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Generalissimo

March 12, 2023

See also: Captain General
For other uses, see Generalissimo (disambiguation).

Generalissimo[1] (/ˌdʒɛnərəˈlɪsɪmoʊ/ JEN-(ə-)rə-LISS-im-oh) is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the states where they are used.

Usage

The word generalissimo (pronounced [dʒeneraˈlissimo]), an Italian term, is the absolute superlative of generale ('general') thus meaning "the highest-ranking of all generals". The superlative suffix -issimo itself derives from Latin -issimus,[2][3][4][5][6] meaning "utmost, to the highest grade". Similar cognates in other languages include generalísimo in Spanish, generalíssimo in Portuguese, généralissime in French, and generalissimus in Latin.

Historically this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a state, usually only subordinate to the sovereign.[7] The military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1632 was the first imperial generalissimo (general of the generals). Other usage of the rank has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers and if a senior military officer becomes the head of state or head of government of a nation like Chiang Kai-Shek in China and later in Taiwan, and Francisco Franco in Spain.

The rank generalissimus of the Soviet Union would have been a generalissimo but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank.[8][9] In fact the grade was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet which did not need the "approval" of Stalin.[10] The rank of generalissimo for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy.[11]

In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with military officers who took dictatorial power in their countries, especially due to the Spanish Francisco Franco having this rank. As such, it is used in literature depicting fictional Latin American dictatorial regimes, for example Father Hilary's Holiday by Bruce Marshall.[12]

List of generalissimos

Main category: Generalissimos
Person Service Country Era Notes
Chiang Kai-shek National Revolutionary Army Republic of China 1926-1975 Appointed commander in chief of the Nationalist Army for the Northern Expedition.[13] In 1935 was appointed "general special class" (特級上將 Tèjí shàng jiàng).
Joseph Joffre French Army France 1914 His dignity (rank) was Marshal of France, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Army was généralissime.[14]
Alexander Danilovich Menshikov Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1727–1728 [15]
Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1740–1741 [16]
Alexander Suvorov Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1799
Ferdinand Foch French Army France 1918 Généralissime was the title used to describe Ferdinand Foch's Allied Command, starting March 26, 1918. He actually held the rank cof général de division, the dignity (rank) of Marshal of France and later the ranks of British field marshal and marshal of Poland.[17]
Maurice Gamelin French Army France 1939 His rank was général d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was généralissime.
Maxime Weygand French Army France 1940 His rank was général d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was généralissime.
Francisco de Miranda Venezuelan Army Venezuela 1812
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Revolutionary Army of Mexico América Mexicana 1810– 1811 [18]
José María Morelos Revolutionary Army of Mexico América Mexicana 1813–1815 [19]
Agustín de Iturbide Mexican Army América Mexicana 1821–1823 [20]
Máximo Gómez Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Cuba 1895–1898 [21]
José de San Martín Peruvian Army Peru 1821–1822 Generalísimo de las Armas del Perú
Francisco Franco Spanish Armed Forces Spain 1936–1975 Generalísimo, was used as a combination rank as he held the highest possible rank in all three branches of service. capitán general, capitán general del Aire, capitán general de la Armada.[22]
Emilio Aguinaldo Philippine Revolutionary Army Philippines 1898–1901 Generalissimo of the Katipunan[23]
Ihsan Nuri Ararat Forces Kurdish Republic of Ararat 1927–1930 [24]
William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe Royal Portuguese Army Portugal 1762–1763 William became Generalissimus of the Allied Armies in Portugal during the Spanish Invasion.
Prince Consort Frederick of Hesse Royal Swedish Army Sweden 1716–1720 Fredrick was named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces in 1716 by King Charles XII.[25]
Crown Prince Charles John Royal Swedish Army Sweden 1810–1818 Named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces on October 20, 1810, upon his arrival to Sweden. Charles John had the singular distinction of having been offered the role of Generalissimo of four different nations: Sweden (accepted), Imperial Russia, offered by Alexander during the Conference at Åbo in 1812,[26] of a restored Bourbon France in 1814 (offered by Louis XVIII's brother the Comte D'Artois),[27] and a desperate offer by Napoleon in early 1814 as an inducement for Sweden to switch its alliance to France.[28] Charles John declined the latter three.[29][30][Note 1]
Joseph Stalin Soviet Armed Forces Soviet Union 1945 Generalissimus of the Soviet Union[31] (declined usage)
Jang Do-young Republic of Korea Army South Korea 1961 Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, Army Chief of Staff Jang Do-Young was appointed as a figurehead for the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction which had overthrown the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 Coup.[32] Jang served as the Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction of the Republic of Korea (대한민국의 국가재건최고회의 의장) but was quickly deposed by Major General Park Chung Hee, the main instigator of the coup because Jang desired a restoration of civilian rule once the military restored order.[33]
Park Chung Hee Republic of Korea Army South Korea 1961-1963 Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, Major General Park Chung Hee was the main instigator of the military forces that overthrew the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 Coup. Initially serving as Vice Chairman, he later deposed General Jang, who had been the figurehead behind the military junta and declared himself Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction of the Republic of Korea (대한민국의 국가재건최고회의 의장). He ruled Korea through a military junta until 1963, when he was inaugurated as President following the 1963 South Korean presidential election.
Kim Il-sung Korean People's Army North Korea 1992 Taewonsu[34][35]
Kim Jong-il Korean People's Army North Korea 2012 Taewonsu (posthumously awarded)[36][35]
Yeon Gaesomun Military history of Korea Goguryeo 642-665 Dae Magniji, overthrew Yeongnyu of Goguryeo and placed Bojang of Goguryeo, the nephew of Yeongnyu as his puppet and declared himself Dae Magniji (대막리지; 大莫離支) [37]
Yeon Namsaeng Military history of Korea Goguryeo 665-666 Dae Magniji, succeeded his father Yeon Gaesomun, but was overthrown by his brother Yeon Nam-geon[38]
Yeon Nam-geon Military history of Korea Goguryeo 666-668 Dae Magniji, overthrew his brother Yeon Namsaeng and was the last Generalissimo of Goguryeo before it fell against the Tang-Silla Alliance [38]
Rafael Trujillo Dominican Army Dominican Republic 1930 [39]
Sun Yat-sen National Revolutionary Army – Warlord Era (Northern Expedition) Republic of China 1921 Technically as da yuan shuai or "grand marshal of the army and navy"[40][41]
Albrecht von Wallenstein Thirty Years' War Holy Roman Empire via the "Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation"[42] 1625 [43]
Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg Austrian Army Austrian Empire 1813–1814 Generalissimo of the Armies of the Habsburg Empire and senior Field Marshal of the combined forces of the Sixth Coalition. He led the largest Allied field army, the Army of Bohemia, during the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the Invasion of France in early 1814.[44]
John J. Pershing United States Army United States of America 1919 Promoted to General of the Armies of the United States on September 3, 1919.[45]
Mao Zedong People's Liberation Army People's Republic of China 1955 Proposed the rank of Generalissimo of the People's Republic of China (declined usage)
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough War of the Spanish Succession Dutch Republic 1702 Referred to as generalissimo by the Dutch States General.[46]
Prince George of Denmark British Army Kingdom of Great Britain 1702–1708 Declared "generalissimo of all our Forces within Our Kingdom of England and Ireland and Elsewhere" by his wife Queen Anne[47][48]
James, Duke of York Third Anglo-Dutch War Kingdom of England 1673 "Generalissimo and supreme commander' over forces employed against the Dutch.[47]
Louis Dauphin of France War of the Spanish Succession France 1708 Commanded French Army[49]
George Washington Continental Army
United States Army		 United States of America 1776 When chosen to be the commander-in-chief, was called by the Virginia Gazette the generalissimo of the American forces.[50] Promoted posthumously to General of the Armies of the United States on January 19, 1976, with date of rank of July 4, 1976.[51]
Deodoro da Fonseca Brazilian Army Brazil 1890 [52]
Kalākaua Hawaiian Army Kingdom of Hawaii 1886–1891 King of Hawaii, was given titles of "supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army".[53]
Zhang Zuolin National Pacification Army Republic of China (1912–1949) 1927–1928 Leader of the Beiyang government, declared generalissimo (da yuan shuai) in June 1927[54]
Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa) Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan Empire of Japan 1926–1945 Dai-gensui, as sovereign ruler of the Empire of Japan[55]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Napoleonic Marshal of France Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corvo, was elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Riksdag of the Estates and King Charles XIII in 1810. Given his exalted French military rank, the rank of generalissimus was likely granted him in order to give him precedence over "mere" Swedish field marshals. Once he became King of Sweden and Norway in 1818, the generalissimus rank became superfluous.

References

  1. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved. Archibald Constable. 1823. pp. 484. generalissimo.
  2. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help), French Larousse Étymologique.
  3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary. from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  4. ^ "Define Generalissimo at Dictionary.com". Reference.com. from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  5. ^ "Generalissimo – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster. from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  6. ^ . Oxford Dictionary of English. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012.
  7. ^ Thomas Hobbes (1660), Chapter XVIII: Of the Rights of Sovereigns by institution, from the original on July 3, 2015, retrieved August 16, 2015
  8. ^ Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-674-01697-2.
  9. ^ S. M. Shtemenko. The General Staff in the War Years. Moskva 1985. Vietnamese version (vol. 2) . pp. 587–588.
  10. ^ Сборник законов СССР и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР (1938 — июль 1956) / Сост.: М. И. Юмашев, Б. А. Жалейко. — М., 1956. — С. 202.
  11. ^ "Generalissimo Stalin (Hansard, 7 November 1945)". from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  12. ^ Marshall, B: Father Hilary's Holiday Doubleday & Company, New York 1965.
  13. ^ The New York Times, December 4, 1926, pg.6.
  14. ^ Doughty, Robert A. (June 30, 2009). Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War. Harvard University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-674-03431-0. from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
  15. ^ "Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich 'Generalissimus' nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "generalissimus".] Jena, Detlev (1996): Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern, Graz, p. 520.
  16. ^ "Portrait of Prince Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1714-1774)". hermitagemuseum.org. 2023. from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
  17. ^ John McGroarty :The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott
  18. ^ Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica September 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, October 24, 1810.
  19. ^ "Inauguration of the exhibition José María Morelos y Pavón. Generalissimo of Mexican America armies". Gobierno de México (in Spanish). Noticias – Dirección General de Asuntos internacionales – Secretaría de Cultura. from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  20. ^ Anna, Timothy E. (1985). "The Rule of Agustin de Iturbide: A Reappraisal". Journal of Latin American Studies. 17 (1): 79–110. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00009202. ISSN 0022-216X. JSTOR 157498. S2CID 145054515.
  21. ^ Rioseco, Pedro. "Generalísimo Máximo Gómez, ejemplo de internacionalismo y genio militar". Contraloría General de la República (in Spanish). from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  22. ^ . Time, October 18, 1943. cover.
  23. ^ Whitefield, George. "Annual report of Major General George W. Davis, United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1, 1902, to July 26, 1903" (1903) [Textual record]. Archive.Org, ID: annualreportofma03unit, p. 188. Boston Public Library. OCLC 1039990497.
  24. ^ Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, Ihsan Nouri Pacha Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes (in French)
  25. ^ Pock, Johann Joseph (1724). Der politische, katholische Passagier, durchreisend alle hohe Höfe, Republiquen, Herrschafften und Länder der ganzen Welt. Brechenmacher. p. 832. from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2018. wurde 1720. von dem König in Schweden ... zum Generalissimo der sämmtlichen Schwedischen Trouppen ernennet
  26. ^ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 39. John Murray, London.
  27. ^ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 127. John Murray, London.
  28. ^ Scott, Franklin (1935). Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. P. 153. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  29. ^ (in Swedish) Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813
  30. ^ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 4. John Murray, London.
  31. ^ Joseph Stalin was appointed generalissimus of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov, Selskokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956, p. 584. March 11, 2023, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  32. ^ . www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
  33. ^ Kim, Byung-Kook; Vogel, Ezra (2011). The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 89.
  34. ^ . Archived from the original on October 2, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
  35. ^ a b "Late North Korean Leader Promoted to Generalissimo". Voice of America. February 14, 2012. from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  36. ^ . Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  37. ^ Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. pp. 50–51.
  38. ^ a b Jeong, Su-Il (2016). The Silk Road Encyclopedia. ISBN 9781624120763. from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  39. ^ Stanley Walker, Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo (1955) Caribbean Library
  40. ^ Linda Pomerantz-Zhang (1992). Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History. Hong Kong University Press. p. 255. ISBN 962209287X. from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  41. ^ Taylor, Jay (April 15, 2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-674-05471-4. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  42. ^ A short history of Germany. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908
  43. ^ Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer. Harry Horstmann, 2010. (in German)
  44. ^ Peck, Harry Thurston (1898). The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Rev. with Large Additions. Dodd, Mead. p. 238. from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  45. ^ Public Law 66-45 of September 3, 1919, to revive the office of General of the Armies
  46. ^ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul) (1745). Nicholas Tindal (ed.). The History of England. Vol. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27). J. and P. Knapton. p. 562. from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2018. The Earl of Athlone [Godard van Reede] was set on by the other Dutch Generals, to insist on his quality of Velt-Marshal, and to have the command with the Earl of Marlborough by turns. But, though he was now in high reputation by his late conduct, the States obliged him to yield this point to the Earl of Marlborough, whom they declared Generalissimo of all their forces, and sent orders to all their Generals and other Officers to obey him.
  47. ^ a b Roper, Michael (1998). The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964. Kew, Surrey: Public Record Office. p. 5.
  48. ^ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul) (1745). Nicholas Tindal (ed.). The History of England. Vol. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27). J. and P. Knapton. p. 104. from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2018. The Prince was Duke of Cumberland, Lord High-Admiral of Great-Britain and Ireland, Generalissimo of all her Majesty's forces both by sea and land, and Warden of the Cinque-ports.
  49. ^ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul) (1745). Nicholas Tindal (ed.). The History of England. Vol. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27). J. and P. Knapton. p. 68. from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2018. But an unexpected alteration was suddenly made, and the French King declared the Duke of Burgundy Generalissimo of his forces, appointing the Duke de Vendosme [sic: Vendôme] to serve under him; and he was to be accompanied by the Duke of Berry.
  50. ^ Chadwick, Bruce (2005). George Washington's War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 40. ISBN 9781402226106. from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  51. ^ Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976 to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States
  52. ^ Andermann, Jens; Rowe, William (2006). Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America. Berghahn Books. p. 176. ISBN 9781845452124. from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  53. ^ Chapter XXII: Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom. Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886. Honolulu: Black & Auld. 1886. pp. 37–41. OCLC 42350849. from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  54. ^ Moore, Frederick (June 18, 1927). "Chang Tso-lin Made Dictator in Move to Beat Back South". The New York Times. from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  55. ^ Bix, Herbert P. (October 13, 2009). Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-186047-8. from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.

March 12, 2023
generalissimo, also, captain, general, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citat. See also Captain General For other uses see Generalissimo disambiguation This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as Reflinks documentation reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Generalissimo 1 ˌ dʒ ɛ n er e ˈ l ɪ s ɪ m oʊ JEN e re LISS im oh is a military rank of the highest degree superior to field marshal and other five star ranks in the states where they are used Contents 1 Usage 2 List of generalissimos 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesUsage EditThe word generalissimo pronounced dʒeneraˈlissimo an Italian term is the absolute superlative of generale general thus meaning the highest ranking of all generals The superlative suffix issimo itself derives from Latin issimus 2 3 4 5 6 meaning utmost to the highest grade Similar cognates in other languages include generalisimo in Spanish generalissimo in Portuguese generalissime in French and generalissimus in Latin Historically this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a state usually only subordinate to the sovereign 7 The military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1632 was the first imperial generalissimo general of the generals Other usage of the rank has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers and if a senior military officer becomes the head of state or head of government of a nation like Chiang Kai Shek in China and later in Taiwan and Francisco Franco in Spain The rank generalissimus of the Soviet Union would have been a generalissimo but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank 8 9 In fact the grade was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet which did not need the approval of Stalin 10 The rank of generalissimo for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy 11 In the 20th century the term came to be associated with military officers who took dictatorial power in their countries especially due to the Spanish Francisco Franco having this rank As such it is used in literature depicting fictional Latin American dictatorial regimes for example Father Hilary s Holiday by Bruce Marshall 12 List of generalissimos EditMain category Generalissimos Person Service Country Era NotesChiang Kai shek National Revolutionary Army Republic of China 1926 1975 Appointed commander in chief of the Nationalist Army for the Northern Expedition 13 In 1935 was appointed general special class 特級上將 Teji shang jiang Joseph Joffre French Army France 1914 His dignity rank was Marshal of France but his title as commander in chief of the French Army was generalissime 14 Alexander Danilovich Menshikov Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1727 1728 15 Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1740 1741 16 Alexander Suvorov Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1799Ferdinand Foch French Army France 1918 Generalissime was the title used to describe Ferdinand Foch s Allied Command starting March 26 1918 He actually held the rank cof general de division the dignity rank of Marshal of France and later the ranks of British field marshal and marshal of Poland 17 Maurice Gamelin French Army France 1939 His rank was general d armee but his title as commander in chief of the French Armed Forces was generalissime Maxime Weygand French Army France 1940 His rank was general d armee but his title as commander in chief of the French Armed Forces was generalissime Francisco de Miranda Venezuelan Army Venezuela 1812Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Revolutionary Army of Mexico America Mexicana 1810 1811 18 Jose Maria Morelos Revolutionary Army of Mexico America Mexicana 1813 1815 19 Agustin de Iturbide Mexican Army America Mexicana 1821 1823 20 Maximo Gomez Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Cuba 1895 1898 21 Jose de San Martin Peruvian Army Peru 1821 1822 Generalisimo de las Armas del PeruFrancisco Franco Spanish Armed Forces Spain 1936 1975 Generalisimo was used as a combination rank as he held the highest possible rank in all three branches of service capitan general capitan general del Aire capitan general de la Armada 22 Emilio Aguinaldo Philippine Revolutionary Army Philippines 1898 1901 Generalissimo of the Katipunan 23 Ihsan Nuri Ararat Forces Kurdish Republic of Ararat 1927 1930 24 William Count of Schaumburg Lippe Royal Portuguese Army Portugal 1762 1763 William became Generalissimus of the Allied Armies in Portugal during the Spanish Invasion Prince Consort Frederick of Hesse Royal Swedish Army Sweden 1716 1720 Fredrick was named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces in 1716 by King Charles XII 25 Crown Prince Charles John Royal Swedish Army Sweden 1810 1818 Named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces on October 20 1810 upon his arrival to Sweden Charles John had the singular distinction of having been offered the role of Generalissimo of four different nations Sweden accepted Imperial Russia offered by Alexander during the Conference at Abo in 1812 26 of a restored Bourbon France in 1814 offered by Louis XVIII s brother the Comte D Artois 27 and a desperate offer by Napoleon in early 1814 as an inducement for Sweden to switch its alliance to France 28 Charles John declined the latter three 29 30 Note 1 Joseph Stalin Soviet Armed Forces Soviet Union 1945 Generalissimus of the Soviet Union 31 declined usage Jang Do young Republic of Korea Army South Korea 1961 Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction Army Chief of Staff Jang Do Young was appointed as a figurehead for the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction which had overthrown the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 Coup 32 Jang served as the Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction of the Republic of Korea 대한민국의 국가재건최고회의 의장 but was quickly deposed by Major General Park Chung Hee the main instigator of the coup because Jang desired a restoration of civilian rule once the military restored order 33 Park Chung Hee Republic of Korea Army South Korea 1961 1963 Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction Major General Park Chung Hee was the main instigator of the military forces that overthrew the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 Coup Initially serving as Vice Chairman he later deposed General Jang who had been the figurehead behind the military junta and declared himself Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction of the Republic of Korea 대한민국의 국가재건최고회의 의장 He ruled Korea through a military junta until 1963 when he was inaugurated as President following the 1963 South Korean presidential election Kim Il sung Korean People s Army North Korea 1992 Taewonsu 34 35 Kim Jong il Korean People s Army North Korea 2012 Taewonsu posthumously awarded 36 35 Yeon Gaesomun Military history of Korea Goguryeo 642 665 Dae Magniji overthrew Yeongnyu of Goguryeo and placed Bojang of Goguryeo the nephew of Yeongnyu as his puppet and declared himself Dae Magniji 대막리지 大莫離支 37 Yeon Namsaeng Military history of Korea Goguryeo 665 666 Dae Magniji succeeded his father Yeon Gaesomun but was overthrown by his brother Yeon Nam geon 38 Yeon Nam geon Military history of Korea Goguryeo 666 668 Dae Magniji overthrew his brother Yeon Namsaeng and was the last Generalissimo of Goguryeo before it fell against the Tang Silla Alliance 38 Rafael Trujillo Dominican Army Dominican Republic 1930 39 Sun Yat sen National Revolutionary Army Warlord Era Northern Expedition Republic of China 1921 Technically as da yuan shuai or grand marshal of the army and navy 40 41 Albrecht von Wallenstein Thirty Years War Holy Roman Empire via the Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation 42 1625 43 Karl Philipp Prince of Schwarzenberg Austrian Army Austrian Empire 1813 1814 Generalissimo of the Armies of the Habsburg Empire and senior Field Marshal of the combined forces of the Sixth Coalition He led the largest Allied field army the Army of Bohemia during the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the Invasion of France in early 1814 44 John J Pershing United States Army United States of America 1919 Promoted to General of the Armies of the United States on September 3 1919 45 Mao Zedong People s Liberation Army People s Republic of China 1955 Proposed the rank of Generalissimo of the People s Republic of China declined usage John Churchill 1st Duke of Marlborough War of the Spanish Succession Dutch Republic 1702 Referred to as generalissimo by the Dutch States General 46 Prince George of Denmark British Army Kingdom of Great Britain 1702 1708 Declared generalissimo of all our Forces within Our Kingdom of England and Ireland and Elsewhere by his wife Queen Anne 47 48 James Duke of York Third Anglo Dutch War Kingdom of England 1673 Generalissimo and supreme commander over forces employed against the Dutch 47 Louis Dauphin of France War of the Spanish Succession France 1708 Commanded French Army 49 George Washington Continental Army United States Army United States of America 1776 When chosen to be the commander in chief was called by the Virginia Gazette the generalissimo of the American forces 50 Promoted posthumously to General of the Armies of the United States on January 19 1976 with date of rank of July 4 1976 51 Deodoro da Fonseca Brazilian Army Brazil 1890 52 Kalakaua Hawaiian Army Kingdom of Hawaii 1886 1891 King of Hawaii was given titles of supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army 53 Zhang Zuolin National Pacification Army Republic of China 1912 1949 1927 1928 Leader of the Beiyang government declared generalissimo da yuan shuai in June 1927 54 Hirohito Emperor Shōwa Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan Empire of Japan 1926 1945 Dai gensui as sovereign ruler of the Empire of Japan 55 Gallery Edit Chiang Kai shek Emilio Aguinaldo First President of the Philippines Charles XIV John as Crown Prince Between 1812 1814 Charles John was offered the role of Generalissimo by Sweden Russia Imperial France and Bourbon France Karl Philipp Prince of Schwarzenberg Albrecht von Wallenstein 1625 the first generalissimo Alexander SuvorovSee also EditAdmiralissimo Capo dei capi Caudillo Commander in chief Grand marshal Da yuan shuai Dai gensui Field marshal General of the Armies Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Highest military ranks Shogun Six star rankNotes Edit The Napoleonic Marshal of France Jean Baptiste Bernadotte Prince of Ponte Corvo was elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Riksdag of the Estates and King Charles XIII in 1810 Given his exalted French military rank the rank of generalissimus was likely granted him in order to give him precedence over mere Swedish field marshals Once he became King of Sweden and Norway in 1818 the generalissimus rank became superfluous References Edit Encyclopaedia Britannica Or A Dictionary of Arts Sciences and Miscellaneous Literature Enlarged and Improved Archibald Constable 1823 pp 484 generalissimo Webster s Third New International Dictionary a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a Missing or empty title help French Larousse Etymologique Online Etymology Dictionary Online Etymology Dictionary Archived from the original on June 5 2015 Retrieved July 18 2012 Define Generalissimo at Dictionary com Reference com Archived from the original on October 6 2012 Retrieved July 18 2012 Generalissimo Definition and More from the Free Merriam Webster Dictionary Merriam Webster Archived from the original on June 14 2012 Retrieved July 18 2012 Definition of generalissimo Oxford Dictionaries British amp World English Oxford Dictionary of English Archived from the original on July 29 2012 Thomas Hobbes 1660 Chapter XVIII Of the Rights of Sovereigns by institution archived from the original on July 3 2015 retrieved August 16 2015 Service Robert 2005 Stalin A Biography Cambridge Harvard University Press p 548 ISBN 978 0 674 01697 2 S M Shtemenko The General Staff in the War Years Moskva 1985 Vietnamese version vol 2 pp 587 588 Sbornik zakonov SSSR i Ukazov Prezidiuma Verhovnogo Soveta SSSR 1938 iyul 1956 Sost M I Yumashev B A Zhalejko M 1956 S 202 Generalissimo Stalin Hansard 7 November 1945 Archived from the original on February 13 2019 Retrieved February 13 2019 Marshall B Father Hilary s Holiday Doubleday amp Company New York 1965 The New York Times December 4 1926 pg 6 Doughty Robert A June 30 2009 Pyrrhic Victory French Strategy and Operations in the Great War Harvard University Press p 232 ISBN 978 0 674 03431 0 Archived from the original on July 8 2022 Retrieved July 8 2022 Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerfuhrer der russischen Geschichte die sich Generalissimus nennen liessen Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves generalissimus Jena Detlev 1996 Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern Graz p 520 Portrait of Prince Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig Wolfenbuttel 1714 1774 hermitagemuseum org 2023 Archived from the original on April 10 2019 Retrieved January 14 2023 John McGroarty The Gray Man of Christ Generalissimo Foch 1919 Los Angeles Walter A Abbott Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica Archived September 23 2015 at the Wayback Machine Documentos Historicos de Mexico October 24 1810 Inauguration of the exhibition Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon Generalissimo of Mexican America armies Gobierno de Mexico in Spanish Noticias Direccion General de Asuntos internacionales Secretaria de Cultura Archived from the original on February 9 2023 Retrieved July 3 2022 Anna Timothy E 1985 The Rule of Agustin de Iturbide A Reappraisal Journal of Latin American Studies 17 1 79 110 doi 10 1017 S0022216X00009202 ISSN 0022 216X JSTOR 157498 S2CID 145054515 Rioseco Pedro Generalisimo Maximo Gomez ejemplo de internacionalismo y genio militar Contraloria General de la Republica in Spanish Archived from the original on September 20 2022 Retrieved September 16 2022 Franco of Iberia Time October 18 1943 cover Whitefield George Annual report of Major General George W Davis United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1 1902 to July 26 1903 1903 Textual record Archive Org ID annualreportofma03unit p 188 Boston Public Library OCLC 1039990497 Bletch Chirguh La Question Kurde ses origines et ses causes Le Caire Impimerie Paul Barbey 1930 front cover Ihsan Nouri Pacha Generalissime des forces nationales Kurdes in French Pock Johann Joseph 1724 Der politische katholische Passagier durchreisend alle hohe Hofe Republiquen Herrschafften und Lander der ganzen Welt Brechenmacher p 832 Archived from the original on March 11 2023 Retrieved September 16 2018 wurde 1720 von dem Konig in Schweden zum Generalissimo der sammtlichen Schwedischen Trouppen ernennet Barton Sir Dunbar 1925 Bernadotte Prince and King P 39 John Murray London Barton Sir Dunbar 1925 Bernadotte Prince and King P 127 John Murray London Scott Franklin 1935 Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon P 153 Harvard University Press Cambridge in Swedish Anciennete och Rang Rulla ofver Krigsmagten ar 1813 Barton Sir Dunbar 1925 Bernadotte Prince and King P 4 John Murray London Joseph Stalin was appointed generalissimus of the Soviet Union See Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov Selskokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya Vol 4 Gos izd vo selkhoz 1956 p 584 Archived March 11 2023 at the Wayback Machine in Russian CURENT sic SITUATION IN SOUTH KOREA CIA FOIA foia cia gov www cia gov Archived from the original on January 1 2023 Retrieved November 30 2019 Kim Byung Kook Vogel Ezra 2011 The Park Chung Hee Era The Transformation of South Korea Harvard University Press p 89 The Daily Yomuiri 29 September 2010 Kim Jong Un spotlighted Heir apparent promoted to general makes DPRK media debut Archived from the original on October 2 2010 Retrieved September 30 2010 a b Late North Korean Leader Promoted to Generalissimo Voice of America February 14 2012 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved May 8 2022 The Australian 15 February 2012 Late Kim Jong il awarded highest honour by North Archived from the original on February 17 2012 Retrieved February 15 2012 Kim Jinwung 2012 A History of Korea From Land of the Morning Calm to States in Conflict Indiana University Press pp 50 51 a b Jeong Su Il 2016 The Silk Road Encyclopedia ISBN 9781624120763 Archived from the original on December 21 2022 Retrieved December 21 2022 Stanley Walker Generalissimo Rafael L Trujillo 1955 Caribbean Library Linda Pomerantz Zhang 1992 Wu Tingfang 1842 1922 Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History Hong Kong University Press p 255 ISBN 962209287X Archived from the original on March 11 2023 Retrieved October 31 2010 Taylor Jay April 15 2009 The Generalissimo Chiang Kai shek and the struggle for modern China Harvard University Press p 32 ISBN 978 0 674 05471 4 Retrieved February 28 2017 A short history of Germany Ernest Flagg Henderson 1908 Tilly und Wallenstein ein Vergleich zweier Heerfuhrer Harry Horstmann 2010 in German Peck Harry Thurston 1898 The International Cyclopedia A Compendium of Human Knowledge Rev with Large Additions Dodd Mead p 238 Archived from the original on May 5 2022 Retrieved May 4 2022 Public Law 66 45 of September 3 1919 to revive the office of General of the Armies Rapin de Thoyras M Paul 1745 Nicholas Tindal ed The History of England Vol IV part 1 French original Histoire d Angleterre 1724 27 J and P Knapton p 562 Archived from the original on March 11 2023 Retrieved September 16 2018 The Earl of Athlone Godard van Reede was set on by the other Dutch Generals to insist on his quality of Velt Marshal and to have the command with the Earl of Marlborough by turns But though he was now in high reputation by his late conduct the States obliged him to yield this point to the Earl of Marlborough whom they declared Generalissimo of all their forces and sent orders to all their Generals and other Officers to obey him a b Roper Michael 1998 The Records of the War Office and Related Departments 1660 1964 Kew Surrey Public Record Office p 5 Rapin de Thoyras M Paul 1745 Nicholas Tindal ed The History of England Vol IV part 1 French original Histoire d Angleterre 1724 27 J and P Knapton p 104 Archived from the original on March 11 2023 Retrieved September 16 2018 The Prince was Duke of Cumberland Lord High Admiral of Great Britain and Ireland Generalissimo of all her Majesty s forces both by sea and land and Warden of the Cinque ports Rapin de Thoyras M Paul 1745 Nicholas Tindal ed The History of England Vol IV part 1 French original Histoire d Angleterre 1724 27 J and P Knapton p 68 Archived from the original on March 11 2023 Retrieved September 16 2018 But an unexpected alteration was suddenly made and the French King declared the Duke of Burgundy Generalissimo of his forces appointing the Duke de Vendosme sic Vendome to serve under him and he was to be accompanied by the Duke of Berry Chadwick Bruce 2005 George Washington s War The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency Sourcebooks Inc p 40 ISBN 9781402226106 Archived from the original on March 11 2023 Retrieved November 23 2018 Public Law 94 479 of January 19 1976 to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States Andermann Jens Rowe William 2006 Images of Power Iconography Culture and the State in Latin America Berghahn Books p 176 ISBN 9781845452124 Archived from the original on March 11 2023 Retrieved August 11 2019 Chapter XXII Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua King of the Hawaiian Islands Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886 Honolulu Black amp Auld 1886 pp 37 41 OCLC 42350849 Archived from the original on March 11 2023 Retrieved March 16 2017 Moore Frederick June 18 1927 Chang Tso lin Made Dictator in Move to Beat Back South The New York Times Archived from the original on August 18 2020 Retrieved February 4 2020 Bix Herbert P October 13 2009 Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan Harper Collins ISBN 978 0 06 186047 8 Archived from the original on June 4 2022 Retrieved June 5 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Generalissimo amp oldid 1144121525, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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