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Gothic War in Spain (416–418)

The Gothic War in Spain was a military operation of the Visigoths commissioned by the West Roman Empire. This operation consisted of multiple campaigns that took place between 416 and 418 and were directed against the Vandals and the Alans to restore Roman power in the Spanish provinces of Betica, Lusitania and Cartaginense.[1] As far as is known, the Roman field army was not involved in the battles, only foederati units fought on the side of the Romans.[1] According to Thompson played the Hasdingi in Gallaecia a dubious role in this war.

Gothic war in Spain
Part of Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Map of the Spanish provinces
Date416- 418
Location
Result Roman victory
Belligerents
Western Roman Empire
Visigoths
Alans
Silingi
Commanders and leaders
Constantius III
Wallia
Attaces
Respendial
Fredebal
Strength
± 10.000 unknown

Sources edit

The history of this war is briefly handed down, the main source is Hydatius (400-469), bishop of Chaves. Without his Chronicles, no history of Spain would have been known in the 5th century.[2] Another contemporary is Orosius (375-420). Furthermore, Sidonius Apollinaris (430-486), the nameless Gallic Chronicle of 452, and Isidore of Seville (560-636) are useful sources. Also prominent historians such as E.A. Thompson and B.P. Bachrach have written the necessary about the period.

The broad outlines of the events are known. After three years of warfare, the Visigoths knocked down Romes' enemies in Spain and almost destroyed them. Fredebal, the king of the Silingen was captured and Attaces, the Alan king in Lusitania, was killed. Gunderic, the Vandal Hasdingi king in Gallaecia, was lucky, because they were not attacked by the Visigoths. Unfortunately, the reason for this has not been reported and the answer to it has been provided by later historians. According to Thompson, Gunderic was accepted by the emperor as an ally and it was his troops who dealted a heavy blow to the Alans in Carthaginensis. At that moment Constantius thought it was enough and intervened, he forced the Visigoths to stop their campaign and they had to leave Spain.

Background edit

The barbaric invasion edit

 
Reconstruction of the 407–409 sack of Gaul, based on Peter Heather (2005)

On December 31, 405/406, a coalition of barbaric peoples (Alanen,(Vandals: Hasdingi and Silingi) and Suebi) broke through the Roman border defense on the Rhine and invaded Gallia, which event is known as the Rhine Crossing. In their wake, a trail of destruction arose. Shortly thereafter, the rebellious British army under the leadership of Constantine III crossed the Canal. With a mixture of fighting and diplomacy, the British usurper stabilized the situation and established control of Gaul and Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal). In addition, he had little to fear of the imperial field army that had been largely withdrawn because of the War of Radagaisus.

Constantine managed to reach an agreement with the Alans and Vandals, which allowed him to establish his authority, while the Alans and Vandals in turn could secure their own interests. Part of the Alans, led by King Goar, he managed to persuade to fight by his side.[3] From those barbarians, Constantine created a regiment called the Honorians. which he gave as a task to guard the sts in the Pyrenees.[4] In 409 Constantine's general Gerontius revolted against him in Spain and the Alans regiments were withdrawn from the Pyrenees, allowing the Alans and Vandals to enter the Iberian peninsula without problems.[5]

The arrival of the barbarians in Spain edit

In October 409, the Vandal, Alanian and Suevian tribes arrived in Spain, where they plunder. The Romans could do little to do with this. Most of Constantine's army units were in the province of Tarragona where they were deployed in the war against the rebellious general Gerontius.

The Spanish-Romans, like their fellow citizens in Gaul, seem to have made no effort to fight with the invaders; they rather joined the fortified cities, villages and castra in the hope that the Alans and the Vandals would move on. The intruders who were nomads in their neighborhood do not seem to have made any attempts to take the fortified places. The inhabitants, although they could only venture into the countryside with some risk, found the fields depted of food. In some areas famine arose, contemporaries report that it was not uncommon for a mother to eat her own children.[6]

The division of Spain edit

In 411, Gerontius, taking his entire armed forces, left Spain to fight Constantine. The newcomers filled this power vacuum and decided to take possession of the land and divide it among themselves.[7] The Alans were the most important group and owned the provinces Lusitania and Tarraconenses, the Vandal Silingi received Baetica, while the Vandal Hasdingi and the Suebi divided the smallest province Gallecia among themselves.

With the Spanish-Roman landowners, they concluded an arrangement for the distribution of the land based on hospitality, i.e. the Alans and other invaders became the guests of the Roman landowners and received a significant part of the income from their estates. In exchange for this income, guests 'protected' their hosts from robbers and looters. They also founded their own settlements. These arrangements seem to have brought peace to Spain temporarily.[8]

Honorius' imperial army was at a distance in ItaIia, where it was bound after the war against Radegast to contain the Visigoths. After the fall of Rome in 410, they were in the south and were now on their way north. In addition, the army was to protect the Italian prefecture from the usurpators Constantine III, Jovinus and Heraclianus. Only after Constantius III, the commander-in-chief of Honorius' army, neutralized these threats and made peace with the Visigoths in 415, did the Romans gather the troops they could miss to be deployed the invaders.[9] However, capacity for this remained limited, as the ongoing wars had halved the Roman army since 395.[10]

The alliance with the Visigoths edit

The Western Roman Empire had been at war with the Visigoths since 410, albeit there were periods of cooperation. It simply had too few men to defeat the Visigoths, but on the contrary, the Visigothic soldiers were also indispensable in the defense of the empire against its enemies.

In 414, Athaulf, King of the Visigoths, married Galla Placidia, the daughter of Emperor Theodosius (379-395). After the conclusion of this marriage, relations with the Romans were again disrupted by Honorius' general Constantius (who would later become Emperor Constantius III), and who had proceeded to block the Mediterranean ports of Gaul. In response to this, Athaulf proclaimed Priscus Attalus as emperor in Bordeaux in 414. But Constantius' sea blockade was successful and in 415 Athaulf exchanged South-France for Northern-Spain. Attalus fled, fell into the hands of Constantius and was exiled to the island of Lipari.

Ataulf crossed the Pyrenees and installed his court in Barcino (present-day Barcelona) in the Tarraconence. Nevertheless, the arrival to Spain was peaceful, Athaulf met with no opposition. Not confirmed by source material, it seems that Athaulf and Constantius came to an agreement. The peaceful entry into Barcelona, as well as the arrest of Attalus, seem to reflect this, apparently based on the Visigoths' desire for peaceful coexistence with the Romans and that of the Roman Empire to use the power of the Goths to fight the other tribes that had migrated to the interior of Spain years earlier.

The war in Spain edit

After dividing Spain among themselves, the Alans and Vandals of the Romans hoped to receive the status of foederati and addressed a request to Emperor Honorius. In exchange for peace, they offered to fight for the empire as allies, and to show their good will they were willing to give hostages. However, on the advice of his chief adviser, the commander-in-chief of the army Constantius, the emperor rejected this request, with the exception of the Hasdingi.[11] Honorius chose to subjuge the barbarians in Spain, by applying divide and rule, he wanted to weaken them. To realize this plan, the Visigoths, with whom he had recently concluded a new peace treaty, were his main trump card.

The position of the Hasdingi in the war edit

In Spain, the Alans were divided into two main groups: a group led by Respendial was located in Cartaginensis and a group under the leadership of Attaces in Lusitania.[1] The Vandals were also divided into two groups; in Silingi and Hasdingi, albeit with this difference that they had been known for much longer (from the 2nd century) as separate tribal associations. The Silings were located in the southern province of Baetica and the Hasdingi in northern Gallaecia.[12]

In Honorius' attack plan to restore Roman authority in the Spanish provinces, the Hasdingi were given a special task to fulfill. He did not charge the reconquest of the province of Cartaginensis on the Visigoths but ordered the Hasdingi to do so.[1] Even before the Visigoths took action, the Hasdingi under the leadership of king Gunderic went up against the Alans of Respendial and defeated them in a battle that presumably took place near the cities of Toletum and Consabura. The conquered had to place themselves under Gunderics' authority and leave Cartaginensis.[1]

The Visigoths' campaign edit

In the middle of the year 416, the Visigothic army left Barcino (Barcelona) and began its campaign against the Silingi. They harboured a special resentment against this people, because the Silingi had benefited from the food shortage among the Visigoths in previous years and had sold their wheat at exorbitant prices.[13] It is unknown how big the army of the Visigoths was, but it will probably have been around 10,000. Except for Wallia, no names of the Roman command have been handed down, this could indicate that Wallia itself held the supreme command. The campaign led them along the coast towards the province of Baetica, which the Silingi had appropriated. The sources do not mention how the journey took, it is suspected that the Visigoths were transported by sea in ships of the Imperial Navy.[14]

In the south of Baetica the Visigoths went ashore and soon attacked the Silingi. After a series of short battles that usually ended indecided Wallia managed to capture their king Fredebal by means of a list.[15]</ref> A decisive battle between the two armies took place near 'western Calpe' (Carteia) where the Visigoths inflicted a destructive defeat to the Silingi.[16] All 417 the victors on the Silings who fled north with their families fled north, where they sought refuge from the Hasdingi.[17]

The next target of the Visigoths were the Alans of Attaces. The Visigoths advanced north and entered their territory. At Mérida the capital of Lusitania, they were met by the Alan army with King Attacus at the head. In the battle that took place near the city, the Alan army was defeated and their king was killed in the battle.[18] Just like the other group of Alans and the Silingi had done, the survivors chose to flee to the territory of Hasdingi to join them, and without appointing a new leader.[16]

End of the war edit

 
Restoration of the Western Roman Empire in 418 after the war of the Visigoths against the barbarians in Spain.

The Goths only stopped fighting when they were ordered to do so by Constantius. His reasons for this have led to a lot of speculation. Most of these speculations have tried to explain Constantius' action by referring to the state of affairs in Gaul. In addition, many historians are dominated by the belief that the imperial authorities apparently had no objection to the presence of the barbarians as long as the Roman administrative structure was maintained, and the latter had now been met. The Goths had stripped Baetica and Lusitania of their Vandal and Alan inhabitants.

Now that the goal of the war was reached, after the defeat of the Alans in 418, Constantius ordered the Goths to stop the campaign and go to Gaul where they were given a settlement area in the province Aquitania. This meant that no war was waged against the barbarians who stayed in Gallaecia. The empire continued its alliance agreement with the Hasdingi, while the Suebi were finally also left alone.[1]

When the "enemies" were subdued, Guntharic dominated all the remaining Vandals and Alans in Spain.

With this outcome of the war, the Roman Emperor Honorius had managed to recover his provinces disembed in 407 and restore the imperial government in them. For the year 420 there is evidence of the existence of a governor for Hispania and it again had its own field army.[19] Nevertheless, the peace was short-lived, the Vandal king Gunderic already considered his military strength strong enough within two years after the war to expand his territory at the expense of the Suebi. In 421 his army left mountainous Gallaecia and moved south, where they captured Baetica and defeated the Roman field army.

Primary sources edit

Bibliography edit

  • Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973). A History of the Alans in the West. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0678-1.
  • Heather, Peter (2005). La caída del Imperio romano. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9788484326922.
  • Kulikowski, Michael (1998). The End of Roman Spain (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. ISBN 9780612339071.
  • Livermore, H.B. (1996). "Honorio y la restauración de las Hispanias". Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). 193 (3): 443–502.
  • Schreiber, H. (1979). The Goths, Princes and Vassals. Amsterdam-Brussels: H-Meulenhof.
  • Thompson, E.A. (1982). Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 029908700X.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Bachrach 1973, p. 56
  2. ^ Thompson 1982, p. 137.
  3. ^ Sozomen, IX, xiii, 4, and Olymp., jr. 16
  4. ^ Orosius, Hist., VII, 40, 7-10, and Sozomen, IX, xiii, 7.
  5. ^ Gallic Chronicles of 452, p. 552, II; Hydatius, Chronicles, XLII; Isidore, History of Goths, Vandals and Suevens, hfdst. 71; On this event see Courtois, Les Vandales, p. 52, and Demougeot, L'empire romain, p. 394-395.
  6. ^ Hydatius, Kron., 46, 47, 48; Isidore, Hist. Wand., 72; Olymp. fr. 30. See also Courtois, Les Vandales, p. 52-53.
  7. ^ Hydatius, chron., XVII
  8. ^ fr. 30. See also Courtois, Les Vandales, pp. 52-53. Hydatius, Chron., 49; Isidore, Hist. Wand., ch. 73. For the division of the land between the Romans and barbarians, see F. Lot, "Hospitalite," p. 975-1011. See also Courtois, Les Vandales, p. 52-53
  9. ^ Heather 2005, pp. 306–307.
  10. ^ Heather 2005, p. 317.
  11. ^ Thompson 1982, pp. 153–154.
  12. ^ Hydatius, Chron., XVII
  13. ^ Kulikowski 1998, p. 110.
  14. ^ Livermore 1996, p. 496.
  15. ^ Livermore 1996, p. 495.
  16. ^ a b Livermore 1996, p. 497.
  17. ^ Hydatius, kron., XXIV
  18. ^ Hydatius, XXIV
  19. ^ Kulikowski 1998, p. 115.

gothic, spain, gothic, spain, military, operation, visigoths, commissioned, west, roman, empire, this, operation, consisted, multiple, campaigns, that, took, place, between, were, directed, against, vandals, alans, restore, roman, power, spanish, provinces, be. The Gothic War in Spain was a military operation of the Visigoths commissioned by the West Roman Empire This operation consisted of multiple campaigns that took place between 416 and 418 and were directed against the Vandals and the Alans to restore Roman power in the Spanish provinces of Betica Lusitania and Cartaginense 1 As far as is known the Roman field army was not involved in the battles only foederati units fought on the side of the Romans 1 According to Thompson played the Hasdingi in Gallaecia a dubious role in this war Gothic war in SpainPart of Fall of the Western Roman EmpireMap of the Spanish provincesDate416 418LocationSpainResultRoman victoryBelligerentsWestern Roman EmpireVisigothsAlansSilingiCommanders and leadersConstantius IIIWalliaAttacesRespendialFredebalStrength 10 000unknown Contents 1 Sources 2 Background 2 1 The barbaric invasion 2 2 The arrival of the barbarians in Spain 2 3 The division of Spain 2 4 The alliance with the Visigoths 3 The war in Spain 3 1 The position of the Hasdingi in the war 3 2 The Visigoths campaign 3 3 End of the war 4 Primary sources 5 Bibliography 6 ReferencesSources editThe history of this war is briefly handed down the main source is Hydatius 400 469 bishop of Chaves Without his Chronicles no history of Spain would have been known in the 5th century 2 Another contemporary is Orosius 375 420 Furthermore Sidonius Apollinaris 430 486 the nameless Gallic Chronicle of 452 and Isidore of Seville 560 636 are useful sources Also prominent historians such as E A Thompson and B P Bachrach have written the necessary about the period The broad outlines of the events are known After three years of warfare the Visigoths knocked down Romes enemies in Spain and almost destroyed them Fredebal the king of the Silingen was captured and Attaces the Alan king in Lusitania was killed Gunderic the Vandal Hasdingi king in Gallaecia was lucky because they were not attacked by the Visigoths Unfortunately the reason for this has not been reported and the answer to it has been provided by later historians According to Thompson Gunderic was accepted by the emperor as an ally and it was his troops who dealted a heavy blow to the Alans in Carthaginensis At that moment Constantius thought it was enough and intervened he forced the Visigoths to stop their campaign and they had to leave Spain Background editThe barbaric invasion edit nbsp Reconstruction of the 407 409 sack of Gaul based on Peter Heather 2005 On December 31 405 406 a coalition of barbaric peoples Alanen Vandals Hasdingi and Silingi and Suebi broke through the Roman border defense on the Rhine and invaded Gallia which event is known as the Rhine Crossing In their wake a trail of destruction arose Shortly thereafter the rebellious British army under the leadership of Constantine III crossed the Canal With a mixture of fighting and diplomacy the British usurper stabilized the situation and established control of Gaul and Hispania modern Spain and Portugal In addition he had little to fear of the imperial field army that had been largely withdrawn because of the War of Radagaisus Constantine managed to reach an agreement with the Alans and Vandals which allowed him to establish his authority while the Alans and Vandals in turn could secure their own interests Part of the Alans led by King Goar he managed to persuade to fight by his side 3 From those barbarians Constantine created a regiment called the Honorians which he gave as a task to guard the sts in the Pyrenees 4 In 409 Constantine s general Gerontius revolted against him in Spain and the Alans regiments were withdrawn from the Pyrenees allowing the Alans and Vandals to enter the Iberian peninsula without problems 5 The arrival of the barbarians in Spain edit In October 409 the Vandal Alanian and Suevian tribes arrived in Spain where they plunder The Romans could do little to do with this Most of Constantine s army units were in the province of Tarragona where they were deployed in the war against the rebellious general Gerontius The Spanish Romans like their fellow citizens in Gaul seem to have made no effort to fight with the invaders they rather joined the fortified cities villages and castra in the hope that the Alans and the Vandals would move on The intruders who were nomads in their neighborhood do not seem to have made any attempts to take the fortified places The inhabitants although they could only venture into the countryside with some risk found the fields depted of food In some areas famine arose contemporaries report that it was not uncommon for a mother to eat her own children 6 The division of Spain edit In 411 Gerontius taking his entire armed forces left Spain to fight Constantine The newcomers filled this power vacuum and decided to take possession of the land and divide it among themselves 7 The Alans were the most important group and owned the provinces Lusitania and Tarraconenses the Vandal Silingi received Baetica while the Vandal Hasdingi and the Suebi divided the smallest province Gallecia among themselves With the Spanish Roman landowners they concluded an arrangement for the distribution of the land based on hospitality i e the Alans and other invaders became the guests of the Roman landowners and received a significant part of the income from their estates In exchange for this income guests protected their hosts from robbers and looters They also founded their own settlements These arrangements seem to have brought peace to Spain temporarily 8 Honorius imperial army was at a distance in ItaIia where it was bound after the war against Radegast to contain the Visigoths After the fall of Rome in 410 they were in the south and were now on their way north In addition the army was to protect the Italian prefecture from the usurpators Constantine III Jovinus and Heraclianus Only after Constantius III the commander in chief of Honorius army neutralized these threats and made peace with the Visigoths in 415 did the Romans gather the troops they could miss to be deployed the invaders 9 However capacity for this remained limited as the ongoing wars had halved the Roman army since 395 10 The alliance with the Visigoths edit The Western Roman Empire had been at war with the Visigoths since 410 albeit there were periods of cooperation It simply had too few men to defeat the Visigoths but on the contrary the Visigothic soldiers were also indispensable in the defense of the empire against its enemies In 414 Athaulf King of the Visigoths married Galla Placidia the daughter of Emperor Theodosius 379 395 After the conclusion of this marriage relations with the Romans were again disrupted by Honorius general Constantius who would later become Emperor Constantius III and who had proceeded to block the Mediterranean ports of Gaul In response to this Athaulf proclaimed Priscus Attalus as emperor in Bordeaux in 414 But Constantius sea blockade was successful and in 415 Athaulf exchanged South France for Northern Spain Attalus fled fell into the hands of Constantius and was exiled to the island of Lipari Ataulf crossed the Pyrenees and installed his court in Barcino present day Barcelona in the Tarraconence Nevertheless the arrival to Spain was peaceful Athaulf met with no opposition Not confirmed by source material it seems that Athaulf and Constantius came to an agreement The peaceful entry into Barcelona as well as the arrest of Attalus seem to reflect this apparently based on the Visigoths desire for peaceful coexistence with the Romans and that of the Roman Empire to use the power of the Goths to fight the other tribes that had migrated to the interior of Spain years earlier The war in Spain editAfter dividing Spain among themselves the Alans and Vandals of the Romans hoped to receive the status of foederati and addressed a request to Emperor Honorius In exchange for peace they offered to fight for the empire as allies and to show their good will they were willing to give hostages However on the advice of his chief adviser the commander in chief of the army Constantius the emperor rejected this request with the exception of the Hasdingi 11 Honorius chose to subjuge the barbarians in Spain by applying divide and rule he wanted to weaken them To realize this plan the Visigoths with whom he had recently concluded a new peace treaty were his main trump card The position of the Hasdingi in the war edit In Spain the Alans were divided into two main groups a group led by Respendial was located in Cartaginensis and a group under the leadership of Attaces in Lusitania 1 The Vandals were also divided into two groups in Silingi and Hasdingi albeit with this difference that they had been known for much longer from the 2nd century as separate tribal associations The Silings were located in the southern province of Baetica and the Hasdingi in northern Gallaecia 12 In Honorius attack plan to restore Roman authority in the Spanish provinces the Hasdingi were given a special task to fulfill He did not charge the reconquest of the province of Cartaginensis on the Visigoths but ordered the Hasdingi to do so 1 Even before the Visigoths took action the Hasdingi under the leadership of king Gunderic went up against the Alans of Respendial and defeated them in a battle that presumably took place near the cities of Toletum and Consabura The conquered had to place themselves under Gunderics authority and leave Cartaginensis 1 The Visigoths campaign edit In the middle of the year 416 the Visigothic army left Barcino Barcelona and began its campaign against the Silingi They harboured a special resentment against this people because the Silingi had benefited from the food shortage among the Visigoths in previous years and had sold their wheat at exorbitant prices 13 It is unknown how big the army of the Visigoths was but it will probably have been around 10 000 Except for Wallia no names of the Roman command have been handed down this could indicate that Wallia itself held the supreme command The campaign led them along the coast towards the province of Baetica which the Silingi had appropriated The sources do not mention how the journey took it is suspected that the Visigoths were transported by sea in ships of the Imperial Navy 14 In the south of Baetica the Visigoths went ashore and soon attacked the Silingi After a series of short battles that usually ended indecided Wallia managed to capture their king Fredebal by means of a list 15 lt ref gt A decisive battle between the two armies took place near western Calpe Carteia where the Visigoths inflicted a destructive defeat to the Silingi 16 All 417 the victors on the Silings who fled north with their families fled north where they sought refuge from the Hasdingi 17 The next target of the Visigoths were the Alans of Attaces The Visigoths advanced north and entered their territory At Merida the capital of Lusitania they were met by the Alan army with King Attacus at the head In the battle that took place near the city the Alan army was defeated and their king was killed in the battle 18 Just like the other group of Alans and the Silingi had done the survivors chose to flee to the territory of Hasdingi to join them and without appointing a new leader 16 End of the war edit nbsp Restoration of the Western Roman Empire in 418 after the war of the Visigoths against the barbarians in Spain The Goths only stopped fighting when they were ordered to do so by Constantius His reasons for this have led to a lot of speculation Most of these speculations have tried to explain Constantius action by referring to the state of affairs in Gaul In addition many historians are dominated by the belief that the imperial authorities apparently had no objection to the presence of the barbarians as long as the Roman administrative structure was maintained and the latter had now been met The Goths had stripped Baetica and Lusitania of their Vandal and Alan inhabitants Now that the goal of the war was reached after the defeat of the Alans in 418 Constantius ordered the Goths to stop the campaign and go to Gaul where they were given a settlement area in the province Aquitania This meant that no war was waged against the barbarians who stayed in Gallaecia The empire continued its alliance agreement with the Hasdingi while the Suebi were finally also left alone 1 When the enemies were subdued Guntharic dominated all the remaining Vandals and Alans in Spain With this outcome of the war the Roman Emperor Honorius had managed to recover his provinces disembed in 407 and restore the imperial government in them For the year 420 there is evidence of the existence of a governor for Hispania and it again had its own field army 19 Nevertheless the peace was short lived the Vandal king Gunderic already considered his military strength strong enough within two years after the war to expand his territory at the expense of the Suebi In 421 his army left mountainous Gallaecia and moved south where they captured Baetica and defeated the Roman field army Primary sources editOrosius Zosimus Greek history writer Historia Nova Sozomenus Prosper Marcellinus Chronica Gallica of 452 Olympiodorus of Thebes Histories only a summary of this work from the 10th century by Photios I of Constantinople Bibliography editBachrach Bernard S 1973 A History of the Alans in the West University of Minnesota Press ISBN 0 8166 0678 1 Heather Peter 2005 La caida del Imperio romano Oxford University Press ISBN 9788484326922 Kulikowski Michael 1998 The End of Roman Spain PhD thesis University of Toronto ISBN 9780612339071 Livermore H B 1996 Honorio y la restauracion de las Hispanias Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia in Spanish 193 3 443 502 Schreiber H 1979 The Goths Princes and Vassals Amsterdam Brussels H Meulenhof Thompson E A 1982 Romans and Barbarians The Decline of the Western Empire The University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 029908700X References edit a b c d e f Bachrach 1973 p 56 Thompson 1982 p 137 Sozomen IX xiii 4 and Olymp jr 16 Orosius Hist VII 40 7 10 and Sozomen IX xiii 7 Gallic Chronicles of 452 p 552 II Hydatius Chronicles XLII Isidore History of Goths Vandals and Suevens hfdst 71 On this event see Courtois Les Vandales p 52 and Demougeot L empire romain p 394 395 Hydatius Kron 46 47 48 Isidore Hist Wand 72 Olymp fr 30 See also Courtois Les Vandales p 52 53 Hydatius chron XVII fr 30 See also Courtois Les Vandales pp 52 53 Hydatius Chron 49 Isidore Hist Wand ch 73 For the division of the land between the Romans and barbarians see F Lot Hospitalite p 975 1011 See also Courtois Les Vandales p 52 53 Heather 2005 pp 306 307 Heather 2005 p 317 Thompson 1982 pp 153 154 Hydatius Chron XVII Kulikowski 1998 p 110 Livermore 1996 p 496 Livermore 1996 p 495 a b Livermore 1996 p 497 Hydatius kron XXIV Hydatius XXIV Kulikowski 1998 p 115 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gothic War in Spain 416 418 amp oldid 1212877837, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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