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Shogun

January 18, 2023

This article is about the Japanese military rank and its history. It is not to be confused with shotgun or Shogun (disambiguation).

Shogun (将軍, shōgun, Japanese: [ɕoːɡɯɴ] (listen); English: /ˈʃoʊɡʌn/ SHOH-gun[1]), officially Sei-i Taishōgun (征夷大将軍, "Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians"),[2] was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country,[3] though during part of the Kamakura period, shoguns were themselves figureheads, with real power in hands of the Shikken of the Hōjō clan. The office of shogun was in practice hereditary, though over the course of the history of Japan several different clans held the position. The title was originally held by military commanders during Heian period in the eighth and ninth centuries. When Minamoto no Yoritomo gained political ascendency over Japan in 1185, the title was revived to regularize his position, making him the first shogun in the usually understood sense.

The shogun's officials were collectively referred to as the bakufu (幕府, "tent government"); they were the ones who carried out the actual duties of administration, while the Imperial court retained only nominal authority.[4] The tent symbolized the shogun's role as the military's field commander but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary. Nevertheless, the institution, known in English as the shogunate (English: /ˈʃoʊɡəneɪt/), persisted for nearly 700 years, ending when Tokugawa Yoshinobu relinquished the office to Emperor Meiji in 1867 as part of the Meiji Restoration.[5]

Etymology

 
Kanji that make up the word shogun

The term shogun (将軍, lit. "army commander") is the abbreviation of the historical title Sei-i Taishōgun 征 (sei, せい) means "conquer" or "subjugate" and 夷 (i, い) means "barbarian" or "savage". 大 (dai, だい) means "great", 将 (shō, しょう) means "commander"[6] and 軍 (gun, ぐん) means "army".[7] Thus, a translation of Seii Taishōgun would be "Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians".[2]

The term originally referred to the general who commanded the army sent to fight the tribes of northern Japan, but after the twelfth century, the term was used to designate the leader of the samurai.[8] The term is often translated generalissimo and is also used for such military leaders of foreign nations by Japanese.

Bakufu

The administration of a shogun is called bakufu (幕府) in Japanese and literally means "government from the curtain". During battles, the head of the samurai army would sit in a scissor chair inside a semi-open tent, called a maku, that exhibited its respective mon or blazon. The application of the term bakufu to the shogun government shows an extremely strong and representative symbolism.[9]

Titles

Historically, similar terms to Seii Taishōgun were used with varying degrees of responsibility, although none of them had equal or more importance than Seii Taishōgun.[citation needed] Some of them were:

  • Seitō Taishōgun (征東大将軍, lit. "Commander-in-chief for the pacification of the East")[10]
  • Seisei Taishōgun (征西大将軍, lit. "Commander-in-chief for the pacification of the West")[11]
  • Chinjufu Shōgun (鎮守府将軍, lit. "Commander-in-chief of the central peacekeeping headquarters")[12]
  • Seiteki Taishōgun (征狄大将軍, lit. "Commander-in-chief Subjugator of the barbarians")[citation needed]
  • Mochisetsu Taishōgun (持節大将軍, lit. "Commander-in-chief of the Temporary Office")[citation needed]
  • Sekke shōgun (摂家将軍, lit. "Great General Counselor")[13]
  • Miya shōgun (宮将軍, lit. "Great General of the Palace")[14]
  • Mutsu Chintō Tykat (陸奥鎮東将軍, lit. "Great General of Subduing Mutsu")[citation needed]

History

See also: Samurai and History of Japan
Shoguns in the history of Japan
S# Name Birth/

Death

Government
First shoguns[15]
Tajihi no Agatamori 668-737[16] 720[17]
Ōtomo no Yakamochi 718?–785[18] 784–785[19] Ki no Kosami in the year 789[20]
Ki no Kosami 733–797[21] 789[20]
Ōtomo no Otomaro 731–809[22] 794[23]
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 758–811[24] 797–811?[25]
Fun'ya no Watamaro 765–823[26] 813[25]
Fujiwara no Tadabumi 873–947[27] 940[25]
Minamoto no Yoshinaka 1154–1184[28] 1184[25]
Kamakura Shogunate[29]
1 Minamoto no Yoritomo 1147–1199 1192–1199
2 Minamoto no Yoriie 1182–1204 1202–1203
3 Minamoto no Sanetomo 1192–1219 1203–1219
4 Kujō Yoritsune 1218–1256 1226–1244
5 Kujō Yoritsugu 1239–1256 1244–1252
6 Prince Munetaka 1242–1274 1252–1266
7 Prince Koreyasu 1264–1326 1266–1289
8 Prince Hisaaki 1276–1328 1289–1308
9 Prince Morikuni 1301–1333 1308–1333
Kenmu Restoration
Prince Moriyoshi 1308–1335[30] He was named shogun by his father Emperor Go-Daigo in 1333[31] 1333-1335[31]
Prince Nariyoshi 1326–1344?[32] 1334-1338[32]
Ashikaga Shogunate[29]
1 Ashikaga Takauji 1305–1358 1338–1358
2 Ashikaga Yoshiakira 1330–1367 1358–1367
3 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 1358–1408 1368–1394
4 Ashikaga Yoshimochi 1386–1428 1394–1423
5 Ashikaga Yoshikazu 1407–1425 1423–1425
6 Ashikaga Yoshinori 1394–1441 1429–1441
7 Ashikaga Yoshikatsu 1434–1443 1442–1443
8 Ashikaga Yoshimasa 1436–1490 1449–1473
9 Ashikaga Yoshihisa 1465–1489 1473–1489
10 Ashikaga Yoshitane 1466–1523 1490–1493
11 Ashikaga Yoshizumi 1480–1511 1494–1508
10 Ashikaga Yoshitane 1508–1521
12 Ashikaga Yoshiharu 1511–1550 1521–1546
13 Ashikaga Yoshiteru 1536–1565 1546–1565
14 Ashikaga Yoshihide 1538–1568 1568
15 Ashikaga Yoshiaki 1537–1597 1568–1573
Tokugawa Shogunate[29]
1 Tokugawa Ieyasu 1542–1616 1603–1605
2 Tokugawa Hidetada 1579–1632[33] 1605–1623
3 Tokugawa Iemitsu 1604–1651 1623–1651
4 Tokugawa Ietsuna 1641–1680 1651–1680
5 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 1646–1709 1680–1709
6 Tokugawa Ienobu 1662–1712[33] 1709–1712
7 Tokugawa Ietsugu 1709–1716 1713–1716
8 Tokugawa Yoshimune 1684–1751 1716–1745
9 Tokugawa Ieshige 1711–1761 1745–1760
10 Tokugawa Ieharu 1737–1786 1760–1786
11 Tokugawa Ienari 1773–1841[33] 1787–1837
12 Tokugawa Ieyoshi 1793–1853 1837–1853
13 Tokugawa Iesada 1824–1858 1853–1858
14 Tokugawa Iemochi 1846–1866 1858–1866
15 Tokugawa Yoshinobu 1837–1913 1867–1868[34]

First shogun

There is no consensus among the various authors since some sources consider Tajihi no Agatamori the first, others say Ōtomo no Otomaro, other sources assure that the first was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, while others avoid the problem by just mentioning from the first Kamakura shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo.

Heian period (794–1185)

Main article: Heian period
 
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811) was one of the first shoguns of the early Heian period

Originally, the title of Sei-i Taishōgun ("Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians")[2] was given to military commanders during the early Heian period for the duration of military campaigns against the Emishi, who resisted the governance of the Kyoto-based imperial court. Ōtomo no Otomaro was the first Sei-i Taishōgun.[35] The most famous of these shoguns was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro.

In the later Heian period, one more shogun was appointed. Minamoto no Yoshinaka was named sei-i taishōgun during the Genpei War, only to be killed shortly thereafter by Minamoto no Yoshitsune.

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

Main article: Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811)[24] was a Japanese general who fought against the Emishi tribes of northern Japan (settled in the territory that today integrates the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa). Tamarumaro was the first general to bend these tribes, integrating their territory to that of the Yamato State. For his military feats he was named Seii Taishōgun and probably because he was the first to win the victory against the northern tribes he is generally recognized as the first shogun in history.[24][36][37] (Note: according to historical sources Ōtomo no Otomaro also had the title of Seii Taishōgun).

Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333)

Main articles: Kamakura shogunate and Kamakura period
 
Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun (1192–1199) of the Kamakura shogunate

In the early 11th century, daimyō protected by samurai came to dominate internal Japanese politics.[38] Two of the most powerful families – the Taira and Minamoto – fought for control over the declining imperial court. The Taira family seized control from 1160 to 1185, but was defeated by the Minamoto in the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the central government and aristocracy and by 1192 established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai, gained some political powers while the Emperor and the aristocracy remained the de jure rulers.[39][40] In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of Sei-i Taishōgun by Emperor Go-Toba and the political system he developed with a succession of shoguns as the head became known as a shogunate. Hojo Masako's (Yoritomo's wife) family, the Hōjō, seized power from the Kamakura shoguns.[41] When Yoritomo's sons and heirs were assassinated, the shogun himself became a hereditary figurehead. Real power rested with the Hōjō regents. The Kamakura shogunate lasted for almost 150 years, from 1192 to 1333.

The end of the Kamakura shogunate came when Kamakura fell in 1333, and the Hōjō Regency was destroyed. Determined to restore power to the Imperial Court, in 1331 Emperor Go-Daigo tried to overthrow the shogunate. As a result, Daigo was exiled. Around 1334–1336, Ashikaga Takauji helped Daigo regain his throne in the Kenmu Restoration.[42]

The fight against the shogunate left the Emperor with too many people claiming a limited supply of land. Takauji turned against the Emperor when the discontent about the distribution of land grew great enough. In 1336 Daigo was banished again, in favor of a new Emperor,[42] leading to the creation of the new Ashikaga shogunate.

During the Kenmu Restoration, after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, another short-lived shogun arose. Prince Moriyoshi (Morinaga), son of Go-Daigo, was awarded the title of Sei-i Taishōgun. However, Prince Moriyoshi was later put under house arrest and, in 1335, killed by Ashikaga Tadayoshi.

Ashikaga (Muromachi) shogunate (1336/1338–1573)

Main articles: Ashikaga shogunate and Muromachi period
 
Ashikaga Takauji (1336/1338–1358) established the Ashikaga shogunate

In 1336[43] or 1338,[44][45] Ashikaga Takauji, like Minamoto no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Minamoto princes,[44] was awarded the title of sei-i taishōgun and established the Ashikaga shogunate, which nominally lasted until 1573. The Ashikaga had their headquarters in the Muromachi district of Kyoto, and the time during which they ruled is also known as the Muromachi period.

For the first fifty years of the Shogunate the Ashikaga were unable to assert power over the entire country, as the descendants of Go-Daigo formed a rival court challenging their authority in the Nanboku-chō period. Finally in 1392, the Southern Court surrendered to the Northern Court and the authority of the bakufu.

Following the Onin War the power of the Ashikaga Shoguns slowly dwindled and with the start of the Sengoku period were reduced to puppets of various warlords, until ultimately the last Muromachi Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki was deposed in 1573.

Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1600)

Further information: Azuchi–Momoyama period

With the end of the Ashikaga bakufu Oda Nobunaga and his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, rose to power, governing using the court titles of Imperial Regent and gaining far greater power than any of their predecessors in those offices had. Hideyoshi is considered by many historians to be among Japan's greatest rulers, yet neither man was ever formally granted the title of Shogun.

Tokugawa shogunate (1600–1868)

Main articles: Tokugawa shogunate and Bakumatsu

After Hideyoshi's death following the failed invasion of Korea, Tokugawa Ieyasu seized power with the victory at the Battle of Sekigahara and established a shogunate government at Edo (now known as Tokyo) in 1600. He received the title sei-i taishōgun in 1603, after he forged a family tree to show he was of Minamoto descent.[46] The Tokugawa shogunate lasted until 1867, when Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned as shogun and abdicated his authority to Emperor Meiji.[47] Ieyasu set a precedent in 1605 when he retired as shogun in favour of his son Tokugawa Hidetada, though he maintained power from behind the scenes as Ōgosho [ja] (大御所, cloistered shogun).[48]

During the Edo period, effective power rested with the Tokugawa shogun, not the Emperor in Kyoto, even though the former ostensibly owed his position to the latter. The shogun controlled foreign policy, the military, and feudal patronage. The role of the Emperor was ceremonial, similar to the position of the Japanese monarchy after the Second World War.[49]

The Honjō Masamune was inherited by successive shoguns and it represented the Tokugawa shogunate.[50] It was crafted by swordsmith Masamune (1264–1343) and recognized as one of the finest Japanese swords in history. After World War 2, in December 1945, Tokugawa Iemasa gave the sword to a police station at Mejiro and it went missing.[citation needed]

Timelines

Timeline of the Kamakura shogunate

Prince MorikuniPrince HisaakiPrince KoreyasuPrince MunetakaKujō YoritsuguKujō YoritsuneMinamoto no SanetomoMinamoto no YoriieMinamoto no Yoritomo

Timeline of the Ashikaga shogunate

Ashikaga YoshiakiAshikaga YoshihideAshikaga YoshiteruAshikaga YoshiharuAshikaga YoshitaneAshikaga YoshizumiAshikaga YoshitaneAshikaga YoshihisaAshikaga YoshimasaAshikaga YoshikatsuAshikaga YoshinoriAshikaga YoshikazuAshikaga YoshimochiAshikaga YoshimitsuAshikaga YoshiakiraAshikaga Takauji

Timeline of the Tokugawa shogunate

Tokugawa YoshinobuTokugawa IemochiTokugawa IesadaTokugawa IeyoshiTokugawa IenariTokugawa IeharuTokugawa IeshigeTokugawa YoshimuneTokugawa IetsuguTokugawa IenobuTokugawa TsunayoshiTokugawa IetsunaTokugawa IemitsuTokugawa HidetadaTokugawa Ieyasu

Shogunate

 
Shogun hearing a lawsuit at Fukiage (of Edo Castle) by Toyohara Chikanobu

The term bakufu (幕府, "tent government") originally meant the dwelling and household of a shogun, but in time, became a metonym for the system of government dominated by a feudal military dictatorship, exercised in the name of the shogun or by the shogun himself. Therefore, various bakufu held absolute power over the country (territory ruled at that time) with limited interruptions between 1192 to 1867, glossing over actual power, clan and title transfers.

The shogunate system was originally established under the Kamakura shogunate by Minamoto no Yoritomo after the Genpei War, although theoretically the state (and therefore the Emperor) still held de jure ownership of all land in Japan. The system had some feudal elements, with lesser territorial lords pledging their allegiance to greater ones. Samurai were rewarded for their loyalty with agricultural surplus, usually rice, or labor services from peasants. In contrast to European feudal knights, samurai were not landowners.[51] The hierarchy that held this system of government together was reinforced by close ties of loyalty between the daimyō, samurai, and their subordinates.

Each shogunate was dynamic, not static. Power was constantly shifting and authority was often ambiguous. The study of the ebbs and flows in this complex history continues to occupy the attention of scholars. Each shogunate encountered competition. Sources of competition included the Emperor and the court aristocracy, the remnants of the imperial governmental systems, the daimyōs, the shōen system, the great temples and shrines, the sōhei, the shugo and jitō, the jizamurai and early modern daimyō. Each shogunate reflected the necessity of new ways of balancing the changing requirements of central and regional authorities.[52]

Relationship with the emperor

Main article: Emperor of Japan

Since Minamoto no Yoritomo turned the figure of the shogun into a permanent and hereditary position and until the Meiji Restoration there were two ruling classes in Japan: 1. the emperor or tennō (天皇, lit. "Heavenly Sovereign"),[53] who acted as "chief priest" of the official religion of the country, Shinto, and 2. the shogun, head of the army who also enjoyed civil, military, diplomatic and judicial authority.[54] Although in theory the shogun was an emperor's servant, it became the true power behind the throne.[55]

No shogun tried to usurp the throne, even when they had at their disposal the military power of the territory. There were two reasons primarily:[56]

  • Theoretically the shogun received the power of the emperor, so this was his symbol of authority.
  • There was a sentimentalist tradition created by priests and religious who traced the imperial line from the "age of the gods" into an "eternal line unbroken by the times." According to Japanese mythology, the emperor was a direct descendant of Amaterasu, goddess of the sun.

Unable to usurp the throne, the shoguns sought throughout history to keep the emperor away from the country's political activity, relegating them from the sphere of influence. One of the few powers that the imperial house could retain was that of being able to "control time" through the designation of the Japanese Nengō or Eras and the issuance of calendars.[57]

Emperors twice tried to recover the power they enjoyed before the establishment of the shogunate. In 1219 the Emperor Go-Toba accused the Hōjō as outlaws. Imperial troops mobilized, leading to the Jōkyū War (1219–1221), which would culminate in the third Battle of Uji (1221). During this, the imperial troops were defeated and the emperor Go-Toba was exiled.[58] With the defeat of Go-Toba, the samurai government over the country was confirmed.[58] At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Emperor Go-Daigo decided to rebel, but the Hōjō, who were then regents, sent an army from Kamakura. The emperor fled before the troops arrived and took the imperial insignia.[59] The shogun named his own emperor, giving rise to the era Nanboku-chō period (南北朝, lit. "Southern and Northern Courts").

During the 1850s and 1860s, the shogunate was severely pressured both abroad and by foreign powers. It was then that various groups angry with the shogunate for the concessions made to the various European countries found in the figure of the emperor an ally through which they could expel the Tokugawa shogunate from power. The motto of this movement was Sonnō jōi (尊王攘夷, "Revere the Emperor, Eject the Barbarians") and they finally succeeded in 1868, when imperial power was restored after centuries of being in the shadow of the country's political life.[60]

Legacy

Upon Japan's surrender after World War II, American Army General Douglas MacArthur became Japan's de facto ruler during the years of occupation. So great was his influence in Japan that he has been dubbed the Gaijin Shōgun (外人将軍).[61]

Today, the head of the Japanese government is the Prime Minister; the usage of the term "shogun" has nevertheless continued in colloquialisms. A retired Prime Minister who still wields considerable power and influence behind the scenes is called a "shadow shogun" (闇将軍, yami shōgun),[62] a sort of modern incarnation of the cloistered rule. Examples of "shadow shoguns" are former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and the politician Ichirō Ozawa.[63]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary, ISBN 0-8048-0408-7
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  4. ^ Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 321.
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  14. ^ Ishii, 2002:2467.
  15. ^ There is no consensus among the various authors on this list since some sources consider Tajihi no Agatamori the first, some others take Ōtomo no Otomaro, other sources assure that the first was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, while others avoid the problem by just mentioning from the first Kamakura shogun.
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  32. ^ a b Perkins, 1998b:295.
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  35. ^ 征夷大将軍―もう一つの国家主権 (in Japanese). Books Kinokuniya. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
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  40. ^ "...not only was the Heian system of imperial-aristocratic rule still vigorous during the twelfth century, but also it remained the essential framework within which the bakufu, during its lifetime, was obliged to operate. In this sense, the Heian pattern of government survived into the fourteenth century - to be destroyed with the Kama-kura bakufu rather than by it." Warrior Rule in Japan, page 1. Cambridge University Press.
  41. ^ "shogun | Japanese title". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  42. ^ a b Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1134–1615. United States: Stanford University Press.
  43. ^ Grossberg, Kenneth A. (1976). "From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch. The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (1): 34. doi:10.2307/2384184. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2384184.
  44. ^ a b Hall, John Whitney (1 January 1977). Japan in the Muromachi Age. University of California Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-520-02888-3.
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  54. ^ Kuno, 2007:245.
  55. ^ Davis, 2001:205.
  56. ^ Roth, 2007:103.
  57. ^ Fiévé & Waley, 2003:235.
  58. ^ a b Turnbull, 2006a:41.
  59. ^ Turnbull, 2006a:43.
  60. ^ Fiévé & Waley, 2003:236.
  61. ^ Valley, David J. (15 April 2000). Gaijin Shogun : Gen. Douglas MacArthur Stepfather of Postwar Japan. Title: Sektor Company. ISBN 978-0967817521. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
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  63. ^ . The Economist. 10 September 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020.

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  • Deal, William (2007). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-533126-5.
  • Perkins, Dorothy (1998). The Samurai of Japan: A Chronology from Their Origin in the Heian Era (794–1185) to the Modern Era. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7881-4525-8.
  • Perkins, George. (1998). The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185–1333). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2953-0.
  • Murdoch, James (1996). A History of Japan: 1652–1868. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15417-0.
  • Hall, John Whitney (1 January 1977). Japan in the Muromachi Age. University of California Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-520-02888-3.
  • Grossberg, Kenneth A. (1976). "From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch. The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (1): 34. doi:10.2307/2384184. ISSN 0027-0741.
  • Roth, Andrew (15 March 2007). Dilemma in Japan. Roth Press. ISBN 978-1-4067-6311-9.
  • Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. Routledge. ISBN 0-4154-0581-5.
  • Andressen, Curtis; Milton Osborne (2002). A Short History of Japan: From Samurai to Sony. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-516-2.
  • Ramírez-Faria, Carlos. Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 81-269-0775-4.
  • Mitchelhill, Jennifer; David Green (2003). Castles of the Samurai: Power and Beauty. Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-2954-3.
  • Kuno, Yoshi (2007). Japanese Expansion on the Asiatic Continent - Volume I. Read Books. ISBN 1-4067-2253-7.
  • Davis, Paul (2001). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-514366-3.

Further reading

  • Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. London: Oxford University Press. [reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2 (cloth)]
  • Columbia University (2000). "Japan: History: Early History to the Ashikaga Shoguns". Factmonster. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
  • Brazell, Karen (November 1972). "The Changing of the Shogun 1289: An Excerpt from Towazugatari". The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese. 8 (1): 58–65. doi:10.2307/489093. JSTOR 489093.
  • Brock, Karen L. (Winter 1995). "The Shogun's 'Painting Match'". Monumenta Nipponica. 50 (4): 433–484. doi:10.2307/2385589. JSTOR 2385589.
  • Department of Asian Art. "Shoguns and Art". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
  • Grossberg, Kenneth A. (August 1976). "Bakufu Bugyonin: The Size of the lower bureaucracy in Muromachi Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 35 (4): 651–654. doi:10.2307/2053677. JSTOR 2053677. S2CID 159952736.
  • Grossberg, Kenneth A. (Spring 1976). "From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch. The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (1): 29–49. doi:10.2307/2384184. JSTOR 2384184.
  • "Japan". The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book. 1992. pp. 34–59. ISBN 0-7166-0092-7.
  • Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser, eds. (1985). The Bakufu in Japanese History. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • McCune, George M. (May 1946). "The Exchange of Envoys between Korea and Japan During the Tokugawa Period". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 5 (3): 308–325. doi:10.2307/2049052. JSTOR 2049052. S2CID 161425409.
  • Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
  • Ravina, Mark (November 1995). "State-Building and Political Economy in Early-modern Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 54 (4): 997–1022. doi:10.2307/2059957. JSTOR 2059957. S2CID 154960133.
  • Seigle, Cecilia Segawa (December 1999). "The Shogun's Consort: Konoe Hiroko and Tokugawa Ienobu". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 59 (2): 485–522. doi:10.2307/2652720. JSTOR 2652720.
  • Hurst, C. Cameron, III; Smith, Henry (November 1981). "Review of Learning from Shogun: Japanese History and Western Fantasy, by Henry Smith". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 158–159. doi:10.2307/2055644. JSTOR 2055644.
  • Sansom, George. 1961. A History of Japan, 1134–1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7
  • "Shogun". The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 17. World Book. 1992. pp. 432–433. ISBN 0-7166-0092-7.
  • Stephane Lun 倫世豪. A Guide on Shinsengumi: the background and management. 2021 Kindle Paperwhite version. Amazon.com
  • Sinsengumi, Bakumatuisin (2003). 仙台藩主. Bakusin (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 April 2007.
  • Smith, Henry, ed. (1980). Learning from Shogun: Japanese History and Western Fantasy (PDF). Santa Barbara: University of California Program in Asian Studies.
  • Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843–1845". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 102–124. doi:10.2307/2718461. JSTOR 2718461.
  • Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (Winter 1991). "In Name Only: Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan". Journal of Japanese Studies. 17 (1): 25–57. doi:10.2307/132906. JSTOR 132906.

External links

  •   Media related to Shoguns at Wikimedia Commons

January 18, 2023
shogun, this, article, about, japanese, military, rank, history, confused, with, shotgun, disambiguation, 将軍, shōgun, japanese, ɕoːɡɯɴ, listen, english, shoh, officially, taishōgun, 征夷大将軍, commander, chief, expeditionary, force, against, barbarians, title, mil. This article is about the Japanese military rank and its history It is not to be confused with shotgun or Shogun disambiguation Shogun 将軍 shōgun Japanese ɕoːɡɯɴ listen English ˈ ʃ oʊ ɡ ʌ n SHOH gun 1 officially Sei i Taishōgun 征夷大将軍 Commander in Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians 2 was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868 Nominally appointed by the Emperor shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country 3 though during part of the Kamakura period shoguns were themselves figureheads with real power in hands of the Shikken of the Hōjō clan The office of shogun was in practice hereditary though over the course of the history of Japan several different clans held the position The title was originally held by military commanders during Heian period in the eighth and ninth centuries When Minamoto no Yoritomo gained political ascendency over Japan in 1185 the title was revived to regularize his position making him the first shogun in the usually understood sense The shogun s officials were collectively referred to as the bakufu 幕府 tent government they were the ones who carried out the actual duties of administration while the Imperial court retained only nominal authority 4 The tent symbolized the shogun s role as the military s field commander but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary Nevertheless the institution known in English as the shogunate English ˈ ʃ oʊ ɡ e n eɪ t persisted for nearly 700 years ending when Tokugawa Yoshinobu relinquished the office to Emperor Meiji in 1867 as part of the Meiji Restoration 5 Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Bakufu 2 Titles 3 History 3 1 First shogun 3 2 Heian period 794 1185 3 2 1 Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 3 3 Kamakura shogunate 1192 1333 3 4 Ashikaga Muromachi shogunate 1336 1338 1573 3 5 Azuchi Momoyama period 1573 1600 3 6 Tokugawa shogunate 1600 1868 4 Timelines 4 1 Timeline of the Kamakura shogunate 4 2 Timeline of the Ashikaga shogunate 4 3 Timeline of the Tokugawa shogunate 5 Shogunate 6 Relationship with the emperor 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External linksEtymology Edit Kanji that make up the word shogunThe term shogun 将軍 lit army commander is the abbreviation of the historical title Sei i Taishōgun 征 sei せい means conquer or subjugate and 夷 i い means barbarian or savage 大 dai だい means great 将 shō しょう means commander 6 and 軍 gun ぐん means army 7 Thus a translation of Seii Taishōgun would be Commander in Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians 2 The term originally referred to the general who commanded the army sent to fight the tribes of northern Japan but after the twelfth century the term was used to designate the leader of the samurai 8 The term is often translated generalissimo and is also used for such military leaders of foreign nations by Japanese Bakufu Edit The administration of a shogun is called bakufu 幕府 in Japanese and literally means government from the curtain During battles the head of the samurai army would sit in a scissor chair inside a semi open tent called a maku that exhibited its respective mon or blazon The application of the term bakufu to the shogun government shows an extremely strong and representative symbolism 9 Titles EditHistorically similar terms to Seii Taishōgun were used with varying degrees of responsibility although none of them had equal or more importance than Seii Taishōgun citation needed Some of them were Seitō Taishōgun 征東大将軍 lit Commander in chief for the pacification of the East 10 Seisei Taishōgun 征西大将軍 lit Commander in chief for the pacification of the West 11 Chinjufu Shōgun 鎮守府将軍 lit Commander in chief of the central peacekeeping headquarters 12 Seiteki Taishōgun 征狄大将軍 lit Commander in chief Subjugator of the barbarians citation needed Mochisetsu Taishōgun 持節大将軍 lit Commander in chief of the Temporary Office citation needed Sekke shōgun 摂家将軍 lit Great General Counselor 13 Miya shōgun 宮将軍 lit Great General of the Palace 14 Mutsu Chintō Tykat 陸奥鎮東将軍 lit Great General of Subduing Mutsu citation needed History EditSee also Samurai and History of Japan Shoguns in the history of JapanS Name Birth Death GovernmentFirst shoguns 15 Tajihi no Agatamori 668 737 16 720 17 Ōtomo no Yakamochi 718 785 18 784 785 19 Ki no Kosami in the year 789 20 Ki no Kosami 733 797 21 789 20 Ōtomo no Otomaro 731 809 22 794 23 Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 758 811 24 797 811 25 Fun ya no Watamaro 765 823 26 813 25 Fujiwara no Tadabumi 873 947 27 940 25 Minamoto no Yoshinaka 1154 1184 28 1184 25 Kamakura Shogunate 29 1 Minamoto no Yoritomo 1147 1199 1192 11992 Minamoto no Yoriie 1182 1204 1202 12033 Minamoto no Sanetomo 1192 1219 1203 12194 Kujō Yoritsune 1218 1256 1226 12445 Kujō Yoritsugu 1239 1256 1244 12526 Prince Munetaka 1242 1274 1252 12667 Prince Koreyasu 1264 1326 1266 12898 Prince Hisaaki 1276 1328 1289 13089 Prince Morikuni 1301 1333 1308 1333Kenmu RestorationPrince Moriyoshi 1308 1335 30 He was named shogun by his father Emperor Go Daigo in 1333 31 1333 1335 31 Prince Nariyoshi 1326 1344 32 1334 1338 32 Ashikaga Shogunate 29 1 Ashikaga Takauji 1305 1358 1338 13582 Ashikaga Yoshiakira 1330 1367 1358 13673 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 1358 1408 1368 13944 Ashikaga Yoshimochi 1386 1428 1394 14235 Ashikaga Yoshikazu 1407 1425 1423 14256 Ashikaga Yoshinori 1394 1441 1429 14417 Ashikaga Yoshikatsu 1434 1443 1442 14438 Ashikaga Yoshimasa 1436 1490 1449 14739 Ashikaga Yoshihisa 1465 1489 1473 148910 Ashikaga Yoshitane 1466 1523 1490 149311 Ashikaga Yoshizumi 1480 1511 1494 150810 Ashikaga Yoshitane 1508 152112 Ashikaga Yoshiharu 1511 1550 1521 154613 Ashikaga Yoshiteru 1536 1565 1546 156514 Ashikaga Yoshihide 1538 1568 156815 Ashikaga Yoshiaki 1537 1597 1568 1573Tokugawa Shogunate 29 1 Tokugawa Ieyasu 1542 1616 1603 16052 Tokugawa Hidetada 1579 1632 33 1605 16233 Tokugawa Iemitsu 1604 1651 1623 16514 Tokugawa Ietsuna 1641 1680 1651 16805 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 1646 1709 1680 17096 Tokugawa Ienobu 1662 1712 33 1709 17127 Tokugawa Ietsugu 1709 1716 1713 17168 Tokugawa Yoshimune 1684 1751 1716 17459 Tokugawa Ieshige 1711 1761 1745 176010 Tokugawa Ieharu 1737 1786 1760 178611 Tokugawa Ienari 1773 1841 33 1787 183712 Tokugawa Ieyoshi 1793 1853 1837 185313 Tokugawa Iesada 1824 1858 1853 185814 Tokugawa Iemochi 1846 1866 1858 186615 Tokugawa Yoshinobu 1837 1913 1867 1868 34 First shogun Edit There is no consensus among the various authors since some sources consider Tajihi no Agatamori the first others say Ōtomo no Otomaro other sources assure that the first was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro while others avoid the problem by just mentioning from the first Kamakura shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo Heian period 794 1185 Edit Main article Heian period Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 758 811 was one of the first shoguns of the early Heian period Originally the title of Sei i Taishōgun Commander in Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians 2 was given to military commanders during the early Heian period for the duration of military campaigns against the Emishi who resisted the governance of the Kyoto based imperial court Ōtomo no Otomaro was the first Sei i Taishōgun 35 The most famous of these shoguns was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro In the later Heian period one more shogun was appointed Minamoto no Yoshinaka was named sei i taishōgun during the Genpei War only to be killed shortly thereafter by Minamoto no Yoshitsune Sakanoue no Tamuramaro Edit Main article Sakanoue no Tamuramaro Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 758 811 24 was a Japanese general who fought against the Emishi tribes of northern Japan settled in the territory that today integrates the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa Tamarumaro was the first general to bend these tribes integrating their territory to that of the Yamato State For his military feats he was named Seii Taishōgun and probably because he was the first to win the victory against the northern tribes he is generally recognized as the first shogun in history 24 36 37 Note according to historical sources Ōtomo no Otomaro also had the title of Seii Taishōgun Kamakura shogunate 1192 1333 Edit Main articles Kamakura shogunate and Kamakura period Minamoto no Yoritomo the first shogun 1192 1199 of the Kamakura shogunate In the early 11th century daimyō protected by samurai came to dominate internal Japanese politics 38 Two of the most powerful families the Taira and Minamoto fought for control over the declining imperial court The Taira family seized control from 1160 to 1185 but was defeated by the Minamoto in the Battle of Dan no ura Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the central government and aristocracy and by 1192 established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military the samurai gained some political powers while the Emperor and the aristocracy remained the de jure rulers 39 40 In 1192 Yoritomo was awarded the title of Sei i Taishōgun by Emperor Go Toba and the political system he developed with a succession of shoguns as the head became known as a shogunate Hojo Masako s Yoritomo s wife family the Hōjō seized power from the Kamakura shoguns 41 When Yoritomo s sons and heirs were assassinated the shogun himself became a hereditary figurehead Real power rested with the Hōjō regents The Kamakura shogunate lasted for almost 150 years from 1192 to 1333 The end of the Kamakura shogunate came when Kamakura fell in 1333 and the Hōjō Regency was destroyed Determined to restore power to the Imperial Court in 1331 Emperor Go Daigo tried to overthrow the shogunate As a result Daigo was exiled Around 1334 1336 Ashikaga Takauji helped Daigo regain his throne in the Kenmu Restoration 42 The fight against the shogunate left the Emperor with too many people claiming a limited supply of land Takauji turned against the Emperor when the discontent about the distribution of land grew great enough In 1336 Daigo was banished again in favor of a new Emperor 42 leading to the creation of the new Ashikaga shogunate During the Kenmu Restoration after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333 another short lived shogun arose Prince Moriyoshi Morinaga son of Go Daigo was awarded the title of Sei i Taishōgun However Prince Moriyoshi was later put under house arrest and in 1335 killed by Ashikaga Tadayoshi Ashikaga Muromachi shogunate 1336 1338 1573 Edit Main articles Ashikaga shogunate and Muromachi period Ashikaga Takauji 1336 1338 1358 established the Ashikaga shogunate In 1336 43 or 1338 44 45 Ashikaga Takauji like Minamoto no Yoritomo a descendant of the Minamoto princes 44 was awarded the title of sei i taishōgun and established the Ashikaga shogunate which nominally lasted until 1573 The Ashikaga had their headquarters in the Muromachi district of Kyoto and the time during which they ruled is also known as the Muromachi period For the first fifty years of the Shogunate the Ashikaga were unable to assert power over the entire country as the descendants of Go Daigo formed a rival court challenging their authority in the Nanboku chō period Finally in 1392 the Southern Court surrendered to the Northern Court and the authority of the bakufu Following the Onin War the power of the Ashikaga Shoguns slowly dwindled and with the start of the Sengoku period were reduced to puppets of various warlords until ultimately the last Muromachi Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki was deposed in 1573 Azuchi Momoyama period 1573 1600 Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Further information Azuchi Momoyama period With the end of the Ashikaga bakufu Oda Nobunaga and his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose to power governing using the court titles of Imperial Regent and gaining far greater power than any of their predecessors in those offices had Hideyoshi is considered by many historians to be among Japan s greatest rulers yet neither man was ever formally granted the title of Shogun Tokugawa shogunate 1600 1868 Edit Main articles Tokugawa shogunate and Bakumatsu Ukiyo e of Tokugawa Ieyasu founder of the Tokugawa shogunate After Hideyoshi s death following the failed invasion of Korea Tokugawa Ieyasu seized power with the victory at the Battle of Sekigahara and established a shogunate government at Edo now known as Tokyo in 1600 He received the title sei i taishōgun in 1603 after he forged a family tree to show he was of Minamoto descent 46 The Tokugawa shogunate lasted until 1867 when Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned as shogun and abdicated his authority to Emperor Meiji 47 Ieyasu set a precedent in 1605 when he retired as shogun in favour of his son Tokugawa Hidetada though he maintained power from behind the scenes as Ōgosho ja 大御所 cloistered shogun 48 During the Edo period effective power rested with the Tokugawa shogun not the Emperor in Kyoto even though the former ostensibly owed his position to the latter The shogun controlled foreign policy the military and feudal patronage The role of the Emperor was ceremonial similar to the position of the Japanese monarchy after the Second World War 49 The Honjō Masamune was inherited by successive shoguns and it represented the Tokugawa shogunate 50 It was crafted by swordsmith Masamune 1264 1343 and recognized as one of the finest Japanese swords in history After World War 2 in December 1945 Tokugawa Iemasa gave the sword to a police station at Mejiro and it went missing citation needed Timelines EditTimeline of the Kamakura shogunate Edit Timeline of the Ashikaga shogunate Edit Timeline of the Tokugawa shogunate EditShogunate Edit Shogun hearing a lawsuit at Fukiage of Edo Castle by Toyohara Chikanobu The term bakufu 幕府 tent government originally meant the dwelling and household of a shogun but in time became a metonym for the system of government dominated by a feudal military dictatorship exercised in the name of the shogun or by the shogun himself Therefore various bakufu held absolute power over the country territory ruled at that time with limited interruptions between 1192 to 1867 glossing over actual power clan and title transfers The shogunate system was originally established under the Kamakura shogunate by Minamoto no Yoritomo after the Genpei War although theoretically the state and therefore the Emperor still held de jure ownership of all land in Japan The system had some feudal elements with lesser territorial lords pledging their allegiance to greater ones Samurai were rewarded for their loyalty with agricultural surplus usually rice or labor services from peasants In contrast to European feudal knights samurai were not landowners 51 The hierarchy that held this system of government together was reinforced by close ties of loyalty between the daimyō samurai and their subordinates Each shogunate was dynamic not static Power was constantly shifting and authority was often ambiguous The study of the ebbs and flows in this complex history continues to occupy the attention of scholars Each shogunate encountered competition Sources of competition included the Emperor and the court aristocracy the remnants of the imperial governmental systems the daimyōs the shōen system the great temples and shrines the sōhei the shugo and jitō the jizamurai and early modern daimyō Each shogunate reflected the necessity of new ways of balancing the changing requirements of central and regional authorities 52 Relationship with the emperor Edit Imperial Seal of Japan Main article Emperor of Japan Since Minamoto no Yoritomo turned the figure of the shogun into a permanent and hereditary position and until the Meiji Restoration there were two ruling classes in Japan 1 the emperor or tennō 天皇 lit Heavenly Sovereign 53 who acted as chief priest of the official religion of the country Shinto and 2 the shogun head of the army who also enjoyed civil military diplomatic and judicial authority 54 Although in theory the shogun was an emperor s servant it became the true power behind the throne 55 No shogun tried to usurp the throne even when they had at their disposal the military power of the territory There were two reasons primarily 56 Theoretically the shogun received the power of the emperor so this was his symbol of authority There was a sentimentalist tradition created by priests and religious who traced the imperial line from the age of the gods into an eternal line unbroken by the times According to Japanese mythology the emperor was a direct descendant of Amaterasu goddess of the sun Unable to usurp the throne the shoguns sought throughout history to keep the emperor away from the country s political activity relegating them from the sphere of influence One of the few powers that the imperial house could retain was that of being able to control time through the designation of the Japanese Nengō or Eras and the issuance of calendars 57 Emperors twice tried to recover the power they enjoyed before the establishment of the shogunate In 1219 the Emperor Go Toba accused the Hōjō as outlaws Imperial troops mobilized leading to the Jōkyu War 1219 1221 which would culminate in the third Battle of Uji 1221 During this the imperial troops were defeated and the emperor Go Toba was exiled 58 With the defeat of Go Toba the samurai government over the country was confirmed 58 At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Emperor Go Daigo decided to rebel but the Hōjō who were then regents sent an army from Kamakura The emperor fled before the troops arrived and took the imperial insignia 59 The shogun named his own emperor giving rise to the era Nanboku chō period 南北朝 lit Southern and Northern Courts During the 1850s and 1860s the shogunate was severely pressured both abroad and by foreign powers It was then that various groups angry with the shogunate for the concessions made to the various European countries found in the figure of the emperor an ally through which they could expel the Tokugawa shogunate from power The motto of this movement was Sonnō jōi 尊王攘夷 Revere the Emperor Eject the Barbarians and they finally succeeded in 1868 when imperial power was restored after centuries of being in the shadow of the country s political life 60 Legacy EditUpon Japan s surrender after World War II American Army General Douglas MacArthur became Japan s de facto ruler during the years of occupation So great was his influence in Japan that he has been dubbed the Gaijin Shōgun 外人将軍 61 Today the head of the Japanese government is the Prime Minister the usage of the term shogun has nevertheless continued in colloquialisms A retired Prime Minister who still wields considerable power and influence behind the scenes is called a shadow shogun 闇将軍 yami shōgun 62 a sort of modern incarnation of the cloistered rule Examples of shadow shoguns are former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and the politician Ichirō Ozawa 63 See also EditCommander in chief Feudalism Kantō kubō History of Japan List of shogunsReferences Edit Wells John 3 April 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Pearson Longman ISBN 978 1 4058 8118 0 a b c The Modern Reader s Japanese English Character Dictionary ISBN 0 8048 0408 7 Shogun Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 19 November 2014 Beasley William G 1955 Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy 1853 1868 p 321 Totman Conrad 1966 Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu Abe Masahiro s Rise to Power 1843 1845 Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 26 102 124 doi 10 2307 2718461 JSTOR 2718461 Yamasa Online Kanji Dictionary Archived from the original on 15 April 2009 Retrieved 20 January 2009 Yamasa Online Kanji Dictionary Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 Retrieved 20 January 2009 Turnbull 2006a 21 amp 22 Turnbull 2006a 207 Friday 2007 108 Hall 1991 241 Adolphson 2007 341 Ishii 2002 2396 Ishii 2002 2467 There is no consensus among the various authors on this list since some sources consider Tajihi no Agatamori the first some others take Ōtomo no Otomaro other sources assure that the first was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro while others avoid the problem by just mentioning from the first Kamakura shogun Cranston 1998 361 Samurai Archives Early Japan Archived from the original on 31 January 2009 Retrieved 20 January 2009 Cranston 1998 427 Sansom 1931 201 a b Takekoshi 2004 96 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Histories Online Retrieved 20 January 2009 permanent dead link Caiger 1997 339 Shively 1999 xviii a b c De Bary et al 2001 266 a b c d The history files Shoguns of Japan Retrieved 20 January 2009 Shively et al 1999 30 Adolphson et al 2007 334 Turnbull 2005 16 a b c Deal 2007 100 101 Perkins 1998b 292 a b Varley 1994 243 a b Perkins 1998b 295 a b c Murdoch 1996 791 Deal 2007 48 征夷大将軍 もう一つの国家主権 in Japanese Books Kinokuniya Retrieved 7 March 2011 Andressen amp Osborne 2002 48 Ramirez faria 283 Shogun The World Book Encyclopedia Vol 17 World Book 1992 pp 432 433 ISBN 0 7166 0092 7 Nussbaum Louis Frederic 2005 Kamakura jidai in Japan Encyclopedia p 459 not only was the Heian system of imperial aristocratic rule still vigorous during the twelfth century but also it remained the essential framework within which the bakufu during its lifetime was obliged to operate In this sense the Heian pattern of government survived into the fourteenth century to be destroyed with the Kama kura bakufu rather than by it Warrior Rule in Japan page 1 Cambridge University Press shogun Japanese title Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 21 August 2017 a b Sansom George 1961 A History of Japan 1134 1615 United States Stanford University Press Grossberg Kenneth A 1976 From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan Monumenta Nipponica 31 1 34 doi 10 2307 2384184 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 2384184 a b Hall John Whitney 1 January 1977 Japan in the Muromachi Age University of California Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 520 02888 3 conflicting start dates of 1336 and 1338 are listed across different sources Titsingh I 1834 Annales des empereurs du Japon p 409 Japan The World Book Encyclopedia World Book 1992 pp 34 59 ISBN 0 7166 0092 7 Nussbaum Ogosho at p 738 Wakabayashi Bob Tadashi Winter 1991 In Name Only Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan Journal of Japanese Studies 17 1 25 57 doi 10 2307 132906 JSTOR 132906 http internal tbi net max ff9ref2 htm History of Masamune by Jim Kurrasch Archived April 28 2007 at the Wayback Machine Bentley Jerry Traditions and Encounters pp 301 302 ISBN 978 0 07 325230 8 Mass J et al eds 1985 The Bakufu in Japanese History p 189 Mitchelhill amp Green 2003 59 Kuno 2007 245 Davis 2001 205 Roth 2007 103 Fieve amp Waley 2003 235 a b Turnbull 2006a 41 Turnbull 2006a 43 Fieve amp Waley 2003 236 Valley David J 15 April 2000 Gaijin Shogun Gen Douglas MacArthur Stepfather of Postwar Japan Title Sektor Company ISBN 978 0967817521 Retrieved 2 June 2017 闇将軍 Kotobank in Japanese Ichiro Ozawa the shadow shogun The Economist 10 September 2009 Archived from the original on 31 October 2020 Bibliography EditAdolphson Mikael Edward Kamens Stacie Matsumoto 2007 Heian Japan Centers and Peripheries University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 8248 3013 X Friday Karl 2007 The First Samurai The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel Taira Masakado John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0 471 76082 X Hall John Whitney James L McClain Marius B Jansen 1991 The Cambridge History of Japan Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 22355 5 Iwao Seiichi Teizō Iyanaga Maison Franco Japonaise Tōkyō Susumu Ishii Shōichirō Yoshida 2002 Maisonneuve amp Larose ISBN 2 7068 1575 2 Cranston Edwin 1998 A Waka Anthology Volume One The Gem Glistening Cup Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 3157 8 Sansom George Bailey 1931 Japan A Short Cultural History Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 0954 8 Takekoshi Yosaburō 2004 The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan Taylor amp Francis ISBN 0 415 32379 7 Shively Donald John Whitney Hall William H McCullough 1999 The Cambridge History of Japan Heian Japan Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 22353 9 De Bary William Theodore Yoshiko Kurata Dykstra George Tanabe Paul Varley 2001 Sources of Japanese Tradition From Earliest Times to 1600 Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 12139 3 Turnbull Stephen 2005 Samurai Commanders 1 940 1576 Osprey Publishing ISBN 1 84176 743 3 Turnbull Stephen 2006a Samurais la historia de los grandes guerreros de Japon Libsa ISBN 84 662 1229 9 Deal William 2007 Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan Oxford University Press US ISBN 0 19 533126 5 Perkins Dorothy 1998 The Samurai of Japan A Chronology from Their Origin in the Heian Era 794 1185 to the Modern Era Diane Publishing ISBN 0 7881 4525 8 Perkins George 1998 The Clear Mirror A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period 1185 1333 Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 2953 0 Murdoch James 1996 A History of Japan 1652 1868 Routledge ISBN 0 415 15417 0 Hall John Whitney 1 January 1977 Japan in the Muromachi Age University of California Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 520 02888 3 Grossberg Kenneth A 1976 From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan Monumenta Nipponica 31 1 34 doi 10 2307 2384184 ISSN 0027 0741 Roth Andrew 15 March 2007 Dilemma in Japan Roth Press ISBN 978 1 4067 6311 9 Fieve Nicolas Waley Paul 2003 Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective Place Power and Memory in Kyoto Edo and Tokyo Routledge ISBN 0 4154 0581 5 Andressen Curtis Milton Osborne 2002 A Short History of Japan From Samurai to Sony Allen amp Unwin ISBN 1 86508 516 2 Ramirez Faria Carlos Concise Encyclopedia of World History Atlantic Publishers amp Distributors ISBN 81 269 0775 4 Mitchelhill Jennifer David Green 2003 Castles of the Samurai Power and Beauty Kodansha International ISBN 4 7700 2954 3 Kuno Yoshi 2007 Japanese Expansion on the Asiatic Continent Volume I Read Books ISBN 1 4067 2253 7 Davis Paul 2001 100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present Oxford University Press US ISBN 0 19 514366 3 Further reading EditBeasley William G 1955 Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy 1853 1868 London Oxford University Press reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon London 2001 ISBN 978 0 19 713508 2 cloth Columbia University 2000 Japan History Early History to the Ashikaga Shoguns Factmonster Retrieved 17 April 2007 Brazell Karen November 1972 The Changing of the Shogun 1289 An Excerpt from Towazugatari The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 8 1 58 65 doi 10 2307 489093 JSTOR 489093 Brock Karen L Winter 1995 The Shogun s Painting Match Monumenta Nipponica 50 4 433 484 doi 10 2307 2385589 JSTOR 2385589 Department of Asian Art Shoguns and Art In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2000 Grossberg Kenneth A August 1976 Bakufu Bugyonin The Size of the lower bureaucracy in Muromachi Japan The Journal of Asian Studies 35 4 651 654 doi 10 2307 2053677 JSTOR 2053677 S2CID 159952736 Grossberg Kenneth A Spring 1976 From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan Monumenta Nipponica 31 1 29 49 doi 10 2307 2384184 JSTOR 2384184 Japan The World Book Encyclopedia World Book 1992 pp 34 59 ISBN 0 7166 0092 7 Mass Jeffrey P and William B Hauser eds 1985 The Bakufu in Japanese History Stanford Stanford University Press McCune George M May 1946 The Exchange of Envoys between Korea and Japan During the Tokugawa Period The Far Eastern Quarterly 5 3 308 325 doi 10 2307 2049052 JSTOR 2049052 S2CID 161425409 Nussbaum Louis Frederic and Kathe Roth 2005 Japan Encyclopedia Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 01753 5 OCLC 48943301 Ravina Mark November 1995 State Building and Political Economy in Early modern Japan The Journal of Asian Studies 54 4 997 1022 doi 10 2307 2059957 JSTOR 2059957 S2CID 154960133 Seigle Cecilia Segawa December 1999 The Shogun s Consort Konoe Hiroko and Tokugawa Ienobu Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 59 2 485 522 doi 10 2307 2652720 JSTOR 2652720 Hurst C Cameron III Smith Henry November 1981 Review of Learning from Shogun Japanese History and Western Fantasy by Henry Smith The Journal of Asian Studies 41 1 158 159 doi 10 2307 2055644 JSTOR 2055644 Sansom George 1961 A History of Japan 1134 1615 Stanford Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 8047 0525 7 Shogun The World Book Encyclopedia Vol 17 World Book 1992 pp 432 433 ISBN 0 7166 0092 7 Stephane Lun 倫世豪 A Guide on Shinsengumi the background and management 2021 Kindle Paperwhite version Amazon com Sinsengumi Bakumatuisin 2003 仙台藩主 Bakusin in Japanese Retrieved 17 April 2007 Smith Henry ed 1980 Learning from Shogun Japanese History and Western Fantasy PDF Santa Barbara University of California Program in Asian Studies Totman Conrad 1966 Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu Abe Masahiro s Rise to Power 1843 1845 Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 26 102 124 doi 10 2307 2718461 JSTOR 2718461 Wakabayashi Bob Tadashi Winter 1991 In Name Only Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan Journal of Japanese Studies 17 1 25 57 doi 10 2307 132906 JSTOR 132906 External links Edit Media related to Shoguns at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shogun amp oldid 1133702827, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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