fbpx
Wikipedia

Intersex human rights

April 26, 2023

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, or genitals, that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies."[1]

Participants at the third International Intersex Forum, Malta, in December 2013

Intersex people face stigmatisation and discrimination from birth, particularly when an intersex variation is visible. In some countries (particularly in Africa and Asia) this may include infanticide, abandonment and the stigmatization of families. Mothers in East Africa may be accused of witchcraft, and the birth of an intersex child may be described as a curse.[2][3][4]

Intersex infants and children, such as those with ambiguous outer genitalia, may be surgically and/or hormonally altered to fit perceived more socially acceptable sex characteristics. However, this is considered controversial, with no firm evidence of good outcomes.[5] Such treatments may involve sterilization. Adults, including elite female athletes, have also been subjects of such treatment.[6][7] These issues are recognized as human rights abuses, with statements from UN agencies,[8][9] the Australian parliament,[10] and German and Swiss ethics institutions.[11] Intersex organizations have also issued joint statements over several years, including the Malta declaration by the third International Intersex Forum.

Implementation of human rights protections in legislation and regulation has progressed more slowly. In 2011, Christiane Völling won the first successful case brought against a surgeon for non-consensual surgical intervention.[12] In 2015, the Council of Europe recognized for the first time a right for intersex persons to not undergo sex assignment treatment.[13] In April 2015, Malta became the first country to outlaw nonconsensual medical interventions to modify sex anatomy, including that of intersex people.[14][15]

Other human rights and legal issues include the right to life, protection from discrimination, standing to file in law and compensation, access to information, and legal recognition.[13][16] Few countries so far protect intersex people from discrimination.[13][16]

Intersex and human rights

 
ILGA conference 2018, group photo to mark Intersex Awareness Day

Research indicates a growing consensus that diverse intersex bodies are normal—if relatively rare—forms of human biology,[17] and human rights institutions are placing increasing scrutiny on medical practices and issues of discrimination against intersex people. A 2013 first international pilot study. Human Rights between the Sexes, by Dan Christian Ghattas,[18][19] found that intersex people are discriminated against worldwide:

Intersex individuals are considered individuals with a "disorder" in all areas in which Western medicine prevails. They are more or less obviously treated as sick or "abnormal", depending on the respective society.

The Council of Europe highlights several areas of concern:

  • Equal right to life and prevention of medical treatments without informed consent including treatments considered unnecessary;
  • Removal of Intersex as a curable medical condition but one which can have medical treatments with informed consent
  • Equal treatment under the law; including specific legal provision similar to other classes covered;
  • Access to information, medical records, peer and other counselling and support;
  • Self-determination in gender recognition, through expeditious access to official documents.[13]

Relationship between Intersex and LGBT

Main article: Intersex and LGBT

Multiple organizations have highlighted appeals to LGBT rights recognition that fail to address the issue of unnecessary "normalising" treatments on intersex children, using the portmanteau term "pinkwashing". In June 2016, Organisation Intersex International Australia pointed to contradictory statements by Australian governments, suggesting that the dignity and rights of LGBTI (LGBT and intersex) people are recognized while, at the same time, harmful practices on intersex children continue.[20]

In August 2016, Zwischengeschlecht described actions to promote equality or civil status legislation without action on banning "intersex genital mutilations" as a form of "pinkwashing".[21] The organization has previously highlighted evasive government statements to UN Treaty Bodies that conflate intersex, transgender and LGBT issues, instead of addressing harmful practices on infants.[22]

Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

Main article: Intersex medical interventions
 
  Legal prohibition of non-consensual medical interventions
  Regulatory suspension of non-consensual medical interventions
  Physical integrity and bodily autonomy on intersex not legislated

Intersex people face stigmatisation and discrimination from birth. In some countries, particularly in Africa and Asia, this may include infanticide, abandonment and the stigmatization of families. Mothers in east Africa may be accused of witchcraft, and the birth of an intersex child may be described as a curse.[2][3] Abandonments and infanticides have been reported in Uganda,[2] Kenya,[23] south Asia,[24] and China.[4] In 2015, it was reported that an intersex Kenyan adolescent, Muhadh Ishmael, was mutilated and later died. He had previously been described as a curse on his family.[23]

Non-consensual medical interventions to modify the sex characteristics of intersex people take place in all countries where the human rights of intersex people have been explored.[18] Such interventions have been criticized by the World Health Organization, other UN bodies such as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and an increasing number of regional and national institutions. In low and middle income countries, the cost of healthcare may limit access to necessary medical treatment at the same time that other individuals experience coercive medical interventions.[4]

Several rights have been stated as affected by stigmatization and coercive medical interventions on minors:

  • the right to life.[13]
  • the right to privacy, including a right to personal autonomy or self-determination regarding medical treatment.[10][11]
  • prohibitions against torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment.[8][10]
  • a right to physical integrity[25] and/or bodily autonomy.[15][26]
  • additionally, the best interests of the child may not be served by surgeries aimed at familial and social integration.[11]

Human rights reports

 
Hong Kong intersex activist Small Luk
Further information: Intersex human rights reports

In recent years, Intersex rights have been the subject of reports by several national and international institutions. These include the Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics (2012),[11] the UN special rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (2013),[8] and the Australian Senate (2013).[10] In 2015 the Council of Europe, the United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the World Health Organization also addressed the issue. In April 2015, Malta became the first country to outlaw coercive medical interventions.[14][15] In the same year, the Council of Europe became the first institution to state that intersex people have the right not to undergo sex affirmation interventions.[13]

For Intersex Awareness Day, October 26, UN experts including the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, along with the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and United Nations Special Rapporteurs called for an urgent end to human rights violations against intersex persons, including in medical settings. The experts also called for the investigation of alleged human rights abuses, the ability to file claims for compensation, and the implementation of anti-discrimination measures:[27]

In countries around the world, intersex infants, children and adolescents are subjected to medically unnecessary surgeries, hormonal treatments and other procedures in an attempt to forcibly change their appearance to be in line with societal expectations about female and male bodies. When, as is frequently the case, these procedures are performed without the full, free and informed consent of the person concerned, they amount to violations of fundamental human rights... States must, as a matter of urgency, prohibit medically unnecessary surgery and procedures on intersex children. They must uphold the autonomy of intersex adults and children and their rights to health, to physical and mental integrity, to live free from violence and harmful practices and to be free from torture and ill-treatment. Intersex children and their parents should be provided with support and counselling, including from peers.[27]

In 2017, the human rights non-governmental organizations Amnesty International[28][29] and Human Rights Watch[30][31][32] published major reports on the rights of children with intersex conditions.

Constitutional Court of Colombia

Main article: Intersex rights in Colombia

Although not many cases of children with intersex conditions are available, a case taken to the Constitutional Court of Colombia led to changes in their treatment.[33] The case restricted the power of doctors and parents to decide surgical procedures on children's ambiguous genitalia after the age of five, while continuing to permit interventions on younger children. Due to the decision of the Constitutional Court of Colombia on Case 1 Part 1 (SU-337 of 1999), doctors are obliged to inform parents on all the aspects of the intersex child. Parents can only consent to surgery if they have received accurate information, and cannot give consent after the child reaches the age of five. By then the child will have, supposedly, realized their gender identity.[34] The court case led to the setting of legal guidelines for doctors' surgical practice on intersex children.

Maltese legislation

Main article: Intersex rights in Malta

In April 2015, Malta became the first country to outlaw non-consensual medical interventions in a Gender Identity Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act.[14][15] The Act recognizes a right to bodily integrity and physical autonomy, explicitly prohibiting modifications to children's sex characteristics for social factors:

14. (1) It shall be unlawful for medical practitioners or other professionals to conduct any sex assignment treatment and/or surgical intervention on the sex characteristics of a minor which treatment and/or intervention can be deferred until the person to be treated can provide informed consent: Provided that such sex assignment treatment and/or surgical intervention on the sex characteristics of the minor shall be conducted if the minor gives informed consent through the person exercising parental authority or the tutor of the minor. (2) In exceptional circumstances treatment may be effected once agreement is reached between the Interdisciplinary Team and the persons exercising parental authority or tutor of the minor who is still unable to provide consent: Provided that medical intervention which is driven by social factors without the consent of the minor, will be in violation of this Act.[35]

The Act was widely welcomed by civil society organizations.[26][36][37]

Chilean regulations

Main article: Intersex rights in Chile

In January 2016, the Ministry of Health of Chile ordered the suspension of unnecessary normalization treatments for intersex children, including irreversible surgery, until they reach an age when they can make decisions on their own.[38][39] The regulations were superseded in August 2016.[40][41][42]

Government of Tamil Nadu Executive Order

On 22 April 2019 the Madras High Court (Madurai Bench) passed a landmark judgment[43] and issued direction to ban Sex-Selective Surgeries on Intersex Infants based on the works of Gopi Shankar Madurai. On August 13, 2019 the Government of Tamil Nadu, India has issued a Government Order to ban non-necessary surgeries on the sex characteristics of babies and children in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with 77.8 Million people, this regulation is exempted in the case of life-threatening situations.[44][45][46][47]

Legal protections in Germany 2021

Main article: Intersex rights in Germany

A law that provides for a general ban on operations in children and adolescents with 'variants of gender development' ('Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung') was passed in the German parliament on March 25, 2021.[48][49] According to a report in the Deutsches Ärzteblatt, the law is intended to strengthen the self-determined decision-making of children and adolescents and avoid possible damage to their health. Surgical changes to gender characteristics should only take place - even with the consent of the parents - if the operation cannot be postponed until age 14. The Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists requires the mandatory participation of a counsellor with experience on intersex in an assessment before a possible intervention.[50] While supportive of progress,[51] the law that was finally passed was also criticized by the Organisation Intersex International (OII) Germany, OII Europe, and Intergeschlechtliche Menschen, because of the existence of exceptions.[52][53][54]

Right to life

Further information: Genetic diagnosis of intersex

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) refers to genetic testing of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis. When used to screen for a specific genetic condition, the method makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the condition under consideration. PGD thus is an adjunct to assisted reproductive technology, and requires in vitro fertilization (IVF) to obtain oocytes or embryos for evaluation. The technology allows discrimination against those with intersex traits.

Georgiann Davis argues that such discrimination fails to recognize that many people with intersex traits lead full and happy lives.[55] Morgan Carpenter highlights the appearance of several intersex variations in a list by the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority of "serious" "genetic conditions" that may be de-selected, including 5 alpha reductase deficiency and androgen insensitivity syndrome, traits evident in elite women athletes and "the world's first openly intersex mayor".[56] Organisation Intersex International Australia has called for the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council to prohibit such interventions, noting a "close entanglement of intersex status, gender identity and sexual orientation in social understandings of sex and gender norms, and in medical and medical sociology literature".[57]

In 2015, the Council of Europe published an Issue Paper on Human rights and intersex people, remarking:

Intersex people's right to life can be violated in discriminatory “sex selection” and “preimplantation genetic diagnosis, other forms of testing, and selection for particular characteristics”. Such de-selection or selective abortions are incompatible with ethics and human rights standards due to the discrimination perpetrated against intersex people on the basis of their sex characteristics.[13]

Protection from discrimination

 
  Explicit protection on grounds of sex characteristics (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Greece, Serbia, Malta, Portugal, Norway, Iceland, the Netherlands)
  Explicit protection on grounds of intersex status (Australia, Jersey)
  Explicit protection on grounds of intersex within attribute of sex (South Africa, Germany)
  No explicit protection on grounds
Main article: Discrimination against intersex people

A handful of jurisdictions so far provide explicit protection from discrimination for intersex people. South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation, as part of the attribute of "sex".[58] Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute, of "intersex status".[59] Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of "sex characteristics, through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons.[26] Bosnia-Herzegovina listed as "sex characteristics"[60][61] Greece prohibits discrimination and hate crimes based on "sex characteristics", since 24 December 2015.[62][63] Since 2021, Serbia also prohibits discrimination based on "sex characteristics".[64] Since 2022, Chile bans discrimination based on "sex characteristics" under Law 21,430.[65]

Education

An Australian survey of 272 persons born with atypical sex characteristics, published in 2016, found that 18% of respondents (compared to an Australian average of 2%) failed to complete secondary school, with early school leaving coincident with pubertal medical interventions, bullying and other factors.[66]

Employment

A 2015 Australian survey of people born with atypical sex characteristics found high levels of poverty, in addition to very high levels of early school leaving, and higher than average rates of disability.[67] An Employers guide to intersex inclusion published by Pride in Diversity and Organisation Intersex International Australia also discloses cases of discrimination in employment.[68]

Healthcare

Discrimination protection intersects with involuntary and coercive medical treatment. Maltese protections on grounds of sex characteristics provides explicit protection against unnecessary and harmful modifications to the sex characteristics of children.[15][26]

In May 2016, the United States Department of Health and Human Services issued a statement explaining Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act stating that the Act prohibits "discrimination on the basis of intersex traits or atypical sex characteristics" in publicly funded healthcare, as part of a prohibition of discrimination "on the basis of sex".[69]

Sport

Main article: Sex verification in sports

In 2013, it was disclosed in a medical journal that four unnamed elite female athletes from developing countries were subjected to gonadectomies (sterilization) and partial clitoridectomies (female genital mutilation) after testosterone testing revealed that they had an intersex condition.[70][71] Testosterone testing was introduced in the wake of the Caster Semenya case, of a South African runner subjected to testing due to her appearance and vigor.[70][71][72][73] There is no evidence that innate hyperandrogenism in elite women athletes confers an advantage in sport.[74][75] While Australia protects intersex persons from discrimination, the Act contains an exemption in sport.

Remedies and compensation claims

 
Intersex activists on a boat at Utrecht Canal Pride on June 16, 2018

Compensation claims have been made in a limited number of legal cases.

Christiane Völling case, Germany

Main articles: Christiane Völling and Intersex rights in Germany

In Germany in 2011, Christiane Völling was successful in a case against her medical treatment. The surgeon was ordered to pay €100,000 in compensatory damages[76][77] after a legal battle that began in 2007, thirty years after the removal of her reproductive organs.[12][78]

Benjamín-Maricarmen case, Chile

Further information: Intersex rights in Chile

On August 12, 2005, the mother of a child, Benjamín, filed a lawsuit against the Maule Health Service after the child's male gonads and reproductive system were removed without informing the parents of the nature of the surgery. The child had been raised as a girl. The claim for compensatory damages was initiated in the Fourth Court of Letters of Talca, and ended up in the Supreme Court of Chile. On November 14, 2012, the Court sentenced the Maule Health Service for "lack of service" and to pay compensation of 100 million pesos for moral and psychological damages caused to Benjamín, and another 5 million for each of the parents.[79][80]

M.C. v. Aaronson case, US

Further information: Intersex rights in the United States

In the United States the M.C. v. Aaronson case, advanced by interACT with the Southern Poverty Law Center, was brought before the courts in 2013.[81][82][83] In 2015, the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit dismissed the case, stating that, "it did not “mean to diminish the severe harm that M.C. claims to have suffered” but that a reasonable official in 2006 did not have fair warning from then-existing precedent that performing sex assignment surgery on sixteen-month-old M.C. violated a clearly established constitutional right."[84][85] In July 2017, it was reported that the case had been settled out of court by the Medical University of South Carolina for $440,000, without admission of liability.[86]

Michaela Raab case, Germany

Further information: Intersex rights in Germany

In 2015, Michaela Raab filed suit against doctors in Nuremberg, Germany, for failing to properly advise her. Doctors stated that they "were only acting according to the norms of the time - which sought to protect patients against the psychosocial effects of learning the full truth about their chromosomes."[77] On 17 December 2015, the Nuremberg State Court ruled that the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Clinic pay damages and compensation.[87]

Access to information

 
"They should never be told ... "[88] Licence to Lie - Androgen insensitivity syndrome treatment standards in 1963

With the rise of modern medical science in Western societies, many intersex people with ambiguous external genitalia have had their genitalia surgically modified to resemble either female or male genitals. Surgeons pinpointed the birth of intersex babies as a "social emergency".[89] A secrecy-based model was also adopted, in the belief that this was necessary to ensure “normal” physical and psychosocial development.[11][90][91] Disclosure also included telling people that they would never meet anyone else with the same condition.[10] Access to medical records has also historically been challenging.[13] Yet the ability to provide free, informed consent depends on the availability of information.

The Council of Europe[13] and World Health Organization[92] acknowledge the necessity for improvements in information provision, including access to medical records.

Some intersex organizations claim that secrecy-based models have been perpetuated by a shift in clinical language to disorders of sex development. Morgan Carpenter of Organisation Intersex International Australia quotes the work of Miranda Fricker on "hermeneutical injustice" where, despite new legal protections from discrimination on grounds of intersex status, "someone with lived experience is unable to even make sense of their own social experiences" due to the deployment of clinical language and "no words to name the experience".[93]

Legal recognition

Main article: Legal recognition of intersex people

According to the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, few countries have provided for the legal recognition of intersex people. The Forum states that the legal recognition of intersex people is:

  • firstly about access to the same rights as other men and women, when assigned male or female;
  • secondly it is about access to administrative corrections to legal documents when an original sex assignment is not appropriate; and
  • thirdly, while opt in schemes may help some individuals, legal recognition is not about the creation of a third sex or gender classification for intersex people as a population, but instead is about enabling an opt-in scheme for any individual who seeks it.[16]

In some jurisdictions, access to any form of identification document can be an issue.[94]

Gender identities

Like all individuals, some intersex individuals may be raised as a particular sex (male or female) but then identify with another later in life, while most do not.[95][96][97] Like non-intersex people, some intersex individuals may not identify themselves as either exclusively female or exclusively male. A 2012 clinical review suggests that between 8.5-20% of persons with intersex conditions may experience gender dysphoria,[98] while sociological research in Australia, a country with a third 'X' sex classification, shows that 19% of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an "X" or "other" option, while 52% are women, 23% men and 6% unsure.[67][99]

Access to identification documents

Depending on the jurisdiction, access to any birth certificate may be an issue,[94] including a birth certificate with a sex marker.[100]

In 2014, in the case of Baby 'A' (Suing through her Mother E.A) & another v Attorney General & 6 others [2014], a Kenyan court ordered the Kenyan government to issue a birth certificate to a five-year-old child born in 2009 with ambiguous genitalia.[101] In Kenya a birth certificate is necessary for attending school, getting a national identity document, and voting.[101] Many intersex persons in Uganda are understood to be stateless due to historical difficulties in obtaining identification documents, despite a birth registration law that permits intersex minors to change assignment.[102]

Access to the same rights as other men and women

The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions states that:

Recognition before the law means having legal personhood and the legal protections that flow from that. For intersex people, this is neither primarily nor solely about amending birth registrations or other official documents. Firstly, it is about intersex people who have been issued a male or a female birth certificate being able to enjoy the same legal rights as other men and women.[16]

Binary categories

Access to a birth certificate with a correct sex marker may be an issue for people who do not identify with their sex assigned at birth,[13] or it may only be available accompanied by surgical requirements.[16]

The passports and identification documents of Australia and some other nationalities have adopted "X" as a valid third category besides "M" (male) and "F" (female), at least since 2003.[103][104] In 2013, Germany became the first European nation to allow babies with characteristics of both sexes to be registered as indeterminate gender on birth certificates, amidst opposition and skepticism from intersex organisations who point out that the law appears to mandate exclusion from male or female categories.[105][106] The Council of Europe acknowledged this approach, and concerns about recognition of third and blank classifications in a 2015 Issue Paper, stating that these may lead to "forced outings" and "lead to an increase in pressure on parents of intersex children to decide in favour of one sex."[13] The Issue Paper argues that "further reflection on non-binary legal identification is necessary":

Mauro Cabral, Global Action for Trans Equality (GATE) Co-Director, indicated that any recognition outside the “F”/”M” dichotomy needs to be adequately planned and executed with a human rights point of view, noting that:

“People tend to identify a third sex with freedom from the gender binary, but that is not necessarily the case. If only trans and/or intersex people can access that third category, or if they are compulsively assigned a third sex, then the gender binary gets stronger, not weaker”[13]

Intersex rights by jurisdiction

Further information: Discrimination against intersex people and Legal recognition of intersex people

Read country-specific pages on intersex rights via the links on the country name, where available.

Africa

Americas

Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
  Argentina  [116]     Self-determination[117]   Since July 2021, gender X became available and implemented[118]
  Chile  [119]  [65][120][121]     Self-determination[122]  [122]
  Colombia   No, but restricted in children aged over 5.     Self-determination
  Mexico  [123][124][125]  [124]  [124]
  United States  [126] Partial, in healthcare[127]   Laws on female genital mutilation not enforced[126]  /  Opt in only for Washington D.C., California, New York City, Ohio (with a court order only), New Mexico,[128] Nevada,[129] Oregon, Utah (with a court order only),[130] Washington State, New Jersey,[131] and Colorado.[132][133][134][135] In October 2021, the very first US Passport with a gender X was issued by a court order for an individual. From April-11-2022, gender X becomes officially available and recognised for any validly issued US Passport holder.[136][137][138]
  Uruguay  [139][140]   Self-determination  [141]

Asia

Europe

Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
  Albania  [151]  [152]
  Austria  [153]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina    [60]
  Belgium         Self-determination[154][155]  
  Denmark  [28][29]     Self-determination[156]  
  Finland    [157]      
  France  [158][159]        
  Germany   with exceptions[52][160][161]        [162]
  Greece    [62]
  Iceland    [163][164][165]       Self-determination[163][164][165]  [163][164][165]
  Ireland  [166][167]     Self-determination[156]  
  Jersey    [168]
  Luxembourg        [169]  
  Malta   Legislated[citation needed]  [35]       Self-determination[156]  [170]
  Montenegro    [171]              
  Netherlands          
  Norway  [172]       Self-determination[173][174][175]  
  Portugal   Legislated[176][177]         Self-determination[176][177]  
  Serbia    [64]
  Switzerland  [11][178][179][180]     Self-determination[181]  
  United Kingdom  [182][183]     Requires diagnosis of gender dysphoria[184]  

Oceania

Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
  Australia  [185][10]   At federal level[186]   Exemptions regarding sport and female genital mutilation[186]   Policies vary depending on jurisdiction[187]   Requires sexual reassignment surgery and permission from at least 2 medical practitioners within both NSW and QLD only. Appropriate clinical treatment (or just 1 doctors permission) within WA, SA, NT and the ACT. "Self-determination" within TAS and VIC.[188]   (Passports)   Opt in at federal level, state/territory policies vary[187][189]
  New Zealand  [185][190]     Exemptions regarding female genital mutilation[16]   From July 2023, by self-determination[191]   (Passports)   (Third birth certificate may be used if determined at birth[192])


See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law; Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum; Rainbow Health Foundation; Sexual Minorities Uganda; Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders (2014). . Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  3. ^ a b Grady, Helen; Soy, Anne (May 4, 2017). "The midwife who saved intersex babies". BBC World Service, Kenya. from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex (October 2015). "Intersex report from Hong Kong China, and for the UN Committee Against Torture: the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment". from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  5. ^ "Submission 88 to the Australian Senate inquiry on the involuntary or coerced sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia". Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG). 27 June 2013. from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  6. ^ Rebecca Jordan-Young; Peter Sonksen; Katrina Karkazis (2014). "Sex, health, and athletes". BMJ. 348: g2926. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2926. PMID 24776640. S2CID 2198650. from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  7. ^ Macur, Juliet (6 October 2014). "Fighting for the Body She Was Born With". The New York Times. from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  8. ^ a b c "Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture" (PDF). Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 2013. (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  9. ^ "Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement". World Health Organization. May 2014. from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee (October 2013). "Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia". from the original on 2015-09-23.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE (November 2012). (PDF). 2012. Berne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  12. ^ a b "German Gender-Assignment Case Has Intersexuals Hopeful". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. 12 December 2007. from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper, from the original on 2016-01-06, retrieved 2022-03-09
  14. ^ a b c "Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta's Benchmark LGBTI Law". The New York Times. Reuters. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors". Star Observer. 2 April 2015. from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. ISBN 978-0-9942513-7-4. from the original on 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  17. ^ Zderic, Stephen (2002). Pediatric gender assignment : a critical reappraisal; [proceedings from a conference ... in Dallas in the spring of 1999 which was entitled "pediatric gender assignment - a critical reappraisal"]. New York, NY [u.a.]: Kluwer Acad. / Plenum Publ. ISBN 978-0306467592.
  18. ^ a b Ghattas, Dan Christian; Heinrich Böll Foundation (September 2013). "Human Rights Between the Sexes" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  19. ^ "A preliminary study on the life situations of inter* individuals". OII Europe. 4 November 2013. from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  20. ^ "Submission: list of issues for Australia's Convention Against Torture review". Organisation Intersex International Australia. June 28, 2016. from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  21. ^ ""Intersex legislation" that allows the daily mutilations to continue = PINKWASHING of IGM practices". Zwischengeschlecht. August 28, 2016. from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  22. ^ "TRANSCRIPTION > UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child - Gov Non-Answer + Denial". Zwischengeschlecht. May 26, 2016. from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  23. ^ a b Odero, Joseph (December 23, 2015). . 76 CRIMES. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  24. ^ Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different cultures". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 9 (3): 227–236. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.469.9016. doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 18633712. S2CID 8897416.
  25. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Persons with Diabilities (April 17, 2015). Concluding observations on the initial report of Germany (advance unedited version). Geneva: United Nations. from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  26. ^ a b c d Cabral, Mauro (April 8, 2015). . Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  27. ^ a b Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (October 24, 2016), End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge, from the original on November 21, 2016, retrieved July 28, 2017
  28. ^ a b Amnesty International (2017). First, Do No Harm. from the original on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  29. ^ a b Amnesty International (2017). "First, Do No Harm: ensuring the rights of children born intersex". from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  30. ^ Human Rights Watch; interACT (July 2017). I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me. ISBN 978-1-62313-502-7. from the original on 2017-10-05. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
  31. ^ Stewart, Philippa (2017-07-25). "Interview: Intersex Babies Don't Need 'Fixing'". Human Rights Watch. from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  32. ^ Human Rights Watch (2017-07-25). "US: Harmful Surgery on Intersex Children". Human Rights Watch. from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  33. ^ Curtis, Skyler (2010–2011). "Reproductive Organs and Differences of Sex Development: The Constitutional Issues Created by the Surgical Treatment of Intersex Children". McGeorge Law Review. 42: 863. from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  34. ^ "Corte Constitucional de Colombia: Sentencia T-1025/02". from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  35. ^ a b Malta (April 2015), Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act: Final version, from the original on 2015-07-05, retrieved 2015-07-19
  36. ^ "OII-Europe applauds Malta's Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act. This is a landmark case for intersex rights within European law reform". OII Europe. April 1, 2015. from the original on 2015-05-22. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  37. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (April 2, 2015). "We celebrate Maltese protections for intersex people". Organisation Intersex International Australia. from the original on 2015-07-04. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  38. ^ "Chilean Government Stops the 'Normalization' of Intersex Children". OutRight Action International. January 14, 2016. from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  39. ^ "Chilean Ministry of Health issues instructions stopping "normalising" interventions on intersex children". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 11 January 2016. from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  40. ^ Inter, Laura; Aoi, Hana (June 15, 2017). "Circular 7 de 2016: Un paso atrás en la lucha por los Derechos Humanos de las personas intersexuales en Chile. Por Laura Inter y Hana Aoi". Brújula Intersexual. from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
  41. ^ Godoy, Camilo (June 18, 2017). . Brújula Intersexual. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
  42. ^ Inter, Laura; Aoi, Hana (June 2017). "Circular 7 De 2016: Un Paso Atrás En La Lucha Por Los Derechos Humanos De Las Personas Intersexuales En Chile" (PDF). Brújula Intersexual. (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
  43. ^ ""Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment]". 23 April 2019. from the original on 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  44. ^ a b c d e "Indian State Bans Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Children - Human Rights Watch". 29 August 2019. from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2019-08-30.
  45. ^ a b ""Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt" - The News Minute". 23 April 2019. from the original on 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  46. ^ a b "Ruling on intersex infants: Madurai activist comes in for praise by High Court". The Times of India. from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  47. ^ a b "Indian Court Decides In Favor of Informed Consent Rights for Intersex People - Human Rights Watch". 29 April 2019. from the original on 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  48. ^ "Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung". Deutscher Bundestag (in German). from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  49. ^ "Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung". Deutscher Bundestag (in German). from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  50. ^ Bühring, Petra (February 20, 2021). "Intersexuelle Kinder: Recht zur Selbstbestimmung". aerzteblatt.de (in German). from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  51. ^ "A good first step: Germany adopts law banning IGM. But there is still room for improvement". OII Europe. March 30, 2021. from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  52. ^ a b Intergeschlechtliche Menschen (March 26, 2021). "Bundestag verabschiedet Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschle". from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  53. ^ "Stellungnahme IVIM - OII Germany zum Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung "Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung"" (PDF) (in German). September 23, 2020. (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  54. ^ "Presseerklärung Internationale Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen" (PDF). OII Germany (in German). March 26, 2021. (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  55. ^ Davis, Georgiann (October 2013). "The Social Costs of Preempting Intersex Traits". The American Journal of Bioethics. 13 (10): 51–53. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.828119. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 24024811. S2CID 7331095.
  56. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (July 18, 2014). . Glasgow. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  57. ^ Carpenter, Morgan; Organisation Intersex International Australia (April 30, 2014). Submission on the Review of Part B of the Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research, 2007 (Report). Sydney: Organisation Intersex International Australia. from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
  58. ^ a b (PDF). 11 January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  59. ^ "Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013, No. 98, 2013, C2013A00098". ComLaw. 2013. from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  60. ^ a b "Anti-discrimination Law Updated in Bosnia-Herzegovina". ILGA-Europe. from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  61. ^ "LGBTI people are now better protected in Bosnia and Herzegovina". from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  62. ^ a b [LAW NO. 3456 Cohabitation, exercise of rights, criminal and other provisions] (PDF) (in Greek). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  63. ^ Πρώτη φορά, ίσοι απέναντι στον νόμο (in Greek). 2015-12-23. from the original on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
  64. ^ a b "Napokon vidljivi" [Finally visible]. XY Spectrum (in Bosnian). 2021-05-27. from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  65. ^ a b "Law No. 21,430 on Guarantees and Comprehensive protection of the Rights of Childrent and Adolescents" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  66. ^ Jones, Tiffany (March 11, 2016). "The needs of students with intersex variations". Sex Education. 16 (6): 602–618. doi:10.1080/14681811.2016.1149808. ISSN 1468-1811. S2CID 74173324.
  67. ^ a b Jones, Tiffany; Hart, Bonnie; Carpenter, Morgan; Ansara, Gavi; Leonard, William; Lucke, Jayne (February 2016). (PDF). Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78374-208-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  68. ^ Carpenter, Morgan; Hough, Dawn (2014). . Sydney, Australia: Pride in Diversity and Organisation Intersex International Australia. ISBN 978-0-646-92905-7. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  69. ^ interACT (23 May 2016). "Federal Government Bans Discrimination Against Intersex People in Health Care". interactadvocates. from the original on 2016-05-28. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  70. ^ a b Fénichel, Patrick; Paris, Françoise; Philibert, Pascal; Hiéronimus, Sylvie; Gaspari, Laura; Kurzenne, Jean-Yves; Chevallier, Patrick; Bermon, Stéphane; Chevalier, Nicolas; Sultan, Charles (June 2013). "Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (6): –1055–E1059. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3893. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 23633205.
  71. ^ a b Jordan-Young, R. M.; Sonksen, P. H.; Karkazis, K. (April 2014). "Sex, health, and athletes". BMJ. 348 (apr28 9): –2926–g2926. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2926. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 24776640. S2CID 2198650.
  72. ^ "Semenya told to take gender test". BBC Sport. 19 August 2009. from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  73. ^ "A Lab is Set to Test the Gender of Some Female Athletes". New York Times. 30 July 2008. from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  74. ^ Bermon, Stéphane; Garnier, Pierre Yves; Lindén Hirschberg, Angelica; Robinson, Neil; Giraud, Sylvain; Nicoli, Raul; Baume, Norbert; Saugy, Martial; Fénichel, Patrick; Bruce, Stephen J.; Henry, Hugues; Dollé, Gabriel; Ritzen, Martin (August 2014). "Serum Androgen Levels in Elite Female Athletes". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 99 (11): –2014–1391. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1391. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 25137421.
  75. ^ Branch, John (27 July 2016). "Dutee Chand, Female Sprinter With High Testosterone Level, Wins Right to Compete". The New York Times. from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  76. ^ Zwischengeschlecht (August 12, 2009). "Christiane Völling: Hermaphrodite wins damage claim over removal of reproductive organs". from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
  77. ^ a b The Local (February 27, 2015). "Intersex person sues clinic for unnecessary op". from the original on 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  78. ^ . German Ethics Council. August 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  79. ^ . diario.latercera.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  80. ^ García, Gabriela (2013-06-20). "Identidad forzada". www.paula.cl (in Spanish). from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
  81. ^ Southern Poverty Law Center (May 14, 2013). "Groundbreaking SLPC Lawsuit Accuses South Carolina Doctors and Hospitals of Unnecessary Surgery on Infant". from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
  82. ^ Reis, Elizabeth (May 17, 2013). "Do No Harm: Intersex Surgeries and the Limits of Certainty". Nursing Clio. from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
  83. ^ Dreger, Alice (May 16, 2013). "When to Do Surgery on a Child With 'Both' Genitalia". The Atlantic. from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
  84. ^ Largent, Emily (March 5, 2015). "M.C. v. Aaronson". Petrie-Flom Center, Harvard Law. from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  85. ^ interACT (January 27, 2015). Archived from the original on 2017-02-19. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
  86. ^ Ghorayshi, Azeen (July 27, 2017). "A Landmark Lawsuit About An Intersex Baby's Genital Surgery Just Settled For $440,000". BuzzFeed. from the original on 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
  87. ^ Zwischengeschlecht (December 17, 2015). "Nuremberg Hermaphrodite Lawsuit: Michaela "Micha" Raab Wins Damages and Compensation for Intersex Genital Mutilations!". Archived from the original on 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  88. ^ Hauser, G.A. (1963). Testicular Feminization. In: Intersexuality. London and New York: Academic Press. p. 273.
  89. ^ Coran, Arnold G.; Polley, Theodore Z. (July 1991). "Surgical management of ambiguous genitalia in the infant and child". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 26 (7): 812–820. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.628.4867. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(91)90146-K. PMID 1895191.
  90. ^ Holmes, Morgan. "Is Growing up in Silence Better Than Growing up Different?". Intersex Society of North America. from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
  91. ^ Intersex Society of North America. "What's wrong with the way intersex has traditionally been treated?". from the original on 2014-06-26. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
  92. ^ World Health Organization (2015). Sexual health, human rights and the law. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241564984.
  93. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (February 3, 2015). Intersex and ageing. Organisation Intersex International Australia. from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  94. ^ a b c "Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling". Reuters. 2014-12-05. from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  95. ^ Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. US: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1405-1.
  96. ^ Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. US: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00189-3.
  97. ^ Marañón, Gregorio (1929). Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana. Madrid: Morata.
  98. ^ Furtado P. S.; et al. (2012). "Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development". Nat. Rev. Urol. 9 (11): 620–627. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.182. PMID 23045263. S2CID 22294512.
  99. ^ Organisation Intersex International Australia (July 28, 2016), Demographics, from the original on 2016-10-01, retrieved 2016-09-30
  100. ^ Viloria, Hida (November 6, 2013). "Op-ed: Germany's Third-Gender Law Fails on Equality". The Advocate. from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  101. ^ a b Migiro, Katy. "Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling". Reuters. from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  102. ^ Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders (2016), Baseline Survey on Intersex Realities in East Africa - Specific Focus on Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda
  103. ^ Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". Science as Culture. 17 (3): 341–344. doi:10.1080/09505430802280784. S2CID 143528047.
  104. ^ "New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity". from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  105. ^ "Third sex option on birth certificates". Deutsche Welle. 1 November 2013. from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  106. ^ "Sham package for Intersex: Leaving sex entry open is not an option". OII Europe. 15 February 2013. from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  107. ^ Kisika, Sam (8 August 2022). "Landmark Kenya intersex rights law takes effect". Los Angeles Blade: LGBTQ News, Rights, Politics, Entertainment. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  108. ^ Chigiti, John (September 14, 2016). "The plight of the intersex child". The Star, Kenya. from the original on 2017-01-29. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  109. ^ "The Children Act 2022" (PDF). Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  110. ^ Collison, Carl (October 27, 2016). "SA joins the global fight to stop unnecessary genital surgery on intersex babies". Mail&Guardian. from the original on 2016-10-30. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  111. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of the Child (October 27, 2016). "Concluding observations on the second periodic report of South Africa". from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  112. ^ (PDF). February 2, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  113. ^ Kaggwa, Julius (2016-09-16). "I'm an intersex Ugandan – life has never felt more dangerous". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  114. ^ Kaggwa, Julius (October 9, 2016). "Understanding intersex stigma in Uganda". Intersex Day. from the original on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  115. ^ Parliament of Uganda (2015), , archived from the original on 2017-05-01, retrieved 2017-05-15
  116. ^ Justicia Intersex; Zwischengeschlecht.org (2017). "NGO Report to the 6th and 7th Periodic Report of Argentina on the Convention against Torture (CAT)" (PDF). Buenos Aires. (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  117. ^ Global Action for Trans Equality (14 May 2012). "Gender identity Law in Argentina: an opportunity for all". Sexuality Policy Watch. from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  118. ^ "Argentina Recognizes Non-Binary Identities". 22 July 2021. from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  119. ^ "Complementa circular 18 que instruye sobre ciertos aspectos de la atencion de salud a niños y niñas intersex" (PDF). Ministerio de Salud. 23 August 2016. (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  120. ^ "Proyectos de Ley Sistema de garantías de los derechos de la niñez". www.camara.cl (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de Chile. from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  121. ^ "Comisión de la Cámara aprueba que niñas y niños trans tengan derecho a desarrollar su identidad de género". www.movilh.cl (in Spanish). from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  122. ^ a b (PDF) (in Spanish). July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  123. ^ Inter, Laura (2015). "Finding My Compass". Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. 5 (2): 95–98. doi:10.1353/nib.2015.0039. PMID 26300133. S2CID 20101103.
  124. ^ a b c Inter, Laura (October 2016). "The situation of the intersex community in Mexico". Intersex Day. from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  125. ^ Baruch, Ricardo (October 13, 2016), Sí, hay personas intersexuales en México, Animal Politico, from the original on June 12, 2017, retrieved May 15, 2017
  126. ^ a b interACT (June 2016). Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  127. ^ interACT (2016). "Federal Government Bans Discrimination Against Intersex People in Health Care". from the original on 2016-05-28. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  128. ^ "New Laws Take Effect in New Mexico". KOB4. June 14, 2019. from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  129. ^ "ID Documents Center - Nevada". National Center for Transgender Equality. from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  130. ^ Stevens, Taylor (October 8, 2018). "Utahn Becomes One of the First in the State to Receive Nonbinary 'X' Markers on Birth Certificate and Driver License". The Salt Lake Tribune. from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  131. ^ Gunz, Rafaella (January 6, 2019). "New Jersey to Introduce Gender-neutral Birth Certificates in February". Gay Star News. from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  132. ^ "Birth Certificates". Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment. from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  133. ^ "California Senate Bill "SB-179 Gender identity: female, male, or nonbinary" to enact the Gender Recognition Act, to authorize the change of gender on the new birth certificate to be female, male, or nonbinary". California Legislative Information. January 24, 2017. from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  134. ^ O'Hara, Mary Emily (September 26, 2016). "Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted 'Non-Binary' Gender Status". NBC News. from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  135. ^ O'Hara, Mary Emily (December 29, 2016). "Nation's First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC". NBC News. from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  136. ^ "Selecting your Gender Marker". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  137. ^ Migdon, Brooke (2022-04-04). "Nearly 17K Americans may request gender 'X' passport this year". The Hill. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  138. ^ "US issues its first passport with X gender designation to reflect 'lived reality'". the Guardian. 2021-10-27. from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  139. ^ "Ley N° 19580 de violencia hacia las mujeres basada en género" (in Spanish). from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  140. ^ "Prohíben las operaciones de definición de sexo en la niñez". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  141. ^ (PDF). Uruguay Ministry for Social Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  142. ^ a b UK Home Office (December 2016). "Bangladesh: Sexual orientation and gender identity" (PDF). UK Home Office Country Policy and Information Note. (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  143. ^ United Nations; Committee against Torture (2015). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China". Geneva: United Nations. from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  144. ^ United Nations; Committee against Torture (2015). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China with respect to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Geneva: United Nations. from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  145. ^ Equal Opportunities Commission (March 9, 2017). . Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  146. ^ Karthikeyan, Ragamalika (February 3, 2017). "Activists say surgical 'correction' of intersex babies at birth wrong, govt doesn't listen". The News Minute. from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  147. ^ a b Supreme Court of India 2014. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
  148. ^ a b (PDF). National Judicial Academy Law Journal. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  149. ^ Regmi, Esan (2016). Stories of Intersex People from Nepal. Kathmandu. from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  150. ^ a b c "Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  151. ^ "Albania approves protocol to stop medical intervention on intersex babies". www.exit.al. 27 June 2020. from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  152. ^ "Albania Amends Its Law for Protection From Discrimination: HIV Status and Sex Characteristics Are Now Protected Grounds". from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  153. ^ "Der Österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof - Intersex persons have the right to adequate designation in the civil register". www.vfgh.gv.at. from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-07-04.
  154. ^ "– Belgium – New Gender Recognition Law with obstacles". tgeu.org. from the original on 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  155. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  156. ^ a b c McDonald, Henry; Others (July 16, 2015). "Ireland passes law allowing trans people to choose their legal gender". The Guardian. from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  157. ^ Ghattas, Dan Christian; ILGA-Europe (2016). "Standing up for the human rights of intersex people – how can you help?" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27.
  158. ^ Guillot, Vincent; Zwischengeschlecht (April 3, 2016). "NGO Report to the 7th Periodic Report of France on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)". from the original on 2017-03-25. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  159. ^ Sénat; Blondin, Maryvonne; Bouchoux, Corinne (2017-02-23). Variations du développement sexuel : lever un tabou, lutter contre la stigmatisation et les exclusions. 2016-2017 (in French). Paris, France: Sénat. from the original on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  160. ^ "Stellungnahme IVIM - OII Germany zum Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung "Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung"" (PDF). OII Germany (in German). September 23, 2020. (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  161. ^ "Presseerklärung Internationale Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen" (PDF). OII Germany. March 26, 2021. (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  162. ^ "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Press - Civil status law must allow a third gender option". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de. from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  163. ^ a b c Fisher, Owl (June 21, 2019). "On Trans Issues, Iceland has just put Britain to Shame". The Guardian. from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  164. ^ a b c "Gender Autonomy Act Applauded". Iceland Monitor. June 21, 2019. from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  165. ^ a b c "Iceland Passes Major Gender Identity Law: "The Fight Is Far From Over"". Grapevine. June 19, 2019. from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  166. ^ Zwischengeschlecht.org (December 2015). "Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Ireland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)" (PDF). Zurich. (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  167. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (February 4, 2016). "Concluding observations on the combined third to fourth periodic reports of Ireland (advance unedited version)". Geneva: United Nations. from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  168. ^ . 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  169. ^ "Luxembourg makes status change for transgender people easier". 26 July 2018. from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  170. ^ Dalli, Miriam (3 February 2015). "Male, Female or X: the new gender options on identification documents". Malta Today. from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  171. ^ "Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije | Crna Gora | Paragraf Lex". www.paragraf.me. Article 19 ("Any discrimination, unequal treatment or unequal position of a person or group of persons on the basis of gender identity, sexual orientation and / or intersex characteristics is considered discrimination."). from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  172. ^ "Norway". Rainbow Europe. from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  173. ^ "Norway becomes fourth country in Europe to introduce model of self-determination - ILGA-Europe". www.ilga-europe.org. from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  174. ^ "Norway becomes fourth country in the world to allow trans people to determine their own gender". 6 June 2016. from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  175. ^ "Norway: Historic breakthrough for transgender rights". www.amnesty.org. 18 March 2016. from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  176. ^ a b "Portugal parliament approves new gender change law". Agence France-Presse. July 13, 2018. from the original on 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  177. ^ a b "Portugal's parliament approves new gender identity bill". DW. July 13, 2018. from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  178. ^ Zwischengeschlecht.org (March 2014). "Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Switzerland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)" (PDF). Zurich. (PDF) from the original on 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  179. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (February 26, 2015). "Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Switzerland". Geneva. from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  180. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (September 7, 2015). "Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of Switzerland" (PDF). Geneva. (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  181. ^ "Switzerland to allow simple gender identity change next year". www.jurist.org. from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  182. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (June 2016). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Geneva: United Nations. from the original on 2017-05-07. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  183. ^ Zwischengeschlecht.org; IntersexUK; OII-UK; The UK Intersex Association (April 2016). Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations of Children with Variations of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 5th Periodic Report of the United Kingdom on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (PDF). Zurich. (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  184. ^ Payton, Naith (July 23, 2015). "Comment: Why the UK's gender recognition laws desperately need updating". The Pink Paper. from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  185. ^ a b Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia; Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand; Organisation Intersex International Australia; Black, Eve; Bond, Kylie; Briffa, Tony; Carpenter, Morgan; Cody, Candice; David, Alex; Driver, Betsy; Hannaford, Carolyn; Harlow, Eileen; Hart, Bonnie; Hart, Phoebe; Leckey, Delia; Lum, Steph; Mitchell, Mani Bruce; Nyhuis, Elise; O'Callaghan, Bronwyn; Perrin, Sandra; Smith, Cody; Williams, Trace; Yang, Imogen; Yovanovic, Georgie (March 2017), , archived from the original on 2017-03-22, retrieved March 21, 2017
  186. ^ a b "We welcome the Senate Inquiry report on the Exposure Draft of the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Bill 2012". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 21 February 2013. from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  187. ^ a b "On intersex birth registrations". OII Australia. 13 November 2009. from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  188. ^ "Now That Same-Sex Marriage Is Legal, States Must Abolish Transgender "Forced Divorce" Laws". BuzzFeed. from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  189. ^ "Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender, 30 May 2013". from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  190. ^ Human Rights Commission (2016), (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-29, retrieved 2017-05-15
  191. ^ "New Zealand passes law allowing citizens to self-identify sex on birth certificates". www.jurist.org. from the original on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  192. ^ Department of Internal Affairs. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-07-19.

Bibliography

April 26, 2023
intersex, human, rights, intersex, people, born, with, characteristics, such, chromosomes, gonads, genitals, that, according, office, high, commissioner, human, rights, typical, binary, notions, male, female, bodies, participants, third, international, interse. Intersex people are born with sex characteristics such as chromosomes gonads or genitals that according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies 1 Participants at the third International Intersex Forum Malta in December 2013 Intersex people face stigmatisation and discrimination from birth particularly when an intersex variation is visible In some countries particularly in Africa and Asia this may include infanticide abandonment and the stigmatization of families Mothers in East Africa may be accused of witchcraft and the birth of an intersex child may be described as a curse 2 3 4 Intersex infants and children such as those with ambiguous outer genitalia may be surgically and or hormonally altered to fit perceived more socially acceptable sex characteristics However this is considered controversial with no firm evidence of good outcomes 5 Such treatments may involve sterilization Adults including elite female athletes have also been subjects of such treatment 6 7 These issues are recognized as human rights abuses with statements from UN agencies 8 9 the Australian parliament 10 and German and Swiss ethics institutions 11 Intersex organizations have also issued joint statements over several years including the Malta declaration by the third International Intersex Forum Implementation of human rights protections in legislation and regulation has progressed more slowly In 2011 Christiane Volling won the first successful case brought against a surgeon for non consensual surgical intervention 12 In 2015 the Council of Europe recognized for the first time a right for intersex persons to not undergo sex assignment treatment 13 In April 2015 Malta became the first country to outlaw nonconsensual medical interventions to modify sex anatomy including that of intersex people 14 15 Other human rights and legal issues include the right to life protection from discrimination standing to file in law and compensation access to information and legal recognition 13 16 Few countries so far protect intersex people from discrimination 13 16 Contents 1 Intersex and human rights 1 1 Relationship between Intersex and LGBT 2 Physical integrity and bodily autonomy 2 1 Human rights reports 2 2 Constitutional Court of Colombia 2 3 Maltese legislation 2 4 Chilean regulations 2 5 Government of Tamil Nadu Executive Order 2 6 Legal protections in Germany 2021 3 Right to life 4 Protection from discrimination 4 1 Education 4 2 Employment 4 3 Healthcare 4 4 Sport 5 Remedies and compensation claims 5 1 Christiane Volling case Germany 5 2 Benjamin Maricarmen case Chile 5 3 M C v Aaronson case US 5 4 Michaela Raab case Germany 6 Access to information 7 Legal recognition 7 1 Gender identities 7 2 Access to identification documents 7 3 Access to the same rights as other men and women 7 4 Binary categories 8 Intersex rights by jurisdiction 8 1 Africa 8 2 Americas 8 3 Asia 8 4 Europe 8 5 Oceania 9 See also 10 Notes 11 BibliographyIntersex and human rights Edit ILGA conference 2018 group photo to mark Intersex Awareness Day Research indicates a growing consensus that diverse intersex bodies are normal if relatively rare forms of human biology 17 and human rights institutions are placing increasing scrutiny on medical practices and issues of discrimination against intersex people A 2013 first international pilot study Human Rights between the Sexes by Dan Christian Ghattas 18 19 found that intersex people are discriminated against worldwide Intersex individuals are considered individuals with a disorder in all areas in which Western medicine prevails They are more or less obviously treated as sick or abnormal depending on the respective society The Council of Europe highlights several areas of concern Equal right to life and prevention of medical treatments without informed consent including treatments considered unnecessary Removal of Intersex as a curable medical condition but one which can have medical treatments with informed consent Equal treatment under the law including specific legal provision similar to other classes covered Access to information medical records peer and other counselling and support Self determination in gender recognition through expeditious access to official documents 13 Relationship between Intersex and LGBT Edit Main article Intersex and LGBT Multiple organizations have highlighted appeals to LGBT rights recognition that fail to address the issue of unnecessary normalising treatments on intersex children using the portmanteau term pinkwashing In June 2016 Organisation Intersex International Australia pointed to contradictory statements by Australian governments suggesting that the dignity and rights of LGBTI LGBT and intersex people are recognized while at the same time harmful practices on intersex children continue 20 In August 2016 Zwischengeschlecht described actions to promote equality or civil status legislation without action on banning intersex genital mutilations as a form of pinkwashing 21 The organization has previously highlighted evasive government statements to UN Treaty Bodies that conflate intersex transgender and LGBT issues instead of addressing harmful practices on infants 22 Physical integrity and bodily autonomy EditMain article Intersex medical interventions Legal prohibition of non consensual medical interventions Regulatory suspension of non consensual medical interventions Physical integrity and bodily autonomy on intersex not legislated Intersex people face stigmatisation and discrimination from birth In some countries particularly in Africa and Asia this may include infanticide abandonment and the stigmatization of families Mothers in east Africa may be accused of witchcraft and the birth of an intersex child may be described as a curse 2 3 Abandonments and infanticides have been reported in Uganda 2 Kenya 23 south Asia 24 and China 4 In 2015 it was reported that an intersex Kenyan adolescent Muhadh Ishmael was mutilated and later died He had previously been described as a curse on his family 23 Non consensual medical interventions to modify the sex characteristics of intersex people take place in all countries where the human rights of intersex people have been explored 18 Such interventions have been criticized by the World Health Organization other UN bodies such as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and an increasing number of regional and national institutions In low and middle income countries the cost of healthcare may limit access to necessary medical treatment at the same time that other individuals experience coercive medical interventions 4 Several rights have been stated as affected by stigmatization and coercive medical interventions on minors the right to life 13 the right to privacy including a right to personal autonomy or self determination regarding medical treatment 10 11 prohibitions against torture and other cruel inhuman and degrading treatment 8 10 a right to physical integrity 25 and or bodily autonomy 15 26 additionally the best interests of the child may not be served by surgeries aimed at familial and social integration 11 Human rights reports Edit Hong Kong intersex activist Small Luk Further information Intersex human rights reports In recent years Intersex rights have been the subject of reports by several national and international institutions These include the Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics 2012 11 the UN special rapporteur on torture and other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 2013 8 and the Australian Senate 2013 10 In 2015 the Council of Europe the United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the World Health Organization also addressed the issue In April 2015 Malta became the first country to outlaw coercive medical interventions 14 15 In the same year the Council of Europe became the first institution to state that intersex people have the right not to undergo sex affirmation interventions 13 For Intersex Awareness Day October 26 UN experts including the Committee against Torture the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities along with the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights the Inter American Commission on Human Rights and United Nations Special Rapporteurs called for an urgent end to human rights violations against intersex persons including in medical settings The experts also called for the investigation of alleged human rights abuses the ability to file claims for compensation and the implementation of anti discrimination measures 27 In countries around the world intersex infants children and adolescents are subjected to medically unnecessary surgeries hormonal treatments and other procedures in an attempt to forcibly change their appearance to be in line with societal expectations about female and male bodies When as is frequently the case these procedures are performed without the full free and informed consent of the person concerned they amount to violations of fundamental human rights States must as a matter of urgency prohibit medically unnecessary surgery and procedures on intersex children They must uphold the autonomy of intersex adults and children and their rights to health to physical and mental integrity to live free from violence and harmful practices and to be free from torture and ill treatment Intersex children and their parents should be provided with support and counselling including from peers 27 In 2017 the human rights non governmental organizations Amnesty International 28 29 and Human Rights Watch 30 31 32 published major reports on the rights of children with intersex conditions Constitutional Court of Colombia Edit Main article Intersex rights in Colombia Although not many cases of children with intersex conditions are available a case taken to the Constitutional Court of Colombia led to changes in their treatment 33 The case restricted the power of doctors and parents to decide surgical procedures on children s ambiguous genitalia after the age of five while continuing to permit interventions on younger children Due to the decision of the Constitutional Court of Colombia on Case 1 Part 1 SU 337 of 1999 doctors are obliged to inform parents on all the aspects of the intersex child Parents can only consent to surgery if they have received accurate information and cannot give consent after the child reaches the age of five By then the child will have supposedly realized their gender identity 34 The court case led to the setting of legal guidelines for doctors surgical practice on intersex children Maltese legislation Edit Main article Intersex rights in Malta In April 2015 Malta became the first country to outlaw non consensual medical interventions in a Gender Identity Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act 14 15 The Act recognizes a right to bodily integrity and physical autonomy explicitly prohibiting modifications to children s sex characteristics for social factors 14 1 It shall be unlawful for medical practitioners or other professionals to conduct any sex assignment treatment and or surgical intervention on the sex characteristics of a minor which treatment and or intervention can be deferred until the person to be treated can provide informed consent Provided that such sex assignment treatment and or surgical intervention on the sex characteristics of the minor shall be conducted if the minor gives informed consent through the person exercising parental authority or the tutor of the minor 2 In exceptional circumstances treatment may be effected once agreement is reached between the Interdisciplinary Team and the persons exercising parental authority or tutor of the minor who is still unable to provide consent Provided that medical intervention which is driven by social factors without the consent of the minor will be in violation of this Act 35 The Act was widely welcomed by civil society organizations 26 36 37 Chilean regulations Edit Main article Intersex rights in Chile In January 2016 the Ministry of Health of Chile ordered the suspension of unnecessary normalization treatments for intersex children including irreversible surgery until they reach an age when they can make decisions on their own 38 39 The regulations were superseded in August 2016 40 41 42 Government of Tamil Nadu Executive Order Edit On 22 April 2019 the Madras High Court Madurai Bench passed a landmark judgment 43 and issued direction to ban Sex Selective Surgeries on Intersex Infants based on the works of Gopi Shankar Madurai On August 13 2019 the Government of Tamil Nadu India has issued a Government Order to ban non necessary surgeries on the sex characteristics of babies and children in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with 77 8 Million people this regulation is exempted in the case of life threatening situations 44 45 46 47 Legal protections in Germany 2021 Edit Main article Intersex rights in Germany A law that provides for a general ban on operations in children and adolescents with variants of gender development Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung was passed in the German parliament on March 25 2021 48 49 According to a report in the Deutsches Arzteblatt the law is intended to strengthen the self determined decision making of children and adolescents and avoid possible damage to their health Surgical changes to gender characteristics should only take place even with the consent of the parents if the operation cannot be postponed until age 14 The Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists requires the mandatory participation of a counsellor with experience on intersex in an assessment before a possible intervention 50 While supportive of progress 51 the law that was finally passed was also criticized by the Organisation Intersex International OII Germany OII Europe and Intergeschlechtliche Menschen because of the existence of exceptions 52 53 54 Right to life EditFurther information Genetic diagnosis of intersex Preimplantation genetic diagnosis PGD or PIGD refers to genetic testing of embryos prior to implantation as a form of embryo profiling and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis When used to screen for a specific genetic condition the method makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the condition under consideration PGD thus is an adjunct to assisted reproductive technology and requires in vitro fertilization IVF to obtain oocytes or embryos for evaluation The technology allows discrimination against those with intersex traits Georgiann Davis argues that such discrimination fails to recognize that many people with intersex traits lead full and happy lives 55 Morgan Carpenter highlights the appearance of several intersex variations in a list by the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority of serious genetic conditions that may be de selected including 5 alpha reductase deficiency and androgen insensitivity syndrome traits evident in elite women athletes and the world s first openly intersex mayor 56 Organisation Intersex International Australia has called for the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council to prohibit such interventions noting a close entanglement of intersex status gender identity and sexual orientation in social understandings of sex and gender norms and in medical and medical sociology literature 57 In 2015 the Council of Europe published an Issue Paper on Human rights and intersex people remarking Intersex people s right to life can be violated in discriminatory sex selection and preimplantation genetic diagnosis other forms of testing and selection for particular characteristics Such de selection or selective abortions are incompatible with ethics and human rights standards due to the discrimination perpetrated against intersex people on the basis of their sex characteristics 13 Protection from discrimination Edit Explicit protection on grounds of sex characteristics Bosnia and Herzegovina Finland Greece Serbia Malta Portugal Norway Iceland the Netherlands Explicit protection on grounds of intersex status Australia Jersey Explicit protection on grounds of intersex within attribute of sex South Africa Germany No explicit protection on grounds Main article Discrimination against intersex people A handful of jurisdictions so far provide explicit protection from discrimination for intersex people South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation as part of the attribute of sex 58 Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute of intersex status 59 Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of sex characteristics through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons 26 Bosnia Herzegovina listed as sex characteristics 60 61 Greece prohibits discrimination and hate crimes based on sex characteristics since 24 December 2015 62 63 Since 2021 Serbia also prohibits discrimination based on sex characteristics 64 Since 2022 Chile bans discrimination based on sex characteristics under Law 21 430 65 Education Edit An Australian survey of 272 persons born with atypical sex characteristics published in 2016 found that 18 of respondents compared to an Australian average of 2 failed to complete secondary school with early school leaving coincident with pubertal medical interventions bullying and other factors 66 Employment Edit A 2015 Australian survey of people born with atypical sex characteristics found high levels of poverty in addition to very high levels of early school leaving and higher than average rates of disability 67 An Employers guide to intersex inclusion published by Pride in Diversity and Organisation Intersex International Australia also discloses cases of discrimination in employment 68 Healthcare Edit Discrimination protection intersects with involuntary and coercive medical treatment Maltese protections on grounds of sex characteristics provides explicit protection against unnecessary and harmful modifications to the sex characteristics of children 15 26 In May 2016 the United States Department of Health and Human Services issued a statement explaining Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act stating that the Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of intersex traits or atypical sex characteristics in publicly funded healthcare as part of a prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex 69 Sport Edit Main article Sex verification in sports In 2013 it was disclosed in a medical journal that four unnamed elite female athletes from developing countries were subjected to gonadectomies sterilization and partial clitoridectomies female genital mutilation after testosterone testing revealed that they had an intersex condition 70 71 Testosterone testing was introduced in the wake of the Caster Semenya case of a South African runner subjected to testing due to her appearance and vigor 70 71 72 73 There is no evidence that innate hyperandrogenism in elite women athletes confers an advantage in sport 74 75 While Australia protects intersex persons from discrimination the Act contains an exemption in sport Remedies and compensation claims Edit Intersex activists on a boat at Utrecht Canal Pride on June 16 2018 Compensation claims have been made in a limited number of legal cases Christiane Volling case Germany Edit Main articles Christiane Volling and Intersex rights in Germany In Germany in 2011 Christiane Volling was successful in a case against her medical treatment The surgeon was ordered to pay 100 000 in compensatory damages 76 77 after a legal battle that began in 2007 thirty years after the removal of her reproductive organs 12 78 Benjamin Maricarmen case Chile Edit Further information Intersex rights in Chile On August 12 2005 the mother of a child Benjamin filed a lawsuit against the Maule Health Service after the child s male gonads and reproductive system were removed without informing the parents of the nature of the surgery The child had been raised as a girl The claim for compensatory damages was initiated in the Fourth Court of Letters of Talca and ended up in the Supreme Court of Chile On November 14 2012 the Court sentenced the Maule Health Service for lack of service and to pay compensation of 100 million pesos for moral and psychological damages caused to Benjamin and another 5 million for each of the parents 79 80 M C v Aaronson case US Edit Further information Intersex rights in the United States In the United States the M C v Aaronson case advanced by interACT with the Southern Poverty Law Center was brought before the courts in 2013 81 82 83 In 2015 the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit dismissed the case stating that it did not mean to diminish the severe harm that M C claims to have suffered but that a reasonable official in 2006 did not have fair warning from then existing precedent that performing sex assignment surgery on sixteen month old M C violated a clearly established constitutional right 84 85 In July 2017 it was reported that the case had been settled out of court by the Medical University of South Carolina for 440 000 without admission of liability 86 Michaela Raab case Germany Edit Further information Intersex rights in Germany In 2015 Michaela Raab filed suit against doctors in Nuremberg Germany for failing to properly advise her Doctors stated that they were only acting according to the norms of the time which sought to protect patients against the psychosocial effects of learning the full truth about their chromosomes 77 On 17 December 2015 the Nuremberg State Court ruled that the University of Erlangen Nuremberg Clinic pay damages and compensation 87 Access to information Edit They should never be told 88 Licence to Lie Androgen insensitivity syndrome treatment standards in 1963 With the rise of modern medical science in Western societies many intersex people with ambiguous external genitalia have had their genitalia surgically modified to resemble either female or male genitals Surgeons pinpointed the birth of intersex babies as a social emergency 89 A secrecy based model was also adopted in the belief that this was necessary to ensure normal physical and psychosocial development 11 90 91 Disclosure also included telling people that they would never meet anyone else with the same condition 10 Access to medical records has also historically been challenging 13 Yet the ability to provide free informed consent depends on the availability of information The Council of Europe 13 and World Health Organization 92 acknowledge the necessity for improvements in information provision including access to medical records Some intersex organizations claim that secrecy based models have been perpetuated by a shift in clinical language to disorders of sex development Morgan Carpenter of Organisation Intersex International Australia quotes the work of Miranda Fricker on hermeneutical injustice where despite new legal protections from discrimination on grounds of intersex status someone with lived experience is unable to even make sense of their own social experiences due to the deployment of clinical language and no words to name the experience 93 Legal recognition EditMain article Legal recognition of intersex people According to the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions few countries have provided for the legal recognition of intersex people The Forum states that the legal recognition of intersex people is firstly about access to the same rights as other men and women when assigned male or female secondly it is about access to administrative corrections to legal documents when an original sex assignment is not appropriate and thirdly while opt in schemes may help some individuals legal recognition is not about the creation of a third sex or gender classification for intersex people as a population but instead is about enabling an opt in scheme for any individual who seeks it 16 In some jurisdictions access to any form of identification document can be an issue 94 Gender identities Edit Like all individuals some intersex individuals may be raised as a particular sex male or female but then identify with another later in life while most do not 95 96 97 Like non intersex people some intersex individuals may not identify themselves as either exclusively female or exclusively male A 2012 clinical review suggests that between 8 5 20 of persons with intersex conditions may experience gender dysphoria 98 while sociological research in Australia a country with a third X sex classification shows that 19 of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an X or other option while 52 are women 23 men and 6 unsure 67 99 Access to identification documents Edit Depending on the jurisdiction access to any birth certificate may be an issue 94 including a birth certificate with a sex marker 100 In 2014 in the case of Baby A Suing through her Mother E A amp another v Attorney General amp 6 others 2014 a Kenyan court ordered the Kenyan government to issue a birth certificate to a five year old child born in 2009 with ambiguous genitalia 101 In Kenya a birth certificate is necessary for attending school getting a national identity document and voting 101 Many intersex persons in Uganda are understood to be stateless due to historical difficulties in obtaining identification documents despite a birth registration law that permits intersex minors to change assignment 102 Access to the same rights as other men and women Edit The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions states that Recognition before the law means having legal personhood and the legal protections that flow from that For intersex people this is neither primarily nor solely about amending birth registrations or other official documents Firstly it is about intersex people who have been issued a male or a female birth certificate being able to enjoy the same legal rights as other men and women 16 Binary categories Edit Access to a birth certificate with a correct sex marker may be an issue for people who do not identify with their sex assigned at birth 13 or it may only be available accompanied by surgical requirements 16 The passports and identification documents of Australia and some other nationalities have adopted X as a valid third category besides M male and F female at least since 2003 103 104 In 2013 Germany became the first European nation to allow babies with characteristics of both sexes to be registered as indeterminate gender on birth certificates amidst opposition and skepticism from intersex organisations who point out that the law appears to mandate exclusion from male or female categories 105 106 The Council of Europe acknowledged this approach and concerns about recognition of third and blank classifications in a 2015 Issue Paper stating that these may lead to forced outings and lead to an increase in pressure on parents of intersex children to decide in favour of one sex 13 The Issue Paper argues that further reflection on non binary legal identification is necessary Mauro Cabral Global Action for Trans Equality GATE Co Director indicated that any recognition outside the F M dichotomy needs to be adequately planned and executed with a human rights point of view noting that People tend to identify a third sex with freedom from the gender binary but that is not necessarily the case If only trans and or intersex people can access that third category or if they are compulsively assigned a third sex then the gender binary gets stronger not weaker 13 Intersex rights by jurisdiction EditFurther information Discrimination against intersex people and Legal recognition of intersex people Read country specific pages on intersex rights via the links on the country name where available Africa Edit Country jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female Kenya Since 2022 107 108 94 Since 2022 109 South Africa 110 111 58 112 Subject to medical and social reports Uganda 113 114 115 Americas Edit Country jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female Argentina 116 Self determination 117 Since July 2021 gender X became available and implemented 118 Chile 119 65 120 121 Self determination 122 122 Colombia No but restricted in children aged over 5 Self determination Mexico 123 124 125 124 124 United States 126 Partial in healthcare 127 Laws on female genital mutilation not enforced 126 Opt in only for Washington D C California New York City Ohio with a court order only New Mexico 128 Nevada 129 Oregon Utah with a court order only 130 Washington State New Jersey 131 and Colorado 132 133 134 135 In October 2021 the very first US Passport with a gender X was issued by a court order for an individual From April 11 2022 gender X becomes officially available and recognised for any validly issued US Passport holder 136 137 138 Uruguay 139 140 Self determination 141 Asia Edit Country jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female Bangladesh 142 citation needed 142 citation needed China 143 144 145 India 44 45 46 47 146 44 44 44 147 147 Japan Requires surgery 16 Nepal 148 149 148 Pakistan 150 Self determination 150 150 South Korea citation needed Thailand Requires surgery 16 Vietnam Requires surgery 16 Europe Edit Country jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female Albania 151 152 Austria 153 Bosnia and Herzegovina 60 Belgium Self determination 154 155 Denmark 28 29 Self determination 156 Finland 157 France 158 159 Germany with exceptions 52 160 161 162 Greece 62 Iceland 163 164 165 Self determination 163 164 165 163 164 165 Ireland 166 167 Self determination 156 Jersey 168 Luxembourg 169 Malta Legislated citation needed 35 Self determination 156 170 Montenegro 171 Netherlands Norway 172 Self determination 173 174 175 Portugal Legislated 176 177 Self determination 176 177 Serbia 64 Switzerland 11 178 179 180 Self determination 181 United Kingdom 182 183 Requires diagnosis of gender dysphoria 184 Oceania Edit Country jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female Australia 185 10 At federal level 186 Exemptions regarding sport and female genital mutilation 186 Policies vary depending on jurisdiction 187 Requires sexual reassignment surgery and permission from at least 2 medical practitioners within both NSW and QLD only Appropriate clinical treatment or just 1 doctors permission within WA SA NT and the ACT Self determination within TAS and VIC 188 Passports Opt in at federal level state territory policies vary 187 189 New Zealand 185 190 Exemptions regarding female genital mutilation 16 From July 2023 by self determination 191 Passports Third birth certificate may be used if determined at birth 192 See also EditIntersex Awareness Day Intersex people and military service Intersex human rights reports Intersex medical interventions Discrimination against intersex people Legal recognition of intersex peopleNotes Edit Free amp Equal Campaign Fact Sheet Intersex PDF United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 2015 Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 28 March 2016 a b c Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum Rainbow Health Foundation Sexual Minorities Uganda Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders 2014 Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Archived from the original on 2015 05 03 Retrieved 2017 05 14 a b Grady Helen Soy Anne May 4 2017 The midwife who saved intersex babies BBC World Service Kenya Archived from the original on May 15 2017 Retrieved June 22 2018 a b c Beyond the Boundary Knowing and Concerns Intersex October 2015 Intersex report from Hong Kong China and for the UN Committee Against Torture the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Archived from the original on 2017 03 26 Retrieved 2017 05 14 Submission 88 to the Australian Senate inquiry on the involuntary or coerced sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group APEG 27 June 2013 Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 19 July 2015 Rebecca Jordan Young Peter Sonksen Katrina Karkazis 2014 Sex health and athletes BMJ 348 g2926 doi 10 1136 bmj g2926 PMID 24776640 S2CID 2198650 Archived from the original on 2014 09 11 Retrieved 2015 07 19 Macur Juliet 6 October 2014 Fighting for the Body She Was Born With The New York Times Archived from the original on 12 January 2015 Retrieved 9 February 2015 a b c Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture PDF Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights February 2013 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 08 24 Retrieved 2015 07 19 Eliminating forced coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization An interagency statement World Health Organization May 2014 Archived from the original on 2015 07 11 Retrieved 2020 10 05 a b c d e f Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee October 2013 Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia Archived from the original on 2015 09 23 a b c d e f Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK CNE November 2012 On the management of differences of sex development Ethical issues relating to intersexuality Opinion No 20 2012 PDF 2012 Berne Archived from the original PDF on 2015 04 23 Retrieved 2015 07 19 a b German Gender Assignment Case Has Intersexuals Hopeful DW COM Deutsche Welle 12 December 2007 Archived from the original on 2015 12 22 Retrieved 2015 12 21 a b c d e f g h i j k l Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights April 2015 Human rights and intersex people Issue Paper archived from the original on 2016 01 06 retrieved 2022 03 09 a b c Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta s Benchmark LGBTI Law The New York Times Reuters 1 April 2015 Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 Retrieved 22 February 2017 a b c d e Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors Star Observer 2 April 2015 Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 Retrieved 19 July 2015 a b c d e f g h i Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions June 2016 Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions ISBN 978 0 9942513 7 4 Archived from the original on 2017 01 15 Retrieved 2016 08 29 Zderic Stephen 2002 Pediatric gender assignment a critical reappraisal proceedings from a conference in Dallas in the spring of 1999 which was entitled pediatric gender assignment a critical reappraisal New York NY u a Kluwer Acad Plenum Publ ISBN 978 0306467592 a b Ghattas Dan Christian Heinrich Boll Foundation September 2013 Human Rights Between the Sexes PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2015 09 23 Retrieved 2015 07 19 A preliminary study on the life situations of inter individuals OII Europe 4 November 2013 Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 Retrieved 19 July 2015 Submission list of issues for Australia s Convention Against Torture review Organisation Intersex International Australia June 28 2016 Archived from the original on September 9 2017 Retrieved September 4 2016 Intersex legislation that allows the daily mutilations to continue PINKWASHING of IGM practices Zwischengeschlecht August 28 2016 Archived from the original on September 19 2016 Retrieved September 4 2016 TRANSCRIPTION gt UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Gov Non Answer Denial Zwischengeschlecht May 26 2016 Archived from the original on September 19 2016 Retrieved September 4 2016 a b Odero Joseph December 23 2015 Intersex in Kenya Held captive beaten hacked Dead 76 CRIMES Archived from the original on 2016 04 25 Retrieved 2016 10 01 Warne Garry L Raza Jamal September 2008 Disorders of sex development DSDs their presentation and management in different cultures Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 9 3 227 236 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 469 9016 doi 10 1007 s11154 008 9084 2 ISSN 1389 9155 PMID 18633712 S2CID 8897416 United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Diabilities April 17 2015 Concluding observations on the initial report of Germany advance unedited version Geneva United Nations Archived from the original on July 22 2015 Retrieved July 19 2015 a b c d Cabral Mauro April 8 2015 Making depathologization a matter of law A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Global Action for Trans Equality Archived from the original on July 4 2015 Retrieved 2015 07 03 a b Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights October 24 2016 End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults UN and regional experts urge archived from the original on November 21 2016 retrieved July 28 2017 a b Amnesty International 2017 First Do No Harm Archived from the original on 2017 05 17 Retrieved 2017 05 15 a b Amnesty International 2017 First Do No Harm ensuring the rights of children born intersex Archived from the original on 2017 05 11 Retrieved 2017 05 13 Human Rights Watch interACT July 2017 I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me ISBN 978 1 62313 502 7 Archived from the original on 2017 10 05 Retrieved 2017 07 28 Stewart Philippa 2017 07 25 Interview Intersex Babies Don t Need Fixing Human Rights Watch Archived from the original on 2017 08 03 Retrieved 2017 07 25 Human Rights Watch 2017 07 25 US Harmful Surgery on Intersex Children Human Rights Watch Archived from the original on 2019 04 26 Retrieved 2017 07 25 Curtis Skyler 2010 2011 Reproductive Organs and Differences of Sex Development The Constitutional Issues Created by the Surgical Treatment of Intersex Children McGeorge Law Review 42 863 Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 Retrieved 15 November 2012 Corte Constitucional de Colombia Sentencia T 1025 02 Archived from the original on 20 February 2013 Retrieved 2 December 2012 a b Malta April 2015 Gender Identity Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act Final version archived from the original on 2015 07 05 retrieved 2015 07 19 OII Europe applauds Malta s Gender Identity Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act This is a landmark case for intersex rights within European law reform OII Europe April 1 2015 Archived from the original on 2015 05 22 Retrieved 2015 07 03 Carpenter Morgan April 2 2015 We celebrate Maltese protections for intersex people Organisation Intersex International Australia Archived from the original on 2015 07 04 Retrieved 2015 07 03 Chilean Government Stops the Normalization of Intersex Children OutRight Action International January 14 2016 Archived from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved February 2 2016 Chilean Ministry of Health issues instructions stopping normalising interventions on intersex children Organisation Intersex International Australia 11 January 2016 Archived from the original on 10 March 2017 Retrieved 3 January 2017 Inter Laura Aoi Hana June 15 2017 Circular 7 de 2016 Un paso atras en la lucha por los Derechos Humanos de las personas intersexuales en Chile Por Laura Inter y Hana Aoi Brujula Intersexual Archived from the original on 2017 07 30 Retrieved 2017 07 09 Godoy Camilo June 18 2017 Como nace la Circular 7 del Ministerio de Salud de Chile Por Camilo Godoy Brujula Intersexual Archived from the original on 2017 07 30 Retrieved 2017 07 09 Inter Laura Aoi Hana June 2017 Circular 7 De 2016 Un Paso Atras En La Lucha Por Los Derechos Humanos De Las Personas Intersexuales En Chile PDF Brujula Intersexual Archived PDF from the original on 2017 07 30 Retrieved 2017 07 28 Transwoman A Bride Under Hindu Marriage Act Madras HC Also Bans Sex Re Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children Read Judgment 23 April 2019 Archived from the original on 2019 07 12 Retrieved 2019 04 24 a b c d e Indian State Bans Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Children Human Rights Watch 29 August 2019 Archived from the original on 2021 01 20 Retrieved 2019 08 30 a b Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt The News Minute 23 April 2019 Archived from the original on 2019 04 23 Retrieved 2019 04 24 a b Ruling on intersex infants Madurai activist comes in for praise by High Court The Times of India Archived from the original on 2019 05 09 Retrieved 2019 04 24 a b Indian Court Decides In Favor of Informed Consent Rights for Intersex People Human Rights Watch 29 April 2019 Archived from the original on 2021 01 19 Retrieved 2019 07 15 Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung Deutscher Bundestag in German Archived from the original on May 11 2021 Retrieved April 29 2021 Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung Deutscher Bundestag in German Archived from the original on April 27 2021 Retrieved April 29 2021 Buhring Petra February 20 2021 Intersexuelle Kinder Recht zur Selbstbestimmung aerzteblatt de in German Archived from the original on March 9 2022 Retrieved April 29 2021 A good first step Germany adopts law banning IGM But there is still room for improvement OII Europe March 30 2021 Archived from the original on March 31 2021 Retrieved April 4 2021 a b Intergeschlechtliche Menschen March 26 2021 Bundestag verabschiedet Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschle Archived from the original on March 26 2021 Retrieved April 4 2021 Stellungnahme IVIM OII Germany zum Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung PDF in German September 23 2020 Archived PDF from the original on August 11 2021 Retrieved April 29 2021 Presseerklarung Internationale Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen PDF OII Germany in German March 26 2021 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2021 Retrieved April 29 2021 Davis Georgiann October 2013 The Social Costs of Preempting Intersex Traits The American Journal of Bioethics 13 10 51 53 doi 10 1080 15265161 2013 828119 ISSN 1526 5161 PMID 24024811 S2CID 7331095 Carpenter Morgan July 18 2014 Morgan Carpenter at LGBTI Human Rights in the Commonwealth conference Glasgow Archived from the original on September 12 2014 Retrieved April 29 2021 Carpenter Morgan Organisation Intersex International Australia April 30 2014 Submission on the Review of Part B of the Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research 2007 Report Sydney Organisation Intersex International Australia Archived from the original on October 6 2014 Retrieved September 13 2015 a b Judicial Matters Amendment Act No 22 of 2005 Republic of South Africa Vol 487 Cape Town PDF 11 January 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 18 October 2017 Retrieved 22 July 2015 Sex Discrimination Amendment Sexual Orientation Gender Identity and Intersex Status Act 2013 No 98 2013 C2013A00098 ComLaw 2013 Archived from the original on 2014 10 06 Retrieved 2015 07 19 a b Anti discrimination Law Updated in Bosnia Herzegovina ILGA Europe Archived from the original on 2016 08 08 Retrieved 2016 08 02 LGBTI people are now better protected in Bosnia and Herzegovina Archived from the original on 2016 08 26 Retrieved 2016 08 02 a b NOMOS YP ARI8 3456 Symfwno symbiwshs askhsh dikaiwmatwn poinikes kai alles diata3eis LAW NO 3456 Cohabitation exercise of rights criminal and other provisions PDF in Greek Archived from the original PDF on 2018 06 19 Retrieved 2018 04 29 Prwth fora isoi apenanti ston nomo in Greek 2015 12 23 Archived from the original on 2017 10 25 Retrieved 2016 03 14 a b Napokon vidljivi Finally visible XY Spectrum in Bosnian 2021 05 27 Archived from the original on 2021 06 16 Retrieved 2021 07 29 a b Law No 21 430 on Guarantees and Comprehensive protection of the Rights of Childrent and Adolescents PDF in Spanish Retrieved 15 March 2022 Jones Tiffany March 11 2016 The needs of students with intersex variations Sex Education 16 6 602 618 doi 10 1080 14681811 2016 1149808 ISSN 1468 1811 S2CID 74173324 a b Jones Tiffany Hart Bonnie Carpenter Morgan Ansara Gavi Leonard William Lucke Jayne February 2016 Intersex Stories and Statistics from Australia PDF Cambridge UK Open Book Publishers ISBN 978 1 78374 208 0 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 09 14 Retrieved 2016 02 02 Carpenter Morgan Hough Dawn 2014 Employers Guide to Intersex Inclusion Sydney Australia Pride in Diversity and Organisation Intersex International Australia ISBN 978 0 646 92905 7 Archived from the original on 2016 04 25 Retrieved 2016 05 30 interACT 23 May 2016 Federal Government Bans Discrimination Against Intersex People in Health Care interactadvocates Archived from the original on 2016 05 28 Retrieved 2016 05 27 a b Fenichel Patrick Paris Francoise Philibert Pascal Hieronimus Sylvie Gaspari Laura Kurzenne Jean Yves Chevallier Patrick Bermon Stephane Chevalier Nicolas Sultan Charles June 2013 Molecular Diagnosis of 5a Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology amp Metabolism 98 6 1055 E1059 doi 10 1210 jc 2012 3893 ISSN 0021 972X PMID 23633205 a b Jordan Young R M Sonksen P H Karkazis K April 2014 Sex health and athletes BMJ 348 apr28 9 2926 g2926 doi 10 1136 bmj g2926 ISSN 1756 1833 PMID 24776640 S2CID 2198650 Semenya told to take gender test BBC Sport 19 August 2009 Archived from the original on 5 September 2017 Retrieved 19 August 2009 A Lab is Set to Test the Gender of Some Female Athletes New York Times 30 July 2008 Archived from the original on 6 May 2021 Retrieved 22 February 2017 Bermon Stephane Garnier Pierre Yves Linden Hirschberg Angelica Robinson Neil Giraud Sylvain Nicoli Raul Baume Norbert Saugy Martial Fenichel Patrick Bruce Stephen J Henry Hugues Dolle Gabriel Ritzen Martin August 2014 Serum Androgen Levels in Elite Female Athletes The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology amp Metabolism 99 11 2014 1391 doi 10 1210 jc 2014 1391 ISSN 0021 972X PMID 25137421 Branch John 27 July 2016 Dutee Chand Female Sprinter With High Testosterone Level Wins Right to Compete The New York Times Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 Retrieved 22 May 2016 Zwischengeschlecht August 12 2009 Christiane Volling Hermaphrodite wins damage claim over removal of reproductive organs Archived from the original on 2015 07 05 Retrieved 2015 07 20 a b The Local February 27 2015 Intersex person sues clinic for unnecessary op Archived from the original on 2015 12 14 Retrieved 2015 12 21 Christiane Volling German Ethics Council August 2010 Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2015 12 21 Condenan al H de Talca por error al determinar sexo de bebe diario latercera com in Spanish Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 Retrieved 15 February 2017 Garcia Gabriela 2013 06 20 Identidad forzada www paula cl in Spanish Archived from the original on 2017 02 15 Retrieved 2017 02 15 Southern Poverty Law Center May 14 2013 Groundbreaking SLPC Lawsuit Accuses South Carolina Doctors and Hospitals of Unnecessary Surgery on Infant Archived from the original on 2015 07 13 Retrieved 2015 07 20 Reis Elizabeth May 17 2013 Do No Harm Intersex Surgeries and the Limits of Certainty Nursing Clio Archived from the original on 2018 12 03 Retrieved 2015 07 20 Dreger Alice May 16 2013 When to Do Surgery on a Child With Both Genitalia The Atlantic Archived from the original on 2019 04 28 Retrieved 2015 07 20 Largent Emily March 5 2015 M C v Aaronson Petrie Flom Center Harvard Law Archived from the original on February 18 2017 Retrieved February 18 2017 interACT January 27 2015 Update on M C s Case The Road to Justice can be Long but there is more than one path for M C Archived from the original on 2017 02 19 Retrieved 2017 02 18 Ghorayshi Azeen July 27 2017 A Landmark Lawsuit About An Intersex Baby s Genital Surgery Just Settled For 440 000 BuzzFeed Archived from the original on 2017 07 27 Retrieved 2017 07 27 Zwischengeschlecht December 17 2015 Nuremberg Hermaphrodite Lawsuit Michaela Micha Raab Wins Damages and Compensation for Intersex Genital Mutilations Archived from the original on 2016 05 11 Retrieved 2015 12 21 Hauser G A 1963 Testicular Feminization In Intersexuality London and New York Academic Press p 273 Coran Arnold G Polley Theodore Z July 1991 Surgical management of ambiguous genitalia in the infant and child Journal of Pediatric Surgery 26 7 812 820 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 628 4867 doi 10 1016 0022 3468 91 90146 K PMID 1895191 Holmes Morgan Is Growing up in Silence Better Than Growing up Different Intersex Society of North America Archived from the original on 2016 03 05 Retrieved 2015 07 21 Intersex Society of North America What s wrong with the way intersex has traditionally been treated Archived from the original on 2014 06 26 Retrieved 2015 07 21 World Health Organization 2015 Sexual health human rights and the law Geneva World Health Organization ISBN 9789241564984 Carpenter Morgan February 3 2015 Intersex and ageing Organisation Intersex International Australia Archived from the original on April 13 2015 Retrieved July 21 2015 a b c Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling Reuters 2014 12 05 Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2021 07 05 Money John Ehrhardt Anke A 1972 Man amp Woman Boy amp Girl Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity US The Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 1405 1 Domurat Dreger Alice 2001 Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex US Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 00189 3 Maranon Gregorio 1929 Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana Madrid Morata Furtado P S et al 2012 Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development Nat Rev Urol 9 11 620 627 doi 10 1038 nrurol 2012 182 PMID 23045263 S2CID 22294512 Organisation Intersex International Australia July 28 2016 Demographics archived from the original on 2016 10 01 retrieved 2016 09 30 Viloria Hida November 6 2013 Op ed Germany s Third Gender Law Fails on Equality The Advocate Archived from the original on March 9 2022 Retrieved March 9 2022 a b Migiro Katy Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling Reuters Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2021 07 05 Support Initiative for Persons with Congenital Disorders 2016 Baseline Survey on Intersex Realities in East Africa Specific Focus on Uganda Kenya and Rwanda Holme Ingrid 2008 Hearing People s Own Stories Science as Culture 17 3 341 344 doi 10 1080 09505430802280784 S2CID 143528047 New Zealand Passports Information about Changing Sex Gender Identity Archived from the original on 23 September 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 Third sex option on birth certificates Deutsche Welle 1 November 2013 Archived from the original on 10 October 2014 Retrieved 19 July 2015 Sham package for Intersex Leaving sex entry open is not an option OII Europe 15 February 2013 Archived from the original on 29 August 2014 Retrieved 19 July 2015 Kisika Sam 8 August 2022 Landmark Kenya intersex rights law takes effect Los Angeles Blade LGBTQ News Rights Politics Entertainment Retrieved 21 August 2022 Chigiti John September 14 2016 The plight of the intersex child The Star Kenya Archived from the original on 2017 01 29 Retrieved 2017 05 13 The Children Act 2022 PDF Retrieved 21 August 2022 Collison Carl October 27 2016 SA joins the global fight to stop unnecessary genital surgery on intersex babies Mail amp Guardian Archived from the original on 2016 10 30 Retrieved 2017 05 15 United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child October 27 2016 Concluding observations on the second periodic report of South Africa Archived from the original on February 4 2017 Retrieved March 9 2022 Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 PDF February 2 2000 Archived from the original PDF on June 3 2011 Retrieved April 29 2021 Kaggwa Julius 2016 09 16 I m an intersex Ugandan life has never felt more dangerous The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 2016 10 06 Retrieved September 16 2016 Kaggwa Julius October 9 2016 Understanding intersex stigma in Uganda Intersex Day Archived from the original on 2017 04 08 Retrieved 2016 10 26 Parliament of Uganda 2015 Registration of Persons Act archived from the original on 2017 05 01 retrieved 2017 05 15 Justicia Intersex Zwischengeschlecht org 2017 NGO Report to the 6th and 7th Periodic Report of Argentina on the Convention against Torture CAT PDF Buenos Aires Archived PDF from the original on 2018 01 04 Retrieved 2017 05 15 Global Action for Trans Equality 14 May 2012 Gender identity Law in Argentina an opportunity for all Sexuality Policy Watch Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 Retrieved 15 May 2017 Argentina Recognizes Non Binary Identities 22 July 2021 Archived from the original on 24 July 2021 Retrieved 24 July 2021 Complementa circular 18 que instruye sobre ciertos aspectos de la atencion de salud a ninos y ninas intersex PDF Ministerio de Salud 23 August 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 2 January 2020 Retrieved 21 May 2017 Proyectos de Ley Sistema de garantias de los derechos de la ninez www camara cl in Spanish Camara de Diputados de Chile Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 Retrieved 3 January 2017 Comision de la Camara aprueba que ninas y ninos trans tengan derecho a desarrollar su identidad de genero www movilh cl in Spanish Archived from the original on 30 July 2019 Retrieved 3 January 2017 a b Datos Registrales con Enfoque de Genero PDF in Spanish July 2017 Archived from the original PDF on 16 March 2018 Retrieved 16 March 2018 Inter Laura 2015 Finding My Compass Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics 5 2 95 98 doi 10 1353 nib 2015 0039 PMID 26300133 S2CID 20101103 a b c Inter Laura October 2016 The situation of the intersex community in Mexico Intersex Day Archived from the original on 2018 10 21 Retrieved 2017 05 13 Baruch Ricardo October 13 2016 Si hay personas intersexuales en Mexico Animal Politico archived from the original on June 12 2017 retrieved May 15 2017 a b interACT June 2016 Recommendations from interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2019 04 12 Retrieved 2017 05 15 interACT 2016 Federal Government Bans Discrimination Against Intersex People in Health Care Archived from the original on 2016 05 28 Retrieved 2016 05 27 New Laws Take Effect in New Mexico KOB4 June 14 2019 Archived from the original on October 1 2020 Retrieved April 29 2021 ID Documents Center Nevada National Center for Transgender Equality Archived from the original on January 17 2021 Retrieved April 29 2021 Stevens Taylor October 8 2018 Utahn Becomes One of the First in the State to Receive Nonbinary X Markers on Birth Certificate and Driver License The Salt Lake Tribune Archived from the original on November 9 2020 Retrieved April 29 2021 Gunz Rafaella January 6 2019 New Jersey to Introduce Gender neutral Birth Certificates in February Gay Star News Archived from the original on August 3 2020 Retrieved April 29 2021 Birth Certificates Colorado Department of Public Health amp Environment Archived from the original on November 12 2020 Retrieved April 29 2021 California Senate Bill SB 179 Gender identity female male or nonbinary to enact the Gender Recognition Act to authorize the change of gender on the new birth certificate to be female male or nonbinary California Legislative Information January 24 2017 Archived from the original on June 16 2017 Retrieved May 25 2017 O Hara Mary Emily September 26 2016 Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted Non Binary Gender Status NBC News Archived from the original on September 26 2016 Retrieved September 26 2016 O Hara Mary Emily December 29 2016 Nation s First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC NBC News Archived from the original on 2019 05 09 Retrieved 2016 12 30 Selecting your Gender Marker travel state gov Retrieved 2022 05 20 Migdon Brooke 2022 04 04 Nearly 17K Americans may request gender X passport this year The Hill Retrieved 2022 05 20 US issues its first passport with X gender designation to reflect lived reality the Guardian 2021 10 27 Archived from the original on 2021 11 03 Retrieved 2022 02 01 Ley N 19580 de violencia hacia las mujeres basada en genero in Spanish Archived from the original on 10 April 2019 Retrieved 21 October 2018 Prohiben las operaciones de definicion de sexo en la ninez Diario EL PAIS Uruguay in Spanish Archived from the original on 21 October 2018 Retrieved 21 October 2018 Ley Integral Para Personas Trans PDF Uruguay Ministry for Social Development Archived from the original PDF on 23 October 2018 Retrieved 20 October 2018 a b UK Home Office December 2016 Bangladesh Sexual orientation and gender identity PDF UK Home Office Country Policy and Information Note Archived PDF from the original on 25 April 2017 Retrieved 25 May 2017 United Nations Committee against Torture 2015 Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China Geneva United Nations Archived from the original on 2017 03 26 Retrieved 2017 05 15 United Nations Committee against Torture 2015 Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China with respect to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Geneva United Nations Archived from the original on 2017 03 26 Retrieved 2017 05 15 Equal Opportunities Commission March 9 2017 EOC amp GRC of CUHK Issue Statement Calling for the Introduction of Legislation against Discrimination on the Grounds of Sexual Orientation Gender Identity and Intersex Status Archived from the original on March 26 2017 Retrieved May 15 2017 Karthikeyan Ragamalika February 3 2017 Activists say surgical correction of intersex babies at birth wrong govt doesn t listen The News Minute Archived from the original on May 17 2017 Retrieved May 15 2017 a b Supreme Court of India 2014 Supreme Court recognises the right to determine and express one s gender grants legal status to third gender PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 05 27 Retrieved 2017 05 25 a b Sunil Babu Pant and Others v Nepal Government and Others Supreme Court of Nepal PDF National Judicial Academy Law Journal April 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 10 11 Retrieved 4 May 2016 Regmi Esan 2016 Stories of Intersex People from Nepal Kathmandu Archived from the original on 2017 07 28 Retrieved 2017 05 15 a b c Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Act 2018 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 4 December 2020 Retrieved 1 December 2018 Albania approves protocol to stop medical intervention on intersex babies www exit al 27 June 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 01 26 Retrieved 2020 06 27 Albania Amends Its Law for Protection From Discrimination HIV Status and Sex Characteristics Are Now Protected Grounds Archived from the original on 2021 05 03 Retrieved 2020 11 08 Der Osterreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof Intersex persons have the right to adequate designation in the civil register www vfgh gv at Archived from the original on 2018 07 04 Retrieved 2018 07 04 Belgium New Gender Recognition Law with obstacles tgeu org Archived from the original on 2021 02 11 Retrieved 2018 05 14 New Belgian Gender Recognition Act shouldn t self determination also include non binary people Archived from the original on 2018 05 14 Retrieved 2018 05 14 a b c McDonald Henry Others July 16 2015 Ireland passes law allowing trans people to choose their legal gender The Guardian Archived from the original on 16 November 2015 Retrieved 13 November 2015 Ghattas Dan Christian ILGA Europe 2016 Standing up for the human rights of intersex people how can you help PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2016 03 27 Guillot Vincent Zwischengeschlecht April 3 2016 NGO Report to the 7th Periodic Report of France on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CAT Archived from the original on 2017 03 25 Retrieved 2017 03 24 Senat Blondin Maryvonne Bouchoux Corinne 2017 02 23 Variations du developpement sexuel lever un tabou lutter contre la stigmatisation et les exclusions 2016 2017 in French Paris France Senat Archived from the original on 2017 03 31 Retrieved 2017 05 15 Stellungnahme IVIM OII Germany zum Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung PDF OII Germany in German September 23 2020 Archived PDF from the original on August 11 2021 Retrieved April 29 2021 Presseerklarung Internationale Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen PDF OII Germany March 26 2021 Archived PDF from the original on May 8 2021 Retrieved April 29 2021 Bundesverfassungsgericht Press Civil status law must allow a third gender option www bundesverfassungsgericht de Archived from the original on 2017 11 15 Retrieved 2017 11 14 a b c Fisher Owl June 21 2019 On Trans Issues Iceland has just put Britain to Shame The Guardian Archived from the original on June 24 2019 Retrieved April 29 2021 a b c Gender Autonomy Act Applauded Iceland Monitor June 21 2019 Archived from the original on June 22 2019 Retrieved April 29 2021 a b c Iceland Passes Major Gender Identity Law The Fight Is Far From Over Grapevine June 19 2019 Archived from the original on June 25 2019 Retrieved April 29 2021 Zwischengeschlecht org December 2015 Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy NGO Report to the 2nd 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Ireland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC PDF Zurich Archived PDF from the original on 2016 03 21 Retrieved 2017 05 15 United Nations Committee on the Rights of Child February 4 2016 Concluding observations on the combined third to fourth periodic reports of Ireland advance unedited version Geneva United Nations Archived from the original on March 15 2016 Retrieved May 15 2017 Discrimination Sex and Related Characteristics Jersey Regulations 2015 2015 Archived from the original on 2016 03 14 Retrieved 2017 05 15 Luxembourg makes status change for transgender people easier 26 July 2018 Archived from the original on 27 July 2018 Retrieved 23 September 2018 Dalli Miriam 3 February 2015 Male Female or X the new gender options on identification documents Malta Today Archived from the original on 15 December 2016 Retrieved 15 May 2017 Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije Crna Gora Paragraf Lex www paragraf me Article 19 Any discrimination unequal treatment or unequal position of a person or group of persons on the basis of gender identity sexual orientation and or intersex characteristics is considered discrimination Archived from the original on 2020 08 04 Retrieved 2020 11 08 Norway Rainbow Europe Archived from the original on January 5 2017 Retrieved April 29 2021 Norway becomes fourth country in Europe to introduce model of self determination ILGA Europe www ilga europe org Archived from the original on 2021 04 29 Retrieved 2018 08 30 Norway becomes fourth country in the world to allow trans people to determine their own gender 6 June 2016 Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 Retrieved 30 August 2018 Norway Historic breakthrough for transgender rights www amnesty org 18 March 2016 Archived from the original on 16 January 2021 Retrieved 30 August 2018 a b Portugal parliament approves new gender change law Agence France Presse July 13 2018 Archived from the original on 2020 01 24 Retrieved 2018 08 31 a b Portugal s parliament approves new gender identity bill DW July 13 2018 Archived from the original on 2020 11 09 Retrieved 2018 08 31 Zwischengeschlecht org March 2014 Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy NGO Report to the 2nd 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Switzerland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC PDF Zurich Archived PDF from the original on 2014 05 06 Retrieved 2017 05 15 United Nations Committee on the Rights of Child February 26 2015 Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Switzerland Geneva Archived from the original on July 25 2017 Retrieved May 15 2017 United Nations Committee on the Rights of Child September 7 2015 Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of Switzerland PDF Geneva Archived PDF from the original on December 10 2018 Retrieved April 29 2018 Switzerland to allow simple gender identity change next year www jurist org Archived from the original on 2021 12 28 Retrieved 2022 02 01 United Nations Committee on the Rights of Child June 2016 Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Geneva United Nations Archived from the original on 2017 05 07 Retrieved 2017 05 15 Zwischengeschlecht org IntersexUK OII UK The UK Intersex Association April 2016 Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations of Children with Variations of Sex Anatomy NGO Report to the 5th Periodic Report of the United Kingdom on the Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC PDF Zurich Archived PDF from the original on 2016 11 09 Retrieved 2017 05 15 Payton Naith July 23 2015 Comment Why the UK s gender recognition laws desperately need updating The Pink Paper Archived from the original on January 26 2017 Retrieved May 15 2017 a b Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand Organisation Intersex International Australia Black Eve Bond Kylie Briffa Tony Carpenter Morgan Cody Candice David Alex Driver Betsy Hannaford Carolyn Harlow Eileen Hart Bonnie Hart Phoebe Leckey Delia Lum Steph Mitchell Mani Bruce Nyhuis Elise O Callaghan Bronwyn Perrin Sandra Smith Cody Williams Trace Yang Imogen Yovanovic Georgie March 2017 Darlington Statement archived from the original on 2017 03 22 retrieved March 21 2017 a b We welcome the Senate Inquiry report on the Exposure Draft of the Human Rights and Anti Discrimination Bill 2012 Organisation Intersex International Australia 21 February 2013 Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 Retrieved 15 May 2017 a b On intersex birth registrations OII Australia 13 November 2009 Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 Retrieved 15 May 2017 Now That Same Sex Marriage Is Legal States Must Abolish Transgender Forced Divorce Laws BuzzFeed Archived from the original on 2019 01 03 Retrieved 2018 01 11 Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender 30 May 2013 Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 Retrieved 6 October 2014 Human Rights Commission 2016 Intersex Roundtable Report 2016 The practice of genital normalisation on intersex children in Aotearoa New Zealand PDF archived from the original PDF on 2019 10 29 retrieved 2017 05 15 New Zealand passes law allowing citizens to self identify sex on birth certificates www jurist org Archived from the original on 2022 02 13 Retrieved 2022 02 01 Department of Internal Affairs General information regarding Declarations of Family Court as to sex to be shown on birth certificates PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2017 04 30 Retrieved 2015 07 19 Bibliography EditAmnesty International 2017 First Do No Harm Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand Organisation Intersex International Australia Black Eve Bond Kylie Briffa Tony Carpenter Morgan Cody Candice David Alex Driver Betsy Hannaford Carolyn Harlow Eileen Hart Bonnie Hart Phoebe Leckey Delia Lum Steph Mitchell Mani Bruce Nyhuis Elise O Callaghan Bronwyn Perrin Sandra Smith Cody Williams Trace Yang Imogen Yovanovic Georgie March 2017 Darlington Statement Archived from the original on 2017 03 22 Retrieved March 21 2017 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.