Chaubis Avtar (Punjabi: ਚੌਬੀਸ ਅਵਤਾਰ, pronunciation: [t͡ʃɔbiːs äːʋt̪aɾ], meaning Twenty Four Incarnations) is a composition in Dasam Granth containing history of 24 incarnations of Vishnu. It is traditionally and historically attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. The composition covers 30% of the Dasam Granth containing 5571 verses with longest sub compositions being Krishna Avtar and Rama avtar, having 2492 and 864 verses each. Kalki avtar chapter contains 586 Verses.
Beginning part of the Krishna Avtar composition (part of the Chaubis Avtar section) of the Dasam Granth in the penmanship of Guru Gobind Singh.
Page from a Dasam Granth manuscript showing Krishna and Vasnudev
The Chaubis Avtar is part of all five known major historical variants of Dasam Granth, but they are sequenced differently in these editions.[1]
The text is notable for naming Jaina Arihanta as an avatar of Vishnu who practiced asceticism, forbade Yajna and Himsa.[2] The text names Buddha as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu, adds Brahma also as avatar of Vishnu, the last two in a manner similar to the Puranas tradition of Hinduism.[2] However, unlike many regional Hindu texts, the Chaubis Avtar avatar mentions many more Vishnu avatars. The verses and composition is martial, stating that avatar of Vishnu appears in the world to restore good and defeat evil, but asserts that these avatars are not God, but agents of the God that is never born nor dies.[2] The predominant part of the text is in Braj language of north India.[2]
Per internal references of Dasam Granth, Krishna Avtar was composed in Vikram Samvat 1745/ 1688 AD at Paonta Sahib when Guru Gobind Singh was residing there[3] where Rama Avtar was finished at Anandpur Sahib in 1755.[4]
Following are historical references of 18th century serves as evidences that Guru Gobind Singh had written this composition at Anandpur as well as at Paunta Sahib:
Letter to Mata Sundri, Bhai Mani Singh: The letter was written by Bhai Mani Singh to Mata Sundri, after 5 years of demise of Guru Gobind Singh.[5] This manuscript provides evidence of writing of Krishna Avtar by Guru Gobind Singh also includes 303 Charitars and Shastar Nam Mala. This manuscript was written before compilation of dasam granth during collections of various compositions.[6] Among critics Gyani Harnam Singh Balabh believes that only 303 Charitars were written by Guru Gobind Singh among 404 Charitars in Charitropakhyan.[7]
Parchi Gobind Singh - Bava Sevadas: This manuscript was finished sometime in the second quarter of the eighteenth century (around 1741) by Seva Das, an Udasi.[8] He mentioned famous quote from Rama Avtar, a composition within Chaubis Avtar.
Mahima Parkash, Sarup Das Bhalla: This book was completed by Sarup Das, who belonged to lineage of Guru Amar Das, in 1776. He had access to the complete Dasam Granth and mentioned that Chaubis Avtar was written by Guru Gobind Singh.[contradictory]
Controversies
Mahima Parkash, Sarup Das Bhalla: This book was completed by Sarup Das, who belonged to lineage of Guru Amar Das, in 1776. He had access to the complete Dasam Granth and He mentions that many texts including 4 Vedas, 6 Purans, Chaubis Avtar and 404 chartiras were among various texts translated by scholars to Gurmukhi script. After all the Sanskrit Language was translated and recited to Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Guru Gobind Singh Ji were happy and then everything added to Vidya Sagar Granth:[9]
Chaubees Avtar: Inside Chaubees Avtar, first page mentions that Kavi Shyam is narrating this as per his understanding.
ਬਰਨਤ ਸ੍ਯਾਮ ਜਥਾਮਤਿ ਭਾਈ॥੧॥ Barnta Saiaam Jathaamti Bhaaeee॥1॥ The poet Shyam is narrating it according or his own under-standing.1. ੨੪ ਅਵਤਾਰ ਮੱਛ - ੧/(੪) - ਸ੍ਰੀ ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ [10]
Further in the Chheera Samuaandar Mathan, there is reference to Poet Shyam:
ਕਬਿ ਸ੍ਯਾਮ ਕਵਿਤਨ ਮਧਿ ਕਥਿਯੋ॥ Kabi Saiaam Kavitan Madhi Kathiyo॥ Both the gods and demons unitedly churned the ocean, which hath been narrated in verse by the poet Shyam. ੨੪ ਅਵਤਾਰ ਸਮੁੰਦ੍ਰ ਮਥਨ - ੧/੨ - ਸ੍ਰੀ ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ [11]
Relation with Puranas
Illustrated page from an old Dasam Granth codex
The major difference between the Puranas and Chaubis Avtar is that Chaubis Avtar believes in monotheism. It preaches almighty is beyond Birth and treats all incarnations as agents working for God.[2]
Krishna Avtar was written on the basis of Dasam Skand of Srimad Bhagwat Puran, with many sanctifications and comments by poet.
Among different versions of Ramayana, Guru Gobind Singh also wrote his version under the title Rama Avtar.
Reception
The two avatars of Vishnu, Rama and Krishna, comprise the longest part of the Chaubis Avtar. Modern era scholars state that verse 863 of the Rama Avatar section of the text rejects worship of particular gods, reject the scriptures of both Hinduism and Islam, and instead reveres the "Sword-bearing lord" (Asipani).[12] The verse, translates Robin Rinehart, states, "Since I grabbed hold of your feet, I lower my eyes before no one else. The Puranas speak of Ram, and the Quran of Rahim, but I don't believe in either of them".[12] Similarly, in verse 434 of Krishna Avatar of the text reveres Mahakal, and asserts that "I will not first honor Ganesha", nor meditate of Krishna or Vishnu, and "I am absorbed in contemplation of His feet. Mahakal is my protector."[12] The verses in the text, states Rinehart, praise Hindu goddesses (Devi) such as Chandi and Durga.[12]
The framework of the Devi-related verses in the text, according to Harjot Oberoi, are the 6th-century Devi Mahatmya and the 12th-century Devi-Bhagavata Purana Hindu texts, which describe and revere the divine feminine.[13] The theological import, states Oberoi, is not about deity reincarnation, but accepting the masculine and feminine dimension of Ultimate Reality.[13] These verses on fierce goddesses Durga and Chandi have been interpreted in martial context, by many Sikh commentators, as meant to symbolize sword and to inspire Sikh warriors heading into battle during the Mughal Empire persecution.[14]
References
^J Deol (2000), Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity (Editors: AS Mandair, C Shackle, G Singh), Routledge, ISBN978-0700713899, pages 31-33
^ abcdRobin Rinehart (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–32. ISBN978-0199842476.
^ abHarjot Oberoi (1994). The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN978-0-226-61592-9.
^Robin Rinehart (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–22, 96–108, 125–136. ISBN978-0199842476.
External links
in Indian languages and an English translation
Giani Sant Singh Maskeen Panth Rattan on Chaubis Avtar
Nihhkalanki Avtar Katha - Sachkhoj Academy
Chaubis Avtar Commencement Katha by Dharam Singh Nihang Singh
Mahima Prakash
April 09, 2023
chaubis, avtar, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates, tools, available, as. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as Reflinks documentation reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Chaubis Avtar Punjabi ਚ ਬ ਸ ਅਵਤ ਰ pronunciation t ʃɔbiːs aːʋt aɾ meaning Twenty Four Incarnations is a composition in Dasam Granth containing history of 24 incarnations of Vishnu It is traditionally and historically attributed to Guru Gobind Singh The composition covers 30 of the Dasam Granth containing 5571 verses with longest sub compositions being Krishna Avtar and Rama avtar having 2492 and 864 verses each Kalki avtar chapter contains 586 Verses Beginning part of the Krishna Avtar composition part of the Chaubis Avtar section of the Dasam Granth in the penmanship of Guru Gobind Singh Page from a Dasam Granth manuscript showing Krishna and Vasnudev The Chaubis Avtar is part of all five known major historical variants of Dasam Granth but they are sequenced differently in these editions 1 The text is notable for naming Jaina Arihanta as an avatar of Vishnu who practiced asceticism forbade Yajna and Himsa 2 The text names Buddha as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu adds Brahma also as avatar of Vishnu the last two in a manner similar to the Puranas tradition of Hinduism 2 However unlike many regional Hindu texts the Chaubis Avtar avatar mentions many more Vishnu avatars The verses and composition is martial stating that avatar of Vishnu appears in the world to restore good and defeat evil but asserts that these avatars are not God but agents of the God that is never born nor dies 2 The predominant part of the text is in Braj language of north India 2 Contents 1 List of 24 Avatars 2 Historicity of Composition 3 Controversies 4 Relation with Puranas 5 Reception 6 References 7 External linksList of 24 Avatars EditGuru Gobind Singh gives the life account of following Avatars in granth Machh Matsya Kachh Kurma Nar Nara in Nara Narayana Narayan Narayana in Nara Narayana Maha Mohini Mohini Bairaha Varaha Nar Singh Narasimha Baman Vamana Parshuram Parashurama Bramma Brahma Rudra Shiva Jalandhar Jalandhara Bishan Vishnu Sheshayi Shesha Arihant Dev Arihanta Manu Raja Manu Dhanvantari Dhanvantari Suraj Surya Chandar Chandra Ram Rama Kishan Krishna Nar Arjuna Buddh Buddha Kalki Kalki Historicity of Composition EditPer internal references of Dasam Granth Krishna Avtar was composed in Vikram Samvat 1745 1688 AD at Paonta Sahib when Guru Gobind Singh was residing there 3 where Rama Avtar was finished at Anandpur Sahib in 1755 4 Following are historical references of 18th century serves as evidences that Guru Gobind Singh had written this composition at Anandpur as well as at Paunta Sahib Letter to Mata Sundri Bhai Mani Singh The letter was written by Bhai Mani Singh to Mata Sundri after 5 years of demise of Guru Gobind Singh 5 This manuscript provides evidence of writing of Krishna Avtar by Guru Gobind Singh also includes 303 Charitars and Shastar Nam Mala This manuscript was written before compilation of dasam granth during collections of various compositions 6 Among critics Gyani Harnam Singh Balabh believes that only 303 Charitars were written by Guru Gobind Singh among 404 Charitars in Charitropakhyan 7 Parchi Gobind Singh Bava Sevadas This manuscript was finished sometime in the second quarter of the eighteenth century around 1741 by Seva Das an Udasi 8 He mentioned famous quote from Rama Avtar a composition within Chaubis Avtar Mahima Parkash Sarup Das Bhalla This book was completed by Sarup Das who belonged to lineage of Guru Amar Das in 1776 He had access to the complete Dasam Granth and mentioned that Chaubis Avtar was written by Guru Gobind Singh contradictory Controversies EditMahima Parkash Sarup Das Bhalla This book was completed by Sarup Das who belonged to lineage of Guru Amar Das in 1776 He had access to the complete Dasam Granth and He mentions that many texts including 4 Vedas 6 Purans Chaubis Avtar and 404 chartiras were among various texts translated by scholars to Gurmukhi script After all the Sanskrit Language was translated and recited to Guru Gobind Singh Ji Guru Gobind Singh Ji were happy and then everything added to Vidya Sagar Granth 9 Full text below ਦ ਹਰ ਬ ਦ ਬ ਦ ਆ ਪ ਰਕ ਸ ਕ ਸ ਕਲਪ ਧਰ ਓ ਮਨ ਦ ਆਲ ਪ ਡਤ ਪ ਰ ਨ ਇ ਕਤ ਰ ਕਰ ਭ ਖ ਰਚ ਬ ਸ ਲ ਚ ਪਈ ਆਗ ਆ ਕ ਨ ਸਤਗ ਰ ਦ ਆਲ ਬ ਦ ਆਵ ਨ ਪ ਡਤ ਲ ਹ ਭ ਲ ਜ ਜ ਸ ਬ ਦ ਆ ਗ ਆਤ ਹ ਇ ਵਹ ਪ ਰ ਨ ਸ ਗ ਲ ਆਵ ਸ ਇ ਦ ਸ ਦ ਸ ਕ ਸ ਖ ਚਲ ਏ ਪ ਡਤ ਪ ਰ ਨ ਸ ਗਤ ਲ ਆਏ ਬ ਨ ਰਸ ਆਦ ਜ ਬ ਦ ਆ ਠ ਰ ਪ ਡਤ ਸਭ ਬ ਦ ਆ ਸ ਰਮ ਰ ਸਤ ਗ ਰ ਕ ਆਇ ਇਕਤ ਰ ਸਭ ਭਏ ਬਹ ਆਦਰ ਸਤਗ ਰ ਜ ਦਏ ਮ ਰਜ ਦ ਬ ਧ ਖਰਚ ਕ ਦਇਆ ਖ ਦ ਬ ਭ ਦ ਕ ਹ ਨਹ ਭਇਆ ਗ ਰਮ ਖ ਲ ਖ ਰ ਨ ਕਟ ਬ ਲ ਏ ਤ ਕ ਸਭ ਬ ਧ ਦਈ ਬਣ ਏ ਕਰ ਭ ਖ ਲ ਖ ਗ ਰਮ ਖ ਭ ਇ ਮ ਨ ਮ ਕ ਦ ਹ ਕਥ ਸ ਨ ਇ ਦ ਹਰ ਨਨ ਆ ਬ ਰ ਗ ਸ ਆਮ ਕਬ ਬ ਰਹਮ ਭ ਟ ਜ ਆਹ ਭਈ ਨ ਹਚਲ ਫਕ ਰ ਗ ਰ ਬਡ ਗ ਨਗ ਗ ਨ ਤ ਹ ਅਵਰ ਕ ਤਕ ਤ ਨ ਨ ਮ ਨ ਜ ਨ ਲ ਖ ਸਗਲ ਪ ਨ ਕਰ ਬ ਖ ਨ ਚ ਰ ਬ ਦ ਦਸ ਅਸ ਟ ਪ ਰ ਨ ਛ ਸ ਸਤ ਰ ਸ ਮ ਰਤ ਆਨ ਚ ਪਈ ਚ ਬ ਸ ਅਵਤ ਰ ਕ ਭ ਖ ਕ ਨ ਚ ਰ ਸ ਚ ਰ ਚਲ ਤ ਰ ਨਵ ਨ ਭ ਖ ਬਣ ਈ ਪ ਰਭ ਸ ਰਵਣ ਕਰ ਈ ਭਏ ਪ ਰਸ ਨ ਸਤਗ ਰ ਮਨ ਭ ਈ ਸਭ ਸਹ ਸਕ ਰ ਤ ਭ ਖ ਕਰ ਬ ਦ ਆ ਸ ਗਰ ਗ ਰ ਥ ਪਰ ਚੜ Chaubees Avtar Inside Chaubees Avtar first page mentions that Kavi Shyam is narrating this as per his understanding ਬਰਨਤ ਸ ਯ ਮ ਜਥ ਮਤ ਭ ਈ ੧ Barnta Saiaam Jathaamti Bhaaeee 1 The poet Shyam is narrating it according or his own under standing 1 ੨੪ ਅਵਤ ਰ ਮ ਛ ੧ ੪ ਸ ਰ ਦਸਮ ਗ ਰ ਥ ਸ ਹ ਬ 10 Further in the Chheera Samuaandar Mathan there is reference to Poet Shyam ਕਬ ਸ ਯ ਮ ਕਵ ਤਨ ਮਧ ਕਥ ਯ Kabi Saiaam Kavitan Madhi Kathiyo Both the gods and demons unitedly churned the ocean which hath been narrated in verse by the poet Shyam ੨੪ ਅਵਤ ਰ ਸਮ ਦ ਰ ਮਥਨ ੧ ੨ ਸ ਰ ਦਸਮ ਗ ਰ ਥ ਸ ਹ ਬ 11 Relation with Puranas Edit Illustrated page from an old Dasam Granth codex The major difference between the Puranas and Chaubis Avtar is that Chaubis Avtar believes in monotheism It preaches almighty is beyond Birth and treats all incarnations as agents working for God 2 Krishna Avtar was written on the basis of Dasam Skand of Srimad Bhagwat Puran with many sanctifications and comments by poet Among different versions of Ramayana Guru Gobind Singh also wrote his version under the title Rama Avtar Reception EditThe two avatars of Vishnu Rama and Krishna comprise the longest part of the Chaubis Avtar Modern era scholars state that verse 863 of the Rama Avatar section of the text rejects worship of particular gods reject the scriptures of both Hinduism and Islam and instead reveres the Sword bearing lord Asipani 12 The verse translates Robin Rinehart states Since I grabbed hold of your feet I lower my eyes before no one else The Puranas speak of Ram and the Quran of Rahim but I don t believe in either of them 12 Similarly in verse 434 of Krishna Avatar of the text reveres Mahakal and asserts that I will not first honor Ganesha nor meditate of Krishna or Vishnu and I am absorbed in contemplation of His feet Mahakal is my protector 12 The verses in the text states Rinehart praise Hindu goddesses Devi such as Chandi and Durga 12 The framework of the Devi related verses in the text according to Harjot Oberoi are the 6th century Devi Mahatmya and the 12th century Devi Bhagavata Purana Hindu texts which describe and revere the divine feminine 13 The theological import states Oberoi is not about deity reincarnation but accepting the masculine and feminine dimension of Ultimate Reality 13 These verses on fierce goddesses Durga and Chandi have been interpreted in martial context by many Sikh commentators as meant to symbolize sword and to inspire Sikh warriors heading into battle during the Mughal Empire persecution 14 References Edit J Deol 2000 Sikh Religion Culture and Ethnicity Editors AS Mandair C Shackle G Singh Routledge ISBN 978 0700713899 pages 31 33 a b c d e SS Kapoor Dasam Granth Hemkunt Press pages 68 74 Krishna Avtar ਸ ਤ ਰਹ ਸ ਪ ਤ ਲ ਮਹ ਸ ਵਨ ਸ ਦ ਥ ਤ ਦ ਪ ਨਗਰ ਪ ਵਟ ਸ ਭ ਕਰਨ ਜਮਨ ਬਹ ਸਮ ਪ ੨੪੯੦ ਦਸਮ ਕਥ ਭ ਗਉਤ ਕ ਭ ਖ ਕਰ ਬਨ ਇ ਅਵਰ ਬ ਸਨ ਨ ਹ ਪ ਰਭ ਧਰਮ ਜ ਧ ਕ ਚ ਇ ੨੪੯੧ Rama Avtar Dasam Granth ਸ ਮਤ ਸ ਤ ਰਹ ਸਹਸ ਪਚ ਵਨ ਹ ੜ ਵਦ ਪ ਰ ਥਮ ਸ ਖ ਦ ਵਨ ਤ ਵ ਪ ਰਸ ਦ ਕਰ ਗ ਰ ਥ ਸ ਧ ਰ ਭ ਲ ਪਰ ਲਹ ਲ ਹ ਸ ਧ ਰ ੮੬੦ ਨ ਤ ਰ ਤ ਗ ਕ ਚਰਨ ਤਰ ਸਤਦ ਰ ਵ ਤ ਰ ਤਰ ਗ ਸ ਰ ਭਗਵਤ ਪ ਰਨ ਕ ਯ ਰਘ ਬਰ ਕਥ ਪ ਰਸ ਗ ੮੬੧ ਭ ਈ ਮਨ ਸ ਘ ਜ ਦ ਸ ਪਰਕ ਦ ਸ ਦ ਰ ਜਧ ਨ ਦ ਲ ਨ ਲ ਨ ਰ ਤਰ ਬਣ ਆ ਸ ਅਤ ਉਨ ਹ ਦ ਇਹ ਪ ਤਰ ਗ ਰ ਗ ਬ ਦ ਸ ਘ ਜ ਦ ਜ ਤ ਜ ਤ ਸਮ ਉਣ ਤ ਵ ਕ ਈ 4 5 ਸ ਲ ਬ ਅਦ ਦ ਹ Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv Dr Harbhajan Singh ਭ ਈ ਮਨ ਸ ਘ ਜ ਦ ਆਰ ਮ ਤ ਸ ਦਰ ਜ ਨ ਲ ਖ ਆ ਇਕ ਪ ਤਰ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹ ਜ ਸ ਵ ਚ ਉਨ ਹ ਨ 303 ਚਰ ਤਰ ਉਪ ਖ ਆਨ ਅਤ ਕ ਰ ਸ ਨ ਅਵਤ ਰ ਦ ਪ ਰਬ ਰਧ ਮ ਲ ਜ ਣ ਅਤ ਇਸ ਦ ਉਤਰ ਰਧ ਅਥਵ ਸ ਸਤ ਰ ਨ ਮ ਮ ਲ ਨ ਮ ਲਣ ਦ ਜ ਕਰ ਕ ਤ ਹ Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv Dr Harbhajan Singh ਇਹ ਵ ਸ ਚਣ ਦ ਗਲ ਹ ਕ ਜ ਇਸ ਚ ਠ ਦ ਅਸਤ ਤ ਵ ਦ ਖ ਬਰ ਦਸਮ ਗ ਰ ਥ ਦ ਬ ਣ ਉਤ ਵ ਸ ਵ ਸ ਕਰਨ ਵ ਲ ਕ ਸ ਵ ਅਕਤ ਤ ਮ ਲਦ ਤ ਇਹ ਮ ਨ ਆ ਜ ਸਕਦ ਸ ਕ ਪ ਰ ਦਸਮ ਗ ਰ ਥ ਨ ਗ ਰ ਕ ਰ ਤ ਦਸਣ ਵ ਸਤ ਉਸ ਨ ਫ ਰਜ ਚ ਠ ਬਣ ਈ ਹ ਪਰ ਸਥ ਤ ਇਸ ਦ ਉਲਟ ਹ ਜ ਸ ਗ ਹਰਨ ਮ ਸ ਘ ਬਲਭ ਨ ਸ ਕਰਮ ਸ ਘ ਹ ਸਟ ਰ ਅਨ ਦ ਪ ਰ ਰਨ ਨ ਲ ਇਸ ਪ ਤਰ ਨ ਖ ਜ ਕ ਪ ਰਚ ਰ ਆ ਸ ਵ ਸਤਵ ਵ ਚ ਉਹ ਦਸਮ ਗ ਰ ਥ ਦ ਵ ਰ ਧ ਸ ਕ ਰ ਸ ਨ ਵਤ ਰ ਬ ਣ ਜ ਸ ਦ ਜ ਕਰ ਇਸ ਪ ਤਰ ਵ ਚ ਹ ਉਸ ਨ ਗ ਆਨ ਹਰਨ ਮ ਸ ਘ ਕ ਸ ਕਵ ਦ ਰਚਨ ਮ ਨਦ ਹ ਉਸ ਦ ਵ ਚ ਰ ਅਨ ਸ ਰ ਚਰ ਤਰ ਪ ਖ ਆਨ ਦ ਕ ਵਲ 303 ਚਰ ਤ ਰ ਗ ਰ ਕ ਰ ਤ ਹਨ Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv Dr Harbhajan Singh Parchi and History Archived from the original on 2013 12 27 Retrieved 2013 07 12 Mahima Parkasa https www searchgurbani com dasam granth page 318 https www searchgurbani com dasam granth page 328 a b c d Robin Rinehart 2011 Debating the Dasam Granth Oxford University Press pp 29 32 ISBN 978 0199842476 a b Harjot Oberoi 1994 The Construction of Religious Boundaries Culture Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition University of Chicago Press pp 96 97 ISBN 978 0 226 61592 9 Robin Rinehart 2011 Debating the Dasam Granth Oxford University Press pp 19 22 96 108 125 136 ISBN 978 0199842476 External links EditChaubis Avtar in Indian languages and an English translation Giani Sant Singh Maskeen Panth Rattan on Chaubis Avtar Nihhkalanki Avtar Katha Sachkhoj Academy Chaubis Avtar Commencement Katha by Dharam Singh Nihang Singh Mahima Prakash Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chaubis Avtar amp oldid 1142308330, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
