This article is about the seeds grown for food. For other uses, see Grain (disambiguation).
A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption.[1] A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes.
Grains and cereal are synonymous with caryopses, the fruits of the grass family. In agronomy and commerce, seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble caryopses. For example, amaranth is sold as "grain amaranth", and amaranth products may be described as "whole grains". The pre-Hispanic civilizations of the Andes had grain-based food systems, but at higher elevations none of the grains was a cereal. All three grains native to the Andes (kaniwa, kiwicha, and quinoa) are broad-leafed plants rather than grasses such as corn, rice, and wheat.[2]
Classification
Illustration of a wheat kernel, its composition and the nutritional values of its parts.
A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. The term may also refer to the resulting grain itself (specifically "cereal grain"). Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop[3] and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa and chia, are referred to as pseudocereals.
In their natural, unprocessed, whole grain form, cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and protein. When processed by the removal of the bran and germ the remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrate. In some developing countries, grain in the form of rice, wheat, millet, or maize constitutes a majority of daily sustenance. In developed countries, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial, primarily in the form of refined and processed grains.[4]
Pulses or grain legumes, members of the pea family, have a higher protein content than most other plant foods, at around 20%, while soybeans have as much as 35%. As is the case with all other whole plant foods, pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat. Common pulses include:
Oilseed grains are grown primarily for the extraction of their edible oil. Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some essential fatty acids.[5] They are also used as fuel and lubricants.[6]
Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored, measured, and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers. The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to the creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes.[7]
Trade
This section is an excerpt from Grain trade.[edit]
The complexity of the conditions of life in the 20th century may be well illustrated from the grain trade of the world. The ordinary bread sold in Great Britain represents, for example, produce of nearly every country in the world outside the tropics.[8]
The grain trade refers to the local and international trade in cereals and other food grains such as wheat, barley, maize, and rice. Grain is an important trade item because it is easily stored and transported with limited spoilage, unlike other agricultural products. Healthy grain supply and trade is important to many societies, providing a caloric base for most food systems as well as important role in animal feed for animal agriculture.
The grain trade is as old as agricultural settlement, identified in many of the early cultures that adopted sedentary farming. Major societal changes have been directly connected to the grain trade, such as the fall of the Roman Empire. From the early modern period onward, grain trade has been an important part of colonial expansion and international power dynamics. The geopolitical dominance of countries like Australia, the United States, Canada and the Soviet Union during the 20th century was connected with their status as grain surplus countries.
^Babcock, P. G., ed. 1976. Webster's Third New Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co.
^Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. 1989. p. 24. doi:10.17226/1398. ISBN978-0-309-04264-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^"IDRC - International Development Research Centre". from the original on 9 June 2016.
^Mundell, E.J. (9 July 2019). "More Americans Are Eating Whole Grains, But Intake Still Too Low". HealthDay. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
^Lean, M.E.J. (2006). Fox and Cameron's Food Science, Nutrition & Health, 7th Edition. CRC Press. p. 49. ISBN978-1-4441-1337-2.
^Salunkhe, D. K. (1992-02-29). World Oilseeds. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9780442001124.
^Wessel, T. 1984. "The Agricultural Foundations of Civilization". Journal of Agriculture and Human Values 1:9–12
^One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grain Trade". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 322–325.
^Pei, Qing; Zhang, David Dian; Xu, Jingjing (August 2014). "Price responses of grain market under climate change in pre-industrial Western Europe by ARX modelling". 2014 4th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications (SIMULTECH): 811–817. doi:10.5220/0005025208110817. ISBN978-989-758-038-3. S2CID 8045747.
^"Climate Change Is Likely to Devastate the Global Food Supply". Time. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
^"CLIMATE CHANGE LINKED TO GLOBAL RISE IN FOOD PRICES – Climate Change". Retrieved 2022-04-02.
^Lustgarten, Abrahm (2020-12-16). "How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
^"Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment, Grain Rescue and Strategies, and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures" (PDF). Agricultural Safety and Health Program, Purdue University. April 2011. p. 1. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
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Grain
August 18, 2023
grain, this, article, about, seeds, grown, food, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find,. This article is about the seeds grown for food For other uses see Grain disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Grain news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message A grain is a small hard dry fruit caryopsis with or without an attached hull layer harvested for human or animal consumption 1 A grain crop is a grain producing plant The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes Various food grains at a market in IndiaAfter being harvested dry grains are more durable than other staple foods such as starchy fruits plantains breadfruit etc and tubers sweet potatoes cassava and more This durability has made grains well suited to industrial agriculture since they can be mechanically harvested transported by rail or ship stored for long periods in silos and milled for flour or pressed for oil Thus the grain market is a major global commodity market that includes crops such as maize rice soybeans wheat and other grains Contents 1 Grains and cereal 2 Classification 2 1 Cereal grains 2 1 1 Warm season cereals 2 1 2 Cool season cereals 2 2 Pseudocereal grains 2 3 Pulses 2 4 Oilseeds 2 4 1 Mustard family 2 4 2 Aster family 2 4 3 Other families 3 Historical importance 4 Trade 5 Occupational safety and health 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksGrains and cereal EditGrains and cereal are synonymous with caryopses the fruits of the grass family In agronomy and commerce seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble caryopses For example amaranth is sold as grain amaranth and amaranth products may be described as whole grains The pre Hispanic civilizations of the Andes had grain based food systems but at higher elevations none of the grains was a cereal All three grains native to the Andes kaniwa kiwicha and quinoa are broad leafed plants rather than grasses such as corn rice and wheat 2 Classification Edit Illustration of a wheat kernel its composition and the nutritional values of its parts Cereal grains Edit Main article Cereal grain A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain botanically a type of fruit called a caryopsis composed of the endosperm germ and bran The term may also refer to the resulting grain itself specifically cereal grain Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop 3 and are therefore staple crops Edible grains from other plant families such as buckwheat quinoa and chia are referred to as pseudocereals In their natural unprocessed whole grain form cereals are a rich source of vitamins minerals carbohydrates fats oils and protein When processed by the removal of the bran and germ the remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrate In some developing countries grain in the form of rice wheat millet or maize constitutes a majority of daily sustenance In developed countries cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial primarily in the form of refined and processed grains 4 Warm season cereals Edit Cereal grain seeds clockwise from top left wheat spelt oat barley finger millet fonio foxtail millet Japanese millet Job s tears kodo millet maize corn millet pearl millet proso millet sorghumCool season cereals Edit Barley Rye grains Rice grains by the IRRIbarley oats rice rye spelt teff triticale wheat wild ricePseudocereal grains Edit BuckwheatStarchy grains from broadleaf dicot plant families amaranth Amaranth family also called kiwicha buckwheat Smartweed family chia Mint family quinoa Amaranth family formerly classified as Goosefoot family kaniwaPulses Edit LentilPulses or grain legumes members of the pea family have a higher protein content than most other plant foods at around 20 while soybeans have as much as 35 As is the case with all other whole plant foods pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat Common pulses include chickpeas common beans common peas garden peas fava beans lentils lima beans lupins mung beans peanuts pigeon peas runner beans soybeansOilseeds Edit Oilseed grains are grown primarily for the extraction of their edible oil Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some essential fatty acids 5 They are also used as fuel and lubricants 6 Mustard family Edit Rapeseedblack mustard India mustard rapeseed including canola Aster family Edit Sunflower seedssafflower sunflower seedOther families Edit flax seed Flax family hemp seed Hemp family poppy seed Poppy family Historical importance EditBecause grains are small hard and dry they can be stored measured and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits roots and tubers The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to the creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes 7 Trade EditThis section is an excerpt from Grain trade edit The complexity of the conditions of life in the 20th century may be well illustrated from the grain trade of the world The ordinary bread sold in Great Britain represents for example produce of nearly every country in the world outside the tropics 8 Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911 The grain trade refers to the local and international trade in cereals and other food grains such as wheat barley maize and rice Grain is an important trade item because it is easily stored and transported with limited spoilage unlike other agricultural products Healthy grain supply and trade is important to many societies providing a caloric base for most food systems as well as important role in animal feed for animal agriculture The grain trade is as old as agricultural settlement identified in many of the early cultures that adopted sedentary farming Major societal changes have been directly connected to the grain trade such as the fall of the Roman Empire From the early modern period onward grain trade has been an important part of colonial expansion and international power dynamics The geopolitical dominance of countries like Australia the United States Canada and the Soviet Union during the 20th century was connected with their status as grain surplus countries More recently international commodity markets have been an important part of the dynamics of food systems and grain pricing Speculation as well as other compounding production and supply factors leading up to the 2007 2008 financial crises created rapid inflation of grain prices during the 2007 2008 world food price crisis More recently the dominance of Ukraine and Russia in grain markets such as wheat meant that the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 caused increased fears of a global food crises in 2022 Changes to agriculture caused by climate change are expected to have cascading effects on global grain markets 9 10 11 12 Occupational safety and health EditThose who handle grain at grain facilities may encounter numerous occupational hazards and exposures Risks include grain entrapment where workers are submerged in the grain and unable to remove themselves 13 explosions caused by fine particles of grain dust 14 and falls See also Edit Food portalAncient grains Cereals Domestication Grain drying Legume List of dried foods List of Five grains in world culture Mycoestrogen Perennial grain Staple foods Vegetable fats and oils GlutenReferences Edit Babcock P G ed 1976 Webster s Third New Dictionary Springfield Massachusetts G amp C Merriam Co Lost Crops of the Incas Little Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation 1989 p 24 doi 10 17226 1398 ISBN 978 0 309 04264 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help IDRC International Development Research Centre Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 Mundell E J 9 July 2019 More Americans Are Eating Whole Grains But Intake Still Too Low HealthDay Retrieved 31 May 2021 Lean M E J 2006 Fox and Cameron s Food Science Nutrition amp Health 7th Edition CRC Press p 49 ISBN 978 1 4441 1337 2 Salunkhe D K 1992 02 29 World Oilseeds Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9780442001124 Wessel T 1984 The Agricultural Foundations of Civilization Journal of Agriculture and Human Values 1 9 12 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Grain Trade Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 322 325 Pei Qing Zhang David Dian Xu Jingjing August 2014 Price responses of grain market under climate change in pre industrial Western Europe by ARX modelling 2014 4th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies Technologies and Applications SIMULTECH 811 817 doi 10 5220 0005025208110817 ISBN 978 989 758 038 3 S2CID 8045747 Climate Change Is Likely to Devastate the Global Food Supply Time Retrieved 2022 04 02 CLIMATE CHANGE LINKED TO GLOBAL RISE IN FOOD PRICES Climate Change Retrieved 2022 04 02 Lustgarten Abrahm 2020 12 16 How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 04 02 Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment Grain Rescue and Strategies and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures PDF Agricultural Safety and Health Program Purdue University April 2011 p 1 Retrieved November 4 2012 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Combustible Dust in Industry Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions Safety and Health Information Bulletin United States Department of Labor Retrieved 29 October 2013 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grain Look up grain in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikisource has original text related to this article Grain Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Grain amp oldid 1163953679, 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