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Hajduk

August 21, 2023

This article is about the former outlaws and guerrilla fighters of the Balkans. For other uses, see Hajduk (disambiguation).

A hajduk (Hungarian: hajdúk, plural of hajdú) is a type of irregular infantry found in Central, Eastern, and parts of Southeast Europe from the late 16th to mid 19th centuries. They have reputations ranging from bandits to freedom fighters depending on time, place, and their enemies.

Haiduc, 1703
Portrait of Hajduk-Veljko, a prominent Serbian outlaw fighting against Ottoman occupation during the first half of the 19th century.

In the European lands of the Ottoman Empire, the term hajduk was used to describe bandits and brigands of the Balkans, while in Central Europe for the West Slavs, Hungarians, and Germans, and Eastern Europe for the Ukrainians, it was used to refer to outlaws who protected Christians against provocative actions by the Ottomans.[1]

By the 17th century they were firmly established in the Ottoman Balkans, owing to increased taxes, Christian victories against the Ottomans, and a general decline in security. Hajduk bands predominantly numbered one hundred men each, with a firm hierarchy under one leader. They targeted Ottoman representatives and rich people, mainly rich Turks, for plunder or punishment to oppressive Ottomans, or revenge or a combination of all.[1]

In Balkan folkloric tradition, the hajduk (hajduci or haiduci in the plural) is a romanticised hero figure who steals from, and leads his fighters into battle against, the Ottoman authorities.[2] They are comparable to the English legendary Robin Hood and his merry men, who stole from the rich (who as in the case of the haiduci happened to also be foreign occupiers) and gave to the poor, while defying seemingly unjust laws and authority.[citation needed]

People that helped hajduks were called jataks. Jataks lived in villages and towns and provided food and shelter for hajduks. In return, hajduks would give them part of the loot.

The haiduci of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries commonly were as much guerrilla fighters against the Ottoman rule as they were bandits and highwaymen who preyed not only on Ottomans and their local representatives, but also on local merchants and travellers. As such, the term could also refer to any robber and carry a negative connotation.[3][4]

Etymology

The etymology of the word hajduk is unclear. One theory is that hajduk was derived from the Turkish word haidut or haydut 'bandit', which was originally used by the Ottomans to refer to Hungarian and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth infantry soldiers. Another theory suggests that the word comes from Hungarian hajtó or hajdó (plural hajtók or hajdók) '(cattle) drover'.[5] These two theories do not necessarily contradict each other because the Balkan word is said to be derived from the Turkish word haiduk or hayduk 'bandit'.[3][4][6]

Other spellings in English include ajduk, haydut, haiduk, haiduc, hayduck, and hayduk.

Forms of the word in various languages

Forms of the word in various languages, in singular form, include:

Irregular military

Main article: Irregular military

Kingdom of Hungary

See also: Hajduk (Kingdom of Hungary)
 
István Bocskay and his hajduk warriors

In 1604-1606, István Bocskay, Lord of Bihar, led an insurrection against the Habsburg Emperor, whose army had recently occupied Transylvania and begun a reign of terror. The bulk of Bocskay's army was composed of serfs who had either fled from the war and the Habsburg drive toward Catholic conversion, or been discharged from the Imperial Army. These peasants, freelance soldiers, were known as the hajduks.[7] As a reward for their service, Bocskay emancipated the hajduk from the jurisdiction of their lords, granted them land, and guaranteed them rights to own property and to personal freedom.[8] The emancipated hajduk constituted a new "warrior estate" within Hungarian feudal society.[9] Many of the settlements created at this time still bear the prefix Hajdú such as Hajdúbagos, Hajdúböszörmény, Hajdúdorog, Hajdúhadház, Hajdúnánás, Hajdúsámson, Hajdúszoboszló, Hajdúszovát, Hajdúvid etc., and the whole area is called Hajdúság (Land of the Hajduk) (see Hajdú County)

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Main article: Hajduk (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)
 
Polish nobleman and two hajduk guards.

The word hajduk was initially a colloquial term for a style of footsoldier, Hungarian or Turco-Balkan in inspiration, that formed the backbone of the Polish infantry arm from the 1570s until about the 1630s.[10] Unusually for this period, Polish-Lithuanian hajduks wore uniforms, typically of grey-blue woolen cloth, with red collar and cuffs. Their principal weapon was a small calibre matchlock firearm, known as an arquebus. For close combat they also carried a heavy variety of sabre, capable of hacking off the heads of enemy pikes and polearms. Contrary to popular opinion, the small axe they often wore tucked in their belt (not to be confused with the huge half-moon shaped berdysz axe, which was seldom carried by hajduks) was not a combat weapon, but rather was intended for cutting wood.

In the mid-17th century hajduk-style infantry largely fell out of fashion in Poland-Lithuania, and were replaced by musket-armed infantry of Western style. However, commanders or hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth continued to maintain their own liveried bodyguards of hajduks, well into the 18th century as something of a throwback to the past, even though they were now rarely used as field troops. In imitation of these bodyguards, in the 18th century wealthy members of the szlachta hired liveried domestic servants whom they called hajduks, thereby creating the meaning of the term 'hajduk' as it is generally understood in modern Polish.[11]

Serbian Militia (1718–39)

Main article: Serbian Militia (1718–39)

The Serbs established a Hajduk army that supported the Austrians.[12] The army was divided into 18 companies, in four groups.[13] In this period, the most notable obor-kapetans were Vuk Isaković from Crna Bara, Mlatišuma from Kragujevac and Kosta Dimitrijević from Paraćin.[12]

Cultural influence

The Croatian football team HNK Hajduk Split; Serbian football teams Hajduk Kula, FK Hajduk Beograd, FK Hajduk Veljko and Hajduk Lion; the Macedonian football team FK Hajduk - Vratnica; Czech amateur football team Hajduk Lipník; the pop-music project Haiducii, and Romanian Roma musical troupe Taraful Haiducilor are all named after the hajduci. The surnames of the fictional character George Washington Hayduke, invented by Edward Abbey, actress Stacy Haiduk, US national soccer team defender Frankie Hejduk, Czech Republic national ice hockey team forward Milan Hejduk and Montenegrin theoretical physicist Dragan Hajduković, are likewise derived from this word.

The term "haiduci" was used by the Romanian resistance movement Haiducii Muscelului, between 1947 and 1959, which opposed the Soviet occupation and the Communist government.

Notable hajduks

Armenian

 
General Andranik Ozanian, wearing his uniform and medals with a papakha hat

Albanian

Bulgarian

 
Bulgarian Macedonian Ilyo Voyvoda (1805–1898), known as "the last haydut".

Region of Macedonia

  • Karposh (active also in Thrace and Moesia)

Romanian

  • Iancu Jianu (1787–1842), hajduk in Oltenia, participant of the Wallachian Uprising
  • Popa Șapcă [ro] (fl. 1848–64), priest and hajduk in Oltenia, participant in the 1848 Revolutions in Wallachia
  • Pintea the Brave (d. 1703), rebel in the area of Maramureș.
  • Anghel Panait [ro]
  • Andrei Popa [ro] (1790-1818)

Greek

Main articles: Klepht and Armatoloi

Hungarian

Main article: Betyárs

Ukrainian

Main article: Haidamaka

Czech, Polish and Slovak

Serbian

 
Harambaša from Dalmatia in the 19th century.
See also: Serbian hajduks

Croatian


See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hajduks.

References

  1. ^ a b Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (21 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
  2. ^ Sophoulis, Sophoulis (2020). Banditry in the Medieval Balkans, 800-1500. Springer. p. 127. ISBN 978-3-0305-5905-2.
  3. ^ a b Найден Геров. 1895-1904. Речник на блъгарский язик.Хайдукъ
  4. ^ a b Л.Андрейчин и др. 2006. Български тълковен речник. Четвърто издание
  5. ^ Petrović, Aleksandar. These persons later became soldiers on the Hungarian–Ottoman Serbian border and fought against the Ottoman Turks. The Role of Banditry in the Creation of National States in the Central Balkans During the 19th Century 2013-08-01 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Младенов, Стефан. 1941. Етимологически и правописен речник на българския книжовен език.
  7. ^ Curtis, Benjamin Curtis (2013). The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty. A & C Black. p. 111. ISBN 9781441145499.
  8. ^ Pálffy, Géza (2021). Hungary Between Two Empires 1526–1711. Indiana University Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780253054647.
  9. ^ Ludanyi, Andrew; Cadzow, John F.; Elteto, Louis J., eds. (1983). Transylvania The Roots of Ethnic Conflict. Kent State University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780873382830.
  10. ^ Crailsheim, Eberhard; Elizalde, María Dolores, eds. (2019). The Representation of External Threats: From the Middle Ages to the Modern World. BRILL. p. 172. ISBN 978-9-0043-9242-7.
  11. ^ Richard Brzezinski, Polish Armies 1569-1696, volume 1, London: Osprey Military Publishing, 1987, p. 21, 39-41 (also contains six contemporary illustrations of Polish hajduks, besides several modern reconstructions by Angus McBride).
  12. ^ a b Душан Ј Поповић (1950). Србија и Београд од Пожаревачког до Београдског мира, 1718-1739. pp. 42–43.
  13. ^ Radovan M. Drašković (1987). Valjevo u prošlosti: prilozi za zavičajnu istoriju. p. 22. ISBN 9788671730082. Хајдучка војска била је подељена на 18 компанија, које су се распореЬивале у 4 групе. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  14. ^ War and Society in East Central Europe: The first Serbian uprising 1804-1813. Brooklyn College Press. 1982. ISBN 9780930888046.
  15. ^ М. Ђ. Milićević, Pomenik znamenitih ljudi u srpskog naroda novijeg doba, Beograd 1888, 15
  16. ^ sr:Иван Мусић

Further reading

  • Bracewell, Wendy (2003). "The Proud Name of Hajduks". In Naimark, Norman M.; Case, Holly (eds.). Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. Stanford University Press. pp. 22–36. ISBN 978-0-8047-8029-2.
  • Suvajdžić, Boško (2003). (in Serbian). Janus; Rastko. Archived from the original on 2016-03-22.

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Haiduk".

    August 21, 2023
    hajduk, this, article, about, former, outlaws, guerrilla, fighters, balkans, other, uses, disambiguation, hajduk, hungarian, hajdúk, plural, hajdú, type, irregular, infantry, found, central, eastern, parts, southeast, europe, from, late, 16th, 19th, centuries,. This article is about the former outlaws and guerrilla fighters of the Balkans For other uses see Hajduk disambiguation A hajduk Hungarian hajduk plural of hajdu is a type of irregular infantry found in Central Eastern and parts of Southeast Europe from the late 16th to mid 19th centuries They have reputations ranging from bandits to freedom fighters depending on time place and their enemies Haiduc 1703Portrait of Hajduk Veljko a prominent Serbian outlaw fighting against Ottoman occupation during the first half of the 19th century In the European lands of the Ottoman Empire the term hajduk was used to describe bandits and brigands of the Balkans while in Central Europe for the West Slavs Hungarians and Germans and Eastern Europe for the Ukrainians it was used to refer to outlaws who protected Christians against provocative actions by the Ottomans 1 By the 17th century they were firmly established in the Ottoman Balkans owing to increased taxes Christian victories against the Ottomans and a general decline in security Hajduk bands predominantly numbered one hundred men each with a firm hierarchy under one leader They targeted Ottoman representatives and rich people mainly rich Turks for plunder or punishment to oppressive Ottomans or revenge or a combination of all 1 In Balkan folkloric tradition the hajduk hajduci or haiduci in the plural is a romanticised hero figure who steals from and leads his fighters into battle against the Ottoman authorities 2 They are comparable to the English legendary Robin Hood and his merry men who stole from the rich who as in the case of the haiduci happened to also be foreign occupiers and gave to the poor while defying seemingly unjust laws and authority citation needed People that helped hajduks were called jataks Jataks lived in villages and towns and provided food and shelter for hajduks In return hajduks would give them part of the loot The haiduci of the 17th 18th and 19th centuries commonly were as much guerrilla fighters against the Ottoman rule as they were bandits and highwaymen who preyed not only on Ottomans and their local representatives but also on local merchants and travellers As such the term could also refer to any robber and carry a negative connotation 3 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Irregular military 2 1 Kingdom of Hungary 2 2 Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth 2 3 Serbian Militia 1718 39 3 Cultural influence 4 Notable hajduks 4 1 Armenian 4 2 Albanian 4 3 Bulgarian 4 4 Region of Macedonia 4 5 Romanian 4 6 Greek 4 7 Hungarian 4 8 Ukrainian 4 9 Czech Polish and Slovak 4 10 Serbian 4 11 Croatian 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology EditThe etymology of the word hajduk is unclear One theory is that hajduk was derived from the Turkish word haidut or haydut bandit which was originally used by the Ottomans to refer to Hungarian and Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth infantry soldiers Another theory suggests that the word comes from Hungarian hajto or hajdo plural hajtok or hajdok cattle drover 5 These two theories do not necessarily contradict each other because the Balkan word is said to be derived from the Turkish word haiduk or hayduk bandit 3 4 6 Other spellings in English include ajduk haydut haiduk haiduc hayduck and hayduk Forms of the word in various languagesForms of the word in various languages in singular form include hajdut in Albanian in the ordinary sense of thief hayduk հայդուկ in Armenian used as a male given name and it means Armenian freedom fighter haydut hajdut haydutin hajdutin or hayduk hajduk in Bulgarian haidouk haiduque in French aiducco in Italian hajdu in Hungarian ajduk aјduk ajdutin aјdutin in Macedonian hajduk in Polish Hajduk in Romani haiduc in Romanian hajduk haјduk in Serbo Croatian hajduch in Slovak hejduk in Swedish haydut in Turkish in the ordinary sense of bandit hejduk in Kurdish gajduk gajduk in Russian haidamaka gajdamaka in Ukrainian haydamak הײ דא מא ק in YiddishIrregular military EditMain article Irregular military Kingdom of Hungary Edit See also Hajduk Kingdom of Hungary Istvan Bocskay and his hajduk warriorsIn 1604 1606 Istvan Bocskay Lord of Bihar led an insurrection against the Habsburg Emperor whose army had recently occupied Transylvania and begun a reign of terror The bulk of Bocskay s army was composed of serfs who had either fled from the war and the Habsburg drive toward Catholic conversion or been discharged from the Imperial Army These peasants freelance soldiers were known as the hajduks 7 As a reward for their service Bocskay emancipated the hajduk from the jurisdiction of their lords granted them land and guaranteed them rights to own property and to personal freedom 8 The emancipated hajduk constituted a new warrior estate within Hungarian feudal society 9 Many of the settlements created at this time still bear the prefix Hajdu such as Hajdubagos Hajduboszormeny Hajdudorog Hajduhadhaz Hajdunanas Hajdusamson Hajduszoboszlo Hajduszovat Hajduvid etc and the whole area is called Hajdusag Land of the Hajduk see Hajdu County Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth Edit Main article Hajduk Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish nobleman and two hajduk guards The word hajduk was initially a colloquial term for a style of footsoldier Hungarian or Turco Balkan in inspiration that formed the backbone of the Polish infantry arm from the 1570s until about the 1630s 10 Unusually for this period Polish Lithuanian hajduks wore uniforms typically of grey blue woolen cloth with red collar and cuffs Their principal weapon was a small calibre matchlock firearm known as an arquebus For close combat they also carried a heavy variety of sabre capable of hacking off the heads of enemy pikes and polearms Contrary to popular opinion the small axe they often wore tucked in their belt not to be confused with the huge half moon shaped berdysz axe which was seldom carried by hajduks was not a combat weapon but rather was intended for cutting wood In the mid 17th century hajduk style infantry largely fell out of fashion in Poland Lithuania and were replaced by musket armed infantry of Western style However commanders or hetmans of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth continued to maintain their own liveried bodyguards of hajduks well into the 18th century as something of a throwback to the past even though they were now rarely used as field troops In imitation of these bodyguards in the 18th century wealthy members of the szlachta hired liveried domestic servants whom they called hajduks thereby creating the meaning of the term hajduk as it is generally understood in modern Polish 11 Serbian Militia 1718 39 Edit Main article Serbian Militia 1718 39 The Serbs established a Hajduk army that supported the Austrians 12 The army was divided into 18 companies in four groups 13 In this period the most notable obor kapetans were Vuk Isakovic from Crna Bara Mlatisuma from Kragujevac and Kosta Dimitrijevic from Paracin 12 Cultural influence EditThe Croatian football team HNK Hajduk Split Serbian football teams Hajduk Kula FK Hajduk Beograd FK Hajduk Veljko and Hajduk Lion the Macedonian football team FK Hajduk Vratnica Czech amateur football team Hajduk Lipnik the pop music project Haiducii and Romanian Roma musical troupe Taraful Haiducilor are all named after the hajduci The surnames of the fictional character George Washington Hayduke invented by Edward Abbey actress Stacy Haiduk US national soccer team defender Frankie Hejduk Czech Republic national ice hockey team forward Milan Hejduk and Montenegrin theoretical physicist Dragan Hajdukovic are likewise derived from this word The term haiduci was used by the Romanian resistance movement Haiducii Muscelului between 1947 and 1959 which opposed the Soviet occupation and the Communist government Notable hajduks EditArmenian Edit General Andranik Ozanian wearing his uniform and medals with a papakha hatArabo 1863 1893 Aghbiur Serob 1864 1899 Andranik 1865 1927 Kevork Chavush 1870 1907 Albanian Edit Cerciz Topulli 1889 1915 important figure during the Albanian National Awakening and Albanian national heroBulgarian Edit Bulgarian Macedonian Ilyo Voyvoda 1805 1898 known as the last haydut Delyo late 17th and early 18th centuries Chavdar Voyvoda 16th century Indzhe Voyvoda c 1755 1821 Ilyo Voyvoda 1805 1898 Angel Voyvoda 1812 c 1864 Captain Petko Voyvoda 1844 1900 Panayot Hitov 1830 1918 Filip Totyu 1830 1907 Hadzhi Dimitar 1840 1868 Stefan Karadzha 1840 1868 Rumena Voyvoda 1829 1862 or 1895 Region of Macedonia Edit Karposh active also in Thrace and Moesia Romanian Edit Iancu Jianu 1787 1842 hajduk in Oltenia participant of the Wallachian Uprising Popa Șapcă ro fl 1848 64 priest and hajduk in Oltenia participant in the 1848 Revolutions in Wallachia Pintea the Brave d 1703 rebel in the area of Maramureș Anghel Panait ro Andrei Popa ro 1790 1818 Greek Edit Main articles Klepht and Armatoloi Odysseas Androutsos 1788 1825 Markos Botsaris 1788 1823 Athanasios Diakos 1788 1821 Georgios Karaiskakis 1782 1827 Antonis Katsantonis c 1775 1808 Theodoros Kolokotronis 1770 1843 Dimitrios Makris c 1772 1841 Nikitas Stamatelopoulos c 1784 1849 Hungarian Edit Main article Betyars Juraj Janosik 1688 1713 Angyal Bandi Joska Sobri 1810 1837 Sandor Rozsa 1813 1878 Ukrainian Edit Main article Haidamaka Ustym Karmaliuk 1787 1835 Ivan Gonta 1721 1768 Maksym Zalizniak 1740 1768 Czech Polish and Slovak Edit Juraj Janosik 1688 1713 Ondras Matej Ondra z LeskovceSerbian Edit Harambasa from Dalmatia in the 19th century See also Serbian hajduks Starina Novak 1530s 1601 Wallachian employed guerrilla commander former peasant in Timok Milos Obrenovic 1800 s was commander and later becoming Serbian royalty Deli Marko fl 1596 1619 hajduk and military commander in Habsburg service Bajo Pivljanin fl 1669 85 Venetian employed guerrilla leader Stanislav Socivica 1715 1776 brigand leader in Ottoman Bosnia Karađorđe 1763 1817 supreme leader of the Serbian Revolution Stanko Arambasic 1764 1789 Bimbasa in Mustafa Pasha s Popular Army 14 and officer of the Serbian Free Corps during Kocina Krajina 15 Stanoje Glavas 1763 1815 commander in the Serbian Revolution Stojan Cupic c 1765 1815 commander in the Serbian Revolution Hajduk Veljko c 1780 1813 commander in the Serbian Revolution Zeka Buljubasa ca 1785 1813 commander in the Serbian Revolution Golub Babic 1824 1910 commander in the 1875 77 Herzegovina Uprising Petar Popovic Pecija 1826 1875 rebel leader in Bosnian Krajina Ivan Music 16 1848 1888 commander in the 1875 77 Herzegovina Uprising Jovo Stanisavljevic Caruga 1897 1925 outlaw in SlavoniaCroatian Edit Ivo Senjanin d 1612 Habsburg uskok Mijat Tomic 1610 1656 brigand leader in Ottoman Bosnia Petar Mrkonjic fl 1645 69 Venetian employed guerrilla Ilija Perajica fl 1685 Venetian employed guerrilla leader Ivan Busic Rosa 1745 1783 Venetian employed guerrilla leader Andrijica Simic 1833 1905 outlaw in HerzegovinaSee also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hajduks Armatoles Irregular military Banditry Early Cossacks Slavic Tatar frontier warriors Hajducka Republika Mijata Tomica a micronation Hayduke term used by environmental activists Armenian fedayi occasionally referred to as hajduksReferences Edit a b Gabor Agoston Bruce Alan Masters 21 May 2010 Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing p 252 ISBN 978 1 4381 1025 7 Sophoulis Sophoulis 2020 Banditry in the Medieval Balkans 800 1500 Springer p 127 ISBN 978 3 0305 5905 2 a b Najden Gerov 1895 1904 Rechnik na blgarskij yazik Hajduk a b L Andrejchin i dr 2006 Blgarski tlkoven rechnik Chetvrto izdanie Petrovic Aleksandar These persons later became soldiers on the Hungarian Ottoman Serbian border and fought against the Ottoman Turks The Role of Banditry in the Creation of National States in the Central Balkans During the 19th Century Archived 2013 08 01 at the Wayback Machine Mladenov Stefan 1941 Etimologicheski i pravopisen rechnik na blgarskiya knizhoven ezik Curtis Benjamin Curtis 2013 The Habsburgs The History of a Dynasty A amp C Black p 111 ISBN 9781441145499 Palffy Geza 2021 Hungary Between Two Empires 1526 1711 Indiana University Press p 119 ISBN 9780253054647 Ludanyi Andrew Cadzow John F Elteto Louis J eds 1983 Transylvania The Roots of Ethnic Conflict Kent State University Press p 87 ISBN 9780873382830 Crailsheim Eberhard Elizalde Maria Dolores eds 2019 The Representation of External Threats From the Middle Ages to the Modern World BRILL p 172 ISBN 978 9 0043 9242 7 Richard Brzezinski Polish Armies 1569 1696 volume 1 London Osprey Military Publishing 1987 p 21 39 41 also contains six contemporary illustrations of Polish hajduks besides several modern reconstructions by Angus McBride a b Dushan Ј Popoviћ 1950 Srbiјa i Beograd od Pozharevachkog do Beogradskog mira 1718 1739 pp 42 43 Radovan M Draskovic 1987 Valjevo u proslosti prilozi za zavicajnu istoriju p 22 ISBN 9788671730082 Haјduchka voјska bila јe podeљena na 18 kompaniјa koјe su se rasporeivale u 4 grupe a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help War and Society in East Central Europe The first Serbian uprising 1804 1813 Brooklyn College Press 1982 ISBN 9780930888046 M Ђ Milicevic Pomenik znamenitih ljudi u srpskog naroda novijeg doba Beograd 1888 15 sr Ivan MusiћFurther reading EditBracewell Wendy 2003 The Proud Name of Hajduks In Naimark Norman M Case Holly eds Yugoslavia and Its Historians Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s Stanford University Press pp 22 36 ISBN 978 0 8047 8029 2 Suvajdzic Bosko 2003 Hajduci i uskoci u narodnoj poeziji Istorijske pretpostavke za nastanak i razvoj hajduckog pokreta in Serbian Janus Rastko Archived from the original on 2016 03 22 External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Haiduk Metaweb entry on Haiduks Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hajduk amp oldid 1170830373, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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