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Marshal of France

August 22, 2023

Marshal of France (French: Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration, and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was Marshal of the Empire, not Marshal of France).

Marshal of France
Maréchal de France
Rank flag
Shoulder and sleeve insignia
CountryFrance
Service branchFrench Army
Rank groupGeneral officer
NATO rank codeOF-10
Formation1185
Next higher rankNone
Next lower rankArmy general[a]
Equivalent ranksAdmiral of France
Related articles
HistoryMarshal of the Empire

A Marshal of France displays seven stars on each shoulder strap. A marshal also receives a baton – a blue cylinder with stars, formerly fleurs-de-lis during the monarchy and eagles during the First French Empire. The baton bears the Latin inscription of Terror belli, decus pacis, which means "terror in war, ornament in peace".

Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe, and Soult.

The distinction of Admiral of France is the equivalent in the French Navy.

Terror belli
...decus pacis
Modern-day baton, belonging to one of the four Marshals of France during World War II (Leclerc, de Lattre, Juin and Kœnig)

History

The title derived from the office of marescallus Franciae created by King Philip II Augustus of France for Albéric Clément (c. 1190).

The title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793. It was restored as Marshal of the Empire during the First French Empire by Napoleon. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France, and Napoleon III kept that designation.

After the fall of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire, the Third Republic did not use the title until the First World War, when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank.

Contrarily to ranks, which are awarded by the army, the distinction of Marshal of France is awarded by a special law voted by the French Parliament. For this reason, it is impossible to demote a Marshal. The most famous case is Philippe Pétain, who was awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, and who was stripped of other positions and titles after his trial for high treason due to his involvement with collaborationist Vichy France: due to the principle of separation of powers, the court that judged him did not have the power to cancel the law that had made him a Marshal in the first place.

The last living Marshal of France was Alphonse Juin, promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was Marie-Pierre Kœnig, who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984. Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a general officer who fought victoriously in war-time.

Direct Capetians

Philip II, 1180–1223

  • Albéric Clément, Lord of Le Mez (died 1191), Marshal of France in 1185
  • Matthew II of Montmorency, Lord of Montmorency and Marly, Marshal of France in 1191
  • Guillaume de Bournel, (died 1195), Marshal of France in 1192
  • Nivelon d'Arras (died 1204), Marshal of France in 1202
  • Henry I Clément, called the "Little Marshal", Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (1170–1214), Marshal of France in 1204
  • Jean III Clément, Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (died 1262), Marshal of France in 1214
  • Guillaume de la Tournelle (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1220

Louis IX, 1226–1270

  • Ferry Pasté, Lord of Challeranges (died 1247), Marshal of France in 1240
  • Jean Guillaume de Beaumont (died 1257), Marshal of France in 1250
  • Henri de Cousances (died 1268), Marshal of France in 1255
  • Gauthier III, Lord of Nemours (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1257
  • Henri II Clément, Lord of Le Mez and Argentan (died 1265), Marshal of France in 1262
  • Héric de Beaujeu (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265
  • Renaud de Précigny (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265
  • Hugh of Mirepoix, Marshal of France in 1266[1]
  • Raoul II Sores (died 1282), Marshal of France in 1270
  • Lancelot de Saint-Maard (died 1278), Marshal of France in 1270

Philip III, 1270–1285

  • Ferry de Verneuil (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1272
  • Guillaume V du Bec Crespin (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1283
  • Jean II d'Harcourt, Viscount of Châtellerault, Lord of Harcourt (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1283
  • Raoul V Le Flamenc (died 1287), Marshal of France in 1285

Philip IV, 1285–1314

Louis X, 1314–1316

Philip V, 1316–1322

  • Mathieu de Trie (died 1344), Marshal of France in 1318
  • Jean des Barres (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1318
  • Bernard VI de Moreuil, Lord of Moreuil (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1322

Charles IV, 1322–1328

  • Robert-Jean Bertran de Briquebec, Baron of Briquebec, Viscount of Roncheville (1285–1348), Marshal of France in 1325

Valois

Philip VI, 1328–1350

  • Anseau de Joinville (1265–1343), Marshal of France in 1339
  • Charles I de Montmorency, Lord of Montmorency (1325–1381), Marshal of France in 1344
  • Robert de Waurin, Lord of Saint-Venant (died 1360), Marshal of France in 1344
  • Guy II de Nesle, Lord of Offémont and of Mello (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1345
  • Édouard I de Beaujeu, Lord of Châteauneuf (1316–1351), Marshal of France in 1347

John II 1350–1364

Charles V, 1364–1380

Charles VI, 1380–1422

  • Jean II Le Meingre (1364–1421), Marshal of France in 1391
  • Jean II de Rieux, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1342–1417), Marshal of France in 1397
  • Pierre de Rieux, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1389–1439), Marshal of France in 1417
  • Claude de Beauvoir, Lord of Chastellux and Viscount of Avallon (1385–1453), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1384–1437), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Jacques de Montberon, Lord of Engoumois (died 1422), Marshal of France in 1418
  • Gilbert Motier de La Fayette (1396–1464), Marshal of France in 1421
  • Antoine de Vergy (died 1439), Marshal of France in 1422
  • Jean de La Baume, Count of Montrevel-en-Bresse (died 1435), Marshal of France in 1422

Charles VII, 1422–1461

  • Amaury de Séverac, Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude-Aigues (died 1427), Marshal of France in 1424
  • Jean de Brosse, Baron of Boussac and of Sainte-Sévère (1375–1433), Marshal of France in 1426
  • Gilles de Rais, Lord of Ingrande and of Champtocé (1404–1440), Marshal of France in 1429
  • André de Laval-Montmorency, Lord of Lohéac and of Retz (1408–1486), Marshal of France in 1439
  • Philippe de Culant, Lord of Jaloignes, of La Croisette, of Saint-Armand and of Chalais (died 1454), Marshal of France in 1441
  • Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, Seneschal de Limousin (1390–1461), Marshal of France in 1454

Louis XI, 1461–1483

Charles VIII, 1483–1498

Valois-Orléans

Louis XII, 1498–1515

Valois-Angoulême

Francis I 1515–1547

  • Jacques II de Chabannes, Lord of La Palice (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1515
  • Gaspard I de Coligny, Lord of Châtillon-sur-Loing (died 1522), Marshal of France in 1516
  • Thomas de Foix-Lescun (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1518
  • Anne I de Montmorency, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise and of Dammartin, Viscount of Melun, first Baron of France and Grand Master, Constable of France etc. (1492–1567), Marshal of France in 1522
  • Théodor Trivulce (1458–1531), Marshal of France in 1526
  • Robert III de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon, Lord of Sedan (1491–1537), Marshal of France in 1526
  • Claude d'Annebaut (1500–1552), Marshal of France in 1538
  • René de Montjean (died 1538), Lord of Montjean, Marshal of France in 1538
  • Oudard du Biez, Seigneur of Le Biez (died 1553), Marshal of France in 1542
  • Antoine de Lettes-Desprez, Lord of Montpezat (1490–1544), Marshal of France in 1544
  • Jean Caraccioli, Prince of Melphes (1480–1550), Marshal of France in 1544

Henry II 1547–1559

Francis II 1559–1560

Charles IX, 1560–1574

Henry III 1574–1589

Bourbons

 
Marshal's baton during the Bourbon monarchy

Henry IV 1589–1610

Louis XIII, 1610–1643

 
Charles de Schomberg

Louis XIV, 1643–1715

 
Sébastien de Vauban

Louis XV, 1715–1774

 
Maurice de Saxe

Louis XVI, 1774–1792

 
Philippe de Ségur

First Empire

Main article: Marshal of the Empire
 
Graphic representation of a Marshal's baton during the First French Empire

Napoleon I, 1804–1814, 1815

Throughout his reign, Napoleon created a total of twenty-six Marshals of the Empire:[5]

 
Michel Ney received his marshal's baton on 19 May 1804

The names of nineteen of these have been given to successive stretches of boulevards encircling Paris, which has thus been nicknamed the Boulevards des Maréchaux (Boulevards of the Marshals). Another three Marshals have been honored with a street elsewhere in the city. The four Marshals banned from memory are: Bernadotte and Marmont, considered as traitors; Pérignon, stricken off the list by Napoleon in 1815; and Grouchy, regarded as responsible for the defeat at Waterloo.

Restoration

Louis XVIII, 1815–1824

 
Jacques Lauriston

Charles X, 1824–1830

July Monarchy

Louis-Philippe 1830–1848

 
Sylvain Charles Valée

Second Republic

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1848–1852

 
Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans

Second Empire

Napoleon III, 1852–1870

 
Jacques Louis Randon

Third Republic

 
Ferdinand Foch

Raymond Poincaré, 1913–1920

Alexandre Millerand, 1920–1924

Fourth Republic

Vincent Auriol, 1947–1954

Fifth Republic

François Mitterrand, 1981–1995

Refused

This distinction was refused by :

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A military rank.

References

  1. ^ Steven Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 93.
  2. ^ Frederic J. Baumgartner, Henry II: King of France 1547–1559, (Duke University Press, 1988), 56.
  3. ^ Marek, Miroslav. "italy/cybo2.html". genealogy.euweb.cz.[self-published source]
  4. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol 23, Ed. Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 719.
  5. ^ R.P. Dunn-Pattison Napoleon's Marshals Methuen 1909 – Reprinted Empiricus Books 2001.
  6. ^ Bering, Henrik (February 1, 2013). "The Audacity of de Gaulle". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 2023-06-27.

August 22, 2023
marshal, france, french, maréchal, france, plural, maréchaux, france, french, military, distinction, rather, than, military, rank, that, awarded, generals, exceptional, achievements, title, been, awarded, since, 1185, though, briefly, abolished, 1793, 1804, pe. Marshal of France French Marechal de France plural Marechaux de France is a French military distinction rather than a military rank that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements The title has been awarded since 1185 though briefly abolished 1793 1804 and for a period dormant 1870 1916 It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Regime and Bourbon Restoration and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire when the title was Marshal of the Empire not Marshal of France Marshal of FranceMarechal de FranceRank flagShoulder and sleeve insigniaCountryFranceService branchFrench ArmyRank groupGeneral officerNATO rank codeOF 10Formation1185Next higher rankNoneNext lower rankArmy general a Equivalent ranksAdmiral of FranceRelated articlesHistoryMarshal of the EmpireA Marshal of France displays seven stars on each shoulder strap A marshal also receives a baton a blue cylinder with stars formerly fleurs de lis during the monarchy and eagles during the First French Empire The baton bears the Latin inscription of Terror belli decus pacis which means terror in war ornament in peace Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France Biron Lesdiguieres Turenne Villars Saxe and Soult The distinction of Admiral of France is the equivalent in the French Navy Terror belli decus pacisModern day baton belonging to one of the four Marshals of France during World War II Leclerc de Lattre Juin and Kœnig Contents 1 History 2 Direct Capetians 2 1 Philip II 1180 1223 2 2 Louis IX 1226 1270 2 3 Philip III 1270 1285 2 4 Philip IV 1285 1314 2 5 Louis X 1314 1316 2 6 Philip V 1316 1322 2 7 Charles IV 1322 1328 3 Valois 3 1 Philip VI 1328 1350 3 2 John II 1350 1364 3 3 Charles V 1364 1380 3 4 Charles VI 1380 1422 3 5 Charles VII 1422 1461 3 6 Louis XI 1461 1483 3 7 Charles VIII 1483 1498 4 Valois Orleans 4 1 Louis XII 1498 1515 5 Valois Angouleme 5 1 Francis I 1515 1547 5 2 Henry II 1547 1559 5 3 Francis II 1559 1560 5 4 Charles IX 1560 1574 5 5 Henry III 1574 1589 6 Bourbons 6 1 Henry IV 1589 1610 6 2 Louis XIII 1610 1643 6 3 Louis XIV 1643 1715 6 4 Louis XV 1715 1774 6 5 Louis XVI 1774 1792 7 First Empire 7 1 Napoleon I 1804 1814 1815 8 Restoration 8 1 Louis XVIII 1815 1824 8 2 Charles X 1824 1830 9 July Monarchy 9 1 Louis Philippe 1830 1848 10 Second Republic 10 1 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 1848 1852 11 Second Empire 11 1 Napoleon III 1852 1870 12 Third Republic 12 1 Raymond Poincare 1913 1920 12 2 Alexandre Millerand 1920 1924 13 Fourth Republic 13 1 Vincent Auriol 1947 1954 14 Fifth Republic 14 1 Francois Mitterrand 1981 1995 15 Refused 16 See also 17 Notes 18 ReferencesHistory EditThe title derived from the office of marescallus Franciae created by King Philip II Augustus of France for Alberic Clement c 1190 The title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793 It was restored as Marshal of the Empire during the First French Empire by Napoleon Under the Bourbon Restoration the title reverted to Marshal of France and Napoleon III kept that designation After the fall of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire the Third Republic did not use the title until the First World War when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank Contrarily to ranks which are awarded by the army the distinction of Marshal of France is awarded by a special law voted by the French Parliament For this reason it is impossible to demote a Marshal The most famous case is Philippe Petain who was awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I and who was stripped of other positions and titles after his trial for high treason due to his involvement with collaborationist Vichy France due to the principle of separation of powers the court that judged him did not have the power to cancel the law that had made him a Marshal in the first place The last living Marshal of France was Alphonse Juin promoted in 1952 who died in 1967 The latest Marshal of France was Marie Pierre Kœnig who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984 Today the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a general officer who fought victoriously in war time Direct Capetians EditPhilip II 1180 1223 Edit Alberic Clement Lord of Le Mez died 1191 Marshal of France in 1185 Matthew II of Montmorency Lord of Montmorency and Marly Marshal of France in 1191 Guillaume de Bournel died 1195 Marshal of France in 1192 Nivelon d Arras died 1204 Marshal of France in 1202 Henry I Clement called the Little Marshal Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan 1170 1214 Marshal of France in 1204 Jean III Clement Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan died 1262 Marshal of France in 1214 Guillaume de la Tournelle dates unknown Marshal of France in 1220Louis IX 1226 1270 Edit Ferry Paste Lord of Challeranges died 1247 Marshal of France in 1240 Jean Guillaume de Beaumont died 1257 Marshal of France in 1250 Henri de Cousances died 1268 Marshal of France in 1255 Gauthier III Lord of Nemours died 1270 Marshal of France in 1257 Henri II Clement Lord of Le Mez and Argentan died 1265 Marshal of France in 1262 Heric de Beaujeu died 1270 Marshal of France in 1265 Renaud de Precigny died 1270 Marshal of France in 1265 Hugh of Mirepoix Marshal of France in 1266 1 Raoul II Sores died 1282 Marshal of France in 1270 Lancelot de Saint Maard died 1278 Marshal of France in 1270Philip III 1270 1285 Edit Ferry de Verneuil died 1283 Marshal of France in 1272 Guillaume V du Bec Crespin died 1283 Marshal of France in 1283 Jean II d Harcourt Viscount of Chatellerault Lord of Harcourt died 1302 Marshal of France in 1283 Raoul V Le Flamenc died 1287 Marshal of France in 1285Philip IV 1285 1314 Edit Jean de Varennes died 1292 Marshal of France in 1288 Simon de Melun Lord of La Loupe and of Marcheville died 1302 Marshal of France in 1290 Guy Ier de Clermont de Nesle died 1302 Marshal of France in 1292 Foulques du Merle died 1314 Marshal of France in 1302 Miles VI de Noyers died 1350 Marshal of France in 1302 Jean de Corbeil Lord of Grez died 1318 Marshal of France in 1308Louis X 1314 1316 Edit Jean IV de Beaumont died 1318 Marshal of France in 1315Philip V 1316 1322 Edit Mathieu de Trie died 1344 Marshal of France in 1318 Jean des Barres dates unknown Marshal of France in 1318 Bernard VI de Moreuil Lord of Moreuil died 1350 Marshal of France in 1322Charles IV 1322 1328 Edit Robert Jean Bertran de Briquebec Baron of Briquebec Viscount of Roncheville 1285 1348 Marshal of France in 1325Valois EditPhilip VI 1328 1350 Edit Anseau de Joinville 1265 1343 Marshal of France in 1339 Charles I de Montmorency Lord of Montmorency 1325 1381 Marshal of France in 1344 Robert de Waurin Lord of Saint Venant died 1360 Marshal of France in 1344 Guy II de Nesle Lord of Offemont and of Mello died 1352 Marshal of France in 1345 Edouard I de Beaujeu Lord of Chateauneuf 1316 1351 Marshal of France in 1347John II 1350 1364 Edit Arnoul d Audrehem Lord of Audrehem died 1370 Marshal of France in 1351 Rogues de Hangest Lord of Avesnecourt died 1352 Marshal of France in 1352 Jean de Clermont Lord of Chantilly and of Beaumont died 1356 Marshal of France in 1352 Jean I Le Maingre 1310 1367 Marshal of France in 1356Charles V 1364 1380 Edit Jean IV de Mauquenchy Lord of Blainville died 1391 Marshal of France in 1368 Louis de Sancerre Count of Sancerre 1342 1402 Marshal of France in 1369Charles VI 1380 1422 Edit Jean II Le Meingre 1364 1421 Marshal of France in 1391 Jean II de Rieux Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux 1342 1417 Marshal of France in 1397 Pierre de Rieux Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux 1389 1439 Marshal of France in 1417 Claude de Beauvoir Lord of Chastellux and Viscount of Avallon 1385 1453 Marshal of France in 1418 Jean de Villiers de L Isle Adam 1384 1437 Marshal of France in 1418 Jacques de Montberon Lord of Engoumois died 1422 Marshal of France in 1418 Gilbert Motier de La Fayette 1396 1464 Marshal of France in 1421 Antoine de Vergy died 1439 Marshal of France in 1422 Jean de La Baume Count of Montrevel en Bresse died 1435 Marshal of France in 1422Charles VII 1422 1461 Edit Amaury de Severac Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude Aigues died 1427 Marshal of France in 1424 Jean de Brosse Baron of Boussac and of Sainte Severe 1375 1433 Marshal of France in 1426 Gilles de Rais Lord of Ingrande and of Champtoce 1404 1440 Marshal of France in 1429 Andre de Laval Montmorency Lord of Loheac and of Retz 1408 1486 Marshal of France in 1439 Philippe de Culant Lord of Jaloignes of La Croisette of Saint Armand and of Chalais died 1454 Marshal of France in 1441 Jean Poton de Xaintrailles Seneschal de Limousin 1390 1461 Marshal of France in 1454Louis XI 1461 1483 Edit Joachim Rouhault de Gamaches Lord of Boismenard died 1478 Marshal of France in 1461 Jean de Lescun Count of Comminges died 1473 Marshal of France in 1461 Wolfart VI Van Borselleen Lord of Veere in Zeeland and Earl of Buchan in Scotland died 1487 Marshal of France in 1464 Pierre de Rohan de Gie Lord of Rohan 1450 1514 Marshal of France in 1476Charles VIII 1483 1498 Edit Philippe de Crevecœur d Esquerdes 1418 1494 Marshal of France in 1486 Jean de Baudricourt Lord of Choiseul and Bailiff of Chaumont died 1499 Marshal of France in 1486Valois Orleans EditLouis XII 1498 1515 Edit Gian Giacomo Trivulzio Marquis of Vigevano 1448 1518 Marshal of France in 1499 Charles II d Amboise Lord of Chaumont of Meillan and of Charenton 1473 1511 Marshal of France in 1506 Odet de Foix Vicomte de Lautrec Viscount of Lautrec 1485 1528 Marshal of France in 1511 Robert Stewart Lord of Aubigny Count of Lennox 1470 1544 Marshal of France in 1514Valois Angouleme EditFrancis I 1515 1547 Edit Jacques II de Chabannes Lord of La Palice died 1525 Marshal of France in 1515 Gaspard I de Coligny Lord of Chatillon sur Loing died 1522 Marshal of France in 1516 Thomas de Foix Lescun died 1525 Marshal of France in 1518 Anne I de Montmorency Duke of Montmorency and of Damville Count of Beaumont sur Oise and of Dammartin Viscount of Melun first Baron of France and Grand Master Constable of France etc 1492 1567 Marshal of France in 1522 Theodor Trivulce 1458 1531 Marshal of France in 1526 Robert III de La Marck Duke of Bouillon Lord of Sedan 1491 1537 Marshal of France in 1526 Claude d Annebaut 1500 1552 Marshal of France in 1538 Rene de Montjean died 1538 Lord of Montjean Marshal of France in 1538 Oudard du Biez Seigneur of Le Biez died 1553 Marshal of France in 1542 Antoine de Lettes Desprez Lord of Montpezat 1490 1544 Marshal of France in 1544 Jean Caraccioli Prince of Melphes 1480 1550 Marshal of France in 1544Henry II 1547 1559 Edit Jacques d Albon de Saint Andre Marquis of Fronsac died 1562 Marshal of France 1547 Robert IV de La Marck Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan 1520 1556 Marshal of France in 1547 2 Charles de Cosse Count of Brissac 1505 1563 Marshal of France in 1550 Pietro Strozzi 1500 1558 Marshal of France in 1554 Paul de La Barthe Lord of Thermes 1482 1562 Marshal of France in 1558Francis II 1559 1560 Edit Francois de Montmorency Duke of Montmorency 1520 1579 Marshal of France in 1559Charles IX 1560 1574 Edit Francois de Scepeaux Lord of Vieilleville 1509 1571 Marshal of France in 1562 Imbert de La Platiere Lord of Bourdillon 1524 1567 Marshal of France in 1562 Henri I de Montmorency Lord of Damville Duke of Montmorency Count of Dammartin and Alais Baron of Chateaubriant Lord of Chantilly and Ecouen 1534 1614 Marshal of France in 1566 Artus de Cosse Brissac Lord of Gonnor and Count of Secondigny 1512 1582 Marshal of France in 1567 Gaspard de Saulx Lord of Tavannes 1509 1575 Marshal of France in 1570 Honorat II de Savoye Marquis of Villars 1511 1580 Marshal of France in 1571 Albert de Gondi Duke of Retz 1522 1602 Marshal of France in 1573Henry III 1574 1589 Edit Roger I de Saint Larry Lord of Bellegarde died 1579 Marshal of France in 1574 Blaise de Lasseran Massencome Seigneur de Montluc 1500 1577 Marshal of France in 1574 Louis Prevost de Sansac Baron de Sansac 1496 1576 Marshal of France Armand de Gontaut Baron de Biron 1524 1592 Marshal of France in 1577 Jacques II de Goyon Lord of Matignon and of Lesparre Count of Thorigny Prince of Mortagne sur Gironde 1525 1597 Marshal of France in 1579 Jean VI d Aumont Baron of Estrabonne Count of Chateauroux 1522 1595 Marshal of France Guillaume de Joyeuse Viscount of Joyeuse Lord of Saint Didier of Laudun of Puyvert and of Arques 1520 1592 Marshal of France in 1582Bourbons Edit Marshal s baton during the Bourbon monarchyHenry IV 1589 1610 Edit Henri de La Tour d Auvergne Vicomte de Turenne Duc de Bouillon 1555 1623 Marshal of France in 1592 Charles de Gontaut Duc de Biron 1562 1602 Marshal of France in 1594 Claude de La Chatre 1536 1614 Marshal of France in 1594 Jean de Montluc de Balagny 1560 1603 Marshal of France in 1594 Charles II de Cosse Duke of Brissac 1562 1621 Marshal of France in 1594 Jean III de Baumanoir Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Negrepelisse 1551 1614 Marshal of France in 1595 Henri Duke of Joyeuse 1567 1608 Marshal of France in 1595 Urbain de Montmorency Laval Marquis of Sable 1557 1629 Marshal of France in 1595 Alphonse d Ornano 1548 1610 Marshal of France in 1597 Guillaume de Hautemer Count of Grancey 1537 1613 Marshal of France in 1597 Francois de Bonne Duke of Lesdiguieres 1543 1626 Marshal of France in 1608Louis XIII 1610 1643 Edit Charles de SchombergConcino Concini Marquis of Ancre 1575 1617 Marshal of France in 1613 Gilles de Courtenvaux Marquis of Souvre 1540 1626 Marshal of France in 1614 Antoine Baron de Roquelaure 1560 1625 Marshal of France in 1614 Louis de La Chatre Baron de Maisonfort died 1630 Marshal of France in 1616 Pons de Lauzieres Themines Cardaillac Marquis of Themines 1553 1627 Marshal of France in 1616 Francois de La Grange d Arquien Lord of Montigny and of Sery in Berry 1554 1617 Marshal of France in 1616 Nicolas de L Hopital Duke of Vitry 1581 1644 Marshal of France in 1617 Charles de Choiseul Praslin Marquis of Praslin 1563 1626 Marshal of France in 1619 Jean Francois de La Guiche Count of La Palice 1569 1632 Marshal of France in 1619 Honore d Albert d Ailly Duke of Chaulnes 1581 1649 Marshal of France in 1620 Francois d Esparbes de Lussan Viscount of Aubeterre died 1628 Marshal of France in 1620 Charles de Crequy Prince of Poix Duke of Lesdiguieres 1580 1638 Marshal of France in 1621 Jacques Nompar de Caumont Duke of La Force 1558 1652 Marshal of France in 1621 Francois Marquis of Bassompierre 1579 1646 Marshal of France in 1622 Gaspard de Coligny Duke of Chatillon 1584 1646 Marshal of France in 1622 Henri de Schomberg 1574 1632 Marshal of France in 1625 Jean Baptiste d Ornano 1581 1626 Marshal of France in 1626 Francois Annibal Duc d Estrees 1573 1670 Marshal of France in 1626 Timoleon d Epinay de Saint Luc 1580 1644 Marshal of France in 1627 Louis de Marillac Count of Beaumont le Roger 1572 1632 Marshal of France in 1629 Henri II Duke of Montmorency and of Damville also Admiral of France 1595 1632 Marshal of France in 1630 Jean Caylar d Anduze de Saint Bonnet Marquis of Toiras 1585 1636 Marshal of France in 1630 Antoine Coeffier de Ruze d Effiat 1581 1632 Marshal of France in 1631 Urbain de Maille Marquis of Breze 1597 1650 Marshal of France in 1633 Maximilien de Bethune Duke of Sully 1560 1641 Marshal of France in 1634 Charles de Schomberg Duke of Halluin 1601 1656 Marshal of France in 1637 Charles de La Porte Marquis of Meilleraye 1602 1664 Marshal of France in 1639 Antoine III Duke of Gramont 1604 1678 Marshal of France in 1641 Jean Baptiste Budes Count of Guebriant 1602 1643 Marshal of France in 1642 Philippe de La Mothe Houdancourt Duke of Cardona 1605 1657 Marshal of France in 1642 Francois de L Hopital Count of Rosnay 1583 1660 Marshal of France in 1643 Henri de la Tour d Auvergne Vicomte de Turenne 1611 1675 Marshal of France in 1643 Marshal General of France in 1660 Jean Count of Gassion 1609 1647 Marshal of France in 1643Louis XIV 1643 1715 Edit Sebastien de VaubanCesar Duke of Choiseul 1598 1675 Marshal of France in 1645 Josias Count of Rantzau 1609 1650 Marshal of France in 1645 Nicolas de Neufville Duke of Villeroi 1597 1685 Marshal of France in 1646 Antoine d Aumont de Rochebaron Duc d Aumont 1601 1669 Marshal of France in 1651 Jacques d Etampes Marquis of la Ferte Imbert 1590 1663 Marshal of France in 1651 Henri Duke of la Ferte Senneterre 1600 1681 Marshal of France in 1651 Charles de Mouchy Marquis d Hocquincourt 1599 1658 Marshal of France in 1651 Jacques Rouxel Count of Grancey 1603 1680 Marshal of France in 1651 Armand Nompar de Caumont Duke of La Force 1582 1672 Marshal of France in 1652 Philippe de Clerambault Count of la Palluau 1606 1665 Marshal of France in 1652 Cesar Phoebus d Albret Count of Miossens 1614 1676 Marshal of France in 1653 Louis de Foucault de Saint Germain Beaupre Count of Le Daugnon 1616 1659 Marshal of France in 1653 Jean de Schulemberg Count of Montejeu 1597 1671 Marshal of France in 1658 Abraham de Fabert Marquis of Esternay 1599 1662 Marshal of France in 1658 Jacques de Mauvisiere Marquis of Castelnau 1620 1658 Marshal of France in 1658 Bernardin Gigault Marquis of Bellefonds 1630 1694 Marshal of France in 1668 Francois de Crequy Marquis of Marines 1620 1687 Marshal of France in 1668 Louis de Crevant Duke of Humieres 1628 1694 Marshal of France in 1668 Godefroy d Estrades Count of Estrades 1607 1686 Marshal of France in 1675 Philippe de Montaut Benac Duke of Navailles 1619 1684 Marshal of France in 1675 Frederic Armand Duke of Schomberg 1616 1690 Marshal of France in 1675 Jacques Henri de Durfort Duke of Duras 1626 1704 Marshal of France in 1675 Francois d Aubusson Duke of la Feuillade 1625 1691 Marshal of France in 1675 Louis Victor de Rochechouart Duke of Mortemart le Marechal de Vivonne 1636 1688 Marshal of France in 1675 Francois Henri de Montmorency duc de Luxembourg 1628 1695 Marshal of France in 1675 Henri Louis d Aloigny Marquis of Rochefort 1636 1676 Marshal of France in 1675 Guy de Durfort Duke of Lorges 1630 1702 Marshal of France in 1676 Jean II Count of Estrees 1624 1707 Marshal of France in 1681 Claude de Choiseul Marquis of Francieres 1632 1711 Marshal of France in 1693 Jean Armand de Joyeuse Marquis of Grandpre 1632 1710 Marshal of France in 1693 Francois de Neufville Duke of Villeroi 1644 1730 Marshal of France in 1693 Louis Francois duc de Boufflers comte de Cagny 1644 1711 Marshal of France in 1693 Anne Hilarion de Costentin Count of Tourville 1642 1701 Marshal of France in 1693 Anne Jules 2nd duc de Noailles 1650 1708 Marshal of France in 1693 Nicolas Catinat 1637 1712 Marshal of France in 1693 Louis Joseph de Bourbon duc de Vendome 1654 1712 Marshal of France in 1695 Claude Louis Hector Duke of Villars 1653 1734 Marshal of France in 1702 Marshal General of France in 1733 Noel Bouton Marquis of Chamilly 1636 1715 Marshal of France in 1703 Victor Marie Duc d Estrees 1660 1737 Marshal of France in 1703 Francois Louis Rousselet Marquis of Chateau Renault 1637 1716 Marshal of France in 1703 Sebastien Le Prestre Marquis of Vauban 1633 1707 Marshal of France in 1703 Conrad Marquis of Rosen 1628 1715 Marshal of France in 1703 Nicolas Chalon du Ble Marquis of Huxelles 1652 1730 Marshal of France in 1703 Rene de Froulay Count of Tesse 1651 1725 Marshal of France in 1703 Camille d Hostun duc de Tallard 1652 1728 Marshal of France in 1703 Nicolas Auguste de La Baume Marquis of Montrevel 1636 1716 Marshal of France in 1703 Henry duc d Harcourt 1654 1718 Marshal of France in 1703 Ferdinand Count of Marsin 1656 1706 Marshal of France in 1703 James FitzJames 1st Duke of Berwick 1670 1734 Marshal of France in 1706 Charles Auguste Goyon Count of Matignon 1647 1729 Marshal of France in 1708 Jacques de Bazin Marquis of Bezons 1645 1733 Marshal of France in 1709 Pierre de Montesquiou Count of Artagnan 1645 1725 Marshal of France in 1709 N B not the famous D Artagnan but a relative Alberico III Cybo Malaspina Duke of Massa 1674 1715 Marshal of France in 1703 3 better source needed Louis XV 1715 1774 Edit Maurice de SaxeVictor Maurice comte de Broglie 1646 1727 Marshal of France in 1724 Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste Duke of Roquelaure 1656 1738 Marshal of France in 1724 4 Jacques Rouxel Count of Grancey and of Medavy 1655 1725 Marshal of France in 1724 Eleonor du Maine Count of Le Bourg 1655 1739 Marshal of France in 1724 Yves marquis d Alegre 1653 1733 Marshal of France in 1724 Louis d Aubusson Duke of la Feuillade 1673 1725 Marshal of France in 1724 Antoine V Duke of Gramont 1671 1725 Marshal of France in 1724 Alain Emmanuel Marquis of Coetlogon 1646 1730 Marshal of France in 1730 Charles de Gontaut Duke of Biron 1663 1756 Marshal of France in 1734 Jacques de Chastenet Marquis of Puysegur 1665 1743 Marshal of France in 1734 Claude Bidal Marquis of Asfeld 1665 1743 Marshal of France in 1734 Adrien Maurice 3rd duc de Noailles 1678 1766 Marshal of France in 1734 Christian Louis de Montmorency Luxembourg Prince de Tingry 1713 1787 Marshal of France in 1734 Francois Marie II Duke of Broglie 1671 1745 Marshal of France in 1734 Francois de Franquetot Duke of Coigny 1670 1759 Marshal of France in 1734 Charles Duke of Levis Charlus 1669 1734 Marshal of France in 1734 Louis de Brancas de Forcalquier Marquis of Cereste 1671 1750 Marshal of France in 1740 Louis Auguste d Albert d Ailly Duke of Chaulnes 1676 1744 Marshal of France in 1741 Louis Armand de Brichanteau Duke of Nangis 1682 1742 Marshal of France in 1741 Louis de Gand de Merode de Montmorency prince d Isenghien 1678 1762 Marshal of France in 1741 Jean Baptiste de Durfort Duke of Duras 1684 1778 Marshal of France in 1741 Jean Baptiste Desmarets Marquis of Maillebois 1682 1762 Marshal of France in 1741 Charles Fouquet Duke of Belle Isle called the Marshal of Belle Isle 1684 1762 Marshal of France in 1741 Maurice comte de Saxe 1696 1750 Marshal of France in 1741 Marshal General of France in 1747 Jean Baptiste Andrault Marquis of Maulevrier 1677 1754 Marshal of France in 1745 Claude Testu Marquis of Balincourt 1680 1770 Marshal of France in 1746 Philippe Charles Marquis of la Fare 1687 1752 Marshal of France in 1746 Francois duc d Harcourt 1689 1750 Marshal of France in 1746 Guy Count of Montmorency Laval 1677 1751 Marshal of France in 1747 Gaspard Duke of Clermont Tonnerre 1688 1781 Marshal of France in 1747 Louis Claude Marquis of La Mothe Houdancourt 1687 1755 Marshal of France in 1747 Ulrich Count of Lowendahl 1700 1755 Marshal of France in 1747 Louis Francois Armand du Plessis duc de Richelieu 1696 1788 Marshal of France in 1748 Jean de Fay Marquis of la Tour Maubourg 1684 1764 Marshal of France in 1757 Louis Antoine de Gontaut 1701 1788 Count afterwards Duke of Biron Marshal of France in 1757 Daniel Francois de Gelas de Voisons d Ambres Viscount of Lautrec 1686 1762 Marshal of France in 1757 Charles Francois Frederic de Montmorency Duke of Piney Luxembourg 1702 1764 Marshal of France in 1757 Louis Le Tellier Duc d Estrees 1695 1771 Marshal of France in 1757 Jean Charles de la Ferte Marquis of La Ferte Senneterre 1685 1770 Marshal of France in 1757 Charles O Brien de Thomond Count of Thomond and of Clare 1699 1761 Marshal of France in 1757 Gaston Pierre de Levis Duke of Mirepoix 1699 1758 Marshal of France in 1757 Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny 1689 1778 Marshal of France in 1758 Hubert de Brienne Count of Conflans 1690 1777 Marshal of France in 1758 Louis Georges Marquis of Contades 1704 1793 Marshal of France in 1758 Charles de Rohan Prince of Soubise 1715 1787 Marshal of France in 1758 Victor Francois Duke de Broglie 1718 1804 Marshal of France in 1759 Guy Michel de Durfort de Lorge Duke of Randan 1704 1773 Marshal of France in 1768 Louis de Brienne de Conflans Marquis of Armentieres 1711 1774 Marshal of France in 1768 Jean de Cosse Duke of Brissac 1698 1780 Marshal of France in 1768Louis XVI 1774 1792 Edit Philippe de SegurAnne Pierre Duke of Harcourt 1701 1783 Marshal of France in 1775 Louis 4th duc de Noailles 1713 1793 Marshal of France in 1775 Antoine Count of Nicolai 1712 1787 Marshal of France in 1775 Charles Duke of Fitz James 1712 1787 Marshal of France in 1775 Philippe Duke of Mouchy 1715 1794 Marshal of France in 1775 Emmanuel de Durfort Duke of Duras 1715 1789 Marshal of France in 1775 Louis Nicolas Duc du Muy 1702 1775 Marshal of France in 1775 Claude Count of Saint Germain 1707 1778 Marshal of France in 1775 Guy de Montmorency Duke of Laval 1723 1798 Marshal of France in 1783 Augustin Count of Mailly 1708 1794 Marshal of France in 1783 Henri Bouchard de Lussan Marquis of Aubeterre 1714 1788 Marshal of France in 1783 Charles de Beauvau Prince of Beauvau Craon 1720 1793 Marshal of France in 1783 Noel Jourda Count of Vaux 1705 1788 Marshal of France in 1783 Philippe Henri marquis de Segur 1724 1801 Marshal of France in 1783 Jacques de Choiseul Stainville Count of Choiseul 1727 1789 Marshal of France in 1783 Charles de La Croix Marquis of Castries 1727 1801 Marshal of France in 1783 Emmanuel de Croy Solre Duke of Croy 1718 1784 Marshal of France in 1783 Francois Gaston de Levis Duc de Levis 1719 1787 Marshal of France in 1783 Nicolas Luckner Comte Luckner 1722 1794 Marshal of France since in 1791 Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur comte de Rochambeau 1725 1807 Marshal of France in 1791First Empire EditMain article Marshal of the Empire Graphic representation of a Marshal s baton during the First French EmpireNapoleon I 1804 1814 1815 Edit Throughout his reign Napoleon created a total of twenty six Marshals of the Empire 5 Michel Ney received his marshal s baton on 19 May 1804Louis Alexandre Berthier Prince of Neuchatel and of Wagram Duke of Valangin 1753 1815 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Joachim Murat Prince d Empire Grand Duke of Berg King of Naples 1767 1815 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Duke of Conegliano 1754 1842 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Jean Baptiste Jourdan Count of the Empire 1762 1833 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Andre Massena Duke of Rivoli Prince of Essling 1758 1817 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Pierre Augereau Duke of Castiglione 1757 1816 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Jean Baptiste Bernadotte 1763 1844 Prince of Pontecorvo King of Sweden and Norway under the name Charles XIV John 1818 1844 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Guillaume Marie Anne Brune Count of the Empire 1763 1815 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Jean de Dieu Soult Duke of Dalmatie 1769 1851 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Marshal General of France in 1847 Jean Lannes Duke of Montebello 1769 1809 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Edouard Mortier Duke of Trevise 1768 1835 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Michel Ney Duke of Elchingen Prince of the Moskva 1769 1815 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Louis Nicolas Davout Duke of Auerstadt Prince of Eckmuhl 1770 1823 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Jean Baptiste Bessieres Duke of Istria 1768 1813 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 Francois Christophe de Kellermann Duke of Valmy 1737 1820 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 honorary Francois Joseph Lefebvre Duke of Danzig 1755 1820 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 honorary Catherine Dominique de Perignon Marquis of Grenade 1754 1818 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 honorary Jean Mathieu Philibert Serurier Count of the Empire 1742 1819 Marshal of the Empire in 1804 honorary Claude Victor Perrin Duc de Belluno 1764 1841 Marshal of the Empire in 1807 Jacques MacDonald Duke of Tarento 1765 1840 Marshal of the Empire in 1809 Nicolas Oudinot Duke of Reggio 1767 1847 Marshal of the Empire in 1809 Auguste de Marmont Duke of Ragusa 1774 1852 Marshal of the Empire in 1809 Louis Gabriel Suchet Duke of Albufera 1770 1826 Marshal of the Empire in 1811 Laurent de Gouvion Saint Cyr Marquis of Gouvion Saint Cyr 1764 1830 Marshal of the Empire in 1812 Jozef Poniatowski Prince Poniatowski 1763 1813 Marshal of the Empire in 1813 Emmanuel de Grouchy marquis de Grouchy 1766 1847 Marshal of the Empire in 1815The names of nineteen of these have been given to successive stretches of boulevards encircling Paris which has thus been nicknamed the Boulevards des Marechaux Boulevards of the Marshals Another three Marshals have been honored with a street elsewhere in the city The four Marshals banned from memory are Bernadotte and Marmont considered as traitors Perignon stricken off the list by Napoleon in 1815 and Grouchy regarded as responsible for the defeat at Waterloo Restoration EditLouis XVIII 1815 1824 Edit Jacques LauristonGeorges Cadoudal 1771 1804 Marshal of France in 1814 posthumous Jean Victor Marie Moreau 1763 1813 Marshal of France in 1814 posthumous Francois Henri de Franquetot de Coigny Duke of Coigny 1737 1821 Marshal of France in 1816 Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke Duke of Feltre 1765 1818 Marshal of France in 1816 Pierre Riel de Beurnonville Marquis of Beurnonville 1752 1821 Marshal of France in 1816 Charles Joseph Hyacinthe du Houx de Viomesnil Marquis of Viomesnil 1734 1827 Marshal of France in 1816 Jacques Alexandre Law Marquis of Lauriston 1768 1828 Marshal of France in 1823 Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor Count Molitor 1770 1849 Marshal of France in 1823Charles X 1824 1830 Edit Louis Aloy de Hohenlohe Waldenburg Bartenstein Prince of Hohnlohe Waldenburg Bartenstein 1765 1829 Marshal of France in 1827 Nicolas Joseph Maison Marquis Maison 1771 1840 Marshal of France in 1829 Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne de Bourmont Count of Bourmont 1773 1846 Marshal of France in 1830July Monarchy EditLouis Philippe 1830 1848 Edit Sylvain Charles ValeeEtienne Maurice Gerard Count Gerard 1773 1852 Marshal of France in 1830 Bertrand Clauzel Count Clauzel 1772 1842 Marshal of France in 1831 Emmanuel de Grouchy Marquis of Grouchy 1766 1847 Marshal of France in 1831 Georges Mouton Count Lobau 1770 1838 Marshal of France in 1831 Sylvain Charles Valee Count Valee 1773 1846 Marshal of France in 1837 Horace Sebastiani Count Sebastiani 1772 1851 Marshal of France in 1840 Jean Baptiste Drouet Count d Erlon 1765 1844 Marshal of France in 1843 Thomas Robert Bugeaud Duke of Isly 1784 1849 Marshal of France in 1843 Honore Charles Reille Count Reille 1775 1860 Marshal of France in 1847 Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie Viscount de la Brunerie 1775 1851 Marshal of France in 1847Second Republic EditLouis Napoleon Bonaparte 1848 1852 Edit Remi Joseph Isidore ExelmansJerome Bonaparte former King of Westphalia 1784 1860 Marshal of France in 1850 Remi Joseph Isidore Exelmans Count Exelmans 1775 1852 Marshal of France in 1851 Jean Isidore Harispe Count Harispe 1768 1855 Marshal of France in 1851 Jean Baptiste Philibert Vaillant Count Vaillant 1790 1872 Marshal of France in 1851 Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud 1798 1854 Marshal of France in 1852 Bernard Pierre Magnan 1791 1865 Marshal of France in 1852 Boniface de Castellane Marquis of Castellane 1788 1862 Marshal of France in 1852Second Empire EditNapoleon III 1852 1870 Edit Jacques Louis RandonAchille Baraguey d Hilliers Count Baraguey d Hilliers 1795 1878 Marshal of France in 1854 Aimable Pelissier Duke of Malakoff 1794 1864 Marshal of France in 1855 Jacques Louis Randon Count Randon 1795 1871 Marshal of France in 1856 Francois Certain de Canrobert 1809 1895 Marshal of France in 1856 Pierre Bosquet 1810 1861 Marshal of France in 1856 Patrice de MacMahon Duke of Magenta 1809 1893 Marshal of France in 1859 Auguste Regnaud de Saint Jean d Angely 1794 1870 Marshal of France in 1859 Adolphe Niel 1802 1869 Marshal of France in 1859 Philippe Antoine d Ornano Count of Ornano 1784 1863 Marshal of France in 1861 Elie Frederic Forey 1804 1872 Marshal of France in 1863 Francois Achille Bazaine 1811 1888 Marshal of France in 1864 Edmond Le Bœuf 1809 1888 Marshal of France in 1870Third Republic Edit Ferdinand FochRaymond Poincare 1913 1920 Edit Joseph Joffre 1852 1931 Marshal of France in 1916 Ferdinand Foch 1851 1929 Marshal of France in 1918 Philippe Petain 1856 1951 Marshal of France in 1918Alexandre Millerand 1920 1924 Edit Joseph Gallieni 1849 1916 Marshal of France in 1921 posthumous Hubert Lyautey 1854 1934 Marshal of France in 1921 Louis Franchet d Esperey 1856 1942 Marshal of France in 1921 Marie Emile Fayolle 1852 1928 Marshal of France in 1921 Michel Joseph Maunoury 1847 1923 Marshal of France in 1923 posthumous Fourth Republic EditVincent Auriol 1947 1954 Edit Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 1889 1952 Marshal of France in 1952 posthumous Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque 1902 1947 Marshal of France in 1952 posthumous Alphonse Juin 1888 1967 Marshal of France in 1952Fifth Republic EditFrancois Mitterrand 1981 1995 Edit Marie Pierre Kœnig 1898 1970 Marshal of France in 1984 posthumous Refused EditThis distinction was refused by Eugene Cavaignac 1802 1857 head of the Government of the Second Republic in 1848 Louis Jules Trochu 1815 1896 head of the Government of National Defense in 1871 Charles de Gaulle 1890 1970 president of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in 1946 6 See also EditAdmiral of France Grand Constable of France Marshal of the Empire Marshal General of FranceNotes Edit A military rank References Edit Steven Runciman The Sicilian Vespers A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century Cambridge University Press 2000 93 Frederic J Baumgartner Henry II King of France 1547 1559 Duke University Press 1988 56 Marek Miroslav italy cybo2 html genealogy euweb cz self published source Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 Ed Hugh Chisholm 1911 719 R P Dunn Pattison Napoleon s Marshals Methuen 1909 Reprinted Empiricus Books 2001 Bering Henrik February 1 2013 The Audacity of de Gaulle Hoover Institution Retrieved 2023 06 27 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marshal of France amp oldid 1170510330, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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