Taejo of Goryeo
Taejo of Goryeo (31 January 877[citation needed] – 4 July 943), also known as Taejo Wang Geon (Korean: 태조 왕건; Hanja: 太祖 王建; lit. 'Great Progenitor Wang Geon'), was the founder of the Goryeo dynasty, which ruled Korea from the 10th to the 14th century. Taejo ruled from 918 to 943, achieving unification of the Later Three Kingdoms in 936.[1]
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 태조 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 太祖 |
| Revised Romanization | Taejo |
| McCune–Reischauer | T'aejo |
| Birth name | |
| Hangul | 왕건 |
| Hanja | 王建 |
| Revised Romanization | Wang Geon |
| McCune–Reischauer | Wang Kǒn |
| Courtesy name | |
| Hangul | 약천 |
| Hanja | 若天 |
| Revised Romanization | Yakcheon |
| McCune–Reischauer | Yakch'ŏn |
| Posthumous name | |
| Hangul | 신성대왕 |
| Hanja | 神聖大王 |
| Revised Romanization | Sinseong Daewang |
| McCune–Reischauer | Sinsŏng Taewang |
Background
Wang Geon was born in 877 to a powerful maritime merchant family based in Songak (modern Kaesong) as the eldest son of Wang Ryung (Korean: 왕륭; Hanja: 王隆). According to the Pyeonnyeon tongnok (편년통록; 編年通錄), quoted in the Goryeosa, Wang Geon's grandfather Jakjegeon was the son of Emperor Suzong of Tang.[2] According to the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture and the Doosan Encyclopedia, this is hagiographical.[2][3] The Pyeonnyeon tongnok (c. late 12th century) said: While on a sea voyage to meet his father, Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty, 16-year-old Jakjegeon encountered a dragon king, slayed a shape-shifting fox, and married a dragon woman; the dragon woman later transformed into a dragon and went away.[4] According to the Seongwollok (성원록; 聖源錄), quoted in the Goryeosa, the "dragon woman" was a daughter of Dueunjeomgakgan from Pyeongju (Pyongsan County).[2][a] Modern historians believe that Wang Geon's ancestors were a powerful clan that conducted maritime trade with China for generations.[6] According to the Gaoli tujing (c. early 12th century) by the Song dynasty envoy Xu Jing, Wang Geon's ancestors were Goguryeo nobility.[7] According to Jang Deokho: His ancestors were Goguryeo refugees who settled around Songak, accumulating great wealth through maritime trade and gaining control of the region, including the Ryesong River.[8] During the Later Silla period, the northern regions, including Songak, were the strongholds of Goguryeo refugees,[9][10] and Wang Geon's hometown of Songak would become the original capital of Later Goguryeo in 901.[11]
Rise to power
Taejo began his career in the turbulent Later Three Kingdoms (Hanja: 後三國時代). In the later years of Silla, many local leaders and bandits rebelled against the rule of Queen Jinseong, who did not have strong enough leadership or policies to improve the condition of the people. Among those rebels, Gung Ye (궁예; 弓裔) of the northwestern region and Gyeon Hwon (견훤; 甄萱) of the southwest gained more power. They defeated and absorbed many of the other rebel groups as their troops marched against local Silla officials and bandits. In 895, Gung Ye led his forces into the far northwestern part of Silla, where Songdo was located. Taejo's father, Wang Yung (later Sejo of Goryeo), along with many local clans, quickly surrendered to Gung Ye. Wang Geon followed his father into service under Gung Ye, the future leader of Taebong, and he began his service under Gungye's command.
Wang Geon's ability as a military commander was soon recognized by Gung Ye, who promoted him to general and even regarded him as his brother. In 900, he led a successful campaign against local clans and the army of Later Baekje in the Chungju area, gaining more fame and recognition from the king. In 903, he led a famous naval campaign against the southwestern coastline of Hubaekje (Keumsung, later Naju), while Gyeon Hwon was at war against Silla. He led several more military campaigns, and also helped conquered people who lived in poverty under Silla rule. The public favored him due to his leadership and generosity.
In 913, he was appointed as prime minister of the newly renamed Taebong. Its king, Gung Ye, whose leadership helped found the kingdom but who began to refer to himself as the Buddha, began to persecute people who expressed their opposition against his religious arguments. He executed many monks, then later even his own wife and two sons, and the public began to turn away from him. His costly rituals and harsh rule caused even more opposition.
Rise to the throne and founding of Goryeo
In 918, four top-ranked generals of Taebong—Hong Yu (홍유; 洪儒), Bae Hyeongyeong (배현경; 裵玄慶), Shin Sung-gyeom (신숭겸; 申崇謙) and Bok Jigyeom (복지겸; 卜智謙)—met secretly and agreed to overthrow Gung Ye's rule and crown Wang Geon as their new king. Wang Geon first opposed the idea but later agreed to their plan. The same year Gung Ye was overthrown and killed near the capital, Cheorwon. The generals installed Wang Geon as the new king of this short-lived state. He renamed the kingdom Goryeo, thus beginning the Goryeo Dynasty. The next year he moved the capital back to his hometown, Gaegyeong.
He promoted Buddhism as Goryeo's national religion, and laid claim to the northern parts of the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria, which he considered his rightful legacy as the successor of Goguryeo.[12] According to the Goryeosa, in 918, the ancient capital of Pyongyang had been in ruins for a long time and foreign barbarians were using the surrounding lands as hunting grounds and occasionally raiding the borders of Goryeo; therefore, in his first year as king, Wang Geon ordered his subjects to repopulate the ancient capital,[13] and soon sent his cousin Wang Sik-ryeom to defend it. Afterward, he decreed Pyongyang as the Western Capital.[14] He also sought alliances and cooperation with local clans rather than trying to conquer and bring them under his direct control.
The War of the Later Three Kingdoms
In 927, Gyeon Hwon of Hubaekje led forces into Silla's capital, Gyeongju, capturing and executing its king, King Gyeongae. Then he established King Gyeongsun as his puppet monarch before he turned his army toward Goryeo. Hearing of the news, Taejo planned a strike with 5,000 cavalrymen to attack Gyeon's troops on the way back home at Gongsan near Daegu.[15] He met Hubaekje forces and suffered disastrous defeat, losing most of his army including his generals Kim Nak and Shin Sung-gyeom, the very same man who crowned Wang as a king. However, Goryeo quickly recovered from defeat and successfully defended Hubaekje's attack on its front.
In 935, the last king of Silla, King Gyeongsun, felt there was no way to revive his kingdom and surrendered his entire land to Taejo. Taejo gladly accepted his surrender and gave him the title of prince, and accepted his daughter as one of his wives (Wang had six queens, and many more wives as he married daughters of every single local leader). It caused much disgust to Gyeon Hwon. Gyeon's father, who held his own claim to the Sangju region, also defected and surrendered to Goryeo and was received as the father of a king.
In the same year, Gyeon Hwon's oldest son, Gyeon Singeom (Hanja: 甄神劍), led a coup with his brothers Yanggeom and Yonggeom, against their father, who favored their half-brother, Geumgang, as his successor to the throne. Gyeon Hwon was sent into exile and imprisoned in Geumsansa, but escaped to Goryeo and was treated like Taejo's father, who died just before his surrender.
Goryeo victory and unification
In 936, Wang led his final campaign against Singeom of Later Baekje. Singeom fought against Taejo, but facing much disadvantage and inner conflict, he surrendered to Taejo. Wang finally occupied Hubaekje formally, and unified the nation for the second time since Unified Silla; he ruled until 943, and died from disease.
Taejo sought to bring even his enemies into his ruling coalition. He gave titles and land to rulers and nobles from the various countries he had defeated: Later Baekje, Silla, and also Balhae, which disintegrated around the same time. Thus he sought to secure stability and unity for his kingdom which had been lacking in the later years of Silla.
After the destruction of Balhae by the Khitans in 926, Balhae's last crown prince and much of its ruling class sought refuge in Goryeo, where they were warmly welcomed and included into the ruling family by Wang Geon, thus uniting the two successor nations of Goguryeo.[16] Taejo felt a strong familial kinship with Balhae, calling it his "Relative Country" and "Married Country",[17][18] and protected Balhae refugees, many of whom were also of Goguryeo origin.[12][17] This was in strong contrast to Later Silla, which had endured a hostile relationship with Balhae.[19]
Taejo displayed strong animosity toward the Khitans who had destroyed Balhae. The Liao dynasty sent 30 envoys with 50 camels as a gift in 942, but Wang Geon exiled the envoys and starved the camels under a bridge in retribution for Balhae, despite the major diplomatic repercussions.[20] Taejo proposed to Gaozu of Later Jìn that they attack the Khitans as revenge for the destruction of Balhae, according to the Zizhi Tongjian.[17][21] Furthermore, in his Ten Mandates to his descendants, he stated that the Khitans are no different from beasts and should be guarded against.[20]
Legacy
The unification of the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 was very important in Korean history; the unification of 668 CE by Silla was only a unification of approximately half of the peoples of the Korean Peninsula and its vicinity (who at the time largely considered themselves one people divided among many states), since the northern part was ruled by Balhae, which asserted itself as a reincarnation of Goguryeo. However, Wang Geon's unification in 936 was a more complete unification (in which only a single state emerged among the people, as opposed to the 7th century, when two, Unified Silla and Balhae, emerged); the people of the Korean Peninsula thereafter remained under a single, unified state until 1948, when Korea was divided into north and south by Soviets and U.S forces.
The modern name of "Korea" is derived from the name "Goryeo," which itself is derived from "Goguryeo," to whose heritage (and by extension, territory) Wang Geon and his new kingdom laid claim.[12] As the first ruler to more fully unite the people of the Korean Peninsula under a single state, many modern-day Koreans look to his example for applicability to the current state of division on the Korean Peninsula.
During the early Goryeo dynasty, the title of crown prince (Hanja: 太子) was only a peerage title for sons of the king; a separate title existed for the heir apparent (Hanja: 正尹).
Family
- Great-grandmother: Queen Jeonghwa (정화왕후)
- Grandfather: Uijo of Goryeo (고려 의조)
- Grandmother: Queen Wonchang (원창왕후)
- Father: Sejo of Goryeo (고려 세조)
- Mother: Queen Wisuk (위숙왕후)
- Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):
- Queen Sinhye of the Jeongju Ryu clan (신혜왕후 류씨) – No issue.
- Queen Janghwa of the Naju O clan (장화왕후 오씨)
- Crown Prince Wang Mu (912 – 23 October 945) (정윤 왕무)
- Queen Sinmyeongsunseong of the Chungju Yu clan (신명순성왕후 유씨)
- Wang Tae (왕태)
- Wang Yo (923 – 13 April 949) (왕요)
- Wang So (925 – 4 July 975) (왕소)
- Wang Jeong, King Munwon the Great (왕정 문원대왕)
- Jeungtongguksa (증통국사)
- Princess Nakrang (낙랑공주)
- Princess Heungbang (흥방궁주)
- Queen Sinjeong of the Hwangju Hwangbo clan (900 – 19 August 983) (신정왕후 황보씨)
- Wang Uk (왕욱; d. 969)
- Queen Daemok (대목왕후)
- Queen Sinseong of the Gyeongju Gim clan (신성왕후 김씨)
- Wang Uk (왕욱; d. 996)
- Queen Jeongdeok of the Jeongju Ryu clan (정덕왕후 류씨)
- Prince Wangwi (왕위군)
- Prince Inae (인애군)
- Prince Wonjang (원장태자)
- Prince Joyi (조이군)
- Queen Munhye (문혜왕후)
- Queen Seonui (선의왕후)
- Princess Wang (공주 왕씨)
- Grand Lady Heonmok of the Pyeong clan (헌목대부인 평씨)
- Prince Sumyeong (수명태자)
- Lady Jeongmok of the Wang clan (정목부인 왕씨)
- Grand Royal Consort Sunan (순안왕대비)
- Lady Dongyangwon of the Pyeongsan Yu clan (동양원부인 유씨)
- Wang Ui, Prince Hyomok (왕의 효목태자)
- Wang Won, Prince Hyoeun (왕원 효은태자)
- Lady Sukmok of the Im clan (숙목부인 임씨)
- Prince Wonnyeong (원녕태자; d. 976)
- Lady Cheonanbuwon of the Im clan (천안부원부인 임씨)
- Wang Imju, Prince Hyoseong (왕임주 효성태자; d. 976)
- Prince Hyoji (효지태자)
- Lady Heungbokwon of the Hongju Hong clan (흥복원부인 홍씨)
- Wang Jik (왕직)
- Princess Wang (공주 왕씨)
- Lady Daeryangwon of the Hapcheon Yi clan (대량원부인 이씨) – No issue.
- Lady Hudaeryangwon of the Yi clan (후대량원부인 이씨) – No issue.
- Lady Daemyeongjuwon of the Wang clan (대명주원부인 왕씨) – No issue.
- Lady Gwangjuwon of the Wang clan (광주원부인 왕씨) – No issue.
- Lady Sogwangjuwon of the Wang clan (소광주원부인 왕씨)
- Prince Gwangjuwon (광주원군; d. 945)
- Lady Dongsanwon of the Suncheon Bak clan (동산원부인 박씨) – No issue.
- Lady Yehwa of the Haeju Wang clan (예화부인 왕씨) – No issue.
- Lady Daeseowon of the Dongju Gim clan (대서원부인 김씨) – No issue.
- Lady Soseowon of the Dongju Gim clan (소서원부인 김씨) – No issue.
- Lady Seojeonwon (서전원부인) – No issue.
- Lady Sinjuwon of the Gang clan (신주원부인 강씨) – No issue.
- Lady Wolhwawon (월화원부인) – No issue.
- Lady Sohwangjuwon (소황주원부인) – No issue.
- Lady Seongmu of the Pyeongsan Bak clan (성무부인 박씨)
- Prince Hyoje (효제태자)
- Prince Hyomyeong (효명태자)
- Prince Beopdeung (법등군)
- Prince Jari (자리군)
- Princess Wang (공주 왕씨)
- Lady Uiseongbuwon of the Uiseong Hong clan (의성부원부인 홍씨)
- Grand Prince Uiseongbuwon (의성부원대군)
- Lady Wolgyeongwon of the Pyeongsan Bak clan (월경원부인 박씨) – No issue.
- Lady Mongryangwon of the Pyeongsan Bak clan (몽량원부인 박씨) – No issue.
- Lady Haeryangwon (해량원부인) – No issue.
Popular culture
- Portrayed by Kim Myeong-jin in the 1970 film Wang-geon, the Great.
- Portrayed by Choi Soo-jong and Oh Hyun-chul in the 2000-2002 KBS1 TV series Taejo Wang Geon.
- Portrayed by Lee Mun-soo in the 2002–2003 KBS TV series The Dawn of the Empire.
- Portrayed by Joo Myung Nam in the 2009 KBS TV series Empress Cheonchu.
- Portrayed by Nam Kyung-eup in the 2015 MBC TV series Shine or Go Crazy.
- Portrayed by Jo Min-ki in the 2016 SBS TV series Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo.
- Leads the Korean civilization the games Sid Meier's Civilization III and IV
See also
References
- ^ "왕건(王建)". 문화콘텐츠닷컴 (in Korean). Korea Creative Content Agency. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ^ a b c 문수진 (1997). 의조경강대왕(懿祖景康大王). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- ^ 원덕대왕[元德大王,?~?]. Doopedia (in Korean). Doosan Corporation. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- ^ 장덕순 (1995). 고려국조신화(高麗國祖神話). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- ^ 이한순 (1995). 평산군(平山郡). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- ^ 의조경강대왕 (懿祖景康大王). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean).
- ^ 박, 종기 (2015-08-24). 고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다 (in Korean). 휴머니스트. ISBN 9788958629023. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ^ 장덕호 (1 March 2015). 한반도 중심에 터 닦으니 화합·통합의 새시대 '활짝'. 중부일보 (in Korean). Retrieved 16 September 2022.
왕건의 가문은 고구려의 유민으로서 대대로 개성지방을 중심으로 해상무역을 통해 막대한 부(富)를 이룩했고, 축적된 부를 기반으로 송악일대를 장악했을 뿐 아니라, 예성강 일대에서 강화도에 이르는 지역에 튼튼한 세력기반을 구축하고 있었다.
- ^ 이상각 (2014). 고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년 (in Korean). 들녘. ISBN 9791159250248. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ "(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴". 우리역사넷 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ 성기환 (2008). 생각하는 한국사 2: 고려시대부터 조선·일제강점까지 (in Korean). 버들미디어. ISBN 9788986982923. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Rossabi, Morris (1983-05-20). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries. University of California Press. p. 323. ISBN 9780520045620. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ "丙申谕群臣曰:“平壤古都荒废虽久,基址尙存,而荆棘滋茂,蕃人游猎於其间,因而侵掠边邑,为害 大矣。 宜徙民实之以固藩屏为百世之利"(高丽史)
- ^ "서경". 우리역사넷 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ Il-yeon: Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea, translated by Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz. Book Two, page 128. Silk Pagoda (2006). ISBN 1-59654-348-5
- ^ Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0674615762. "When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ("Successor of the Royal Wang") on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom."
- ^ a b c 박종기 (2015). 고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다 (in Korean). 휴머니스트. ISBN 9788958629023. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ 박용운. . 조선닷컴. Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ "Parhae | historical state, China and Korea". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ a b 이기환 (22 June 2015). "[여적]태조 왕건이 낙타를 굶겨죽인 까닭". 경향신문 (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ "왕건의 할아버지는 사생아였다?". M매거진 (in Korean). 매경닷컴. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ "왕건상". 우리역사넷 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^ 노명호. "왕건동상(王建銅像)". 한국민족문화대백과사전 (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
External links
- 태조 (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2013-12-16.