Abdur Rahman Peshawari
Abdur Rahman Peshawari (Turkish: Abdurrahman Peşaveri; Urdu: عبدالرحمن پشاوری;[a] 1886–1925), also known as Abdurrahman Bey[3] (Turkish: Peşaverli Abdurrahman Bey), was a Turkish soldier, journalist and diplomat who was born in Peshawar in British India (now Pakistan).[2]
Abdur Rahman Peshawari | |
|---|---|
| Born | Abdur Rahman Samdani Peshawari[1] 1886 Peshawar, Punjab Province, British India (later the North-West Frontier Province and now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) |
| Died | 1925 (aged 38–39) |
| Cause of death | Assassination (Gunshot wound)[2] |
| Nationality | British Indian Turkish |
| Other names | Peşaverli Abdurrahman Bey[1] |
| Alma mater | Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1912–1925 |
| Parent |
|
| Relatives | Mian Abdul Aziz (brother) Mohammed Yahya (brother) Mohammad Yunus (brother) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Ottoman Empire |
| Service/ | Ottoman Army |
| Years of service | 1913–1918 |
| Battles/wars | World War I Turkish War of Independence |
| 1st Turkish Ambassador to Afghanistan | |
| In office 1920–1922 | |
| Prime Minister | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| Preceded by | Post created[1] |
| Succeeded by | Fakhri Pasha |
Born into a wealthy family of Kashmiri–Pashtun heritage,[4] he completed his schooling in Peshawar and attended the prestigious Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh. A Muslim nationalist, Peshawari left his education and journeyed to Ottoman Turkey in 1912 among a group of volunteer medics from British India to aid Ottoman forces in the Balkan War. At the end of the war, he chose to stay behind in Turkey and joined the Ottoman Army, earning a distinguished military career participating in the First World War. He also briefly worked as a journalist for Anadolu Agency. In 1920, he was appointed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as Turkey's first envoy to Afghanistan.[5]
In 1925, he was the target of an assassination attempt in Istanbul in what is believed to be a case of mistaken identity, and died of gunshot wounds a month later in a hospital.[2]
Early life edit
Family background edit
Abdur Rahman Peshawari was born in 1886 in Peshawar, in what was then the Punjab Province – but in 1901 became part of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) – of British India (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) to the city's prominent Samdani family.[1][2][6] Paternally, his family was of Kashmiri Muslim origin Peshawari's father, Haji Ghulam Samdani (c. 1827–1926),[7][3][8] moved to Peshawar in the late 19th century where he became a prosperous businessman and philanthropist.[2][9] The family were noted to be speakers of Peshawar's Hindko dialect.[10] According to Faiz Ahmed, Peshawari also had Waziri origins and was an ethnic Pashtun.[1] He is described by sources as a "Kashmiri-origin Pashtun."[2][11]
Peshawari's father worked as a contractor for the government and military of British India, and was one of Peshawar's wealthiest individuals.[7][9] He reportedly owned large tracts of forest and agricultural land in the NWFP, Punjab and Kashmir, as well as much of the Qissa Khwani Bazaar in Peshawar.[9] The Qasim Ali Khan Mosque located within this bazaar was renovated and expanded by his father in the 1920s.[12] According to one source, Samdani donated several neighbouring shops and a house in the area for the mosque's extension, and these renovations took place in 1884 as per a Persian inscription inside the mosque.[13] The graves of his father and three of Peshawari's brothers are interred in the precincts of the mosque.[12] The family's haveli was located in the Kohati Gate area of Peshawar's old city.[14]
Peshawari had many siblings and half-siblings paternally; prominent amongst them was Mian Abdul Aziz (d. 1946), who was the first Muslim from the NWFP to complete a bar-at-law from England.[15][16] Aziz was also one of the confidantes of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and a key member of the All-India Muslim League (AIML) which campaigned for an independent Pakistan during British rule.[17] He first joined the London Muslim League during his student days, and then led the Frontier Muslim League as its first president until it was dissolved. In 1917, he went to Delhi, and would eventually become the president of the AIML itself in 1933.[16] In 1934, he abdicated his position in deference to Jinnah, ultimately unifying the various AIML factions under the latter's leadership.[15] Aziz spent the later part of his life preaching Islam, including spending a year in Japan in 1935 where he delivered a series of lectures and inaugurated Japan's first mosque at Kobe.[18]
Peshawari's other siblings included Mohammed Yahya (1901–1990),[6] a Pakistani politician who was elected to the NWFP Legislative Assembly in 1946, and served as the provincial minister for education under Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan's cabinet;[14] and Mohammad Yunus (1916–2001),[6][19][8] an Indian independence movement activist who remained in India after the partition of British India, and served as the country's ambassador to Indonesia, Iraq, Turkey and Algeria – as well as becoming a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha in 1989.[20][21][9] Peshawari was also closely related to the family of Abdul Ghaffar Khan.[6] Due to his association with Turkey in later life, he became known amongst his family members as Chacha Turkey ("Uncle Turkey") or Lala Turkey ("Brother Turkey").[2]
Education edit
Peshawari studied at the Edwards High School in Peshawar, and excelled at sports. He then proceeded to Aligarh to pursue his higher education at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAO College), which would later become the famed Aligarh Muslim University.[2] During its initial years when it was facing financial difficulties, his father funded the institution on the request of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.[9]
Medical mission edit
While Peshawari was studying at Aligarh, the Balkan Wars broke out in Europe in 1912, in which the Turkish Ottoman Empire faced a revolt from a group of allied Balkan states.[2] In the Indian subcontinent, which at that time was under British rule, there had been an ongoing resurgence of pan-Islamic nationalism, as also evidenced many years later through the pro-Ottoman Khilafat Movement.[7] As expressed by viceroy Lord Hardinge in a communiqué sent to Lord Crewe, the Secretary for India, he did not think the "Foreign Office in London sufficiently appreciated the difficulties" which the government in British India was facing with its Muslim subjects over Turkey.[7] The news of the European aggression against the Turks was met with strong public support for the Ottoman Empire; in the North-West Frontier Province, a relief fund was established to which ordinary civilians contributed generously, providing financial assistance to the ailing Turks.[7] At MAO College, an educational institution whose roots lay in the Islamic renaissance-inspired Aligarh Movement, there was great sympathy for the Turkish cause.[7] A meeting was held at the college during which it was decided that a team of medics from Aligarh would be assembled and dispatched to Turkey to provide medical aid, as well as assist wounded Turkish soldiers on the war front.[7]
The delegation, known as the "People's Mission to the Ottoman Empire,"[3] was put together by Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari and consisted of 24 members, comprising five doctors and 19 supporting medics.[7][22] Abdur Rahman Siddiqui and Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman were amongst the members.[23][7] One of the original objectives of the mission was also to provide medical attention to the ailing Ottoman Sultan.[24] Peshawari, who himself was a passionate Muslim nationalist,[5][7] immediately volunteered for the cause as a paramedic and decided to quit his studies.[7] Aged around 26 at the time,[5] he sold off his personal belongings in order to raise funds for the traveling and did not initially contact his family – visiting them only before he was to depart,[2] as he was certain that his father, who wanted him to strictly pursue his education, would not have approved his decision.[5][7] Since he did not have experience as a medic, he completed a training course in paramedicine and first aid to qualify for the mission.[2] In 1912, he and his team sailed aboard an Italian ship Sardegna from Bombay on 15 December 1912 for the Ottoman capital Istanbul,[5] amidst a mammoth public sendoff arranged earlier at Delhi's Jama Masjid, where the atmosphere was charged with the speech of Hakim Ajmal Khan.[25] This trend continued across stations in India wherever the team stopped and traveled throughout the first two weeks of December.[25] The mission was hailed by notable Muslim figures like Shibli Nomani, Mohammad Ali Jauhar[26] and Abul Kalam Azad.[25] The sentiments of the people were appropriately encapsulated by Ansari thus: "It was the first time that the Muslims of India had collectively sent a mission for helping Muslims abroad during the British rule."[25] It docked at Aden and Suez, where the team were greeted with cheering crowds, before changing ships at Alexandria, and arriving at Istanbul two weeks later.[26]
During the course of their assignment in Turkey which lasted six months,[25] the activities of the medical mission received press coverage and the Ottoman Sultan reportedly invited the team to his palace to thank them for their contributions.[7] Peshawari also joined the Ottoman Red Crescent Society, which brought financial aid from Muslims in British India and provided medical equipment and relief to Ottoman soldiers engaged in the Balkans.[5] The mission was covered positively back home by Indian newspapers, especially Al-Hilal.[27] When the delegation returned to British India, a meeting was held in Bombay to welcome its members. It was attended by eminent Muslim leaders, including Altaf Hussain Hali.[23]
Military career edit
Following the end of the Balkans conflict, the members of the medical delegation had returned to the subcontinent by 4 July 1913.[1][25] Peshawari, however, decided to stay back in Turkey, becoming a naturalised citizen and serving the country for his remaining lifetime.[2][7][23] He joined the Ottoman Army as a lieutenant. Another colleague of Peshawari's from the medical mission, Mirza Abdul Qayyum, also joined the Turkish forces; Abdul Qayyum would later be killed during World War I.[22]
Peshawari was trained closely by Rauf Orbay, whom he is said to have regarded as a "younger brother".[27] He received military training first in Istanbul and then in Beirut, until World War I started.[28][3][2][7]
World War I edit
At the start of World War I, Peshawari was deployed to the Dardanelles as part of the Ottoman Army's Gallipoli campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre, and commanded a military contingent. He proved his gallantry, partaking in several battles against the Allied Powers.[2][7] He was wounded thrice during the war while fighting against the Royal British Navy.[2][5] Eventually, the Ottomans won the Gallipoli campaign and repelled the invading forces.[5]
Turkish War of Independence edit
When the Ottoman Empire suffered losses in World War I and Istanbul came under the occupation of the Allies, Peshawari became part of the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who, as head of the Turkish National Movement, established a provisional government in Ankara aiming for the restoration of Turkish sovereignty. These events accompanied the gradual dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.[7] Peshawari was one of many Pashtun and British Indian Muslims who served in the Turkish Army during that war.[29] Eventually, he witnessed the establishment of an independent Turkish Republic.[5]
Journalism edit
Peshawari had a brief career in journalism. He became one of the earliest reporters of Turkey's Anadolu Agency, shortly after it was founded in 1920 during the war of independence.[2] He was the news agency's first foreign affairs officer.[5] Working alongside its renowned founders Halide Edib Adıvar and Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu, Peshawari was based in a small office where he covered news stories on wartime events in Anatolia as a correspondent. As described impressionably in Abalıoğlu's memoirs, he would work with only one finger "flying" over a typewriter.[5]
Diplomatic career edit
In 1920, Peshawari was appointed by the Turkish government as its first ever[6] envoy to Afghanistan.[5] The reason for the appointment was twofold: to strengthen Turkey's ties with Afghanistan, as both countries were fighting for independence from European imperialism, and for Turkey to receive information about conditions in Afghanistan.[30] Peshawari was personally chosen by Kemal Atatürk due to his knowledge of the region (especially the Indo-Afghan frontier) and because he was well known in the Turkish Army.[30] Additionally, due to his heritage in Peshawar, he was fluent in both Pashto and Persian, the two national languages of Afghanistan; he was also fluent in English.[2]
Peshawari arrived in Kabul in 1921, passing via Erzerum and Moscow, and delivered a letter from Atatürk to the monarch Amanullah Khan.[30] His post was titled as a "special envoy".[30] He served in the position until June 1922, following which the post was converted into a full-fledged ambassadorial role due to the Turkish Republic's independence.[2][1] During his tenure in Kabul, he promoted bilateral relations by financing various development projects, particularly in the field of education.[7] He was succeeded by Fakhri Pasha.[1]
Political views edit
Described as a "revolutionary" in early Turkish sources,[30] Peshawari neither married nor ever returned home to Peshawar, refusing to abandon Turkey until the time that it was fully liberated from foreign occupation.[2] Later when he became the Turkish envoy in Afghanistan, he maintained close contacts with members of the Provisional Government of India based in exile in Kabul, who sought to achieve the Indian subcontinent's independence from the British Empire, a cause that he fully supported. He was such a staunch supporter of the independence movement that he reportedly declined an offer from the British authorities to visit his hometown of Peshawar, vowing not to set foot on the subcontinent so long as it remained part of the British Raj – despite the fact that Peshawar, located just across the border, was the closest city of British India to Kabul.[7] He extended his support to independence activists like Ubaidullah Sindhi.[7]
Assassination edit
In 1925, Peshawari was shot in the back during an assassination attempt in Istanbul.[2][5][7] He remained hospitalised for a month but died from his injuries.[2] His death was mourned in Turkey, British India and Afghanistan.[7] Peshawari's assassination is supposed to have been a case of mistaken identity; Rauf Orbay, the politician and naval commander who served as Turkey's first prime minister after the independence war, had been the intended target of the Armenian shooter.[2][7] Peshawari reportedly bore a close physical resemblance to Orbay, whom he was also acquainted with personally,[2] and was mistaken for him by the killer.[2][7] He is buried in Istanbul.[2] His material possessions, which included his medals, uniform, and personal diary were handed over to his brother Abdul Aziz, but were confiscated by the British authorities in India.[2]
Legacy edit
In 1979, Peshawari's younger brother, Muhammad Yusuf, published a book called Ghazi Abdur Rehman Peshawari Shaheed, chronicling the elder brother's life. The younger brother had collected materials documenting the elder brother's life over a number of years. He had originally requested Sir Abdul Qadir to author the book, who gave the project to his student Hafeez Hoshiarpuri. Hoshiarpuri completed a partial manuscript, before passing the task to Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri who finally completed the book.[26]
During a state visit to Pakistan in 2016, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan publicly acknowledged Peshawari's legacy and services to his adopted nation during a speech to a joint session of the Pakistani parliament.[3] He highlighted him as one of many notable figures featuring in the historically close relationship between modern Pakistan and Turkey.[31]
In January 2021, it was reported that Pakistan and Turkey would jointly produce a historical television series titled Lala Turki based on Peshawari's life. The series would also depict the contribution that Muslims from the subcontinent had in Turkey's independence struggles.[32] Pakistan's prime minister Imran Khan discussed the project with leading Turkish director Kemal Tekden. The series will be a joint venture between Tekden Films and Pakistan's Ansari Films.[33][34]
See also edit
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h Faiz Ahmed (6 November 2017). Afghanistan Rising. Harvard University Press. pp. 176, 185, 186, 348. ISBN 978-0-674-98216-1.
Fahreddin's tenure as Ankara's representative in Kabul (1922–1926) coincided with Turkey's transition from a multiethnic empire to a secular republic. It also followed Abdurrahman Peşaveri's inaugural post as the Anatolian resistance's special representative to Kabul (1920–1922) and Cemal's tenure as lead trainer of the new Afghan army (1920–1921).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Sajid, Islamuddin (5 April 2020). "Kashmiri-origin Pathan, first Anadolu Agency reporter". Anadolu Agency. from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
Born in Peshawar, capital of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in 1886 in a wealthy Samdani family...In an exclusive interview with Anadolu Agency, Peshawari's nephew Mohammad Saleem Jan said that his uncle had earned the sobriquet of Lala Turkey and Chacha Turkey...Jan is also the [maternal] grandson of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, popularly known as Bacha Khan...My [paternal] grandfather had migrated from Baramulla, northern district of Indian-administered Kashmir to Peshawar...He had a large family, some of which gained prominent positions during his life. Among them was Lala Turkey...
- ^ a b c d e Yusufzai, Rahimullah (18 November 2016). "Erdogan revives memory of Abdur Rehman Peshawari". The News. from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
Abdur Rehman Peshawari belonged to a prominent family from Peshawar. His father's name was Haji Ghulam Samdani.
- ^ Aslam, MJ (4 March 2022). "Samdanis': Peshawar, Delhi, Lahore, Turkey". Kashmir Life. from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Indian Muslim hero in Turkey's liberation war". 7 May 2014. from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
Peshawari served the nascent Turkish Republic, appointed by Ataturk as ambassador to Afghanistan.
- ^ a b c d e Sohail, Muhammad (December 2015). "The Educational Movements in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Special Reference to Anjuman-i-Islahul Afaghina: (1901-1947)" (PDF). Institute of Education and Research, University of Peshawar. (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
He met with the Afghan king Amir Amanullah Khan and Abdul Rehman Peshawari, the first Turkish ambassador to Afghanistan...Abdul Rehman Peshawari (1886-1925) was the son of a renowned businessman, Ghulam Samdani of Peshawar. He was the brother of Mohammad Younis, living in New Delhi and the writer of the book 'Frontier speaks'. Yahya Jan Khan, former education minister NWFP, was another brother of him. He was [a] close relative of Bacha Khan...
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Rauf, Abdul (2007). "Pan-Islamism and the North-West Frontier Province of British India (1897–1918)" (PDF). Center for Strategic Research of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey). pp. 30, 31. (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
His father Ghulam Samadani was an established government contractor...Freedom was so dear to [Peshawari] that he declined the offer of British officials to visit his family in Peshawar which was the nearest city of India to Kabul. When he was asked to have any intention of returning India? He said "I would return to India when it is free and the first thing I shall do will be to throw a bomb on my own house as my family is so poor-spirited as to live in slavery..."
- ^ a b Nagendra Kr Singh (2001). Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: S-Z. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 471. ISBN 978-81-7648-235-6.
Mohammad Yunus is belong to a rich and distinguished Pathan family and son of Haji Ghulam Samdani (1827–1926).
- ^ a b c d e Masood, Naved (19 June 2011). "Mohammed Yunus (1916-2001): The Migrant from Pakistan". Two Circles. from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
- ^ Akhunzada, Arif Hasan Khan (21 February 2020). "Modern Turkic immigrants in Peshawar and the Frontier". Medium. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
They still spoke Turki at home, among themselves, but outwardly they used Pishori Hindko.
- ^ "Kashmiri-origin Pathan, first reporter of Turkey's century-old media organisation". The Express Tribune. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- ^ a b Shinwari, Sher Alam (24 June 2015). "Facts and fiction surrounding historic Masjid Qasim Ali Khan". Dawn. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
Also one legend claims that a noted businessman, Haji Ghulam Samdani who had migrated from Baramullah Kashmir in early 19th century, had renovated and expanded the mosque before his death in 1920s. Surprisingly, he and three sons and some other personalities had their graves in the precincts of the mosque.
- ^ Pakistan Historical Society (2001). Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 51.
A Persian inscription, installed in a recently-built small room which houses graves of Qasim 'Ali Khan (believed to be the founder), Haji Ghulam Samdani (a contractor, d. 1344/1925) [...] records that Haji Ghulam Samdani, a renowned figure of Peshawar city, donated a sufficient number of neighbouring shops, balakhdnahs and a house for the extension of this mosque. These renovations and extension took place, as the inscription records, in 1302/1884.
- ^ a b "Asfandyar's cousin to join PTI". The News. 19 November 2011. from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
Saleem Jan is the son of late Mohammad Yahya Jan, who was married to the daughter of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement founder Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan...Yahya Jan...was elected to the NWFP Assembly in the 1946 general election...and served as the education minister in Chief Minister Dr Khan Sahib's cabinet...Saleem Jan's paternal grandfather, Haji Ghulam Samdani, was a leading Peshawar businessman and philanthropist...
- ^ a b Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Pakistan Historical Society. 1997. p. 377.
Mian Abdul Aziz s/o Haji Ghulam Samdani, a Kashmiri settler, was the first Muslim Bar-at-Law from N.Wf.P. A leading League figure he at one time served as president of one of the groups of the League, rival of the Hidayat group. He agreed to resign in favour of the Quaid and paved way for the unification of the League in 1934. He died in 1946.
- ^ a b Sayyid Vaqār ʻAlī Shāh (1992). Muslim League in N.W.F.P. Royal Book Company. p. 187. ISBN 9789694071350.
Abdul Aziz, Mian, born and bred at Peshawar; education Peshawar and England; studied law got the degree of Bar-at-Law; joined the London Muslim League; very first President of Frontier Muslim League; after dissolution of that branch went to Delhi in 1917; was elected the President of All India Muslim League in 1933...
- ^ Jamil-ud-Din Ahmad (1966). Quaid-i-Azam, as Seen by His Contemporaries. Publishers United. p. 81.
Mian Abdul Aziz, Barrister-at-Law of Lahore, is one of the oldest surviving leaders of the Muslim freedom movement...
- ^ Ahmad Rashid Malik (3 September 2008). Pakistan-Japan Relations: Continuity and Change in Economic Relations and Security Interests. Routledge. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-1-134-04197-8.
The most well known Indian Muslim who ever visited Japan was Mian Abdul Aziz, a former President of the All-India Muslim League. He was invited by the Kobe Mosque Committee in 1935...
- ^ . The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2003. Archived from the original on 3 July 2003. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
And I was able to meet Badshah Khan's surviving children, Wali Khan, the famous political figure of the NWFP, and his half-sister, Mehr Taj, whose husband Yahya Jan, a schoolmaster who became a Minister in the Frontier, was the brother of the late Mohammed Yunus, who had made India his home.
- ^ "Mohammad Yunus dead". The Tribune. 18 June 2001. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
He was [a] nephew of Frontier Gandhi Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, he is survived by his wife.
- ^ India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha (1992). Who's who. Rajya Sabha Secretariat. p. 211.
MOHAMMAD YUNUS, SHRI : (Nominated); Congress (I); s. of late Haji Ghulam Samdani and late Smt. Murvari Jan; b. at Abbotabad (former N.W.F.P.) June 26, 1916...
- ^ a b Wasti, Syed Tanvir. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Turkey (1968). Turkey and Pakistan; Relations Between Turks and Muslims of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. Pakistan Publications. p. 42.
Abdur Rahman Peshawari, a member of the Mission, did not return with Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari and became a naturalized citizen of Turkey. He dedicated the rest of his life to the service of the Turkish nation...
- ^ Noor ul Amin and Babar Shah. "The Indian Muslims' Services to Afghanistan & Turkey (1901–1929)". Al-Idah. Shaykh Zayed Islamic Centre.
- ^ a b c d e f Zafar Ahmad Nizami (27 August 2016). HAKIM AJMAL KHAN. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. p. 56. ISBN 978-81-230-2644-2.
- ^ a b c Syed Tanvir Wasti (2009). "The Indian Red Crescent Mission to the Balkan Wars". Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (3): 393–406. doi:10.1080/00263200902853389. S2CID 144991589.
- ^ a b Syed Tanvir Wasti (2009). "The Indian Red Crescent Mission to the Balkan Wars". Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (3): 398–9. doi:10.1080/00263200902853389. S2CID 144991589.
- ^ Abdul Rauf. "Pan-Islamism and the North West Frontier Province of British India (1897-1918)". Perceptions-Journal of International Affairs: 31.
- ^ Faiz Ahmed (6 November 2017). Afghanistan Rising. Harvard University Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-674-98216-1.
- ^ a b c d e Faiz Ahmed (6 November 2017). Afghanistan Rising. Harvard University Press. pp. 175–6. ISBN 978-0-674-98216-1.
- ^ Ali, Monis Bin (17 November 2016). "Erdogan remembers Allama Iqbal, Abdur Rehman Peshawari". Samaa News. from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- ^ Rehman, Maliha (14 January 2021). "Are you ready for a Pak-Turk TV series? 'Lala Turki' based on the Khilafat Movement is in the works". Dawn Images. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ^ Sajid, Islamuddin (8 January 2021). "Pakistan, Turkey mull joint TV series Turk Lala". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ^ Sajid, Islamuddin (10 January 2021). "TV series to show Asian Muslims' role in Balkan wars". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
External links edit
- Ghazi Abdur Rahman Shaheed Peshawari, by Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri (Urdu)
- Aslanhan, Uğur (4 April 2014). "AA'nın ilk çalışanı Peşaverli Abdurrahman Bey". Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- . Turk Nostalji (in Turkish). 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- "AA'nın ilk çalışanı Peşaverli Abdurrahman Bey – Fotoğraf 1". Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- "AA'nın ilk çalışanı Peşaverli Abdurrahman Bey – Fotoğraf 2". Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- "AA'nın ilk çalışanı Peşaverli Abdurrahman Bey – Fotoğraf 3". Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- "AA'nın ilk çalışanı Peşaverli Abdurrahman Bey – Fotoğraf 4". Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.