 a figure that had declined to just over 100 000 by 1990 8 and reportedly to under 50 000 by 2009 3 The church is known for its newspaper The Christian Science Monitor which won seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002 and for its public Reading Rooms around the world n 3 Eddy described Christian Science as a return to primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing 10 There are key differences between Christian Science theology and that of traditional Christianity 11 In particular adherents subscribe to a radical form of philosophical idealism believing that reality is purely spiritual and the material world an illusion 12 This includes the view that disease is a mental error rather than physical disorder and that the sick should be treated not by medicine but by a form of prayer that seeks to correct the beliefs responsible for the illusion of ill health 13 14 The church does not require that Christian Scientists avoid medical care adherents use dentists optometrists obstetricians physicians for broken bones and vaccination when required by law but maintains that Christian Science prayer is most effective when not combined with medicine 15 16 The reliance on prayer and avoidance of medical treatment has been blamed for the deaths of several adherents and their children Between the 1880s and 1990s parents and others were prosecuted for and in a few cases convicted of manslaughter or neglect 17 Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Metaphysical family 1 2 Christian Science theology 2 History 2 1 Mary Baker Eddy and the early Christian Science movement 2 2 Eddy s debt to Quimby 2 3 First prosecutions 2 4 The Christian Science movement after 1910 3 Healing practices 3 1 Christian Science prayer 4 Church of Christ Scientist 4 1 Governance 4 2 Manual of The Mother Church 4 3 Services 4 4 Notable members 4 5 Christian Science Publishing Society 4 6 Works by Mary Baker Eddy 5 See also 6 Citations 6 1 Notes 6 2 References 6 3 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksOverview editMetaphysical family edit See also Great Awakening Several periods of Protestant Christian revival nurtured a proliferation of new religious movements in the United States 18 In the latter half of the 19th century these included what came to be known as the metaphysical family groups such as Christian Science Divine Science the Unity School of Christianity and later the United Church of Religious Science n 4 From the 1890s the liberal section of the movement became known as New Thought in part to distinguish it from the more authoritarian Christian Science 24 The term metaphysical referred to the movement s philosophical idealism a belief in the primacy of the mental world n 5 Adherents believed that material phenomena were the result of mental states a view expressed as life is consciousness and God is mind The supreme cause was referred to as Divine Mind Truth God Love Life Spirit Principle or Father Mother reflecting elements of Plato Hinduism Berkeley Hegel Swedenborg and transcendentalism 26 27 The metaphysical groups became known as the mind cure movement because of their strong focus on healing 28 n 6 Medical practice was in its infancy and patients regularly fared better without it This provided fertile soil for the mind cure groups who argued that sickness was an absence of right thinking or failure to connect to Divine Mind 31 The movement traced its roots in the United States to Phineas Parkhurst Quimby 1802 1866 a New England clockmaker turned mental healer His advertising flyer To the Sick included this explanation of his clairvoyant methodology he gives no medicines and makes no outward applications but simply sits down by the patients tells them their feelings and what they think is their disease If the patients admit that he tells them their feelings amp c then his explanation is the cure and if he succeeds in correcting their error he changes the fluids of the system and establishes the truth or health The Truth is the Cure This mode of practise applies to all cases If no explanation is given no charge is made for no effect is produced 32 n 7 Mary Baker Eddy had been a patient of his 1862 1865 leading to debate about how much of Christian Science was based on his ideas 34 New Thought and Christian Science differed in that Eddy saw her views as a unique and final revelation 35 n 8 Eddy s idea of malicious animal magnetism that people can be harmed by the bad thoughts of others marked another distinction introducing an element of fear that was absent from the New Thought literature 37 38 Most significantly she dismissed the material world as an illusion rather than as merely subordinate to Mind leading her to reject the use of medicine or materia medica and making Christian Science the most controversial of the metaphysical groups Reality for Eddy was purely spiritual 39 n 9 Christian Science theology edit Further information Christian Science prayer nbsp Christian Science seal with the Cross and Crown and words from Matthew 10 8 Christian Science leaders place their religion within mainstream Christian teaching according to J Gordon Melton and reject any identification with the New Thought movement n 10 Eddy was strongly influenced by her Congregationalist upbringing 42 According to the church s tenets adherents accept the inspired Word of the Bible as their sufficient guide to eternal Life acknowledge and adore one supreme and infinite God and acknowledge His Son one Christ the Holy Ghost or divine Comforter and man in God s image and likeness 43 When founding the Church of Christ Scientist in April 1879 Eddy wrote that she wanted to reinstate primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing 10 Later she suggested that Christian Science was a kind of second coming and that Science and Health was an inspired text n 11 46 In 1895 in the Manual of the Mother Church she ordained the Bible and Science and Health as Pastor over the Mother Church 47 Christian Science theology differs in several respects from that of traditional Christianity Eddy s Science and Health reinterprets key Christian concepts including the Trinity divinity of Jesus atonement and resurrection beginning with the 1883 edition she added with a Key to the Scriptures to the title and included a glossary that redefined the Christian vocabulary n 10 At the core of Eddy s theology is the view that the spiritual world is the only reality and is entirely good and that the material world with its evil sickness and death is an illusion Eddy saw humanity as an idea of Mind that is perfect eternal unlimited and reflects the divine according to Bryan Wilson what she called mortal man is simply humanity s distorted view of itself 50 Despite her view of the non existence of evil an important element of Christian Science theology is that evil thought in the form of malicious animal magnetism can cause harm even if the harm is only apparent 51 nbsp The First Church of Christ Scientist Boston Eddy viewed God not as a person but as All in all Although she often described God in the language of personhood she used the term Father Mother God as did Ann Lee the founder of Shakerism and in the third edition of Science and Health she referred to God as she God is mostly represented in Christian Science by the synonyms Mind Spirit Soul Principle Life Truth Love 52 n 12 The Holy Ghost is Christian Science and heaven and hell are states of mind n 13 There is no supplication in Christian Science prayer The process involves the Scientist engaging in a silent argument to affirm to herself the unreality of matter something Christian Science practitioners will do for a fee including in absentia to address ill health or other problems 55 Wilson writes that Christian Science healing is not curative on its own premises but rather preventative of ill health accident and misfortune since it claims to lead to a state of consciousness where these things do not exist What heals is the realization that there is nothing really to heal 56 It is a closed system of thought viewed as infallible if performed correctly healing confirms the power of Truth but its absence derives from the failure specifically the bad thoughts of individuals 57 Eddy accepted as true the creation narrative in the Book of Genesis up to chapter 2 verse 6 that God created man in his image and likeness but she rejected the rest as the story of the false and the material according to Wilson 58 Her theology is nontrinitarian she viewed the Trinity as suggestive of polytheism n 14 She saw Jesus as a Christian Scientist a Way shower between humanity and God 60 and she distinguished between Jesus the man and the concept of Christ the latter a synonym for Truth and Jesus the first person fully to manifest it 61 The crucifixion was not a divine sacrifice for the sins of humanity the atonement the forgiveness of sin through Jesus s suffering not the bribing of God by offerings writes Wilson but an at one ment with God 62 Her views on life after death were vague and according to Wilson there is no doctrine of the soul in Christian Science A fter death the individual continues his probationary state until he has worked out his own salvation by proving the truths of Christian Science 13 Eddy did not believe that the dead and living could communicate 63 To the more conservative of the Protestant clergy Eddy s view of Science and Health as divinely inspired was a challenge to the Bible s authority 64 Eddyism was viewed as a cult one of the first uses of the modern sense of the word was in A H Barrington s Anti Christian Cults 1898 a book about Spiritualism Theosophy and Christian Science 65 In a few cases Christian Scientists were expelled from Christian congregations but ministers also worried that their parishioners were choosing to leave In May 1885 the London Times Boston correspondent wrote about the Boston mind cure craze Scores of the most valued Church members are joining the Christian Scientist branch of the metaphysical organization and it has thus far been impossible to check the defection 66 In 1907 Mark Twain described the appeal of the new religion to its adherents Mrs Eddy has delivered to them a religion which has revolutionized their lives banished the glooms that shadowed them and filled them and flooded them with sunshine and gladness and peace a religion which has no hell a religion whose heaven is not put off to another time with a break and a gulf between but begins here and now and melts into eternity as fancies of the waking day melt into the dreams of sleep They believe it is a Christianity that is in the New Testament that it has always been there that in the drift of ages it was lost through disuse and neglect and that this benefactor has found it and given it back to men turning the night of life into day its terrors into myths its lamentations into songs of emancipation and rejoicing There we have Mrs Eddy as her followers see her They sincerely believe that Mrs Eddy s character is pure and perfect and beautiful and her history without stain or blot or blemish But that does not settle it 67 History editMary Baker Eddy and the early Christian Science movement edit Further information Mary Baker Eddy and History of the Christian Science movement nbsp Mary Baker Eddy Mary Baker Eddy was born Mary Morse Baker on a farm in Bow New Hampshire the youngest of six children in a religious family of Protestant Congregationalists 68 In common with most women at the time Eddy was given little formal education but read widely at home and was privately tutored 69 From childhood she lived with protracted ill health 70 Eddy s first husband died six months after their marriage and three months before their son was born leaving her penniless and as a result of her poor health she lost custody of the boy when he was four 71 She married again and her new husband promised to become the child s legal guardian but after their marriage he refused to sign the needed papers and the boy was taken to Minnesota and told his mother had died 72 n 15 Eddy then known as Mary Patterson and her husband moved to rural New Hampshire where Eddy continued to suffer from health problems which often kept her bedridden 74 Eddy tried various cures for her health problems including conventional medicine as well as most forms of alternative medicine such as Grahamism electrotherapy homeopathy hydropathy and finally mesmerism under Phineas Quimby 75 She was later accused by critics beginning with Julius Dresser of borrowing ideas from Quimby in what biographer Gillian Gill would call the single most controversial issue of her life 76 In February 1866 Eddy fell on the ice in Lynn Massachusetts Evidence suggests she had severe injuries but a few days later she apparently asked for her Bible opened it to an account of one of Jesus miracles and left her bed telling her friends that she was healed through prayer alone 77 The moment has since been controversial but she considered this moment one of the falling apples that helped her to understand Christian Science although she said she did not fully understand it at the time 78 In 1866 after her fall on the ice Eddy began teaching her first student and began writing her ideas which she eventually published in Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures considered her most important work 79 Her students voted to form a church called the Church of Christ Scientist in 1879 later reorganized as The First Church of Christ Scientist also known as The Mother Church in 1892 80 She founded the Massachusetts Metaphysical College in 1881 to continue teaching students 81 Eddy started a number of periodicals The Christian Science Journal in 1883 the Christian Science Sentinel in 1898 The Herald of Christian Science in 1903 and The Christian Science Monitor in 1908 the latter being a secular newspaper 82 The Monitor has gone on to win seven Pulitzer prizes as of 2011 83 She also wrote numerous books and articles in addition to Science and Health including the Manual of The Mother Church which contained by laws for church government and member activity and founded the Christian Science Publishing Society in 1898 in order to distribute Christian Science literature 82 Although the movement started in Boston the first purpose built Christian Science church building was erected in 1886 in Oconto Wisconsin 84 During Eddy s lifetime Christian Science spread throughout the United States and to other parts of the world including Canada Great Britain Germany South Africa Hong Kong the Philippines Australia and elsewhere 85 Eddy encountered significant opposition after she began teaching and writing on Christian Science which only increased towards the end of her life 86 One of the most prominent examples was Mark Twain who wrote a number of articles on Eddy and Christian Science which were first published in Cosmopolitan magazine in 1899 and were later published as a book 87 Another extended criticism which again was first serialized in a magazine and then published in book form was Georgine Milmine and Willa Cather s The Life of Mary Baker G Eddy and the History of Christian Science which first appeared in McClure s magazine in January 1907 88 Also in 1907 several of Eddy s relatives filed an unsuccessful lawsuit instigated by the New York World known in the press as the Next Friends Suit against members of Eddy s household alleging that she was mentally unable to manage her own affairs 89 The suit fell apart after Eddy was interviewed in her home in August 1907 by the judge and two court appointed masters one a psychiatrist who concluded that she was mentally competent Separately she was seen by two psychiatrists including Allan McLane Hamilton who came to the same conclusion 90 The McClure s and New York World stories are considered to at least partially be the reason Eddy asked the church in July 1908 to found the Christian Science Monitor as a platform for responsible journalism 91 Eddy died two years later on the evening of Saturday December 3 1910 aged 89 The Mother Church announced at the end of the Sunday morning service that Eddy had passed from our sight The church stated that the time will come when there will be no more death but that Christian Scientists do not look for Eddy s return in this world 92 Her estate was valued at 1 5 million most of which she left to the church 93 Eddy s debt to Quimby edit Eddy s debt to Phineas Parkhurst Quimby became the single most controversial issue of her life according to Gillian Gill 94 Quimby was not the only source Eddy stood accused of having copied Ernest Sutherland Bates and John V Dittemore Bryan Wilson Charles S Braden and Martin Gardner identified several texts she had used without attribution n 16 For example an open letter from Eddy to the church dated September 1895 and published in Eddy s Miscellaneous Writings 1883 1896 1897 is almost identical to Hugh Blair s essay The Man of Integrity published in Lindley Murray s The English Reader 1799 98 Eddy acknowledged Quimby s influence in her early years When a prospective student asked in 1871 whether her methods had been used before she replied Never advertised and practiced by only one individual who healed me Dr Quimby of Portland ME an old gentleman who had made it a research for twenty five years starting from the standpoint of magnetism thence going forward and leaving that behind I discovered the art in a moment s time and he acknowledged it to me he died shortly after and since then eight years I have been founding and demonstrating the science 99 nbsp Manuscript that Eddy used when teaching Sally Wentworth 1868 1870 Later she drew a distinction between their methods arguing that Quimby s involved one mind healing another while hers depended on a connection with Divine Mind n 17 In February 1883 Julius Dresser a former patient of Quimby s accused Eddy in letters to The Boston Post of teaching Quimby s work as her own 101 In response Eddy disparaged Quimby as a mesmerist and said she had experimented with mental healing in or around 1853 nine years before she met him 101 She wrote later We caught some of his thoughts and he caught some of ours and both of us were pleased to say this to each other 102 The issue went to court in September 1883 when Eddy complained that her student Edward Arens had copied parts of Science and Health in a pamphlet and Arens counter claimed that Eddy had copied it from Quimby in the first place 103 n 18 Quimby s son was so unwilling to produce his father s manuscripts that he sent them out of the country perhaps fearing litigation with Eddy or that someone would tamper with them and Eddy won the case 104 105 Things were stirred up further by Eddy s pamphlet Historical Sketch of Metaphysical Healing 1885 in which she again called Quimby a mesmerist and by the publication of Julius Dresser s The True History of Mental Healing 1887 106 The charge that Christian Science came from Quimby not divine revelation stemmed in part from Eddy s use of Quimby s manuscript right when teaching Sally Wentworth and others in 1868 1870 n 19 Eddy said she had helped to fix Quimby s unpublished work and now stood accused of having copied her own corrections 108 n 20 Against this Lyman P Powell one of Eddy s biographers wrote in 1907 that Quimby s son held an almost identical copy in Quimby s wife s handwriting of the Quimby manuscript that Eddy had used when teaching Sally Wentworth It was dated February 1862 eight months before Eddy met Quimby 113 In July 1904 the New York Times obtained a copy of the Quimby manuscript from Sally Wentworth s son and juxtaposed passages with Science and Health to highlight the similarities It also published Eddy s handwritten notes on Quimby s manuscript to show what the newspaper alleged was the transition from his words to hers n 21 115 Quimby s manuscripts were published in 1921 Eddy s biographers continued to disagree about his influence on Eddy Bates and Dittemore the latter a former director of the Christian Science church argued in 1932 that as far as the thought is concerned Science and Health is practically all Quimby except for malicious animal mesmerism 116 Robert Peel who also worked for the church wrote in 1966 that Eddy may have influenced Quimby as much as he influenced her 117 Gardner argued in 1993 that Eddy had taken huge chunks from Quimby and Gill in 1998 that there were only general similarities 118 First prosecutions edit nbsp Cover of Puck magazine November 19 1902 by Udo Keppler The caption says The law can not be removed by Christian Science The man with the beard is labeled Chr S healer and is holding a copy of Science and Health In 1887 Eddy started teaching a metaphysical obstetrics course two one week classes She had started calling herself Professor of Obstetrics in 1882 McClure s wrote Hundreds of Mrs Eddy s students were then practising who knew no more about obstetrics than the babes they helped into this world 119 The first prosecutions took place that year when practitioners were charged with practicing medicine without a licence All were acquitted during the trial or convictions were overturned on appeal 120 The first manslaughter charge was in March 1888 when Abby H Corner a practitioner in Medford Massachusetts attended to her daughter during childbirth the daughter bled to death and the baby did not survive The defense argued that they might have died even with medical attention and Corner was acquitted 121 To the dismay of the Christian Scientists Association the secretary resigned Eddy distanced herself from Corner telling the Boston Globe that Corner had only attended the college for one term and had never entered the obstetrics class 122 From then until the 1990s around 50 parents and practitioners were prosecuted and often acquitted after adults and children died without medical care charges ranged from neglect to second degree murder 123 The American Medical Association AMA declared war on Christian Scientists in 1895 its journal called Christian Science and similar ideas molochs to infants and pestilential perils to communities in spreading contagious diseases 124 Juries were nevertheless reluctant to convict when defendants believed they were helping the patient There was also opposition to the AMA s effort to strengthen medical licensing laws 125 Historian Shawn Peters writes that in the courts and public debate Christian Scientists and Jehovah s Witnesses linked their healing claims to early Christianity to gain support from other Christians 126 Vaccination was another battleground A Christian Scientist in Wisconsin won a case in 1897 that allowed his son to attend public school despite not being vaccinated against smallpox Others were arrested in 1899 for avoiding vaccination during a smallpox epidemic in Georgia In 1900 Eddy advised adherents to obey the law and then appeal to the gospel to save themselves from any bad results 127 In October 1902 after seven year old Esther Quimby the daughter of Christian Scientists died of diphtheria in White Plains New York she had received no medical care and had not been quarantined the authorities pursued manslaughter charges The controversy prompted Eddy to declare that until public thought becomes better acquainted with Christian Science the Christian Scientists shall decline to doctor infectious or contagious diseases and from that time the church required Christian Scientists to report contagious diseases to health boards 128 The Christian Science movement after 1910 edit Main article History of the Christian Science movement nbsp The First Church of Christ Scientist 1974 In the aftermath of Eddy s death some newspapers speculated that the church would fall apart while others expected it to continue just as it had before 129 As it was the movement continued to grow in the first few decades after 1910 130 The Manual of the Mother Church prohibits the church from publishing membership figures n 22 and it is not clear exactly when the height of the movement was A 1936 census counted c 268 915 Christian Scientists in the United States 2 098 per million and Rodney Stark believes this to be close to the height 132 However the number of Christian Science churches continued to increase until around 1960 at which point there was a reversal and since then many churches have closed their doors 133 The number of Christian Science practitioners in the United States began to decline in the 1940s according to Stark 134 According to J Gordon Melton in 1972 there were 3 237 congregations worldwide of which roughly 2 400 were in the United States and in the following ten years about 200 congregations were closed 135 During the years after Eddy s death the church has gone through a number of hardships and controversies 136 This included attempts to make practicing Christian Science illegal in the United States and elsewhere 137 a period known as the Great Litigation which involved two intertwined lawsuits regarding church governance 138 persecution under the Nazi and Communist regimes in Germany 139 and the Imperial regime in Japan 140 a series of lawsuits involving the deaths of members of the church most notably some children 141 and a controversial decision to publish a book by Bliss Knapp 142 In conjunction with the Knapp book controversy there was controversy within the church involving The Monitor Channel part of The Christian Science Monitor which had been losing money and which eventually led to the channel shutting down 143 Acknowledging their earlier mistake of accepting a multi million dollar publishing incentive to offset broadcasting losses The Christian Science Board Of Directors with the concurrence of the Trustees Of The Christian Science Publishing Society withdrew Destiny Of The Mother Church from publication in September 2023 A message from the Christian Science Board of Directors https journal christianscience com issues 2023 10 141 10 a message from the christian science board of directors In addition it has since its beginning been branded as a cult by more fundamentalist strains of Christianity and attracted significant opposition as a result 144 A number of independent teachers and alternative movements of Christian Science have emerged since its founding but none of these individuals or groups have achieved the prominence of the Christian Science church 145 Despite the hardships and controversies many Christian Science churches and Reading Rooms remain in existence around the world 146 and in recent years there have been reports of the religion growing in Africa 147 The Christian Science Monitor also remains a well respected non religious paper which is especially noted for its international reporting and lack of partisanship 148 Healing practices editChristian Science prayer edit Further information Christian Science practitioner A ll healing is a metaphysical process That means that there is no person to be healed no material body no patient no matter no illness no one to heal no substance no person no thing and no place that needs to be influenced This is what the practitioner must first be clear about Practitioner Frank Prinz Wondollek 2011 149 nbsp Mary Baker Eddy Library 200 Massachusetts Avenue Boston Christian Scientists avoid almost all medical treatment relying instead on Christian Science prayer 150 This consists of silently arguing with oneself there are no appeals to a personal god and no set words 151 Caroline Fraser wrote in 1999 that the practitioner might repeat the allness of God using Eddy s seven synonyms Life Truth Love Spirit Soul Principle and Mind then that Spirit Substance is the only Mind and man is its image and likeness that Mind is intelligence that Spirit is substance that Love is wholeness that Life Truth and Love are the only reality She might deny other religions the existence of evil mesmerism astrology numerology and the symptoms of whatever the illness is She concludes Fraser writes by asserting that disease is a lie that this is the word of God and that it has the power to heal 152 Christian Science practitioners are certified by the Church of Christ Scientist to charge a fee for Christian Science prayer There were 1 249 practitioners worldwide in 2015 153 in the United States in 2010 they charged 25 50 for an e mail telephone or face to face consultation 154 Their training is a two week 12 lesson course called primary class based on the Recapitulation chapter of Science and Health 155 Practitioners wanting to teach primary class take a six day normal class held in Boston once every three years and become Christian Science teachers 156 There are also Christian Science nursing homes They offer no medical services the nurses are Christian Scientists who have completed a course of religious study and training in basic skills such as feeding and bathing 157 The Christian Science Journal and Christian Science Sentinel publish anecdotal healing testimonials they published 53 900 between 1900 and April 1989 158 which must be accompanied by statements from three verifiers people who know the testifier well and have either witnessed the healing or can vouch for the testifier s integrity in sharing it 159 Philosopher Margaret P Battin wrote in 1999 that the seriousness with which these testimonials are treated by Christian Scientists ignores factors such as false positives caused by self limiting conditions Because no negative accounts are published the testimonials strengthen people s tendency to rely on anecdotes 158 A church study published in 1989 examined 10 000 published testimonials 2 337 of which the church said involved conditions that had been medically diagnosed and 623 of which were medically confirmed by follow up examinations The report offered no evidence of the medical follow up 160 The Massachusetts Committee for Children and Youth listed among the report s flaws that it had failed to compare the rates of successful and unsuccessful Christian Science treatment 161 Nathan Talbot a church spokesperson told the New England Journal of Medicine in 1983 that church members were free to choose medical care 162 but according to former Christian Scientists those who do may be ostracized 154 In 2010 the New York Times reported church leaders as saying that for over a year they had been encouraging members to see a physician if they feel it is necessary and that they were repositioning Christian Science prayer as a supplement to medical care rather than a substitute The church has lobbied to have the work of Christian Science practitioners covered by insurance 154 As of 2015 it was reported that Christian Scientists in Australia were not advising anyone against vaccines and the religious exception was deemed no longer current or necessary 163 In 2021 a church Committee on Publication reiterated that although vaccination was an individual choice that the church did not dictate against it and those who were not vaccinated did not do so because of any church dogma 164 Church of Christ Scientist editGovernance edit Further information Christian Science Center Category Christian Science churches and List of former Christian Science churches societies and buildings nbsp The First Church of Christ Scientist Boston In the hierarchy of the Church of Christ Scientist only the Mother Church in Boston The First Church of Christ Scientist uses the definite article in its name Otherwise the first Christian Science church in any city is called First Church of Christ Scientist then Second Church of Christ Scientist and so on followed by the name of the city for example Third Church of Christ Scientist London When a church closes the others in that city are not renamed 165 Founded in April 1879 the Church of Christ Scientist is led by a president and five person board of directors There is a public relations department known as the Committee on Publication with representatives around the world this was set up by Eddy in 1898 to protect her own and the church s reputation 166 The church was accused in the 1990s of silencing internal criticism by firing staff delisting practitioners and excommunicating members 167 The church s administration is headquartered on Christian Science Center on the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Huntington Avenue located on several acres in the Back Bay section of Boston 168 The 14 5 acre site includes the Mother Church 1894 Mother Church Extension 1906 the Christian Science Publishing Society building 1934 which houses the Mary Baker Eddy Library and the church s administrative staff the Sunday School building 1971 and the Church Colonnade building 1972 169 It also includes the 26 story Administration Building 1972 designed by Araldo Cossutta of I M Pei amp Associates which until 2008 housed the administrative staff from the church s 15 departments There is also a children s fountain and a 690 ft 100 ft 210 m 30 m reflecting pool 170 171 Manual of The Mother Church edit nbsp Eddy s Manual of The Mother Church 89th edition 172 Eddy s Manual of The Mother Church first published 1895 lists the church s by laws 173 Requirements for members include daily prayer and daily study of the Bible and Science and Health n 23 Members must subscribe to church periodicals if they can afford to and pay an annual tax to the church of not less than one dollar 175 Prohibitions include engaging in mental malpractice visiting a store that sells obnoxious books joining other churches publishing articles that are uncharitable toward religion medicine the courts or the law and publishing the number of church members 176 The manual also prohibits engaging in public debate about Christian Science without board approval 177 and learning hypnotism 178 It includes The Golden Rule A member of The Mother Church shall not haunt Mrs Eddy s drive when she goes out continually stroll by her house or make a summer resort near her for such a purpose 179 Services edit Further information Reader Christian Science Church The Church of Christ Scientist is a lay church which has no ordained clergy or rituals and performs no baptisms with clergy of other faiths often performing marriage or funeral services since they have no clergy of their own Its main religious texts are the Bible and Science and Health Each church has two Readers who read aloud a Bible lesson or lesson sermon made up of selections from those texts during the Sunday service and a shorter set of readings to open Wednesday evening testimony meetings In addition to readings members offer testimonials during the main portion of the Wednesday meetings including recovery from ill health attributed to prayer There are also hymns time for silent prayer and repeating together the Lord s Prayer at each service 180 Notable members edit Main article List of Christian Scientists religious denomination Notable adherents of Christian Science have included Directors of Central Intelligence William H Webster and Admiral Stansfield M Turner and Richard Nixon s chief of staff H R Haldeman and Chief Domestic Advisor John Ehrlichman 181 The viscountess Nancy Astor was a Christian Scientist as was naval officer Charles Lightoller who survived the sinking of the Titanic in 1912 182 Christian Science has been well represented in the film industry including Carol Channing and Jean Stapleton 183 Colleen Dewhurst 184 Joan Crawford Doris Day George Hamilton Mary Pickford Ginger Rogers Mickey Rooney 185 Horton Foote 186 King Vidor 187 Robert Duvall and Val Kilmer 188 Those raised by Christian Scientists include jurist Helmuth James Graf von Moltke 189 military analyst Daniel Ellsberg 190 Ellen DeGeneres Henry Fonda Audrey Hepburn 191 James Hetfield Marilyn Monroe Robin Williams and Elizabeth Taylor 186 Taylor s godfather the British politician Victor Cazalet was also a member of the church Actor Anne Archer was raised within Christian Science she left the church when her son Tommy Davis was a child and both became prominent in the Church of Scientology 192 A conspicuous event was the death in June 1937 of actress Jean Harlow who died of kidney failure at age 26 Her mother known as Mama Jean was a recent convert to Christian Science and did on at least two occasions attempt to block conventional medical treatment for her daughter Fellow actors and studio executives intervened and Harlow received medical treatment although in 1937 nothing could be done for kidney failure and she perished 193 194 n 24 Christian Science Publishing Society edit nbsp The Christian Science Publishing Society Massachusetts Avenue Boston The Christian Science Publishing Society publishes several periodicals including the Christian Science Monitor winner of seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002 This had a daily circulation in 1970 of 220 000 which by 2008 had contracted to 52 000 In 2009 it moved to a largely online presence with a weekly print run 195 In the 1980s the church produced its own television programs and in 1991 it founded a 24 hour news channel which closed with heavy losses after 13 months 196 The church also publishes the weekly Christian Science Sentinel the monthly Christian Science Journal and the Herald of Christian Science a non English publication In April 2012 JSH Online made back issues of the Journal Sentinel and Herald available online to subscribers 197 Works by Mary Baker Eddy edit Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures 1875 Christian Healing 1880 The People s Idea of God Its Effect on Health and Christianity 1883 Historical Sketch of Metaphysical Healing 1885 Defence of Christian Science 1885 No and Yes 1887 Rudiments and Rules of Divine Science 1887 Unity of Good and Unreality of Evil 1888 Retrospection and Introspection 1891 Christ and Christmas 1893 Rudimental Divine Science 1894 Manual of The Mother Church 1895 Pulpit and Press 1895 Miscellaneous Writings 1883 1896 1897 Christian Science versus Pantheism 1898 The Christian Science Hymnal 1898 Christian Healing and the People s Idea of God 1908 Poems 1910 The First Church of Christ Scientist and Miscellany 1913 Prose Works Other than Science and Health 1925 See also editEfficacy of prayer Faith healing Principia College Therapeutic nihilismCitations editNotes edit PBS August 2008 The church estimates it has about 400 000 members worldwide but independent studies put membership at around 100 000 4 The book was originally just called Science and Health the subtitle with a Key to the Scriptures was added in 1883 and was later amended to with Key to the Scriptures citation needed In April 2010 the Christian Science Journal listed 1 068 Reading Rooms in the United States and 489 elsewhere 9 Dawn Hutchinson 2014 Scholars of American religious history have used the term New Thought to refer either to individuals and churches that officially joined the International New Thought Alliance INTA or to American metaphysical religions affiliated with Phineas Quimby Mary Baker Eddy and Emma Curtis Hopkins New Thought writers shared the idea that God is Mind 19 John Saliba 2003 The Christian Science Metaphysical Family This family known also as New Thought in academic literature stresses the need to understand the functioning of the human mind in order to achieve the healing of all human ailments Metaphysics New Thought is a nineteenth century movement and is exemplified by such groups as the Unity School of Christianity the United Church of Religious Science Divine Science Federation International and Christian Science 20 James R Lewis 2003 Groups in the metaphysical Christian Science New Thought tradition usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which if properly understood and applied transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals 21 John K Simmons 1995 While members past and present of the Christian Science movement understandably claim Mrs Eddy s truths to be part of a unique and final religious revelation most outside observers place Christian Science in the metaphysical family of religious organizations 22 Charles S Braden 1963 I t was in America that mesmerism gave rise to a complex of religious faiths varying from one another in significant ways but all agreeing upon the central fact that healing and for that matter every good thing is possible through a right relationship with the ultimate power in the Universe Creative Mind called God Principle Life Wisdom This broad complex of religions is sometimes described by the rather general term metaphysical The general movement has proliferated in many directions Two main streams seem most vigorous one is called Christian Science the other which no single name adequately describes has come rather generally to be known as New Thought 23 John K Simmons 1995 The broad descriptive term metaphysical is not used in a manner common to the trained philosopher Instead it denotes the primacy of Mind as the controlling factor in human experience At the heart of the metaphysical perspective is the theological ontological affirmation that God is perfect Mind and human beings in reality exist in a state of eternal manifestation of that Divine Mind 25 William James 1902 To my mind a current far more important and interesting religiously I will give the title of the Mind Cure movement There are various sects of this New Thought but their agreements are so profound that their differences may be neglected for my present purposes 29 Christian Science so called the sect of Mrs Eddy is the most radical branch of mind cure in its dealings with evil 30 Philip Jenkins 2000 Christian Science and New Thought both emerged from a common intellectual background in mid nineteenth century New England and they shared many influences from an older mystical and magical fringe including Swedenborgian teachings Mesmerism and Transcentalism The central figure and prophet of the emerging synthesis was Phineas P Quimby the John the Baptist of Christian Science whose faith healing work began in 1838 Quimby and his followers taught the overwhelming importance of thought in shaping reality a message that was crucial for healing If disease existed only as thought then only by curing the mind could the body be set right disease was a matter of wrong belief 33 Meredith B McGuire 1988 The most familiar offshoot of the metaphysical movement is Christian Science which was based upon a more extreme interpretation of metaphysical healing than that of the New Thought groups Christian Science is unlike New Thought and other metaphysical movements of that era in that Mary Baker Eddy successfully arrogated to herself all teaching authority centralized decision making and organizational power and developed the movement s sectarian character 36 Charles S Braden 1963 Mary Baker Eddy pushed the postulates of positive thinking to their absolute limit She proposed not merely that the spiritual overshadows the material but that the material world does not exist The world of our senses is but an illusion of our minds If the material world causes us pain grief danger and even death that can be changed by changing our thoughts 40 Roy M Anker 1999 Mary Baker Eddy the founder of Christian Science denominationally known as the Church of Christ Scientist the most prominent successful controversial and distinctive of all the groups whose inspiration scholars trace to the healing and intellectual influence of Quimby 41 a b J Gordon Melton 1992 Almost as much as the medical controversy charges of heresy from orthodox Christian churches have hounded the Church Leaders of Christian Science insist that they are within the mainstream of Christian teachings a concern which leads to their strong resentment of any identification with the New Thought movement which they see as having drifted far from their central Christian affirmations At the same time strong differences with traditional Christian teachings concerning the Trinity the unique divinity of Jesus Christ atonement for sin and the creation are undeniable While using Christian language Science and Health with Key to Scriptures and Eddy s other writings radically redefine basic theological terms usually by the process commonly called allegorization Such redefinitions are most clearly evident in the glossary to Science and Health pages 579 599 48 Rodney Stark 1998 But of course Christian Science was not just another Protestant sect Like Joseph Smith Mary Baker Eddy added too much new religious culture for her movement to qualify fully as a member of the Christian family as all the leading clerics of the time repeatedly and vociferously pointed out However unlike Madame Blavatsky s Theosophical Society and like the Mormons Christian Science retained an immense amount of Christian culture These continuities allowed converts from a Christian background to preserve a great deal of cultural capital 49 Mary Baker Eddy 1891 The second appearing of Jesus is unquestionably the spiritual advent of the advancing idea of God as in Christian Science 44 Eddy January 1901 I should blush to write of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures as I have were it of human origin and I apart from God its author But as I was only a scribe echoing the harmonies of heaven in divine metaphysics I cannot be super modest in my estimate of the Christian Science textbook 45 Eddy Science and Health Question What is God Answer God is incorporeal divine supreme infinite Mind Spirit Soul Principle Life Truth Love 53 Wilson 1961 T he Holy Ghost is understood to be Christian Science the promised Comforter Heaven and Hell are understood to be mental states 54 Eddy Science and Health The theory of three persons in one God that is a personal Trinity or Tri unity suggests polytheism rather than the one ever present I AM 59 Per the legal doctrine of coverture women in the United States could not then be their own children s guardians Harvard Business School 2010 A married woman or feme covert was a dependent like an underage child or a slave and could not own property in her own name or control her own earnings except under very specific circumstances When a husband died his wife could not be the guardian to their under age children 73 The writers whose work Eddy was accused of having used include John Ruskin Thomas Carlyle Charles Kingsley and Henri Frederic Amiel 95 According to Bates and Dittemore 1932 an essay Taking Offense was printed as one of Eddy s when it had first been published anonymously by an obscure newspaper 96 Eddy was also accused by Walter M Haushalter in his Mrs Eddy Purloins from Hegel Boston A A Beauchamp 1936 of having copied material from The Metaphysical Religion of Hegel 1866 an essay by Francis Lieber 97 Eddy Miscellaneous Writings 1883 1896 1897 A mind cure is a matter cure The Theology of Christian Science is based on the action of the divine Mind over the human mind and body whereas mind cure rests on the notion that the human mind can cure its own disease or that which it causes 100 The pamphlet was Theology or the Understanding of God as Applied to Healing the Sick 1881 Arens credited Quimby the Gottesfreunde Jesus and some thoughts contained in a work by Eddy Ernest Sutherland Bates and John V Dittemore 1932 The title page stated Extracts from Dr P P Quimby s writings On the next page there was a title The Science of Man or the principle which controls all phenomena The preface was signed Mary M Glover A note in the margin said P P Q s mss then Quimby s manuscript followed 107 Eddy February 1899 Quotations have been published purporting to be Dr Quimby s own words which were written while I was his patient in Portland and holding long conversations with him on my views of mental therapeutics Some words in these quotations certainly read like words that I said to him and which I at his request had added to his copy when I corrected it In his conversations with me and in his scribblings the word science was not used at all till one day I declared to him that back of his magnetic treatment and manipulation of patients there was a science and it was the science of mind which had nothing to do with matter electricity or physics 109 Eddy 1889 Mr Quimby s son has stated that he has in his possession all his father s written utterances and I have offered to pay for their publication but he declines to publish them for their publication would silence the insinuation that Mr Quimby originated the system of healing which I claim to be mine 110 Eddy 1891 In 1870 I copyrighted the first publication on spiritual scientific Mind healing entitled The Science of Man This little book is converted into the chapter on Recapitulation in Science and Health It was so new the basis it laid down for physical and moral health was so hopelessly original that I did not venture upon its publication until later 111 Five years after taking out my first copyright I taught the Science of Mind healing alias Christian Science by writing out my manuscripts for students and distributing them unsparingly This will account for certain published and unpublished manuscripts extant which the evil minded would insinuate did not originate with me 112 New York Times July 10 1904 The similarities included Error is sickness Truth is health Quimby manuscript Sickness is part of the error which Truth casts out Science and Health Truth is God Quimby Truth is God S amp H Error is matter Quimby Matter is mortal error S amp H Matter has no intelligence Quimby The fundamental error of mortal man is the belief that matter is intelligent S amp H 114 Manual of the Mother Church Christian Scientists shall not report for publication the number of the members of The Mother Church nor that of the branch churches According to the Scripture they shall turn away from personality and numbering the people 131 Members are expected to pray each day Thy kingdom come let the reign of divine Truth Life and Love be established in me and rule out of me all sin and may Thy Word enrich the affections of all mankind and govern them 174 Wikipedia s Jean Harlow page dismisses this rumor and says she was consistently attended by physicians References edit Christian Science Center Complex Archived 2015 09 23 at the Wayback Machine Boston Landmarks Commission Environment Department City of Boston January 25 2011 hereafter Boston Landmarks Commission 2011 pp 6 12 Stark Rodney 1998 The Rise and Fall of Christian Science Journal of Contemporary Religion 13 2 189 214 191 doi 10 1080 13537909808580830 a b Prothero Donald Callahan Timothy D 2017 UFOs Chemtrails and Aliens What Science Says Bloomington Indiana University Press p 165 Valente Judy August 1 2008 Christian Science Healing PBS Gutjahr Paul C 2001 Sacred Texts in the United States Book History 4 335 370 348 doi 10 1353 bh 2001 0008 JSTOR 30227336 S2CID 162339753 Women and the Law The Mary Baker Eddy Library 22 January 2016 Archived from the original on 18 January 2021 For the charter Eddy Mary Baker 1908 1895 Manual of the Mother Church 89th edition Boston The First Church of Christ Scientist pp 17 18 Stark 1998 pp 190 191 Fuller 2011 p 175 a b Wilson Bryan 1961 Sects and Society A Sociological Study of the Elim Tabernacle Christian Science and Christadelphians Berkeley University of California Press p 125 Eddy Manual of the Mother Church p 17 Wilson 1961 p 124 Wilson 1961 p 127 Rescher Nicholas 2009 1996 Idealism in Jaegwon Kim Ernest Sosa eds A Companion to Metaphysics Oxford Wiley Blackwell p 318 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine a b Wilson 1961 p 125 Battin Margaret P 1999 High Risk Religion Christian Science and the Violation of Informed Consent In DesAutels Peggy Battin Margaret P May Larry eds Praying for a Cure When Medical and Religious Practices Conflict Lanham MD and Oxford Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 11 ISBN 0 8476 9262 0 Schoepflin Rennie B 2003 Christian Science on Trial Religious Healing in America Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press pp 192 193 Trammell Mary M chair Christian Science board of directors March 26 2010 Letter What the Christian Science Church Teaches Archived 2022 08 07 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times Regarding vaccines specifically see Christine Pae September 1 2021 Here s who qualifies for a religious exemption to Washington s COVID 19 vaccine mandate Archived 2021 09 28 at the Wayback Machine KING 5 Samantha Maiden April 18 2015 No Jab No Pay reforms Religious exemptions for vaccination dumped Archived 2021 09 28 at the Wayback Machine Daily Telegraph Australia Schoepflin 2003 pp 212 216 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Peters Shawn Francis 2007 When Prayer Fails Faith Healing Children and the Law New York Oxford University Press pp 91 109 130 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine William G McLoughlin Revivals Awakenings and Reform Chicago University of Chicago Press 1980 pp 10 11 16 17 Roy M Anker Revivalism Religious Experience and the Birth of Mental Healing Self help and Popular Religion in Early American Culture An Interpretive Guide Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Company 1999 a pp 11 100 pp 8 176ff Hutchinson Dawn November 2014 New Thought s Prosperity Theology and Its Influence on American Ideas of Success Nova Religio The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 18 2 pp 28 44 p 28 JSTOR 10 1525 nr 2014 18 2 28 Saliba John 2003 Understanding New Religious Movements Walnut Creek CA Rowman Altamira p 26 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Lewis James R 2003 Legitimating New Religions New Brunswick NJ Rutgers University Press p 94 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Simmons John K 1995 Christian Science and American Culture in Timothy Miller ed America s Alternative Religions New York State University of New York Press p 61 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Charles S Braden Spirits in Rebellion The Rise and Development of New Thought Dallas Southern Methodist University Press 1963 pp 4 5 John S Haller The History of New Thought From Mental Healing to Positive Thinking and the Prosperity Gospel West Chester PA Swedenborg Foundation Press 2012 pp 10 11 Horatio W Dresser A History of the New Thought Movement New York Thomas Y Crowell Company 1919 pp 152 153 For early uses of New Thought William Henry Holcombe Condensed Thoughts about Christian Science pamphlet Chicago Purdy Publishing Company 1887 Horatio W Dresser The Metaphysical Movement from a statement issued by the Metaphysical Club Boston 1901 The Spirit of the New Thought New York Thomas Y Crowell Company 1917 p 215 Simmons 1995 p 61 Dell De Chant The American New Thought Movement in Eugene Gallagher and Michael Ashcraft eds Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Company 2007 pp 81 82 William James The Varieties of Religious Experience Gifford Lectures Edinburgh New York Longmans Green amp Co 1902 pp 75 76 New Thought Archived 2015 05 16 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014 de Chant 2007 p 73 James 1902 p 94 James 1902 p 106 Stark 1998 pp 197 198 211 212 de Chant 2007 p 67 Wilson 1961 p 135 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Braden 1963 p 62 for the truth is the cure McGuire 1988 p 79 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Also see Religion New Thought Archived 2014 12 20 at the Wayback Machine Time magazine 7 November 1938 Phineas Parkhurst Quimby Archived 2014 11 11 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Britannica September 9 2013 Philip Jenkins Mystics and Messiahs Cults and New Religions in American History Oxford University Press 2000 pp 53 54 Simmons 1995 p 64 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Fuller 2013 pp 212 213 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine n 16 Wilson 1961 p 156 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Braden 1963 pp 14 16 Simmons 1995 p 61 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine McGuire 1988 p 79 Wilson 1961 pp 126 127 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Braden 1963 pp 18 19 Gottschalk Stephen 1973 The Emergence of Christian Science in American Religious Life Berkeley University of California Press pp 128 148 149 Moore Laurence R 1986 Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans New York Oxford University Press pp 112 113 Simmons 1995 p 62 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Whorton James C 2004 Nature Cures The History of Alternative Medicine in America New York Oxford University Press pp 128 129 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Craig R Prentiss Sickness Death and Illusion in Christian Science in Colleen McDannell ed Religions of the United States in Practice Vol 1 Princeton Princeton University Press 2001 p 322 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Claudia Stokes The Altar at Home Sentimental Literature and Nineteenth Century American Religion University of Pennsylvania Press 2014 p 181 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Braden 1963 p 19 Stark 1998 p 195 Anker 1999 a p 9 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Catherine Albanese A Republic of Mind and Spirit A Cultural History of American Metaphysical Religion New Haven Yale University Press 2007 p 284 Wilson 1961 p 121 Eddy Manual of the Mother Church pp 15 16 Eddy Retrospection and Introspection The First Church of Christ Scientist 1891 p 70 Eddy Christian Science Journal January 1901 reprinted in The Christian Science Textbook The First Church of Christ Scientist and Miscellany Boston Alison V Stewart 1914 p 115 David L Weddle The Christian Science Textbook An Analysis of the Religious Authority of Science and Health by Mary Baker Eddy Archived 2020 07 29 at the Wayback Machine The Harvard Theological Review 84 3 1991 p 281 Gottschalk 1973 p xxi Eddy Manual of the Mother Church p 58 Weddle 1991 Archived 2020 07 29 at the Wayback Machine p 273 J Gordon Melton Church of Christ Scientist Christian Science Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America New York Routledge 1992 p 36 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Stark 1998 p 195 Wilson 1961 p 122 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Wilson 1961 p 127 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Moore 1986 p 112 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Simmons 1995 p 62 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine For personhood Father Mother God and she see Gottschalk 1973 p 52 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine for Ann Lee see Stokes 2014 p 186 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine For the seven synonyms see Wilson 1961 p 124 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Eddy Science and Health Recapitulation Archived 2014 02 03 at the Wayback Machine p 465 Wilson 1961 pp 121 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine 125 Wilson 1961 p 129 Stark 1998 pp 196 197 Wilson 1961 pp 125 126 Wilson 1961 pp 123 128 129 Wilson 1961 p 122 Gottschalk 1972 p xxvii Genesis Chapter 2 Archived 2014 11 11 at the Wayback Machine kingjamesbibleonline org Eddy Science and Health p 256 Wilson 1961 p 127 Eddy Retrospection and Introspection p 26 Wilson 1961 p 121 Stark 1998 pp 199 Wilson 1961 p 124 Gottschalk 1973 p 95 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Melton 1992 p 36 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine J Gordon Melton An Introduction to New Religions in James R Lewis ed The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements New York Oxford University Press 2003 p 17 for Barrington see Jenkins 2000 p 49 Raymond J Cunningham The Impact of Christian Science on the American Churches 1880 1910 Archived 2017 04 02 at the Wayback Machine The American Historical Review 72 3 April 1967 pp 885 905 p 892 Faith Healing in America The Times May 26 1885 Mark Twain Christian Science p 180 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Mark Twain amp Mary Baker Eddy a film by Val Kilmer Archived 2014 06 28 at the Wayback Machine YouTube from 04 30 mins Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 3 5 Gill 1998 p 3 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 16 25 Gill 1998 pp 35 37 Voorhees 2021 pp 22 24 Milmine amp Cather 1909 p 41 Voorhees 2021 pp 24 26 Melton 1992 p 29 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 30 36 40 50 52 Fraser 1999 pp 36 37 Gill 1998 pp 100 102 113 115 Women and the Law Women Enterprise amp Society Harvard Business School Archived from the original on 24 August 2019 Voorhees 2021 pp 30 Piepmeier Alison 2004 Out in public configurations of women s bodies in nineteenth century America University of North Carolina Press pp 63 229 Voorhees 2021 pp 32 34 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 p 88 Melton 1992 p 29 Gill 1998 pp 119 121 Gill 1998 pp 161 168 Voorhees 2021 pp 57 58 Melton 1992 pp 29 30 Mead Frank S 1995 Handbook of Denominations in the United States Abingdon Press p 104 Gill 1998 pp 161 168 Voorhees 2021 pp 57 58 For her account see Eddy The Great Discovery Retrospection and Introspection pp 24 29 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 118 135 Gottschalk 2006 pp 80 81 Voorhees 2021 pp 65 70 Gutjahr Paul C Sacred Texts in the United States Book History 4 2001 335 370 348 JSTOR 30227336 Gill 1998 pp xxxi xxxiii 274 357 358 Milmine McClure s August 1907 p 458 Koestler Grack 2004 p 52 Milmine McClure s September 1907 p 567 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 p 210 Melton 1992 p 30 a b Gill 1998 pp xxxix xxxv Chronology Archived 2022 01 12 at the Wayback Machine Mary Baker Eddy Library Fuller 2011 p 1 Paul Eli Ivey Prayers in Stone Christian Science Architecture in the United States 1894 1930 Chicago University of Illinois Press 1999 p 31 First Church of Christ Scientist Archived 2013 10 29 at the Wayback Machine Oconto County Historical Society Gill 1998 p 450 Beasley 1956 pp 385 386 Gill 1998 pp xxi xxii 169 208 471 520 Gill 1998 pp 453 454 Gill 1998 pp 563 568 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 396 417 Gill 1998 pp 471 520 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 411 417 Dr Alan McLane Hamilton Tells About His Visit to Mrs Eddy Archived 2021 02 24 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times August 25 1907 Canham Erwin 1958 Commitment To Freedom The Story of the Christian Science Monitor Boston Houghton Mifflin pp 14 15 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 p 451 New York Eddyites Take Death Calmly Archived 2021 02 26 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times December 5 1910 Look for Mrs Eddy to rise from tomb Archived 2021 01 10 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times December 29 1910 Nothing left to relatives Archived 2021 02 25 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times December 8 1910 Church gets most of her estate Archived 2021 01 10 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times December 15 1910 Gill 1998 p 119 Wilson 1961 pp 135 136 n 3 Braden 1967 p 296 Gardner 1993 pp 145 154 Also see Bryan Wilson The Origins of Christian Science A Survey Hibbert Journal January 1959 Bates and Dittemore 1932 pp 248 249 Gardner 1993 pp 145 154 for rebuttal Thomas C Johnsen Historical Consensus and Christian Science The Career of a Manuscript Controversy The New England Quarterly 53 1 March 1980 pp 3 22 Braden 1967 p 296 Blair The Man of Integrity in Lindley Murray The English Reader York Longman and Rees 1799 p 151 Eddy Miscellaneous Writings 1883 1896 Boston Joseph Armstrong 1897 p 147 Peel 1966 p 259 Bates and Dittemore 1932 pp 142 143 Eddy Miscellaneous Writings 1883 1896 Boston Joseph Armstrong 1897 p 62 a b A O The Founder of the Mental Method of Treating Disease Boston Post February 8 1883 E G s reply February 19 1883 in Septimus J Hanna Christian Science History Boston The Christian Science Publishing Company 1899 p 26ff Dresser s reply February 23 1883 Eddy s reply March 7 1883 in Dresser 1919 p 58 Also see Horatio Dresser ed The Quimby Manuscripts New York Thomas Y Crowell Company 1921 p 433 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 233 238 Peel 1971 p 130 Peel 1971 pp 135 136 citing Eddy Journal of Christian Science December 1883 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 211 212 240 242 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 240 242 Peel 1971 pp 133 134 344 n 44 for Quimby s son sending the manuscript overseas also see Gill 1998 p 316 Ventimiglia Andrew 2019 Copyrighting God Ownership of the Sacred in American Religion Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 119 122 ISBN 978 1 108 42051 8 Bates amp Dittemore 1932 pp 243 244 Julius A Dresser The True History of Mental Science Boston Alfred Mudge amp Son 1887 There was also an article George A Quimby Phineas Parkhurst Quimby The New England Magazine 6 33 March 1888 pp 267 276 Bates and Dittemore 1932 pp 129 130 Bates and Dittemore 1932 p 241 Eddy Reminiscences The First Church of Christ Scientist and Miscellany pp 306 307 Eddy Science and Health 1889 p 7 Eddy Retrospection and Introspection p 35 Eddy Retrospection and Introspection p 36 Lyman Pierson Powell Christian Science The Faith and Its Founder New York G P Putnam s Sons 1917 1907 p 71 True Origin of Christian Science The New York Times July 10 1904 Also see Quimby Questions and Answers The Quimby Manuscripts chapter 13 Cather and Milmine 1909 pp 125 133 For more on the manuscripts S P Bancroft Mrs Eddy as I Knew Her in 1870 1923 for the history of the Science and Man manuscript Peel 1966 pp 231 236 and Fraser 1999 p 468 n 99 Several versions of Science and Man can be found in Essays and other footprints left by Mary Baker Eddy Rare Book Company Freehold New Jersey p 178ff Bates and Dittemore 1932 pp 156 244 245 Peel 1966 pp 179 183 particularly 182 Peel 1971 p 345 n 44 Gardner 1993 p 47 Gill 1998 p 316 Cather and Milmine 1909 p 355 for Eddy calling herself Professor of Obstetrics Gill 1998 p 347 for two one week classes Peel 1971 p 237 Schoepflin 2003 p 212 Cather and Milmine 1909 pp 354 355 Bates and Dittemore 1932 p 282 Peel 1971 p 237 Schoepflin 2003 pp 82 85 Christian Science Killed Her The New York Times May 18 1888 Mrs Corner on Trial May 22 1888 The Christian Scientist Held May 26 1888 The Christian Scientist Not Indicted June 10 1888 Cather and Milmine 1909 p 356 for the secretary resigning Bates and Dittemore 1932 p 283 Schoepflin 2003 pp 212 217 Cunningham 1967 p 902 Peters 2007 p 98 Schoepflin 2003 p 189 Peters 2007 p 100 Peters 2007 pp 107 108 Michael Willrich Pox An American History Penguin Press 2011 pp 260 261 Christian Scientists change of front The New York Times November 14 1902 Peters 2007 pp 94 95 Beasley 1956 p 3 Stark 1998 page needed Beasley 1956 p 80 Eddy Discipline Archived 2013 07 24 at the Wayback Machine Manual of the Mother Church Article VIII Section 28 Stark 1998 pp 190 191 Dart John 20 December 1986 Healing Church Shows Signs It May Be Ailing Archived 2015 09 28 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times Stores Bruce 2004 Christian Science Its Encounter with Lesbian Gay America iUniverse p 34 Christian Science practitioner figures and practitioners per million 1883 1995 Stark 1998 p 192 citing the Christian Science Journal Melton 1992 p 34 Melton 1992 pp 34 37 Melton 1992 p 34 Beasley 1956 pp 46 77 81 Simmons John K 1991 When Prophets Die The Postcharismatic Fate of New Religious Movements Albany State University of New York Press pp 113 115 Beasley 1956 pp 144 181 The Great Litigation Archived 2022 01 13 at the Wayback Machine Mary Baker Eddy Library March 30 2012 King Christine Elizabeth 1982 The Nazi State and The New Religions Five Case Studies in Non Conformity Lewiston New York Edwin Mellen Press pp 29 57 Beasley 1956 pp 233 246 Sandford Gregory W 2014 Christian Science in East Germany The Church that Came in from the Cold CreateSpace Independent Publishing Beasley 1956 pp 245 246 Abiko Emi 1978 A Precious Legacy Christian Science Comes to Japan E D Abbott Co Barns Linda L Plotnikoff Gregory A Fox Kenneth Pendleton Sara 2000 Spirituality Religion and Pediatrics Intersecting Worlds of Healing Pediatrics 104 no 6 899 911 DesAutels Peggy Battin Margaret May Larry 1999 Praying for a Cure When Medical and Religious Practices Conflict Lanham MD Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Kondos Elena M 1992 The Law and Christian Science Healing for Children A Pathfinder Legal Reference Services Quarterly 12 5 71 Gill 1998 pp xv xvi Court rejects Christian Science motion on bequests Archived 2021 12 07 at the Wayback Machine Stanford University Press release September 23 1992 Christian Scientists Charge Their Church with Violating Its Principles Archived 2022 01 12 at the Wayback Machine Christian Research Institute April 9 2009 Christian Science Church Settles Claim to Bequest Archived 2022 01 12 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times October 14 1993 Bridge Susan 1998 Monitoring the News The Brilliant Launch and Sudden Collapse of the Monitor Channel Armonk New York M E Sharpe Gold Allan R November 15 1988 Editors of Monitor Resign Over Cuts Archived 2022 01 12 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times Knee 1994 pp 62 134 135 Melton 1992 pp 4 34 37 Melton J Gordon 1999 Encyclopedia of American religions Detroit Gale Research pp 140 142 Christian Science Journal Directory Search Archived 2022 01 12 at the Wayback Machine christianscience com Christa Case Bryant June 9 2009 Africa contributes biggest share of new members to Christian Science church Archived 2012 12 25 at the Wayback Machine The Christian Science Monitor Fuller 2011 pp 1 8 Squires L Ashley 2015 All the News Worth Reading The Christian Science Monitor and the Professionalization of Journalism Archived 2022 01 12 at the Wayback Machine Book History 18 235 272 Frank Prinz Wondollek How does Christian Science heal Archived 2015 05 23 at the Wayback Machine Boston Christian Science Lectures April 28 2011 from 00 02 mins Battin 1999 p 7 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Stark 1998 pp 196 197 Gottschalk 2006 p 86 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Fraser 1999 pp 94 96 Teachers and practitioners Archived 2022 07 06 at the Wayback Machine Christian Science Journal a b c Vitello Paul March 23 2010 Christian Science Church Seeks Truce With Modern Medicine Archived 2017 04 02 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times Fraser 1999 pp 91 93 Eddy Recapitulation Archived 2014 02 03 at the Wayback Machine Science and Health Fraser 1999 p 91 Fraser 1999 p 329 Christian Science nursing facilities Archived 2012 09 17 at the Wayback Machine Commission for Accreditation of Christian Science Nursing Organizations Facilities a b Battin 1999 p 15 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine Testimony Guidelines Archived 2014 02 19 at the Wayback Machine JSH Online Christian Science church Battin 1999 p 15 Archived 2022 11 01 at the Wayback Machine An Empirical Analysis of Medical Evidence in Christian Science Testimonies of Healing 1969 1988 Archived 2010 07 10 at the Wayback Machine Christian Science church April 1989 pp 2 7 courtesy of the Johnson Fund Peters 2007 p 22 An Analysis of a Christian Science Study of the Healings of 640 Childhood Illnesses Archived 2017 04 02 at the Wayback Machine Death by Religious Exemption Coalition to Repeal Exemptions to Child Abuse Laws Massachusetts Committee for Children and Youth January 1992 Section IX p 34 Talbot Nathan 1983 The position of the Christian Science church New England Journal of Medicine 309 26 1641 1644 1642 doi 10 1056 NEJM198312293092611 PMID 6646189 Samantha Maiden April 18 2015 No Jab No Pay reforms Religious exemptions for vaccination dumped Archived 2021 09 28 at the Wayback Machine Daily Telegraph Christine Pae September 1 2021 Here s who qualifies for a religious exemption to Washington s COVID 19 vaccine mandate Archived 2021 09 28 at the Wayback Machine KING 5 Stark 1998 p 193 Eddy List of Church Officers Archived 2014 03 22 at archive today Manual of the Mother Church Gottschalk 1973 p 190 Fraser Atlantic 1995 Archived 2017 02 11 at the Wayback Machine Steve Stecklow Church s Media Moves At Issue A Burgeoning Network Sparks Dissent Archived 2013 01 14 at the Wayback Machine Philadelphia Inquirer October 14 1991 failed verification Fraser 1999 pp 373 374 better source needed Boston Landmarks Commission 2011 Archived 2015 09 23 at the Wayback Machine p 1 Boston Landmarks Commission 2011 Archived 2015 09 23 at the Wayback Machine pp 5 6 Christian Science Plaza Revitalization Project Citizen Advisory Committee CAC Archived 2015 07 01 at the Wayback Machine Boston Redevelopment Authority Boston Landmarks Commission 2011 Archived 2015 09 23 at the Wayback Machine p 18 Eddy Manual of the Mother Church Archived 2013 08 19 at the Wayback Machine 89th edition Gottshalk 1973 p 183 Eddy Discipline Archived 2013 07 24 at the Wayback Machine Manual of the Mother Church Article VIII Section 4 for more about prayer Gottschalk 1973 pp 239 240 Eddy Discipline Archived 2013 07 24 at the Wayback Machine Manual of the Mother Church Article VIII Sections 13 14 Eddy Discipline Archived 2013 07 24 at the Wayback Machine Manual of the Mother Church Article VIII Sections 8 12 17 26 28 Eddy Discipline Archived 2013 07 24 at the Wayback Machine Manual of the Mother Church Article X Section 1 Eddy Discipline Archived 2013 07 24 at the Wayback Machine Manual of the Mother Church Article XI Section 9 Eddy Discipline Archived 2013 07 24 at the Wayback Machine Manual of the Mother Church Article VIII Section 27 Stuart M Matlins Arthur J Magida How to Be a Perfect Stranger The Essential Religious Etiquette Handbook Skylight Paths Publishing 2003 pp 70 76 Dell de Chant World Religions made in the U S A Metaphysical Communities Christian Science and Theosophy in Jacob Neusner ed World Religions in America Westminster John Knox Press 2009 pp 251 270 p 257 Sunday church services and Wednesday testimony meetings Archived 2014 02 09 at the Wayback Machine and Online Wednesday meetings Archived 2020 06 13 at the Wayback Machine First Church of Christ Scientist Margolick 1990 p 2 Fraser Atlantic 1995 Archived 2010 01 03 at the Wayback Machine Fraser 1999 pp 186 190 239 427 Charles Lightoller It is difficult to tell of the experience Archived 2014 12 04 at the Wayback Machine Christian Science Journal October 1912 Margolick 1990 p 2 Shout John D 2004 Colleen Dewhurst In Ware Susan ed Notable American Women A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century Cambridge Mass Belknap Press pp 174 175 Gardner 1999 a b Fraser 1999 p 215 Rambova Natacha 2009 Rudolph Valentino A Wife s Memories of an Icon PVG Publishing p 149 Gardner 1999 Fraser 1999 p 215 Biesinger Joseph 2006 Germany A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present Infobase Publishing p 576 Wells Tom 2001 Wild Man The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg Palgrave Macmillan p 49 Fuller 2011 p 48 Wright Lawrence 2013 Going Clear Scientology Hollywood amp the Prison of Belief New York Alfred A Knopf p 335 Bret David 21 February 2014 Jean Harlow Tarnished Angel Aurum Press Ltd Rooney Darrell Vieira Mark A March 2011 Harlow in Hollywood Angel City Press Stephanie Clifford Christian Science Paper to End Daily Print Edition Archived 2017 04 02 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times October 28 2008 Jon Fine The Christian Science Monitor to Become a Weekly Archived 2013 09 10 at the Wayback Machine Business Week October 28 2008 David Cook Monitor shifts from print to Web based strategy Archived 2018 01 25 at the Wayback Machine The Christian Science Monitor October 29 2008 Seth Faison The Media Business New Deadline for Monitor Channel Archived 2017 04 02 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times April 6 1992 Learn more about JSH Online Archived 2013 05 23 at the Wayback Machine christianscience com Sources edit Bates Ernest S Dittemore John V 1932 Mary Baker Eddy The Truth and the Tradition New York A A Knopf Beasley Norman 1956 The Continuing Spirit New York Duell Sloan amp Pearce Fraser Caroline 1999 God s Perfect Child New York Henry Holt amp Co Fuller Linda K 2011 The Christian Science Monitor An Evolving Experiment in Journalism ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0 31337994 9 Archived from the original on 2022 11 01 Gardner Martin August 22 1999 Mind Over Matter Los Angeles Time Gill Gillian 1998 Mary Baker Eddy Reading MA Perseus Books ISBN 978 0 73820042 2 Gottschalk Stephen 2006 Rolling Away the Stone Mary Baker Eddy s Challenge to Materialism Bloomington IN Indiana University Press Knee Stuart E 1994 Christian Science in the Age of Mary Baker Eddy Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Co ISBN 978 0 31328360 4 Koestler Grack Rachel A 2004 Mary Baker Eddy Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers ISBN 978 0 79107866 2 Margolick David August 6 1990 In Child Deaths a Test for Christian Science The New York Times Melton J Gordon 1992 Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America New York Garland Pub Milmine Georgine Cather Willa 1909 The Life of Mary Baker G Eddy and the History of Christian Science New York Doubleday Peel Robert 1971 Mary Baker Eddy The Years of Trial New York Holt Rinehart and Winston ISBN 9780030867002 Voorhees Amy B 2021 A New Christian Identity Christian Science Origins and Experience in American Culture Chapel Hill NC University of North Carolina Press Further reading editChurch of Christ Scientist Archived 2020 06 11 at the Wayback Machine christianscience com Mary Baker Eddy Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures Archived 2020 11 03 at the Wayback Machine christianscience com New York Times archives Christian Science Archived 2018 01 04 at the Wayback Machine Mary Baker Eddy Archived 2018 01 04 at the Wayback Machine The Christian Science Monitor Archived 2012 08 31 at the Wayback Machine Christian Science Journal Archived 2021 10 29 at the Wayback Machine Christian Science Sentinel Archived 2021 10 29 at the Wayback Machine The Herald of Christian Science Archived 2020 11 15 at the Wayback Machine JSH Online Archived 2021 12 19 at the Wayback Machine Journal Sentinel Herald Independent Christian Science Archived 2021 10 29 at the Wayback Machine plainfieldscs com Haller John S Shadow Medicine The Placebo in Conventional and Alternative Therapies New York Columbia University Press 2014 Rogers Alan The Child Cases How America s Religious Exemption Laws Harm Children Amherst University of Massachusetts Press 2014 Swan Rita Religion Culture and Criminal Law Archived 2014 06 30 at the Wayback Machine Child Friendly Faith Project Conference November 8 2013 Wallner Peter 2014 Faith on Trail Mary Baker Eddy Christian Science and the First Amendment Concord New Hampshire Plaidswede Publishing Church histories chronological Cather Willa and Milmine Georgine Mary Baker G Eddy McClure s magazine December 1906 June 1908 Powell Lyman Pierson Christian Science The Faith and Its Founder New York G P Putnam s Sons 1917 1907 Peabody Frederick William Complete Exposure of Eddyism or Christian Science Boston Frederick Peabody 1907 Wilbur Sibyl The Life of Mary Baker Eddy New York Concord Publishing Company 1908 first serialized in Human Life 1907 published by the Christian Science Publishing Society 1913 Meehan Michael Mrs Eddy and the Late Suit in Equity Concord NH Michael Meehan 1908 also published as Mrs Eddy and Next Friends Milmine Georgine 1909 The Life of Mary Baker G Eddy and the History of Christian Science New York Doubleday Page amp Company via Archive org Lord Myra B Mary Baker Eddy A Concise Story of Her Life and Work Boston Mass Davis amp Bond 1918 Bancroft Samuel P Mrs Eddy as I Knew Her in 1870 Boston Geo H Ellis Co 1923 Ramsay E Mary Christian Science and its Discoverer Cambridge Heffer amp Sons 1923 Republished CS Pub Soc 1923 Dickey Adam E Memoirs of Mary Baker Eddy London Robert G Carter 1927 Dakin Edwin Franden Mrs Eddy the Biography of a Virginal Mind New York Charles Scribner s Sons 1929 Fisher H A L Our New Religion An Examination of Christian Science New York J Cape amp H Smith 1930 Powell Lyman Pierson Mary Baker Eddy A Life Size Portrait New York The MacMillan Company 1930 reprinted by CS Pub Soc 1930 1950 1991 Springer Fleta Campbell According to the Flesh New York Coward McCann 1930 Bates Ernest Sutherland and Dittemore John V Mary Baker Eddy The Truth and the Tradition New York A A Knopf 1932 Zweig Stefan Mental Healers Mesmer Eddy and Freud London Pushkin Press 2012 1932 Smith Clifford P Historical Sketches from the Life of Mary Baker Eddy and the History of Christian Science Boston CS Pub Soc 1934 1941 1969 Tomlinson Irving C Twelve Years with Mary Baker Eddy Boston Christian Science Publishing Society 1945 Studdert Kennedy Hugh A Mrs Eddy Her Life Her Work and Her Place in History San Francisco The Farallon Press 1947 Beasley Norman The Cross and the Crown the History of Christian Science New York Duell Sloan and Pearce 1952 Beasley Norman The Continuing Spirit New York Duell Sloan and Pearce 1956 Beasley Norman Mary Baker Eddy New York Duell Sloan and Pearce 1963 Peel Robert Mary Baker Eddy The Years of Discovery New York Holt Rinehart and Winston 1966 Peel Robert Mary Baker Eddy The Years of Authority New York Holt Rinehart and Winston 1977 Silberger Julius Mary Baker Eddy an interpretive biography of the founder of Christian Science Boston Little Brown 1980 Gardner Martin The Healing Revelations of Mary Baker Eddy New York Prometheus Books 1993 Thomas Robert David With Bleeding Footsteps Mary Baker Eddy s Path to Religious Leadership New York Knopf 1994 Knee Stuart E Christian Science in the Age of Mary Baker Eddy Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Company 1994 Williams Jean Kinney The Christian Scientists NY Franklin Watts 1997 Nenneman Richard A Persistent Pilgrim The Life of Mary Baker Eddy Etna NH Nebbadoon Press 1997 Gill Gillian Mary Baker Eddy Reading MA Perseus Books 1998 Von Fettweis Yvonne Cache Warneck Robert Townsend Mary Baker Eddy Christian Healer Boston CS Pub Soc 1998 Amplified 2009 Koestler Grack Rachel A Mary Baker Eddy Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers 2004 Gottschalk Stephen Rolling Away the Stone Mary Baker Eddy s Challenge to Materialism Bloomington Indiana University Press 2006 Ferguson Isabel and Vogel Frederick Heather A World More Bright The Life of Mary Baker Eddy Boston CS Pub Soc 2013 Books by former Christian Scientists Fraser Caroline God s Perfect Child Living and Dying in the Christian Science Church New York Metropolitan Books 1999 Greenhouse Lucy Fathermothergod My Journey Out of Christian Science New York Crown Publishers 2011 Kramer Linda S Perfect Peril Christian Science and Mind Control Lafayette Huntington House 2000 first published as The Religion That Kills Christian Science Abuse Neglect and Mind Control Simmons Thomas The Unseen Shore Memories of a Christian Science Childhood Boston Beacon 1991 Swan Rita The Last Strawberry Dublin Hag s Head Press 2009 Wilson Barbara Blue Windows A Christian Science Childhood New York Picador 1997 External links edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Christian Science nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christian Science Plainfield Christian Science Church Independent A part of the Christian Science movement independent from the Mother Church in Boston Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Christian Science amp oldid 1218752527, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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