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Ferguson unrest

February 16, 2024

This article is about the aftermath of the shooting of Michael Brown. For coverage of events immediately surrounding the shooting, see Killing of Michael Brown.

The Ferguson unrest (sometimes called the Ferguson uprising, Ferguson protests, or the Ferguson riots) was a series of protests and riots which began in Ferguson, Missouri on August 10, 2014, the day after the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by FPD officer Darren Wilson. The unrest sparked a vigorous debate in the United States about the relationship between law enforcement officers and Black Americans, the militarization of police, and the use-of-force law in Missouri and nationwide. Continuing activism expanded the issues by including modern-day debtors prisons,[9] for-profit policing,[10] and school segregation.[11]

2014 Ferguson unrest
Part of the Black Lives Matter movement
and reactions to the Killing of Michael Brown
Police officers using tear gas on protesters
DateFirst wave:
August 9, 2014 (2014-08-09) – August 25, 2014 (2014-08-25)[1]
Second wave:
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)[2] – December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)[3]
Third wave:
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09) – August 11, 2015 (2015-08-11)
Location
Ferguson, Missouri, U.S. and St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Caused byFirst wave: Killing of Michael Brown
Second wave: Darren Wilson not indicted
Third wave: Anniversary of shooting
MethodsWidespread rioting, vandalism, looting, arson, and gunfire.
Arrests and injuries
Death(s)1 (Michael Brown)
Injuries10 members of the public injured[4][5]
6 police officers injured[6]
Arrested321 members of the public[5][7][8]

As the details of the shooting emerged, police established curfews and deployed riot squads in anticipation of unrest. Along with peaceful protests, there was a significant amount of looting and violence in the vicinity of the site of the shooting, as well as across the city. Media criticism of the militarization of the police in Ferguson after the shooting was frequent.[12][13] The unrest continued on November 24, 2014, after a grand jury did not indict Officer Wilson.[14] It briefly flared again on the first anniversary of Brown's shooting.[15] The Department of Justice (DOJ) concluded that Wilson shot Brown in self-defense.[16][17]

In response to the shooting and the subsequent unrest, the DOJ conducted an investigation into the policing practices of the Ferguson Police Department (FPD).[18][19] In March 2015, the DOJ announced that they had determined that the FPD had engaged in misconduct against the citizenry of Ferguson by, among other things, discriminating against African Americans and applying racial stereotypes in a "pattern or practice of unlawful conduct."[20][21][22] The DOJ also found that the Ferguson city council relied on fines and other charges generated by police for funding municipal services.[23]

Background edit

Main article: Shooting of Michael Brown

Michael Brown, an 18-year-old African-American male, was shot and killed during an encounter with Officer Darren Wilson. Officer Wilson arrived after a robbery and assault was reported at a nearby convenience store. The caller described the accused (later identified as Michael Brown from security cameras). Officer Wilson's account was that after seeing Brown and Brown's friend Dorian Johnson walking home in the middle of the street he asked them to walk on the sidewalk instead. When they refused Wilson noticed that Brown's shirt and a box of cigarillos he was holding matched the description from the robbery call, and suspected Brown and Johnson as being involved. When he attempted to question Michael Brown, he was attacked.[24] There was a struggle, Brown attempting and almost succeeding in gaining possession of Officer Wilson's weapon. Due to the struggle, the weapon discharged, slightly wounding Brown, who then fled. Wilson gave brief chase firing upon Brown, ultimately shooting and killing Brown when Brown turned to confront him and, upon Wilson's account, charged at him. The officer was a 28-year-old white male Ferguson police officer.[25][26][27] After several months of deliberation, a grand jury decided not to indict Officer Wilson for any criminal charges in relation to the incident.[28]

The police response to the shooting was heavily criticized, as was the slow rate of information making its way out to the public. Many of the documents received and reviewed by the Grand Jury were released when the grand jury declined to indict Officer Wilson.[28]

Events edit

 
A U.S. Marine offers words of encouragement to protesters.
 
The looted, burned-out QuikTrip gas station in Ferguson
 
Protests at Ferguson on August 14, 2014

August 2014 edit

On August 9, the evening of the shooting, residents had created a makeshift memorial of flowers and candles in the spot where Brown died. According to Mother Jones, an unidentified policeman allowed their dog to urinate on the memorial and police vehicles later crushed the memorial. Mother Jones reported that these incidents inflamed tensions among bystanders, according to Missourian state representative Sharon Pace, who told the reporters for the magazine, "That made people in the crowd mad and it made me mad."[29]

On August 10, a day of memorials began peacefully, but some people became outspoken after an evening candlelight vigil.[30] Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear.[31] Some people began looting businesses, vandalizing vehicles, and confronting police officers who sought to block off access to several areas of the city.[30] At least 12 businesses were looted or vandalized and a QuikTrip convenience store and gas station was set on fire, as well as a Little Caesars. The Quiktrip looting was captured on video by activist Umar Lee[32] leading to over 30 arrests. Many windows were broken and several nearby businesses closed on Monday.[33] The people arrested face charges of assault, burglary, and theft. Police used a variety of equipment, including riot gear and helicopters, to disperse the crowd by 2:00 a.m.[34] Two police officers suffered minor injuries during the events.[35]

On August 11, police fired tear gas to disperse a crowd at the burnt shell of the QuikTrip[34] convenience store, set on fire by looters the night before. According to reports, gunshots were fired in Ferguson and five people were arrested.[36][37] Some protesters threw rocks at police officers. The police responded by firing tear gas and bean bag rounds at protesters which included Missouri Senate member Maria Chappelle-Nadal.[38]

On August 12, several hundred protesters gathered in Clayton, the county seat, seeking criminal prosecution of the officer involved in the shooting.[39] Protesters in Ferguson carried signs and many held their hands in the air while shouting "don't shoot," apparently in response to eye-witness accounts that Brown had his hands raised in an attempt to surrender at the moment he was shot. According to police, some protesters threw bottles at the officers, prompting the use of tear gas to disperse the crowd.[40] The following day, a SWAT team of around 70 officers arrived at a protest demanding that protesters disperse.[41] That night, police used smoke bombs, flash grenades, rubber bullets, and tear gas to disperse the crowd. Video footage of the events recorded by KARG Argus Radio shows Ferguson Police firing tear gas into a residential neighborhood and ordering the journalist to cease recording.[42][43][44]

Between August 12 and 13, police officers at times fired tear gas and rubber bullets at lines of protesters and reporters. At least seven protesters were arrested on the evening of August 12 and 13 after police told protesters to "go home" or face arrest.[45] CNN cameras filmed an officer addressing a group of protesters by saying "Bring it, you fucking animals, bring it."[46] On the night of August 12, a peaceful protester was shot in the head non-fatally by police. The gunshot survivor, Mya Aaten-White, complained that police had failed to interview her in connection with the shooting. Police had attempted to interview Aaten-White alone, but she refused to speak with them without an attorney present which police refused. A month after the shooting, Aaten-White's attorney indicated that he had subsequently contacted police to set up an appointment for an interview, without response. City officials refused to provide reporters with ballistics reports or other investigative records, citing state law regarding ongoing police investigations.[47]

As night fell on August 13, protesters threw projectiles at police including Molotov cocktails, and police launched tear gas and smoke bombs in retaliation.[48] While police were clearing a McDonald's restaurant, The Washington Post reporter Wesley Lowery and The Huffington Post reporter Ryan J. Reilly were arrested.[49] Officers reportedly asked them to leave first, gave them a 45-second countdown when they were not moving fast enough, and ultimately resorted to more forceful measures to remove people from the McDonald's.[49] "Officers slammed me into a fountain soda machine because I was confused about which door they were asking me to walk out of," Lowery said.[50][51] Martin Baron, executive editor of The Washington Post, issued a statement, saying "there was absolutely no justification for Wesley Lowery's arrest," and that the police behavior "was wholly unwarranted and an assault on the freedom of the press to cover the news."[52]

Al Jazeera America journalists including correspondent Ash-har Quraishi covering the protests in Ferguson on Wednesday night were also tear-gassed and shot at with rubber bullets by a police SWAT team. An officer was captured on video turning the reporters' video camera toward the ground and dismantling their equipment.[53][54][55] Al Jazeera America issued a statement, calling the incident an "egregious assault on the freedom of the press that was clearly intended to have a chilling effect on our ability to cover this important story."[56] On Thursday, August 14, the St. Charles County Regional SWAT Team put out a press release stating that "... the SWAT Team has not been any part of attempting to prevent media coverage" and that the SWAT team had helped journalists move their equipment at their request.[54] A raw video captured a vehicle marked clearly as "St. Charles County SWAT" rolling up to the Al Jazeera lights and camera and taking them down.[57]

 
A police marksman posted atop armored vehicle

Tom Jackson, the Ferguson police chief denied any suppression of the media. U.S. President Barack Obama addressed the First Amendment violations, saying, "There's also no excuse for police to use excessive force against peaceful protests, or to throw protesters in jail for lawfully exercising their First Amendment rights. And here, in the United States of America, police should not be bullying or arresting journalists who are just trying to do their jobs and report to the American people on what they see on the ground."[58]

St. Louis alderman Antonio French, who was documenting the protests for social media, was also arrested by police in Ferguson on Wednesday night.[59] French said that he went into his car to escape tear gas and smoke bombs being thrown by police. While he was in his car, police approached him, dragging him out of the car. French was arrested for unlawful assembly.[60] Speaking to reporters after his release from jail on Thursday, French described the dozen or so other people arrested as "peacekeepers" including "reverends, young people organizing the peace effort."[61][62] No charges were ultimately brought against French.[63]

The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (RCFP), a large coalition of media and press freedom groups, wrote to police forces in Ferguson, Missouri, to protest the harassment of journalists covering the protests.[64][65]

 
United States Senator Claire McCaskill (D-MO) talking to protesters in Ferguson

On August 14, United States Senator Claire McCaskill (D-MO) stated that "militarization of the police escalated the protesters' response."[66] St. Louis Chief of Police Sam Dotson stated he would not have employed military-style policing such as that which transpired. According to Chief Dotson, "My gut told me what I was seeing were not tactics that I would use in the city and I would never put officers in situations that I would not do myself." Another reason Dotson did not want the city and county police to collaborate was because of the history of racial profiling by police in that county. In an email to a St. Louis Alderman who brought up concerns of racial profiling, he wrote: "I agree and removed our tactical assistance. We did not send tactical resources to Ferguson on Tuesday or Wednesday. Our only assistance was that of four traffic officers to help divert traffic and keep both pedestrians and motorists safe. On Thursday we will have no officers assisting Ferguson."[67]

 
Missouri Highway Patrol Captain Ronald S. Johnson was asked to take over law enforcement jurisdiction at Ferguson

Missouri Governor Jay Nixon said at a press conference that the Missouri State Highway Patrol would take over policing Ferguson from the St. Louis County police, whose tactics were widely criticized, referring to the change as "an operational shift," and that police will use force "only when necessary," and will generally "step back a little bit."[59] Nixon said that Ferguson security would be overseen by Captain Ron Johnson of the Highway Patrol. Johnson, an African-American, said he grew up in the community and "it means a lot to me personally that we break this cycle of violence."[68] Nixon said, "The people of Ferguson want their streets to be free of intimidation and fear" he said, but during the past few days, "it looked a little bit more like a war zone and that's not acceptable."[59] St. Louis county prosecutor Robert P. McCulloch criticized the governor's decision, saying "It's shameful what he did today; he had no legal authority to do that. To denigrate the men and women of the county police department is shameful."[69]

In the evening hours of August 14, Captain Johnson walked with and led a large, peaceful march in Ferguson.[70]

 
Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson at the August 14, 2014 news conference

Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson announced the name of the officer involved in the shooting in a news conference the morning of Friday, August 15, nearly a week after the officer shot Brown on Saturday afternoon. Jackson prefaced the name announcement by describing a "strong-arm" robbery that had occurred a few minutes before the shooting at a nearby convenience store called Ferguson Market & Liquor. A police report released to members of the media at the news conference described Brown as the suspect involved in the robbery.[71] Hours later, Jackson held another news conference in which he said Wilson wasn't aware of the robbery when he stopped Brown.[72]

On Friday night, protests continued in "an almost celebratory manner" near the QuikTrip[73][74] until police arrived at around 11:00 p.m.[75][76] At around 1:30 a.m. Saturday morning, rioters broke into and looted the Ferguson Market & Liquor store that Brown allegedly robbed prior to his shooting, as well as other nearby businesses; after the initial break-in, a group of protesters and observers gathered near the storefronts of the looted businesses in an attempt to prevent further looting.[77]

 
Law enforcement responding to civil unrest, August 17, 2014

As a result of looting and disruption the night before, on August 16, Nixon declared in a press conference a state of emergency and implemented nightly curfews in Ferguson from midnight to 5:00 a.m. Some residents at the press conference said that law enforcement officers had instigated the violence with their military-like tactics.[78] Johnson said that police would not enforce the curfew with armored trucks and tear gas, and that police will communicate with protesters and give them time and opportunity to leave before curfew.[79]

In the early hours of August 17, tear gas and tactical units were used, despite prior assurances. One of the protesters was shot by police and critically wounded; police have claimed that they did not fire any shots.[80] Seven other individuals were arrested.[81][82] Later that morning, a Missouri Highway Patrol spokesman announced that the curfew would be extended for a second day.[83]

 
Protests at Ferguson on August 17, 2014

On August 18, after violent clashes during the imposed curfew, Nixon issued an executive order calling in the National Guard to "help restore peace and order and to protect the citizens of Ferguson."[84] Nixon also announced that there would be no curfew on the night of August 18.[85] Amnesty International sent a 13-person contingent of human rights activists to seek meetings with officials as well as to train local activists in non-violent protest methods.[86] Police were recorded threatening the media with mace.[87][88] A photojournalist, Scott Olson, was also arrested by officers.[89] After being briefed by Attorney General Eric Holder on the events, President Obama dispatched Holder to Ferguson to monitor the unrest there.[90]

On the night of August 18, after several hundred protesters, some of whom were seen throwing bottles, charged toward a wall of police 60 wide and five deep, members of the crowd pushed them back including clergymen and community leaders locking arms, averting a more serious confrontation.[91] 78 individuals were arrested, including The Intercept's Ryan Devereaux.[92] German journalists Ansgar Graw and Frank Hermann reported being placed under arrest by an unidentified officer who would only identify himself as "Donald Duck."[93]

On August 20, Attorney General Eric Holder traveled to Ferguson, where he met with residents as well as Brown's family.[94] Only six individuals were arrested, compared to 47 arrests the prior night.[95] Nixon then withdrew the National Guard from Ferguson on August 21 after witnessing improvements among the social unrest.[96] On August 23, protests continued to be peaceful, although three more arrests were made.[97] During the same day, a rally of 50 to 70 people was held in Ferguson in support of Wilson under the banner "I am Darren Wilson,"[98] and as of August 25, nearly US$400,000 were raised by supporters in an online crowdfunding campaign. The online campaign drew a number of racist comments, which forced the website to shut down the comment section.[99][100]

Brown's family asked that supporters suspend their protests for one day out of respect for the funeral proceedings, planned for August 25. "All I want tomorrow is peace while we lay our son to rest. Please, that's all I ask," Brown's father said.[101] The service was attended by thousands of people, including 2,500 filling the sanctuary, and others in an overflow auditorium which was also full. An estimated 2,000 additional people were on church property for the funeral. Eric Davis, one of Brown's cousins, said at the funeral, "[s]how up at the voting booths. Let your voices be heard, and let everyone know that we have had enough of all of this."[102]

September 2014 edit

Early on September 23, a memorial to Michael Brown on Canfield Drive burned to the ground. Protesters gathered at the site.[103] The burned memorial was set up again.[104]

That evening, several hundred protesters gathered, asking for Jackson's resignation. In front of the police headquarters, protected by 50 police officers[105] Jackson addressed the protest and started to explain that changes were underway after Brown's killing, creating some agitation in the crowd. Within minutes, police officers intervened to protect their chief.[105] Several protesters were arrested and later the protest was declared unlawful.[105]

On September 26, the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division asked Jackson to prohibit police officers from wearing "I am Darren Wilson" bracelets when on duty. In a previous letter earlier that week, it had asked that police officers wear nametags.[106]

On the evening of September 28, a large crowd protested. Bottles and rocks were thrown at officers. Support from other police forces was requested. Eight protesters were arrested for failure to disperse and resisting arrest charges.[107]

On September 29, protesters gathered in front of the police building, including a dozen clergy members who prayed in the police parking. They were told that they would be arrested if they did not clear the street. A clergyman was then arrested. Protesters were also told that they would be arrested if the chants went on after 11:00 p.m. About that time, police moved slowly forward, but protesters refused to move backwards. As they were almost in contact, gunshots were heard, and both sides backed up. Later, Capt. Ron Johnson of the Missouri Highway Patrol told the crowd that the "five-second rule" would not be implemented and there would be no arrest as long as the protest remained peaceful.[108]

October 2014 edit

On October 2, St. Louis County Police and Missouri State Highway Patrol arrested more than a dozen people[109] including Mary Moore, a freelance journalist who has worked for CNN and local activists Ashley Yates, Alexis Templeton and Brittany Ferrell.[110] Protesters were charged with offenses that included failure to comply with police, noise ordinance violations and resisting arrest. They had to wear orange jumpsuits. Bonds were highest at $2,700, then reduced to $1,000.[109] Police dismantled an encampment that lasted a few weeks on West Florissant. Police and protesters are adapting constantly to the other side's moves ("It's a legal clinic on these streets."). The city has recently raised bonds from $100 to $1,000.[104]

On October 3, Ferguson police chief Thomas Jackson ceded responsibility for managing protests in the city to the St. Louis County police department. The limited resources of Ferguson police made it difficult to handle daily protests after their resumption the previous week.[111]

On October 4, about 50 protesters briefly delayed a concert of the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. Just before the performance resumed after intermission, they started singing an old civil rights tune, unfurled three hand-painted banners and scattered paper hearts that read: "Requiem for Mike Brown." After that, they left the building peacefully.[112]

On Monday evening, October 6, after a game between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Los Angeles Dodgers, baseball supporters and protesters had a chanting battle outside the stadium.[113]

A website, Ferguson October, as well as other organizations, planned a massive week of resistance throughout the St. Louis metropolitan area. The event, Ferguson October, began on Friday afternoon when protesters peacefully marched to County Prosecutor Bob McCulloch's office in Clayton, Missouri.[114] Later, until around 2:30 a.m., mostly peaceful protests took place in Ferguson and the Shaw neighborhood. As many as 400 people took to the streets on Friday night. On October 9, 2014, Ferguson October sparked the activation of the St. Louis County Emergency Center in anticipation.[115] Police were also working longer shifts and the Missouri National Guard could have been activated if needed.[114]

On October 12, a Ferguson October rally and service was held at Chaifetz Arena, located on Saint Louis University's campus. The stated purpose of the event was to "call on the nation to repent for the sin of police brutality and support a new generation of youth activists." Activists Suheir Hammad, Ashley Yates and Tef Poe spoke to the crowd along with Christian, Jewish, and Muslim clergy members. Younger activists criticized older activists for not being radical enough. When the keynote speaker, Cornel West, took the stage, he said, "I didn't come here to give a speech. I came here to go to jail!"[116]

On October 13, protesters attempted to cross police lines to meet with officers at the Ferguson Police Department. Dozens of protesters, estimated to be over 50, were arrested, during a staged and peaceful act of disobedience, including clergy and Cornel West.[117] Saint Louis University became hosts to peaceful protesters around the Clock Tower, located near the library and is essentially the center of the campus. The protesters staged a sit in with over 250 people attending.[118]

On October 20, Missouri Senator Jamilah Nasheed was arrested in front of the Ferguson Police Department building for blocking traffic in the street and not respecting police orders. She was taken into custody, along with a man who was accompanying her, and refused bond. At the time of her arrest she was carrying a handgun.[119][120][121]

November 2014 edit

On November 17, the governor of Missouri declared a state of emergency in anticipation of protests in Ferguson following the announcement of the results of the grand jury.[122]

On November 21, two members of the New Black Panther Party were arrested for buying explosives they planned to detonate during protests. The same pair is also indicted for purchasing two pistols under false pretenses.[123]

On November 22, Journalist Trey Yingst was arrested in front of the Ferguson Police Department. He later filed a lawsuit with the ACLU and won an $8,500 settlement.[124][125]

On November 24, the grand jury decided not to indict Wilson in the shooting death of Brown.[126] Following the announcement of the grand jury's decision, Michael Brown's stepfather Louis Head yelled to the crowd of protesters in front of the police department: "Burn this bitch down!"[127] There were peaceful protests as well as rioting. A dozen buildings were burned down; there was gunfire, looting, vandalism, and destruction of two St. Louis County Police patrol cars, as well as burning of various non-police cars.[128][129][130]

On November 25, the body of 20-year-old DeAndre Joshua was found inside a parked car within a few blocks of where Brown was killed. Police initially classified the death as suspicious, later ruling it a homicide.[131] The man had been shot in the head and burned.[132] That same day, CNN reported that thousands of people rallied to protest the grand jury's decision in more than 170 U.S. cities from Boston to Los Angeles, and that National Guard forces were reinforced at Ferguson to prevent the situation from escalating.[133] At least 90 people were arrested for arson, looting, and vandalism in Oakland, California.[134] Protests also took place internationally, with demonstrations held in several major cities in Canada[135] and in London, United Kingdom.[136] Calls by protesters to disrupt the Black Friday shopping day, which took place the Friday after the grand jury decision, were heeded in the St. Louis region, with hundreds of demonstrators blocking walkways and shouting slogans at the Saint Louis Galleria and other area shopping centers.[137]

On November 27, Governor Nixon reportedly rejected calls for a new grand jury to decide whether to charge Wilson over Brown's killing.[138]

December 2014 edit

On December 2, an armed militia associated with the Oath Keepers watched community members on Ferguson roofs, even after the police told them to stop doing so.[139]

March 2015 edit

On the night of March 11, 2015, around 12:00 a.m. CST, protests ensued throughout the city of Ferguson following the announcement of the chief of police's resignation. Under a mutual separation agreement, police chief Thomas Jackson would be paid one year of annual salary (nearly $96,000) with health benefits, with his resignation effective March 19. Lieutenant Colonel Al Eickhoff was declared acting chief pending the hiring of a replacement.[140] According to a report by Susan Weich of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, there were two sets of protesters, one chanting clean slogans, and the other, "volatile, angry, hurling profanities at the police, media and other protesters."[141]

In the early morning hours of March 12, two police officers were shot outside the Ferguson police station. Though approximately 100 protesters remained on the other side of South Florissant Road adjacent to the police line, witnesses believed the shooter was on the top of a hill approximately 220 yards from the police station.[142] A 41-year-old officer from the St. Louis County Police Department was hit in the shoulder, and a 32-year-old officer from the Webster Groves Police Department was hit in the cheek.[143] The St. Louis County police chief said that at least three shots were fired parallel to the ground rather than up into the air (not "skip shots") and therefore assumed his officers were the target.[144][145] An "intense manhunt" was launched for the person or persons responsible for the shooting.[146]

On March 14, 20-year-old black male Jeffrey L. Williams was arrested in connection with the shooting.[147]

April 2015 edit

On April 29, protests resumed in the wake of the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland. Two people were shot in the neck and a third was shot in the leg, with all three victims being in stable condition. Six people were arrested, one for shooting one of the victims and five for looting a Mobil gas station. Four police cars were damaged after rocks were thrown at them. Several items were also set on fire.[5]

August 2015 edit

On August 9, the anniversary of Brown's fatal shooting, peaceful demonstrations occurred and attendants observed four-and-a-half minutes of silence, signifying the four-and-a-half hours during which Brown's body was left on the street.[148]

 
Police and protesters on August 10, 2015

Later on in the night, two groups of suspected looters began firing at each other during a demonstration. Four plain-clothed officers in an unmarked sports utility vehicle responded to the scene. There, they shot a man who allegedly opened fire on them with a stolen 9mm SIG Sauer handgun. The suspect, identified as Tyrone Harris Jr., was hospitalized in "critical and unstable" condition. Three hours after the shooting, two teenagers were wounded in an apparent drive-by shooting as they were walking near a memorial dedicated to Brown. A journalist was also attacked and robbed in a parking lot, while three police officers were injured by protesters.[148][149][150][151]

Following the violence, officials placed St. Louis County under a state of emergency on August 10, which was lifted three days later.[15][150][152] Protests continued that day and into the night, with one such event shutting down Interstate 70. More than 100 protesters were arrested during the demonstrations.[153][154] Early in the morning of August 11, more than 20 additional protesters were arrested.[155] Later that day, police released video footage of Harris' shooting.[156]

August 2016 edit

On the second anniversary of Michael Brown's death, mourners decided to hold a protest by blocking a road way. A vehicle later drove through the protesters hitting one and knocking them into the air. Protesters then began to shoot at the fleeing vehicle. The injured protester was later brought to a hospital and the driver cooperated with police.[157]

Related incidents edit

Ray Albers edit

St. Ann police officer Ray Albers, who was suspended for pointing his rifle at peaceful protesters[158]

Ray Albers of the St. Ann Police Department was suspended indefinitely from his duties after an incident at a protest in Ferguson that was captured on video. According to St. Louis County police, he pointed a semi-automatic service rifle at peaceful protesters while using profanity and threatening to kill them.[159][160][161][162]

Albers was recorded on video saying, "I will fucking kill you."[163][164] When asked to identify himself, Albers replied, "Go fuck yourself."[163] This led the ACLU to write to law enforcement demanding action.[163][164] A repercussion of his actions was that while his identification was pending, Albers was widely referred to on social media as Officer Go Fuck Yourself.[163][165][166]

Albers resigned eight days later on August 28, 2014.[167][168][169]

Kajieme Powell edit

Four miles from Ferguson, 25-year-old Kajieme Powell was killed by police gunfire in the early afternoon of August 19, 2014. It had been reported to the St Louis Police Department that Powell was behaving in an erratic manner, carrying a knife. Upon arriving at the scene police officers ordered Powell to drop to the ground before shooting him dead when he took a step towards them. Twelve shots were fired in total; one witness described the level of force used as "excessive".[170] Demonstrators were ready to engage in protest and the event was given due immediate coverage by the media.[171][172] Kajieme Powell was born in 1990.

St Louis police released several video and audio recordings of the shooting on 21 August.[170]

Dan Page edit

On August 22, St. Louis County Police officer Dan Page, who was filmed pushing CNN's Don Lemon, was relieved of duty after a video emerged of an inflammatory speech Page had given to the St. Louis and St. Charles chapter of the Oath Keepers.[173] He retired three days later.[169][174]

Matthew Pappert edit

Glendale police officer Matthew Pappert, who had patrolled in Ferguson during the protests, was suspended for controversial postings to Facebook, such as "[t]hese protesters should have been put down like a rabid dog the first night" and "[w]here is a Muslim with a backpack when you need him?" (referring to the Boston Marathon bombings).[175][176][177] Journalists in Ferguson claimed Pappert had threatened them.[176] Pappert was ultimately fired from the department after the conclusion of an internal investigation.[167][169]

Lawsuit against police and local governments edit

A $40 million federal lawsuit was filed on August 28 by five protesters who were arrested between August 11–13. It alleges that police officers used unnecessary force and made unjustified arrests.[178] Four more protesters were added as plaintiffs in October.[179] The lawsuit lists various police officials, officers, the Ferguson city government and the St. Louis county government as defendants.[178]

Vonderrit Myers Jr. edit

On October 8, 2014, Vonderrit Myers Jr. was shot and killed by an off-duty police officer in Shaw, St. Louis. Police said he had a gun and shot at them. Doug Hollis of St. Louis, a relative of both Myers and Michael Brown, did not witness the shooting but told USA Today that Myers was unarmed, with only a sandwich in his hands, and suggested that the gun found at the scene might have been planted by police.[180] Following the shooting, there were multiple nights of protests.[181][182] Forensic evidence later confirmed that Myers had gunshot residue on his right hand, shirt, and pants, indicating that he had fired a gun. Three bullets fired at police matched Myers's gun.[183][184][185] The family's attorney noticed that police versions differ about the weapon Myers allegedly used: first, police mentioned a 9mm Ruger, and later a 9mm Smith & Wesson. It was later determined that Myers did have a gun and it matched the same gun he was seen with in various photos posted to social media.[186] An independent autopsy by Dr. Cyril H. Wecht found that six of the eight wounds were at the back of the body.[187] Police investigators served Wecht with a subpoena for his results. The funeral was held on October 26.[188]

On May 19, 2015, it was announced that no charges would be filed against the off-duty police officer. St. Louis Circuit Attorney Jennifer Joyce's report says the officer shot and killed Myers in self-defense after Myers fired a gun at him, and thus a criminal violation could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt in the resulting death.[189]

Antonio Martin edit

Main article: Shooting of Antonio Martin

On December 23, 2014, 18-year-old Antonio Martin was shot and killed in Berkeley, Missouri after pulling a gun on a St. Louis County police officer who was questioning him. The incident provoked additional violent protests in the area.[190]

Jeffrey L. Williams edit

On March 14, 2015, Jeffrey L. Williams, age 20,[147] was arrested in connection with the shooting of two police officers two days earlier (see above). Williams, who is black and was on probation for possession of stolen property,[147] had admitted to firing the shots but said that he was not aiming at police. According to Williams' attorney, he intended to retaliate against a person who had robbed him earlier that day.[191] Police recovered a .40-caliber handgun that matched the spent cartridges found at the crime scene.[143] On April 1, the Associated Press reported that during phone conversations, Williams confessed to firing back at an unidentified person who was shooting at him during the March 12 protest. His attorney had previously claimed Williams never discharged a firearm during the shooting.[192] Arraigned on June 3, Williams pleaded not guilty to all charges. In December 2016, a jury found Williams guilty of two counts of first-degree assault, three counts of armed criminal action and one count of unlawful use of a weapon. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison on March 17, 2017.[193]

Tyrone Harris Jr. edit

On August 9, 2015, the anniversary of Brown's shooting, Tyrone Harris Jr., age 18, was shot by four plain-clothed police officers during a gunfight between looters (see above). He was hospitalized in critical condition. Police charged him with four counts of first-degree assault on law enforcement, five counts of armed criminal action, and one count of discharging a firearm at a motor vehicle. Harris was held on a $250,000 cash-only bond.[148] According to Harris' father, he graduated from the same high school as Brown and was a close friend of his.[151] Two days after the shooting, police released surveillance video of Harris firing a gun at an unmarked police car.[194] Harris was out on bond for felony charges related to the theft of a vehicle and a gun at the time of the incident.[195] Despite video evidence, Harris' father denied that his son had a gun. Others in Ferguson said that Harris might not have known he was firing at an unmarked police car.[196]

On the night that Harris was shot, a free benefit concert to raise money for the family of Brown was sponsored by Activist/Rapper Talib Kweli. Kweli along with Academy Award winner Common, and other members of the Black Lives Matter movement were present. Harris was shot while the concert took place. The event and subsequent protest were filmed and organized into an award-winning short documentary entitled #Bars4Justice directed by multi-media activists Queen Muhammad Ali and Hakeem Khaaliq. The film won best short film at the 24th annual Pan African Film Festival in 2016.

Later deaths of protestors edit

As of March 2019, Ferguson protesters have continued to receive threats to their lives or wellbeing.[197] A number have died under circumstances viewed as suspicious by the community.[197] Continuing mistrust between the police and the community may have resulted in the police failing to adequately investigate these deaths.[197]

On September 6, 2016, Darren Seals, a leader in the Ferguson protests was found shot and killed inside a burning car, similarly to DeAndre Joshua;[197] he was 29 years old.[198] Edward Crawford, known for the iconic photograph of him throwing a tear gas canister during the protests, also died in 2017 after, according to police, committing suicide.[199]

Related developments edit

Town hall meetings edit

In order to develop a dialogue between authorities and residents, a series of five town meetings in October and November were set up by City leaders. The DOJ's Community Relations Service was involved, and the meetings were closed to the media and non-residents.[200]

Voter registration edit

It was reported that 3,200 inhabitants (out of 21,000) had registered to vote in Ferguson since Michael Brown's death.[201] Later, the election board stated that the released numbers were inaccurate and only 128 new voter registrations occurred. The larger number was the total number of interactions with Ferguson voters, including address changes or other alterations.[202][203]

Ferguson PR sub-contractor fired edit

Devin James, a minority PR person hired shortly before the unrest began, was fired by the St. Louis Economic Development Partnership after his prior record came to light. James worked directly with the Ferguson Police Chief and seems to be the one who suggested the video apology, among other things.[204] The Partnership was informed that James served a 90-day work farm sentence in 2009 for reckless homicide. As a victim of an armed robbery in 2004, he shot 8 times and killed one of his two assailants. Earlier in 2004, he was shot in the shoulder as a victim of another armed robbery. After a troubled youth, James managed to attend university, but the two robberies prevented him from obtaining a degree.[205] James kept his position on a pro bono basis.

Injunction against "keep moving" rule at peaceful protests edit

On September 29, 2014, the ACLU asked a federal court to order police to stop using the "keep moving" rule during protests in Ferguson, which prevented people from standing still under threat of arrest. St. Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar testified that the rule was meant to be used for the most volatile night protests during curfew and was mistakenly used by some officers at calm protests during the day.[206] On October 6, Chief Judge Catherine D. Perry, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, ruled that "The practice of requiring peaceful demonstrators and others to walk, rather than stand still, violates the constitution," and issued an injunction against the practice for peaceful, law-abiding protesters in Ferguson.[207][208]

Rebuilding process edit

The QuikTrip that was looted and burned during the first night of unrest will be rebuilt as a job training center as part of the Urban League of Metropolitan St. Louis's "empowering communities" effort. The center, when complete, will house the new Save Our Sons program. St. Louis area companies have contributed $1.2 million toward the effort, meant to give young jobless or underemployed men a month's training before matching them with area jobs.[209]

Philanthropy help edit

Wanting to aid the healing process of the wounded city, an anonymous couple called the Greater Saint Louis Community Foundation and set up a $100,000 fund. But the generous couple didn't know which programs or initiatives would best help Ferguson, so they requested that a racially balanced group of Ferguson residents make the decision on how to distribute the money.[210]

The Come Together Ferguson grant committee—made up of pairs of black and white teachers, police officers, pastors, and residents—decided to award the first round of grants to Ferguson summer youth programs. On Saturday, May 23, 2015, the committee announced it would distribute $39,000 to eleven organizations, selected out of 42 applications.[211]

New police chief named edit

Delrish Moss, a seasoned Miami police officer with decades of experience related to public relations and community outreach, was appointed police chief in April 2016. Major Moss, who is black, will be leading the primarily white police force in protecting a community where over half of residents are African American.[212]

Racial context edit

The Washington Post noted that racial disparities had already existed between the Ferguson Police Department and its citizenry, which had experienced significant demographic changes since 2000.[213] Protests,[214] vandalism, and other forms of social unrest continued for more than a week,[215] and the violence escalated despite the imposition of a night curfew.[216][217] Several of the stores looted during the unrest are Asian American-owned, with The Daily Beast writing that Asian-Americans tend to be "left out" of the race relations discussion.[218]

Also according to The Washington Post, the Ferguson Police Department "bears little demographic resemblance" to the mostly African-American community, which already harbored "suspicions of the law enforcement agency" preceding Brown's shooting, with 48 of the police force's 53 officers being white,[219] while the population is only one-third white and about two-thirds black.[213][220] The community had experienced rapid demographic change in recent years; in 2000, just over half of the population was black.[213] An annual report last year by the office of Missouri's attorney general concluded that Ferguson police were "twice as likely to arrest African Americans during traffic stops as they were whites."[213]

The Los Angeles Times argued that the situation that exploded in Ferguson "has been building for decades," stating that the protesters initially came from the town as well as from neighboring towns that have pockets of poverty, the poorest towns in St. Louis, and it also argued that "the growing challenge of the suburbanization of poverty" was the catalyst of the unrest.[221]

Time magazine argued that "Blacks in this country are more apt to riot because they are one of the populations here which still needs to riot. In the case of the 1992 riots, 30 years of black people trying to talk about their struggles against racial profiling are muted, but their reaction to still vastly unfair, treatment, came to a boil. Sometimes, enough is simply too much. And after that catalyst event, the landscape of southern California changed, and nationally, police forces took note."[222]

Another aspect of this situation might stem from a system that burdens the poor and black in Ferguson.[223] Minor traffic offenses are the starting point, and the costs spiral up rapidly if the offenders do not pay the fines on time or do not appear in court.[224] The income from court fines represented the second-largest source of revenue for Ferguson in 2013. On October 1, 2014, the city of St. Louis canceled 220,000 arrest warrants and gave a three-month delay to the offenders to get a new court date before the warrants would be reissued.[225]

Reactions edit

In the United States edit

Federal government edit

  • On August 12, citing an incident where a St. Louis County Police Department helicopter was fired on from the ground, the FAA implemented a no-fly zone over Ferguson.[226][227] Recordings of telephone conversations between FAA employees later revealed that the true reason the flight restrictions were requested was to keep news helicopters out of the area during the protest violence. The tapes were obtained by the Associated Press in a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request.[228]
  • In an August 14 op-ed in Time Magazine, U.S. Senator Rand Paul (R-Kentucky) said that police forces need to be demilitarized and that "[t]he shooting of 18-year-old Michael Brown is an awful tragedy" and that "Anyone who thinks race does not skew the application of criminal justice in this country is just not paying close enough attention."[229]
  • Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-Massachusetts) and Representative Justin Amash (R-Michigan) tweeted similar descriptions of Ferguson as a "war zone" in the aftermath of the police actions of August 12, with Amash calling the situation "frightening" on August 13 and Warren demanding answers on August 14.[230]
  • On August 23, U.S. President Barack Obama ordered a review of the distribution of military hardware to state and local police, questioning the use of such equipment during the racial unrest in Ferguson. The review will be led by White House staff and includes the Domestic Policy Council, the National Security Council, the Office of Management and Budget, as well as other agencies including the Department of Defense, Homeland Security, the Justice Department, and the Treasury Department, in coordination with Congress.[231] Attorney General Eric Holder said in a statement to The New York Times that "it makes sense to take a look at whether military-style equipment is being acquired for the right purposes and whether there is proper training on when and how to deploy it" and that "[d]isplays of force in response to mostly peaceful demonstrations can be counterproductive."[232]
  • On September 4, Eric Holder announced that the Justice Department will investigate Ferguson police force for possible misconduct or discrimination, saying that, "[w]e have determined that there is cause for the Justice Department to open an investigation to determine whether Ferguson police officials have engaged in a pattern or practice of violations of the U.S. Constitution or federal law."[18] Attorney General Holder indicated that an overhaul similar to a recent agreement with the Albuquerque police department over use of excessive force could be called for in Ferguson. "It's pretty clear that the need for wholesale change in that department is appropriate," Holder said.[19]
  • On September 24 at the United Nations General Assembly, President Obama described the racial tensions at Ferguson as a failure to live up to America's ideals, and said that, "[i]n a summer marked by instability in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, I know the world also took notice of the small American city of Ferguson, Missouri – where a young man was killed, and a community was divided. So yes, we have our own racial and ethnic tensions."[233]
  • On November 24, minutes after a prosecuting attorney announced that a grand jury decided not to indict police officer Darren Wilson, President Obama urged calm and restraint in Ferguson, saying racial discrimination and distrust of police cannot be resolved by "throwing bottles." Immediately after the shooting and in the weeks leading up to the grand jury announcement, President Obama has made several such calls for calm and restraint in Ferguson.[234]
  • On November 24, after reports of gunshots fired into the sky in Ferguson, the FAA diverted some flights to other airports that were inbound to St. Louis. Departures were not affected. The Temporary Flight Restriction said that no news helicopters or commercial flights were allowed in a three-mile radius up to an altitude of 3000 feet.[235][236]

Supreme Court Justices edit

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said in an August 22 interview with The National Law Journal that the events at Ferguson and the stop-and-frisk policies in New York City, point to a "real racial problem" in the U.S.[237] Additionally, Justice Sonia Sotomayor cited the Department of Justice's "Ferguson Report" extensively in her dissent in the 2016 Fourth-Amendment case Utah v. Strieff as evidence of systemic racial bias in police practice.[238]

Missouri government edit

  • On August 14, Governor of Missouri Jay Nixon stated that the Ferguson riots were "deeply challenging" and "promised 'operational shifts' to ease the situation,[239] using the Missouri State Highway Patrol to direct security.[56]
  • Maria Chappelle-Nadal, a Missouri Senator who represented parts of Ferguson and was tear-gassed during the demonstrations, said in an interview that "It doesn't matter if Michael Brown committed theft or not. That's not the issue. The issue is what happened when Darren Wilson encountered Michael Brown, and when he died—when he was killed. Those are the only facts that are necessary."[240]
  • James Knowles III, the Mayor of Ferguson, was slow to seek support and coordination from state and county authorities as violence and civil unrest developed in his municipality. Mayor Knowles did not receive a phone call from either the Governor or others as riots developed and even as others came on the scene, no one appeared to take charge.[241]

Local authorities edit

  • Jennings, Missouri: On August 11, in response to safety concerns, the school district in nearby Jennings cancelled the first day of classes.[242][243]
  • Ferguson-Florissant School District, Missouri: On August 13, in response to the continuing unrest in the community, Ferguson-Florissant schools that were to open Thursday were closed and scheduled to reopen on Monday.[244] On Sunday Aug 17, the school district again cancelled the first day of classes due to ongoing unrest. On Monday, administrators for the district announced that school would continue to be closed through the end of the school week.[245]
  • On August 12, Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis Commissioner of Police Sam Dotson decided against providing any more manpower to Ferguson owing to concerns about the welfare of the protesters and the handling of the situation by local police.[246]
  • On September 1, it was reported that, after receiving a large amount of criticism regarding their practices, the police force in Ferguson had begun to wear body cameras. The cameras had been donated to the police by two private security firms.[247]

Brown family edit

  • One of Brown's cousins released a statement saying that "the stealing and breaking in stores is not what Mike will want, it is very upsetting to me and my family." The statement also said, "Our family didn't ask for this but for justice and peace."[248]
  • After the grand jury's decision was announced, Brown's mother, Lesley McSpadden, speaking to a crowd, expressed feelings of disbelief and innocence.[249] Brown's stepfather, Louis Head, turned to a crowd of demonstrators who had gathered, and yelled, "Burn this motherfucker down" and "Burn this bitch down," according to a New York Times video.[250] He later apologized for his outburst.[251]

Polls edit

A Pew Research poll conducted August 14–17 among 1,000 adults, found stark racial and political divisions in reactions to the shooting. By about four-to-one, African Americans (80% to 18%) said the shooting raised important issues about race, while whites, by 47% to 37%, said the issue of race is getting more attention than it deserves. The divide in public opinion was also observed across partisan lines, with 68% of Democrats (including 62% of white Democrats) believing the incident raises important issues about race that merit discussion, compared with 40% of Independents and 22% of Republicans. Republicans were also more likely than Democrats to view the police response as appropriate (43%), compared with 21% of Democrats; 65% of Republicans expressed confidence in the investigations into the incident, compared with 38% of Democrats.[252]

Third parties edit

 
Protestors gather at the Ferguson police department
  • As of December 28, 2014, at least 253 demonstrations had been held worldwide for Michael Brown or in solidarity with Ferguson.[253]
  • Local pastors held a vigil on the morning of Sunday, August 10.[254] Another vigil was planned on the same day, at 8:00 p.m. in the area where Brown was killed.[254]
  • National vigils and marches occurred on the evening of Thursday, August 14, in over 100 cities around the U.S. with thousands in attendance. They were organized by FeministaJones, using Twitter and the #NMOS14 hashtag.[255][256]
  • Hacktivists claiming an association with Anonymous and operating under the codename "Operation Ferguson" organized cyberprotests by setting up a website and a Twitter account.[257] The group promised that if any protesters were harassed or harmed, they would attack the city's servers and computers, taking them offline.[257] City officials said that e-mail systems were targeted and phones died, while the Internet crashed at the City Hall.[257][258] Prior to August 15, members of Anonymous corresponding with Mother Jones said that they were working on confirming the identity of the undisclosed police officer who shot Brown and would release his name as soon as they did.[259] On August 14, Anonymous posted on its Twitter feed what it claimed was the name of the officer involved in the shooting.[59][260] However, police said the identity released by Anonymous was incorrect.[261] Twitter subsequently suspended the Anonymous account from its service.[262]
  • A group of Tibetan monks joined the protesters in Ferguson on Sunday, August 17.[263]
     
    Civil rights leader Reverend Jesse Jackson in Ferguson, August 17, 2014
  • On August 17, about 150 people protested in downtown St. Louis in support of Darren Wilson. The protesters argued that Wilson had been victimized and that any punishment for him would cause law enforcement officers to be "frightened to do their jobs."[264]
  • CNN, along with ABC News and others, described the incident as having triggered a national debate on race relations, as well as the use of force and the militarization of the police in the United States.[215]
  • The Green Shadow Cabinet, a group led by 2012 Green Party presidential nominee Dr. Jill Stein, stated on August 14 that "[a] healthy response by the local police and government agencies in Ferguson and St. Louis County would have been to immediately announce a full investigation of the shooting and a review of police policies and practices."[265]
  • Some veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces criticized the tactics and procedures used by the police during the unrest, including the use of assault rifles in a protest situation. They also criticized the choice to use canine units, which played into racial imagery exacerbating the issue and encouraged engaging the civilian population in dialogue and social media.[266]
  • On September 22, protesters received support from a California-based group called We Copwatch to improve the way they record their interactions with the police.[267]
  • In October 2014, members of the Emerson Unitarian Universalist Chapel in the primarily white St. Louis suburb of Chesterfield, Missouri, held its first Black Lives Matter vigil to honor Michael Brown.[268] The group evolved into the West County Community Action Network (WE CAN), a grassroots organization that holds weekly Black Lives Matter vigils in visible locations in primarily white portions of St. Louis County, Missouri. The organization advocates about various Calls to Action of the Ferguson Commission Report, Forward Through Ferguson: A Path Toward Racial Equity,[269] a 2015 analysis that highlighted structural contributions to inequity in the region and ways to address them.[270] The group's efforts, focused in the western area of the county, include working to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline,[271] promoting racial equity in police work,[268] and advocating about racially equitable voting rights.[272] Members of the group are also poised to respond to racist acts in the area.[273]
  • St. Louis Rams wide receiver Kenny Britt led his teammates Tavon Austin, Jared Cook, Stedman Bailey, and Chris Givens in giving the "Hands up, Don't shoot." gesture when walking on to the field prior to the November 30 contest against the Oakland Raiders. The five came under fire from several media outlets, including Mike Ditka, who called the display "embarrassing."[274]

International reactions edit

  • China – The Chinese state news Xinhua News Agency said hours before the governor ordered National Guard troops into Ferguson, "Obviously, what the United States needs to do is to concentrate on solving its own problems rather than always pointing fingers at others."[275]
  • Egypt – Its Ministry of Foreign Affairs stressed that it agrees calls for "self restraint and respect for the right of assembly and peaceful expression of opinion" in the protests, hoping that the American authorities deal with the protests according to "the international standards."[276] Egypt's Foreign Ministry Spokesman said that Egypt is closely following up with the "mounting protests" in Ferguson.[277]
  • France – French Minister of Justice Christiane Taubira commented on Radio France Internationale, "I will not make value judgements on the institutions of the United States but when the sense of frustration is that strong, that deep, that long-lasting and that huge, there is reason to question whether people trust these institutions. You realise that somehow it only happens to the same people: Afro-American kids. Certain clichés still persist, certain prejudices which can create terrible reflexes." She also tweeted in French "Michael Brown, racial profiling, social exclusion, territorial segregation, cultural relegation, weapons, fear, fatal cocktail." Taking a line of the song I Shot the Sheriff by Bob Marley, she added: "Kill them before they grow?."[278]
  • Iran – The Islamic Republic News Agency commented, "Violence has become institutionalized in the U.S. in recent years, but since President Obama, the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize winner, came to the White House, the violence has intensified, and now it has erupted against blacks in Ferguson."[275]
  • North Korea - called the United States a "human rights graveyard,"[279] the "laughingstock of the world," and "a country wantonly violating the human rights where people are subject to discrimination and humiliation due to their race and are seized with such horror that they do not know when they are [going to be] shot to death."[280]
  • Russia – The Russian Foreign Ministry stated, "Our American partners [have] to pay more attention to restoring order in their own country before imposing their dubious experience on other nations" and that the U.S. "has positioned itself as a 'bastion of human rights' and is actively engaged in 'export of democracy' on a systematic basis," but that "serious violations of basic human rights and barbaric practices thrive" in the country.[275]
  • Turkey – The Turkish Foreign Ministry criticized the U.S. police for detaining a correspondent of the state Anadolu news agency while he covered protests in Ferguson, Missouri, calling it unacceptable and against the freedom of press.[281]

Others edit

  • From August 14 to 22, Amnesty International USA had a team of human rights observers, trainers and researchers in Ferguson. It included organizers to train activists in the use of non-violent protests.[282][283] This was the first time that Amnesty International has deployed such a team to the United States.[284][285][286] In a subsequent report of October 24, 2014, they expressed concerns for human rights in Ferguson, related to the use of lethal force in the death of Brown, racial discrimination and excessive use of police force, imposition of restrictions on the rights to protest, intimidation of protesters, the use of tear gas, rubber bullets and long range acoustic devices, restrictions imposed on the media covering the protests, and lack of accountability for law enforcement policing protests.[283][287]
  • In Palestine, people from Gaza and other Palestinian cities expressed their support for the protestors in Ferguson and shared tips on how to deal with tear gas and police violence, noting the weapons fired in Ferguson come from companies that supply Israel.[288][289] The PFLP released an official statement of solidarity with Ferguson, acknowledging the ties between the Palestinian struggle to liberation and the black liberation movement in the US.[citation needed]
  • Islamic State militants stated that they will use social media to encourage Islamic extremism in Ferguson.[290][291]
  • On August 18, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon called for U.S. authorities to ensure protection of the protesters' rights to peaceful assembly and freedom of expression. Through a spokesman, Ban called for "all to exercise restraint, for law enforcement officials to abide by U.S. and international standards in dealing with demonstrators."[292]
  • Protesters in Egypt expressed support for protesters in Ferguson using social media, and offered advice on how to deal with tear gas.[293]
  • Germany – In an interview with Der Spiegel, Marcel Kuhlmey, security expert and professor in the department of security management at the Berlin School of Economics and Law, asserted that what happened in Ferguson could never happen in Germany, stating that "In the U.S., it seems to me, the police are far quicker to resort to guns. Even at the training stage, there is a much heavier emphasis on shooting [than in Germany]."[275] Zeit Online described the incident as an example of deep-rooted racism in the U.S, concluding that "the situation of African-Americans has barely improved since Martin Luther King."[294]
  • Azteca News wrote that Obama's "words of peace and reconciliation are perceived by many activists as inadequate and almost treason to a situation they see as a direct result of slavery and racial segregation laws that were in force until 1965."[294]
  • Abigail Chandler of the newspaper The Metro wrote that "[w]hile the London riots were at their worst, people were calling for rubber bullets, tear gas and water cannons to be used against the rioters, Ferguson is a living example of why we should be immensely grateful that those tactics were never used during the U.K. riots."[294]
  • On November 25, 2014, journalist Darlena Cunha had a Time magazine article published about the 2014 Ferguson unrest entitled "Ferguson: In Defense of Rioting." Cunha wrote that riots are "a necessary part of the evolution of society."[222]
  • On November 26, 2014, Stand Up To Racism and the London Black Revolutionaries organized a protest outside the Embassy of the United States, London against the grand jury's decision, gathering hundreds of people throughout the night.[295]
  • In 2020, Vicky Osterweil wrote In Defense of Looting as an apologia for looting, as occurred in Ferguson, as a way to redistribute wealth under racial capitalism

Gallery edit

  •  
    A woman protesting against the militarization of police
  •  
    Protesters in Ferguson
  •  
    People marching in Ferguson, Missouri
  •  
    Sharpshooter, with weapon trained, atop a SWAT vehicle
  •  
    St. Charles County SWAT team at Ferguson. The device on top of the armored vehicle is a type of directed-energy weapon called an LRAD
  •  
    A woman holding a sign in Ferguson

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Aja J. Williams (August 25, 2014). "Johnson: 'Peace is being restored in Ferguson'". Ksdk.com. Retrieved November 30, 2014.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ "Fires, chaos erupt in Ferguson after grand jury doesn't indict in Michael Brown case". CNN. November 25, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  3. ^ "Looking Ahead After Ferguson Protests: What Happens Next?". Huffington. December 2, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Though the fierce protests in Ferguson, Missouri seemed to have died down in the last week or so...
  4. ^ . KMOV.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c "3 shot during Ferguson protest; 5 arrested for looting". Yahoo! News. April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
  6. ^ "Michael Brown shooting: St. Louis police shoot knife-wielding suspect near Ferguson". CBC News. Associated Press. August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014. At least two people were shot and 31 were arrested, he said. Four officers were injured by rocks or bottles. A photographer and two German reporters were arrested and later released.
  7. ^ Keating, Dan; Rivero, Cristina; Tan, Shelly (May 21, 2013). "A breakdown of the arrests in Ferguson". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  8. ^ Staff Reports. . stltoday.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  9. ^ "Civil Rights Attorneys Sue Ferguson Over 'Debtors Prisons'". NPR News. NPR. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  10. ^ "How Ferguson's tickets, fines violated rights of blacks". CNN. March 7, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  11. ^ "School Segregation, the Continuing Tragedy of Ferguson". ProPublica. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  12. ^ Alcindor, Yamiche; Bello, Marisol (August 19, 2014). "Police in Ferguson ignite debate about military tactics". USA Today. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  13. ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (August 14, 2014). "Military veterans see deeply flawed police response in Ferguson". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
  14. ^ Davey, Monica; Julie Bosman (November 2, 2014). "Protests Flare After Ferguson Police Officer Is Not Indicted". The New York Times.
  15. ^ a b Frumin, Aliyah (August 12, 2015). "State of emergency extended in Ferguson". MSNBC. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  16. ^ Phelps, Timothy M.; Muskal, Michael (March 4, 2015). "Federal report largely backs Darren Wilson in Ferguson police shooting case". Los Angeles Times. from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  17. ^ Department of Justice Report Regarding the Criminal Investigation Into the Shooting Death of Michael Brown by Ferguson, Missouri Police Officer Darren Wilson (PDF). United States Department of Justice (Report). March 4, 2015. pp. 80–82. (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  18. ^ a b Barrett, Devlin (September 4, 2014). "Justice Department to Investigate Ferguson Police Force". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
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  20. ^ "Ferguson Police Department Report". The New York Times. March 4, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  21. ^ Apuzzo, Matt (March 3, 2015). "Justice Department Finds Pattern of Police Bias and Excessive Force in Ferguson". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  22. ^ "'Hands up, don't shoot' was built on a lie". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  23. ^ "The Ferguson Kleptocracy". Marginal Revolution. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
  24. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (November 25, 2014). "Ferguson Documents: Officer Darren Wilson's Testimony". NPR. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  25. ^ Kesling, Ben (August 11, 2014). "Vigil for Missouri Teen Turns Violent". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  26. ^ Lieb, David; Zagier, Alan (August 15, 2014). "Ferguson officer in fatal shooting identified, unarmed teen suspected of robbery (w/video)". The Press Democrat. Associated Press. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
  27. ^ Robles, Frances; Bosman, Julie (August 17, 2014). "Autopsy Shows Michael Brown Was Struck at Least 6 Times". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
  28. ^ a b Eckholm, Erik (November 24, 2014). "Witnesses Told Grand Jury That Michale Brown Charged At Darren Wilson, Prosecutor Says". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  29. ^ Follman, Mark. "Michael Brown's Mom Laid Flowers Where He Was Shot—and Police Crushed Them". Mother Jones. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  30. ^ a b Yang, John (August 10, 2014). "Looting Erupts After Vigil for Slain Missouri Teen Michael Brown". NBC News. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  31. ^ Staff (August 11, 2014). . Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. Archived from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  32. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "Looting of Ferguson Quicktrip Umar Lee Video". YouTube.
  33. ^ Barker, Tim (August 11, 2014). "Ferguson-area businesses cope with aftermath of weekend riot". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  34. ^ a b Staff (August 11, 2014). "West Florissant explodes in protest of police shooting, more than 30 arrests". The St. Louis American. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  35. ^ Piper, Brandie (August 11, 2014). "2 officers injured, 32 arrested during riots". St. Louis, Missouri: KSDK. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  36. ^ Fantz, Ashley; Howell, George; Shoichet, Catherine E. (August 11, 2014). "Protesters fill streets after Michael Brown shooting". CNN. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  37. ^ Zagier, Alan Scher (August 28, 2010). "Police, protesters again clash outside St. Louis". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  38. ^ Reilly, Ryan J.; Conetta, Christine. "State Senator To Ferguson Police: 'Will I Get Tear-Gassed Again?'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  39. ^ Suhr, Jim; Salter, Jim (August 13, 2014). "Ferguson Seeks Answers After Police Shooting Of Michael Brown". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  40. ^ Shoichet, Catherine E.; Brumfield, Ben; Smith, Tristan (August 13, 2014). "Police decline to ID officer in Michael Brown shooting". CNN. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
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External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Ferguson unrest.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rallies in protest of the shooting of Michael Brown.

Collected videos

  • Surveillance video that police contend shows Michael Brown robbing a convenience store
  • Ty Pruitt, Cousin of Michael Brown, pleads for peace from looters
  • Video interview of eyewitness Dorian Johnson on CNN
  • Video interview of eyewitness Tiffany Mitchell on CNN
  • Video of St. Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar giving his department's version of the circumstances and events that led to the death of Michael Brown Archived August 10, 2014, at archive.today
  • Rachel Maddow interview with City Alderman, Antonio French after his arrest in Ferguson on charges of disorderly conduct
  • Nyota Uhura Speaks About The Ferguson Riots And What Happened Later

Collected photographs

Documents

  • Ferguson Commission Report Forward Through Ferguson: A Path Toward Racial Equity
  • (PDF). United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. March 4, 2015. Archived from the original (pdf) on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2023.

Organizations

  • Forward Through Ferguson

February 16, 2024
ferguson, unrest, this, article, about, aftermath, shooting, michael, brown, coverage, events, immediately, surrounding, shooting, killing, michael, brown, sometimes, called, ferguson, uprising, ferguson, protests, ferguson, riots, series, protests, riots, whi. This article is about the aftermath of the shooting of Michael Brown For coverage of events immediately surrounding the shooting see Killing of Michael Brown The Ferguson unrest sometimes called the Ferguson uprising Ferguson protests or the Ferguson riots was a series of protests and riots which began in Ferguson Missouri on August 10 2014 the day after the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by FPD officer Darren Wilson The unrest sparked a vigorous debate in the United States about the relationship between law enforcement officers and Black Americans the militarization of police and the use of force law in Missouri and nationwide Continuing activism expanded the issues by including modern day debtors prisons 9 for profit policing 10 and school segregation 11 2014 Ferguson unrestPart of the Black Lives Matter movementand reactions to the Killing of Michael BrownPolice officers using tear gas on protestersDateFirst wave August 9 2014 2014 08 09 August 25 2014 2014 08 25 1 Second wave November 24 2014 2014 11 24 2 December 2 2014 2014 12 02 3 Third wave August 9 2015 2015 08 09 August 11 2015 2015 08 11 LocationFerguson Missouri U S and St Louis Missouri U S Caused byFirst wave Killing of Michael BrownSecond wave Darren Wilson not indictedThird wave Anniversary of shootingMethodsWidespread rioting vandalism looting arson and gunfire Arrests and injuriesDeath s 1 Michael Brown Injuries10 members of the public injured 4 5 6 police officers injured 6 Arrested321 members of the public 5 7 8 As the details of the shooting emerged police established curfews and deployed riot squads in anticipation of unrest Along with peaceful protests there was a significant amount of looting and violence in the vicinity of the site of the shooting as well as across the city Media criticism of the militarization of the police in Ferguson after the shooting was frequent 12 13 The unrest continued on November 24 2014 after a grand jury did not indict Officer Wilson 14 It briefly flared again on the first anniversary of Brown s shooting 15 The Department of Justice DOJ concluded that Wilson shot Brown in self defense 16 17 In response to the shooting and the subsequent unrest the DOJ conducted an investigation into the policing practices of the Ferguson Police Department FPD 18 19 In March 2015 the DOJ announced that they had determined that the FPD had engaged in misconduct against the citizenry of Ferguson by among other things discriminating against African Americans and applying racial stereotypes in a pattern or practice of unlawful conduct 20 21 22 The DOJ also found that the Ferguson city council relied on fines and other charges generated by police for funding municipal services 23 Contents 1 Background 2 Events 2 1 August 2014 2 2 September 2014 2 3 October 2014 2 4 November 2014 2 5 December 2014 2 6 March 2015 2 7 April 2015 2 8 August 2015 2 9 August 2016 3 Related incidents 3 1 Ray Albers 3 2 Kajieme Powell 3 3 Dan Page 3 4 Matthew Pappert 3 5 Lawsuit against police and local governments 3 6 Vonderrit Myers Jr 3 7 Antonio Martin 3 8 Jeffrey L Williams 3 9 Tyrone Harris Jr 4 Later deaths of protestors 5 Related developments 5 1 Town hall meetings 5 2 Voter registration 5 3 Ferguson PR sub contractor fired 5 4 Injunction against keep moving rule at peaceful protests 5 5 Rebuilding process 5 6 Philanthropy help 5 7 New police chief named 6 Racial context 7 Reactions 7 1 In the United States 7 1 1 Federal government 7 1 2 Supreme Court Justices 7 1 3 Missouri government 7 1 4 Local authorities 7 1 5 Brown family 7 1 6 Polls 7 1 7 Third parties 7 2 International reactions 7 3 Others 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksBackground editMain article Shooting of Michael Brown Michael Brown an 18 year old African American male was shot and killed during an encounter with Officer Darren Wilson Officer Wilson arrived after a robbery and assault was reported at a nearby convenience store The caller described the accused later identified as Michael Brown from security cameras Officer Wilson s account was that after seeing Brown and Brown s friend Dorian Johnson walking home in the middle of the street he asked them to walk on the sidewalk instead When they refused Wilson noticed that Brown s shirt and a box of cigarillos he was holding matched the description from the robbery call and suspected Brown and Johnson as being involved When he attempted to question Michael Brown he was attacked 24 There was a struggle Brown attempting and almost succeeding in gaining possession of Officer Wilson s weapon Due to the struggle the weapon discharged slightly wounding Brown who then fled Wilson gave brief chase firing upon Brown ultimately shooting and killing Brown when Brown turned to confront him and upon Wilson s account charged at him The officer was a 28 year old white male Ferguson police officer 25 26 27 After several months of deliberation a grand jury decided not to indict Officer Wilson for any criminal charges in relation to the incident 28 The police response to the shooting was heavily criticized as was the slow rate of information making its way out to the public Many of the documents received and reviewed by the Grand Jury were released when the grand jury declined to indict Officer Wilson 28 Events edit nbsp A U S Marine offers words of encouragement to protesters nbsp The looted burned out QuikTrip gas station in Ferguson nbsp Protests at Ferguson on August 14 2014August 2014 edit On August 9 the evening of the shooting residents had created a makeshift memorial of flowers and candles in the spot where Brown died According to Mother Jones an unidentified policeman allowed their dog to urinate on the memorial and police vehicles later crushed the memorial Mother Jones reported that these incidents inflamed tensions among bystanders according to Missourian state representative Sharon Pace who told the reporters for the magazine That made people in the crowd mad and it made me mad 29 On August 10 a day of memorials began peacefully but some people became outspoken after an evening candlelight vigil 30 Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear 31 Some people began looting businesses vandalizing vehicles and confronting police officers who sought to block off access to several areas of the city 30 At least 12 businesses were looted or vandalized and a QuikTrip convenience store and gas station was set on fire as well as a Little Caesars The Quiktrip looting was captured on video by activist Umar Lee 32 leading to over 30 arrests Many windows were broken and several nearby businesses closed on Monday 33 The people arrested face charges of assault burglary and theft Police used a variety of equipment including riot gear and helicopters to disperse the crowd by 2 00 a m 34 Two police officers suffered minor injuries during the events 35 On August 11 police fired tear gas to disperse a crowd at the burnt shell of the QuikTrip 34 convenience store set on fire by looters the night before According to reports gunshots were fired in Ferguson and five people were arrested 36 37 Some protesters threw rocks at police officers The police responded by firing tear gas and bean bag rounds at protesters which included Missouri Senate member Maria Chappelle Nadal 38 On August 12 several hundred protesters gathered in Clayton the county seat seeking criminal prosecution of the officer involved in the shooting 39 Protesters in Ferguson carried signs and many held their hands in the air while shouting don t shoot apparently in response to eye witness accounts that Brown had his hands raised in an attempt to surrender at the moment he was shot According to police some protesters threw bottles at the officers prompting the use of tear gas to disperse the crowd 40 The following day a SWAT team of around 70 officers arrived at a protest demanding that protesters disperse 41 That night police used smoke bombs flash grenades rubber bullets and tear gas to disperse the crowd Video footage of the events recorded by KARG Argus Radio shows Ferguson Police firing tear gas into a residential neighborhood and ordering the journalist to cease recording 42 43 44 Between August 12 and 13 police officers at times fired tear gas and rubber bullets at lines of protesters and reporters At least seven protesters were arrested on the evening of August 12 and 13 after police told protesters to go home or face arrest 45 CNN cameras filmed an officer addressing a group of protesters by saying Bring it you fucking animals bring it 46 On the night of August 12 a peaceful protester was shot in the head non fatally by police The gunshot survivor Mya Aaten White complained that police had failed to interview her in connection with the shooting Police had attempted to interview Aaten White alone but she refused to speak with them without an attorney present which police refused A month after the shooting Aaten White s attorney indicated that he had subsequently contacted police to set up an appointment for an interview without response City officials refused to provide reporters with ballistics reports or other investigative records citing state law regarding ongoing police investigations 47 As night fell on August 13 protesters threw projectiles at police including Molotov cocktails and police launched tear gas and smoke bombs in retaliation 48 While police were clearing a McDonald s restaurant The Washington Post reporter Wesley Lowery and The Huffington Post reporter Ryan J Reilly were arrested 49 Officers reportedly asked them to leave first gave them a 45 second countdown when they were not moving fast enough and ultimately resorted to more forceful measures to remove people from the McDonald s 49 Officers slammed me into a fountain soda machine because I was confused about which door they were asking me to walk out of Lowery said 50 51 Martin Baron executive editor of The Washington Post issued a statement saying there was absolutely no justification for Wesley Lowery s arrest and that the police behavior was wholly unwarranted and an assault on the freedom of the press to cover the news 52 Al Jazeera America journalists including correspondent Ash har Quraishi covering the protests in Ferguson on Wednesday night were also tear gassed and shot at with rubber bullets by a police SWAT team An officer was captured on video turning the reporters video camera toward the ground and dismantling their equipment 53 54 55 Al Jazeera America issued a statement calling the incident an egregious assault on the freedom of the press that was clearly intended to have a chilling effect on our ability to cover this important story 56 On Thursday August 14 the St Charles County Regional SWAT Team put out a press release stating that the SWAT Team has not been any part of attempting to prevent media coverage and that the SWAT team had helped journalists move their equipment at their request 54 A raw video captured a vehicle marked clearly as St Charles County SWAT rolling up to the Al Jazeera lights and camera and taking them down 57 nbsp A police marksman posted atop armored vehicleTom Jackson the Ferguson police chief denied any suppression of the media U S President Barack Obama addressed the First Amendment violations saying There s also no excuse for police to use excessive force against peaceful protests or to throw protesters in jail for lawfully exercising their First Amendment rights And here in the United States of America police should not be bullying or arresting journalists who are just trying to do their jobs and report to the American people on what they see on the ground 58 St Louis alderman Antonio French who was documenting the protests for social media was also arrested by police in Ferguson on Wednesday night 59 French said that he went into his car to escape tear gas and smoke bombs being thrown by police While he was in his car police approached him dragging him out of the car French was arrested for unlawful assembly 60 Speaking to reporters after his release from jail on Thursday French described the dozen or so other people arrested as peacekeepers including reverends young people organizing the peace effort 61 62 No charges were ultimately brought against French 63 The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press RCFP a large coalition of media and press freedom groups wrote to police forces in Ferguson Missouri to protest the harassment of journalists covering the protests 64 65 nbsp United States Senator Claire McCaskill D MO talking to protesters in FergusonOn August 14 United States Senator Claire McCaskill D MO stated that militarization of the police escalated the protesters response 66 St Louis Chief of Police Sam Dotson stated he would not have employed military style policing such as that which transpired According to Chief Dotson My gut told me what I was seeing were not tactics that I would use in the city and I would never put officers in situations that I would not do myself Another reason Dotson did not want the city and county police to collaborate was because of the history of racial profiling by police in that county In an email to a St Louis Alderman who brought up concerns of racial profiling he wrote I agree and removed our tactical assistance We did not send tactical resources to Ferguson on Tuesday or Wednesday Our only assistance was that of four traffic officers to help divert traffic and keep both pedestrians and motorists safe On Thursday we will have no officers assisting Ferguson 67 nbsp Missouri Highway Patrol Captain Ronald S Johnson was asked to take over law enforcement jurisdiction at FergusonMissouri Governor Jay Nixon said at a press conference that the Missouri State Highway Patrol would take over policing Ferguson from the St Louis County police whose tactics were widely criticized referring to the change as an operational shift and that police will use force only when necessary and will generally step back a little bit 59 Nixon said that Ferguson security would be overseen by Captain Ron Johnson of the Highway Patrol Johnson an African American said he grew up in the community and it means a lot to me personally that we break this cycle of violence 68 Nixon said The people of Ferguson want their streets to be free of intimidation and fear he said but during the past few days it looked a little bit more like a war zone and that s not acceptable 59 St Louis county prosecutor Robert P McCulloch criticized the governor s decision saying It s shameful what he did today he had no legal authority to do that To denigrate the men and women of the county police department is shameful 69 In the evening hours of August 14 Captain Johnson walked with and led a large peaceful march in Ferguson 70 nbsp Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson at the August 14 2014 news conferenceFerguson Police Chief Tom Jackson announced the name of the officer involved in the shooting in a news conference the morning of Friday August 15 nearly a week after the officer shot Brown on Saturday afternoon Jackson prefaced the name announcement by describing a strong arm robbery that had occurred a few minutes before the shooting at a nearby convenience store called Ferguson Market amp Liquor A police report released to members of the media at the news conference described Brown as the suspect involved in the robbery 71 Hours later Jackson held another news conference in which he said Wilson wasn t aware of the robbery when he stopped Brown 72 On Friday night protests continued in an almost celebratory manner near the QuikTrip 73 74 until police arrived at around 11 00 p m 75 76 At around 1 30 a m Saturday morning rioters broke into and looted the Ferguson Market amp Liquor store that Brown allegedly robbed prior to his shooting as well as other nearby businesses after the initial break in a group of protesters and observers gathered near the storefronts of the looted businesses in an attempt to prevent further looting 77 nbsp Law enforcement responding to civil unrest August 17 2014As a result of looting and disruption the night before on August 16 Nixon declared in a press conference a state of emergency and implemented nightly curfews in Ferguson from midnight to 5 00 a m Some residents at the press conference said that law enforcement officers had instigated the violence with their military like tactics 78 Johnson said that police would not enforce the curfew with armored trucks and tear gas and that police will communicate with protesters and give them time and opportunity to leave before curfew 79 In the early hours of August 17 tear gas and tactical units were used despite prior assurances One of the protesters was shot by police and critically wounded police have claimed that they did not fire any shots 80 Seven other individuals were arrested 81 82 Later that morning a Missouri Highway Patrol spokesman announced that the curfew would be extended for a second day 83 nbsp Protests at Ferguson on August 17 2014On August 18 after violent clashes during the imposed curfew Nixon issued an executive order calling in the National Guard to help restore peace and order and to protect the citizens of Ferguson 84 Nixon also announced that there would be no curfew on the night of August 18 85 Amnesty International sent a 13 person contingent of human rights activists to seek meetings with officials as well as to train local activists in non violent protest methods 86 Police were recorded threatening the media with mace 87 88 A photojournalist Scott Olson was also arrested by officers 89 After being briefed by Attorney General Eric Holder on the events President Obama dispatched Holder to Ferguson to monitor the unrest there 90 On the night of August 18 after several hundred protesters some of whom were seen throwing bottles charged toward a wall of police 60 wide and five deep members of the crowd pushed them back including clergymen and community leaders locking arms averting a more serious confrontation 91 78 individuals were arrested including The Intercept s Ryan Devereaux 92 German journalists Ansgar Graw and Frank Hermann reported being placed under arrest by an unidentified officer who would only identify himself as Donald Duck 93 On August 20 Attorney General Eric Holder traveled to Ferguson where he met with residents as well as Brown s family 94 Only six individuals were arrested compared to 47 arrests the prior night 95 Nixon then withdrew the National Guard from Ferguson on August 21 after witnessing improvements among the social unrest 96 On August 23 protests continued to be peaceful although three more arrests were made 97 During the same day a rally of 50 to 70 people was held in Ferguson in support of Wilson under the banner I am Darren Wilson 98 and as of August 25 nearly US 400 000 were raised by supporters in an online crowdfunding campaign The online campaign drew a number of racist comments which forced the website to shut down the comment section 99 100 Brown s family asked that supporters suspend their protests for one day out of respect for the funeral proceedings planned for August 25 All I want tomorrow is peace while we lay our son to rest Please that s all I ask Brown s father said 101 The service was attended by thousands of people including 2 500 filling the sanctuary and others in an overflow auditorium which was also full An estimated 2 000 additional people were on church property for the funeral Eric Davis one of Brown s cousins said at the funeral s how up at the voting booths Let your voices be heard and let everyone know that we have had enough of all of this 102 September 2014 edit Early on September 23 a memorial to Michael Brown on Canfield Drive burned to the ground Protesters gathered at the site 103 The burned memorial was set up again 104 That evening several hundred protesters gathered asking for Jackson s resignation In front of the police headquarters protected by 50 police officers 105 Jackson addressed the protest and started to explain that changes were underway after Brown s killing creating some agitation in the crowd Within minutes police officers intervened to protect their chief 105 Several protesters were arrested and later the protest was declared unlawful 105 On September 26 the Department of Justice s Civil Rights Division asked Jackson to prohibit police officers from wearing I am Darren Wilson bracelets when on duty In a previous letter earlier that week it had asked that police officers wear nametags 106 On the evening of September 28 a large crowd protested Bottles and rocks were thrown at officers Support from other police forces was requested Eight protesters were arrested for failure to disperse and resisting arrest charges 107 On September 29 protesters gathered in front of the police building including a dozen clergy members who prayed in the police parking They were told that they would be arrested if they did not clear the street A clergyman was then arrested Protesters were also told that they would be arrested if the chants went on after 11 00 p m About that time police moved slowly forward but protesters refused to move backwards As they were almost in contact gunshots were heard and both sides backed up Later Capt Ron Johnson of the Missouri Highway Patrol told the crowd that the five second rule would not be implemented and there would be no arrest as long as the protest remained peaceful 108 October 2014 edit On October 2 St Louis County Police and Missouri State Highway Patrol arrested more than a dozen people 109 including Mary Moore a freelance journalist who has worked for CNN and local activists Ashley Yates Alexis Templeton and Brittany Ferrell 110 Protesters were charged with offenses that included failure to comply with police noise ordinance violations and resisting arrest They had to wear orange jumpsuits Bonds were highest at 2 700 then reduced to 1 000 109 Police dismantled an encampment that lasted a few weeks on West Florissant Police and protesters are adapting constantly to the other side s moves It s a legal clinic on these streets The city has recently raised bonds from 100 to 1 000 104 On October 3 Ferguson police chief Thomas Jackson ceded responsibility for managing protests in the city to the St Louis County police department The limited resources of Ferguson police made it difficult to handle daily protests after their resumption the previous week 111 On October 4 about 50 protesters briefly delayed a concert of the St Louis Symphony Orchestra Just before the performance resumed after intermission they started singing an old civil rights tune unfurled three hand painted banners and scattered paper hearts that read Requiem for Mike Brown After that they left the building peacefully 112 On Monday evening October 6 after a game between the St Louis Cardinals and the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball supporters and protesters had a chanting battle outside the stadium 113 A website Ferguson October as well as other organizations planned a massive week of resistance throughout the St Louis metropolitan area The event Ferguson October began on Friday afternoon when protesters peacefully marched to County Prosecutor Bob McCulloch s office in Clayton Missouri 114 Later until around 2 30 a m mostly peaceful protests took place in Ferguson and the Shaw neighborhood As many as 400 people took to the streets on Friday night On October 9 2014 Ferguson October sparked the activation of the St Louis County Emergency Center in anticipation 115 Police were also working longer shifts and the Missouri National Guard could have been activated if needed 114 On October 12 a Ferguson October rally and service was held at Chaifetz Arena located on Saint Louis University s campus The stated purpose of the event was to call on the nation to repent for the sin of police brutality and support a new generation of youth activists Activists Suheir Hammad Ashley Yates and Tef Poe spoke to the crowd along with Christian Jewish and Muslim clergy members Younger activists criticized older activists for not being radical enough When the keynote speaker Cornel West took the stage he said I didn t come here to give a speech I came here to go to jail 116 On October 13 protesters attempted to cross police lines to meet with officers at the Ferguson Police Department Dozens of protesters estimated to be over 50 were arrested during a staged and peaceful act of disobedience including clergy and Cornel West 117 Saint Louis University became hosts to peaceful protesters around the Clock Tower located near the library and is essentially the center of the campus The protesters staged a sit in with over 250 people attending 118 On October 20 Missouri Senator Jamilah Nasheed was arrested in front of the Ferguson Police Department building for blocking traffic in the street and not respecting police orders She was taken into custody along with a man who was accompanying her and refused bond At the time of her arrest she was carrying a handgun 119 120 121 November 2014 edit On November 17 the governor of Missouri declared a state of emergency in anticipation of protests in Ferguson following the announcement of the results of the grand jury 122 On November 21 two members of the New Black Panther Party were arrested for buying explosives they planned to detonate during protests The same pair is also indicted for purchasing two pistols under false pretenses 123 On November 22 Journalist Trey Yingst was arrested in front of the Ferguson Police Department He later filed a lawsuit with the ACLU and won an 8 500 settlement 124 125 On November 24 the grand jury decided not to indict Wilson in the shooting death of Brown 126 Following the announcement of the grand jury s decision Michael Brown s stepfather Louis Head yelled to the crowd of protesters in front of the police department Burn this bitch down 127 There were peaceful protests as well as rioting A dozen buildings were burned down there was gunfire looting vandalism and destruction of two St Louis County Police patrol cars as well as burning of various non police cars 128 129 130 On November 25 the body of 20 year old DeAndre Joshua was found inside a parked car within a few blocks of where Brown was killed Police initially classified the death as suspicious later ruling it a homicide 131 The man had been shot in the head and burned 132 That same day CNN reported that thousands of people rallied to protest the grand jury s decision in more than 170 U S cities from Boston to Los Angeles and that National Guard forces were reinforced at Ferguson to prevent the situation from escalating 133 At least 90 people were arrested for arson looting and vandalism in Oakland California 134 Protests also took place internationally with demonstrations held in several major cities in Canada 135 and in London United Kingdom 136 Calls by protesters to disrupt the Black Friday shopping day which took place the Friday after the grand jury decision were heeded in the St Louis region with hundreds of demonstrators blocking walkways and shouting slogans at the Saint Louis Galleria and other area shopping centers 137 On November 27 Governor Nixon reportedly rejected calls for a new grand jury to decide whether to charge Wilson over Brown s killing 138 December 2014 edit On December 2 an armed militia associated with the Oath Keepers watched community members on Ferguson roofs even after the police told them to stop doing so 139 March 2015 edit On the night of March 11 2015 around 12 00 a m CST protests ensued throughout the city of Ferguson following the announcement of the chief of police s resignation Under a mutual separation agreement police chief Thomas Jackson would be paid one year of annual salary nearly 96 000 with health benefits with his resignation effective March 19 Lieutenant Colonel Al Eickhoff was declared acting chief pending the hiring of a replacement 140 According to a report by Susan Weich of the St Louis Post Dispatch there were two sets of protesters one chanting clean slogans and the other volatile angry hurling profanities at the police media and other protesters 141 In the early morning hours of March 12 two police officers were shot outside the Ferguson police station Though approximately 100 protesters remained on the other side of South Florissant Road adjacent to the police line witnesses believed the shooter was on the top of a hill approximately 220 yards from the police station 142 A 41 year old officer from the St Louis County Police Department was hit in the shoulder and a 32 year old officer from the Webster Groves Police Department was hit in the cheek 143 The St Louis County police chief said that at least three shots were fired parallel to the ground rather than up into the air not skip shots and therefore assumed his officers were the target 144 145 An intense manhunt was launched for the person or persons responsible for the shooting 146 On March 14 20 year old black male Jeffrey L Williams was arrested in connection with the shooting 147 April 2015 edit On April 29 protests resumed in the wake of the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore Maryland Two people were shot in the neck and a third was shot in the leg with all three victims being in stable condition Six people were arrested one for shooting one of the victims and five for looting a Mobil gas station Four police cars were damaged after rocks were thrown at them Several items were also set on fire 5 August 2015 edit On August 9 the anniversary of Brown s fatal shooting peaceful demonstrations occurred and attendants observed four and a half minutes of silence signifying the four and a half hours during which Brown s body was left on the street 148 nbsp Police and protesters on August 10 2015Later on in the night two groups of suspected looters began firing at each other during a demonstration Four plain clothed officers in an unmarked sports utility vehicle responded to the scene There they shot a man who allegedly opened fire on them with a stolen 9mm SIG Sauer handgun The suspect identified as Tyrone Harris Jr was hospitalized in critical and unstable condition Three hours after the shooting two teenagers were wounded in an apparent drive by shooting as they were walking near a memorial dedicated to Brown A journalist was also attacked and robbed in a parking lot while three police officers were injured by protesters 148 149 150 151 Following the violence officials placed St Louis County under a state of emergency on August 10 which was lifted three days later 15 150 152 Protests continued that day and into the night with one such event shutting down Interstate 70 More than 100 protesters were arrested during the demonstrations 153 154 Early in the morning of August 11 more than 20 additional protesters were arrested 155 Later that day police released video footage of Harris shooting 156 August 2016 edit On the second anniversary of Michael Brown s death mourners decided to hold a protest by blocking a road way A vehicle later drove through the protesters hitting one and knocking them into the air Protesters then began to shoot at the fleeing vehicle The injured protester was later brought to a hospital and the driver cooperated with police 157 Related incidents editRay Albers edit source source source source source source source St Ann police officer Ray Albers who was suspended for pointing his rifle at peaceful protesters 158 Ray Albers of the St Ann Police Department was suspended indefinitely from his duties after an incident at a protest in Ferguson that was captured on video According to St Louis County police he pointed a semi automatic service rifle at peaceful protesters while using profanity and threatening to kill them 159 160 161 162 Albers was recorded on video saying I will fucking kill you 163 164 When asked to identify himself Albers replied Go fuck yourself 163 This led the ACLU to write to law enforcement demanding action 163 164 A repercussion of his actions was that while his identification was pending Albers was widely referred to on social media as Officer Go Fuck Yourself 163 165 166 Albers resigned eight days later on August 28 2014 167 168 169 Kajieme Powell edit Four miles from Ferguson 25 year old Kajieme Powell was killed by police gunfire in the early afternoon of August 19 2014 It had been reported to the St Louis Police Department that Powell was behaving in an erratic manner carrying a knife Upon arriving at the scene police officers ordered Powell to drop to the ground before shooting him dead when he took a step towards them Twelve shots were fired in total one witness described the level of force used as excessive 170 Demonstrators were ready to engage in protest and the event was given due immediate coverage by the media 171 172 Kajieme Powell was born in 1990 St Louis police released several video and audio recordings of the shooting on 21 August 170 Dan Page edit On August 22 St Louis County Police officer Dan Page who was filmed pushing CNN s Don Lemon was relieved of duty after a video emerged of an inflammatory speech Page had given to the St Louis and St Charles chapter of the Oath Keepers 173 He retired three days later 169 174 Matthew Pappert edit Glendale police officer Matthew Pappert who had patrolled in Ferguson during the protests was suspended for controversial postings to Facebook such as t hese protesters should have been put down like a rabid dog the first night and w here is a Muslim with a backpack when you need him referring to the Boston Marathon bombings 175 176 177 Journalists in Ferguson claimed Pappert had threatened them 176 Pappert was ultimately fired from the department after the conclusion of an internal investigation 167 169 Lawsuit against police and local governments edit A 40 million federal lawsuit was filed on August 28 by five protesters who were arrested between August 11 13 It alleges that police officers used unnecessary force and made unjustified arrests 178 Four more protesters were added as plaintiffs in October 179 The lawsuit lists various police officials officers the Ferguson city government and the St Louis county government as defendants 178 Vonderrit Myers Jr edit On October 8 2014 Vonderrit Myers Jr was shot and killed by an off duty police officer in Shaw St Louis Police said he had a gun and shot at them Doug Hollis of St Louis a relative of both Myers and Michael Brown did not witness the shooting but told USA Today that Myers was unarmed with only a sandwich in his hands and suggested that the gun found at the scene might have been planted by police 180 Following the shooting there were multiple nights of protests 181 182 Forensic evidence later confirmed that Myers had gunshot residue on his right hand shirt and pants indicating that he had fired a gun Three bullets fired at police matched Myers s gun 183 184 185 The family s attorney noticed that police versions differ about the weapon Myers allegedly used first police mentioned a 9mm Ruger and later a 9mm Smith amp Wesson It was later determined that Myers did have a gun and it matched the same gun he was seen with in various photos posted to social media 186 An independent autopsy by Dr Cyril H Wecht found that six of the eight wounds were at the back of the body 187 Police investigators served Wecht with a subpoena for his results The funeral was held on October 26 188 On May 19 2015 it was announced that no charges would be filed against the off duty police officer St Louis Circuit Attorney Jennifer Joyce s report says the officer shot and killed Myers in self defense after Myers fired a gun at him and thus a criminal violation could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt in the resulting death 189 Antonio Martin edit Main article Shooting of Antonio Martin On December 23 2014 18 year old Antonio Martin was shot and killed in Berkeley Missouri after pulling a gun on a St Louis County police officer who was questioning him The incident provoked additional violent protests in the area 190 Jeffrey L Williams edit On March 14 2015 Jeffrey L Williams age 20 147 was arrested in connection with the shooting of two police officers two days earlier see above Williams who is black and was on probation for possession of stolen property 147 had admitted to firing the shots but said that he was not aiming at police According to Williams attorney he intended to retaliate against a person who had robbed him earlier that day 191 Police recovered a 40 caliber handgun that matched the spent cartridges found at the crime scene 143 On April 1 the Associated Press reported that during phone conversations Williams confessed to firing back at an unidentified person who was shooting at him during the March 12 protest His attorney had previously claimed Williams never discharged a firearm during the shooting 192 Arraigned on June 3 Williams pleaded not guilty to all charges In December 2016 a jury found Williams guilty of two counts of first degree assault three counts of armed criminal action and one count of unlawful use of a weapon He was sentenced to 25 years in prison on March 17 2017 193 Tyrone Harris Jr edit On August 9 2015 the anniversary of Brown s shooting Tyrone Harris Jr age 18 was shot by four plain clothed police officers during a gunfight between looters see above He was hospitalized in critical condition Police charged him with four counts of first degree assault on law enforcement five counts of armed criminal action and one count of discharging a firearm at a motor vehicle Harris was held on a 250 000 cash only bond 148 According to Harris father he graduated from the same high school as Brown and was a close friend of his 151 Two days after the shooting police released surveillance video of Harris firing a gun at an unmarked police car 194 Harris was out on bond for felony charges related to the theft of a vehicle and a gun at the time of the incident 195 Despite video evidence Harris father denied that his son had a gun Others in Ferguson said that Harris might not have known he was firing at an unmarked police car 196 On the night that Harris was shot a free benefit concert to raise money for the family of Brown was sponsored by Activist Rapper Talib Kweli Kweli along with Academy Award winner Common and other members of the Black Lives Matter movement were present Harris was shot while the concert took place The event and subsequent protest were filmed and organized into an award winning short documentary entitled Bars4Justice directed by multi media activists Queen Muhammad Ali and Hakeem Khaaliq The film won best short film at the 24th annual Pan African Film Festival in 2016 Later deaths of protestors editAs of March 2019 update Ferguson protesters have continued to receive threats to their lives or wellbeing 197 A number have died under circumstances viewed as suspicious by the community 197 Continuing mistrust between the police and the community may have resulted in the police failing to adequately investigate these deaths 197 On September 6 2016 Darren Seals a leader in the Ferguson protests was found shot and killed inside a burning car similarly to DeAndre Joshua 197 he was 29 years old 198 Edward Crawford known for the iconic photograph of him throwing a tear gas canister during the protests also died in 2017 after according to police committing suicide 199 Related developments editTown hall meetings edit In order to develop a dialogue between authorities and residents a series of five town meetings in October and November were set up by City leaders The DOJ s Community Relations Service was involved and the meetings were closed to the media and non residents 200 Voter registration edit It was reported that 3 200 inhabitants out of 21 000 had registered to vote in Ferguson since Michael Brown s death 201 Later the election board stated that the released numbers were inaccurate and only 128 new voter registrations occurred The larger number was the total number of interactions with Ferguson voters including address changes or other alterations 202 203 Ferguson PR sub contractor fired edit Devin James a minority PR person hired shortly before the unrest began was fired by the St Louis Economic Development Partnership after his prior record came to light James worked directly with the Ferguson Police Chief and seems to be the one who suggested the video apology among other things 204 The Partnership was informed that James served a 90 day work farm sentence in 2009 for reckless homicide As a victim of an armed robbery in 2004 he shot 8 times and killed one of his two assailants Earlier in 2004 he was shot in the shoulder as a victim of another armed robbery After a troubled youth James managed to attend university but the two robberies prevented him from obtaining a degree 205 James kept his position on a pro bono basis Injunction against keep moving rule at peaceful protests edit On September 29 2014 the ACLU asked a federal court to order police to stop using the keep moving rule during protests in Ferguson which prevented people from standing still under threat of arrest St Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar testified that the rule was meant to be used for the most volatile night protests during curfew and was mistakenly used by some officers at calm protests during the day 206 On October 6 Chief Judge Catherine D Perry of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri ruled that The practice of requiring peaceful demonstrators and others to walk rather than stand still violates the constitution and issued an injunction against the practice for peaceful law abiding protesters in Ferguson 207 208 Rebuilding process edit The QuikTrip that was looted and burned during the first night of unrest will be rebuilt as a job training center as part of the Urban League of Metropolitan St Louis s empowering communities effort The center when complete will house the new Save Our Sons program St Louis area companies have contributed 1 2 million toward the effort meant to give young jobless or underemployed men a month s training before matching them with area jobs 209 Philanthropy help edit Wanting to aid the healing process of the wounded city an anonymous couple called the Greater Saint Louis Community Foundation and set up a 100 000 fund But the generous couple didn t know which programs or initiatives would best help Ferguson so they requested that a racially balanced group of Ferguson residents make the decision on how to distribute the money 210 The Come Together Ferguson grant committee made up of pairs of black and white teachers police officers pastors and residents decided to award the first round of grants to Ferguson summer youth programs On Saturday May 23 2015 the committee announced it would distribute 39 000 to eleven organizations selected out of 42 applications 211 New police chief named edit Delrish Moss a seasoned Miami police officer with decades of experience related to public relations and community outreach was appointed police chief in April 2016 Major Moss who is black will be leading the primarily white police force in protecting a community where over half of residents are African American 212 Racial context editThe Washington Post noted that racial disparities had already existed between the Ferguson Police Department and its citizenry which had experienced significant demographic changes since 2000 213 Protests 214 vandalism and other forms of social unrest continued for more than a week 215 and the violence escalated despite the imposition of a night curfew 216 217 Several of the stores looted during the unrest are Asian American owned with The Daily Beast writing that Asian Americans tend to be left out of the race relations discussion 218 Also according to The Washington Post the Ferguson Police Department bears little demographic resemblance to the mostly African American community which already harbored suspicions of the law enforcement agency preceding Brown s shooting with 48 of the police force s 53 officers being white 219 while the population is only one third white and about two thirds black 213 220 The community had experienced rapid demographic change in recent years in 2000 just over half of the population was black 213 An annual report last year by the office of Missouri s attorney general concluded that Ferguson police were twice as likely to arrest African Americans during traffic stops as they were whites 213 The Los Angeles Times argued that the situation that exploded in Ferguson has been building for decades stating that the protesters initially came from the town as well as from neighboring towns that have pockets of poverty the poorest towns in St Louis and it also argued that the growing challenge of the suburbanization of poverty was the catalyst of the unrest 221 Time magazine argued that Blacks in this country are more apt to riot because they are one of the populations here which still needs to riot In the case of the 1992 riots 30 years of black people trying to talk about their struggles against racial profiling are muted but their reaction to still vastly unfair treatment came to a boil Sometimes enough is simply too much And after that catalyst event the landscape of southern California changed and nationally police forces took note 222 Another aspect of this situation might stem from a system that burdens the poor and black in Ferguson 223 Minor traffic offenses are the starting point and the costs spiral up rapidly if the offenders do not pay the fines on time or do not appear in court 224 The income from court fines represented the second largest source of revenue for Ferguson in 2013 On October 1 2014 the city of St Louis canceled 220 000 arrest warrants and gave a three month delay to the offenders to get a new court date before the warrants would be reissued 225 Reactions editThis section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available January 2015 In the United States edit Federal government edit On August 12 citing an incident where a St Louis County Police Department helicopter was fired on from the ground the FAA implemented a no fly zone over Ferguson 226 227 Recordings of telephone conversations between FAA employees later revealed that the true reason the flight restrictions were requested was to keep news helicopters out of the area during the protest violence The tapes were obtained by the Associated Press in a Freedom of Information Act FOIA request 228 In an August 14 op ed in Time Magazine U S Senator Rand Paul R Kentucky said that police forces need to be demilitarized and that t he shooting of 18 year old Michael Brown is an awful tragedy and that Anyone who thinks race does not skew the application of criminal justice in this country is just not paying close enough attention 229 Senator Elizabeth Warren D Massachusetts and Representative Justin Amash R Michigan tweeted similar descriptions of Ferguson as a war zone in the aftermath of the police actions of August 12 with Amash calling the situation frightening on August 13 and Warren demanding answers on August 14 230 On August 23 U S President Barack Obama ordered a review of the distribution of military hardware to state and local police questioning the use of such equipment during the racial unrest in Ferguson The review will be led by White House staff and includes the Domestic Policy Council the National Security Council the Office of Management and Budget as well as other agencies including the Department of Defense Homeland Security the Justice Department and the Treasury Department in coordination with Congress 231 Attorney General Eric Holder said in a statement to The New York Times that it makes sense to take a look at whether military style equipment is being acquired for the right purposes and whether there is proper training on when and how to deploy it and that d isplays of force in response to mostly peaceful demonstrations can be counterproductive 232 On September 4 Eric Holder announced that the Justice Department will investigate Ferguson police force for possible misconduct or discrimination saying that w e have determined that there is cause for the Justice Department to open an investigation to determine whether Ferguson police officials have engaged in a pattern or practice of violations of the U S Constitution or federal law 18 Attorney General Holder indicated that an overhaul similar to a recent agreement with the Albuquerque police department over use of excessive force could be called for in Ferguson It s pretty clear that the need for wholesale change in that department is appropriate Holder said 19 On September 24 at the United Nations General Assembly President Obama described the racial tensions at Ferguson as a failure to live up to America s ideals and said that i n a summer marked by instability in the Middle East and Eastern Europe I know the world also took notice of the small American city of Ferguson Missouri where a young man was killed and a community was divided So yes we have our own racial and ethnic tensions 233 On November 24 minutes after a prosecuting attorney announced that a grand jury decided not to indict police officer Darren Wilson President Obama urged calm and restraint in Ferguson saying racial discrimination and distrust of police cannot be resolved by throwing bottles Immediately after the shooting and in the weeks leading up to the grand jury announcement President Obama has made several such calls for calm and restraint in Ferguson 234 On November 24 after reports of gunshots fired into the sky in Ferguson the FAA diverted some flights to other airports that were inbound to St Louis Departures were not affected The Temporary Flight Restriction said that no news helicopters or commercial flights were allowed in a three mile radius up to an altitude of 3000 feet 235 236 Supreme Court Justices edit Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said in an August 22 interview with The National Law Journal that the events at Ferguson and the stop and frisk policies in New York City point to a real racial problem in the U S 237 Additionally Justice Sonia Sotomayor cited the Department of Justice s Ferguson Report extensively in her dissent in the 2016 Fourth Amendment case Utah v Strieff as evidence of systemic racial bias in police practice 238 Missouri government edit On August 14 Governor of Missouri Jay Nixon stated that the Ferguson riots were deeply challenging and promised operational shifts to ease the situation 239 using the Missouri State Highway Patrol to direct security 56 Maria Chappelle Nadal a Missouri Senator who represented parts of Ferguson and was tear gassed during the demonstrations said in an interview that It doesn t matter if Michael Brown committed theft or not That s not the issue The issue is what happened when Darren Wilson encountered Michael Brown and when he died when he was killed Those are the only facts that are necessary 240 James Knowles III the Mayor of Ferguson was slow to seek support and coordination from state and county authorities as violence and civil unrest developed in his municipality Mayor Knowles did not receive a phone call from either the Governor or others as riots developed and even as others came on the scene no one appeared to take charge 241 Local authorities edit Jennings Missouri On August 11 in response to safety concerns the school district in nearby Jennings cancelled the first day of classes 242 243 Ferguson Florissant School District Missouri On August 13 in response to the continuing unrest in the community Ferguson Florissant schools that were to open Thursday were closed and scheduled to reopen on Monday 244 On Sunday Aug 17 the school district again cancelled the first day of classes due to ongoing unrest On Monday administrators for the district announced that school would continue to be closed through the end of the school week 245 On August 12 Metropolitan Police Department City of St Louis Commissioner of Police Sam Dotson decided against providing any more manpower to Ferguson owing to concerns about the welfare of the protesters and the handling of the situation by local police 246 On September 1 it was reported that after receiving a large amount of criticism regarding their practices the police force in Ferguson had begun to wear body cameras The cameras had been donated to the police by two private security firms 247 Brown family edit One of Brown s cousins released a statement saying that the stealing and breaking in stores is not what Mike will want it is very upsetting to me and my family The statement also said Our family didn t ask for this but for justice and peace 248 After the grand jury s decision was announced Brown s mother Lesley McSpadden speaking to a crowd expressed feelings of disbelief and innocence 249 Brown s stepfather Louis Head turned to a crowd of demonstrators who had gathered and yelled Burn this motherfucker down and Burn this bitch down according to a New York Times video 250 He later apologized for his outburst 251 Polls edit A Pew Research poll conducted August 14 17 among 1 000 adults found stark racial and political divisions in reactions to the shooting By about four to one African Americans 80 to 18 said the shooting raised important issues about race while whites by 47 to 37 said the issue of race is getting more attention than it deserves The divide in public opinion was also observed across partisan lines with 68 of Democrats including 62 of white Democrats believing the incident raises important issues about race that merit discussion compared with 40 of Independents and 22 of Republicans Republicans were also more likely than Democrats to view the police response as appropriate 43 compared with 21 of Democrats 65 of Republicans expressed confidence in the investigations into the incident compared with 38 of Democrats 252 Third parties edit nbsp Protestors gather at the Ferguson police departmentAs of December 28 2014 at least 253 demonstrations had been held worldwide for Michael Brown or in solidarity with Ferguson 253 Local pastors held a vigil on the morning of Sunday August 10 254 Another vigil was planned on the same day at 8 00 p m in the area where Brown was killed 254 National vigils and marches occurred on the evening of Thursday August 14 in over 100 cities around the U S with thousands in attendance They were organized by FeministaJones using Twitter and the NMOS14 hashtag 255 256 Hacktivists claiming an association with Anonymous and operating under the codename Operation Ferguson organized cyberprotests by setting up a website and a Twitter account 257 The group promised that if any protesters were harassed or harmed they would attack the city s servers and computers taking them offline 257 City officials said that e mail systems were targeted and phones died while the Internet crashed at the City Hall 257 258 Prior to August 15 members of Anonymous corresponding with Mother Jones said that they were working on confirming the identity of the undisclosed police officer who shot Brown and would release his name as soon as they did 259 On August 14 Anonymous posted on its Twitter feed what it claimed was the name of the officer involved in the shooting 59 260 However police said the identity released by Anonymous was incorrect 261 Twitter subsequently suspended the Anonymous account from its service 262 A group of Tibetan monks joined the protesters in Ferguson on Sunday August 17 263 nbsp Civil rights leader Reverend Jesse Jackson in Ferguson August 17 2014 On August 17 about 150 people protested in downtown St Louis in support of Darren Wilson The protesters argued that Wilson had been victimized and that any punishment for him would cause law enforcement officers to be frightened to do their jobs 264 CNN along with ABC News and others described the incident as having triggered a national debate on race relations as well as the use of force and the militarization of the police in the United States 215 The Green Shadow Cabinet a group led by 2012 Green Party presidential nominee Dr Jill Stein stated on August 14 that a healthy response by the local police and government agencies in Ferguson and St Louis County would have been to immediately announce a full investigation of the shooting and a review of police policies and practices 265 Some veterans of the U S Armed Forces criticized the tactics and procedures used by the police during the unrest including the use of assault rifles in a protest situation They also criticized the choice to use canine units which played into racial imagery exacerbating the issue and encouraged engaging the civilian population in dialogue and social media 266 On September 22 protesters received support from a California based group called We Copwatch to improve the way they record their interactions with the police 267 In October 2014 members of the Emerson Unitarian Universalist Chapel in the primarily white St Louis suburb of Chesterfield Missouri held its first Black Lives Matter vigil to honor Michael Brown 268 The group evolved into the West County Community Action Network WE CAN a grassroots organization that holds weekly Black Lives Matter vigils in visible locations in primarily white portions of St Louis County Missouri The organization advocates about various Calls to Action of the Ferguson Commission Report Forward Through Ferguson A Path Toward Racial Equity 269 a 2015 analysis that highlighted structural contributions to inequity in the region and ways to address them 270 The group s efforts focused in the western area of the county include working to dismantle the school to prison pipeline 271 promoting racial equity in police work 268 and advocating about racially equitable voting rights 272 Members of the group are also poised to respond to racist acts in the area 273 St Louis Rams wide receiver Kenny Britt led his teammates Tavon Austin Jared Cook Stedman Bailey and Chris Givens in giving the Hands up Don t shoot gesture when walking on to the field prior to the November 30 contest against the Oakland Raiders The five came under fire from several media outlets including Mike Ditka who called the display embarrassing 274 International reactions edit China The Chinese state news Xinhua News Agency said hours before the governor ordered National Guard troops into Ferguson Obviously what the United States needs to do is to concentrate on solving its own problems rather than always pointing fingers at others 275 Egypt Its Ministry of Foreign Affairs stressed that it agrees calls for self restraint and respect for the right of assembly and peaceful expression of opinion in the protests hoping that the American authorities deal with the protests according to the international standards 276 Egypt s Foreign Ministry Spokesman said that Egypt is closely following up with the mounting protests in Ferguson 277 France French Minister of Justice Christiane Taubira commented on Radio France Internationale I will not make value judgements on the institutions of the United States but when the sense of frustration is that strong that deep that long lasting and that huge there is reason to question whether people trust these institutions You realise that somehow it only happens to the same people Afro American kids Certain cliches still persist certain prejudices which can create terrible reflexes She also tweeted in French Michael Brown racial profiling social exclusion territorial segregation cultural relegation weapons fear fatal cocktail Taking a line of the song I Shot the Sheriff by Bob Marley she added Kill them before they grow 278 Iran The Islamic Republic News Agency commented Violence has become institutionalized in the U S in recent years but since President Obama the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize winner came to the White House the violence has intensified and now it has erupted against blacks in Ferguson 275 North Korea called the United States a human rights graveyard 279 the laughingstock of the world and a country wantonly violating the human rights where people are subject to discrimination and humiliation due to their race and are seized with such horror that they do not know when they are going to be shot to death 280 Russia The Russian Foreign Ministry stated Our American partners have to pay more attention to restoring order in their own country before imposing their dubious experience on other nations and that the U S has positioned itself as a bastion of human rights and is actively engaged in export of democracy on a systematic basis but that serious violations of basic human rights and barbaric practices thrive in the country 275 Turkey The Turkish Foreign Ministry criticized the U S police for detaining a correspondent of the state Anadolu news agency while he covered protests in Ferguson Missouri calling it unacceptable and against the freedom of press 281 Others edit From August 14 to 22 Amnesty International USA had a team of human rights observers trainers and researchers in Ferguson It included organizers to train activists in the use of non violent protests 282 283 This was the first time that Amnesty International has deployed such a team to the United States 284 285 286 In a subsequent report of October 24 2014 they expressed concerns for human rights in Ferguson related to the use of lethal force in the death of Brown racial discrimination and excessive use of police force imposition of restrictions on the rights to protest intimidation of protesters the use of tear gas rubber bullets and long range acoustic devices restrictions imposed on the media covering the protests and lack of accountability for law enforcement policing protests 283 287 In Palestine people from Gaza and other Palestinian cities expressed their support for the protestors in Ferguson and shared tips on how to deal with tear gas and police violence noting the weapons fired in Ferguson come from companies that supply Israel 288 289 The PFLP released an official statement of solidarity with Ferguson acknowledging the ties between the Palestinian struggle to liberation and the black liberation movement in the US citation needed Islamic State militants stated that they will use social media to encourage Islamic extremism in Ferguson 290 291 On August 18 Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki moon called for U S authorities to ensure protection of the protesters rights to peaceful assembly and freedom of expression Through a spokesman Ban called for all to exercise restraint for law enforcement officials to abide by U S and international standards in dealing with demonstrators 292 Protesters in Egypt expressed support for protesters in Ferguson using social media and offered advice on how to deal with tear gas 293 Germany In an interview with Der Spiegel Marcel Kuhlmey security expert and professor in the department of security management at the Berlin School of Economics and Law asserted that what happened in Ferguson could never happen in Germany stating that In the U S it seems to me the police are far quicker to resort to guns Even at the training stage there is a much heavier emphasis on shooting than in Germany 275 Zeit Online described the incident as an example of deep rooted racism in the U S concluding that the situation of African Americans has barely improved since Martin Luther King 294 Azteca News wrote that Obama s words of peace and reconciliation are perceived by many activists as inadequate and almost treason to a situation they see as a direct result of slavery and racial segregation laws that were in force until 1965 294 Abigail Chandler of the newspaper The Metro wrote that w hile the London riots were at their worst people were calling for rubber bullets tear gas and water cannons to be used against the rioters Ferguson is a living example of why we should be immensely grateful that those tactics were never used during the U K riots 294 On November 25 2014 journalist Darlena Cunha had a Time magazine article published about the 2014 Ferguson unrest entitled Ferguson In Defense of Rioting Cunha wrote that riots are a necessary part of the evolution of society 222 On November 26 2014 Stand Up To Racism and the London Black Revolutionaries organized a protest outside the Embassy of the United States London against the grand jury s decision gathering hundreds of people throughout the night 295 In 2020 Vicky Osterweil wrote In Defense of Looting as an apologia for looting as occurred in Ferguson as a way to redistribute wealth under racial capitalismGallery edit nbsp A woman protesting against the militarization of police nbsp Protesters in Ferguson nbsp People marching in Ferguson Missouri nbsp Sharpshooter with weapon trained atop a SWAT vehicle nbsp St Charles County SWAT team at Ferguson The device on top of the armored vehicle is a type of directed energy weapon called an LRAD nbsp A woman holding a sign in FergusonSee also edit nbsp United States portal nbsp Law portalFerguson effect List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Police brutality in the United States Race in the United States criminal justice system Racial profilingReferences edit Aja J Williams August 25 2014 Johnson Peace is being restored in Ferguson Ksdk com Retrieved November 30 2014 permanent dead link Fires chaos erupt in Ferguson after grand jury doesn t indict in Michael Brown case CNN November 25 2014 Retrieved January 31 2015 Looking Ahead After Ferguson Protests What Happens Next Huffington December 2 2014 Retrieved January 31 2015 Though the fierce protests in Ferguson Missouri seemed to have died down in the last week or so Number of people arrested injured continues to rise in Ferguson KMOV com Archived from the original on December 2 2014 Retrieved December 3 2014 a b c 3 shot during Ferguson protest 5 arrested for looting Yahoo News April 29 2015 Retrieved April 29 2015 Michael Brown shooting St Louis police shoot knife wielding suspect near Ferguson CBC News Associated Press August 19 2014 Retrieved August 19 2014 At least two people were shot and 31 were arrested he said Four officers were injured by rocks or bottles A photographer and two German reporters were arrested and later released Keating Dan Rivero Cristina Tan Shelly May 21 2013 A breakdown of the arrests in Ferguson The Washington Post Retrieved August 22 2014 Staff Reports More than 50 arrested at Ferguson police station on Moral Monday other events elsewhere stltoday com Archived from the original on December 10 2019 Retrieved November 25 2014 Civil Rights Attorneys Sue Ferguson Over Debtors Prisons NPR News NPR Retrieved November 25 2015 How Ferguson s tickets fines violated rights of blacks CNN March 7 2015 Retrieved November 25 2015 School Segregation the Continuing Tragedy of Ferguson ProPublica Retrieved November 25 2015 Alcindor Yamiche Bello Marisol August 19 2014 Police in Ferguson ignite debate about military tactics USA Today Retrieved August 23 2014 Gibbons Neff Thomas August 14 2014 Military veterans see deeply flawed police response in Ferguson The Washington Post Retrieved August 24 2014 Davey Monica Julie Bosman November 2 2014 Protests Flare After Ferguson Police Officer Is Not Indicted The New York Times a b Frumin Aliyah August 12 2015 State of emergency extended in Ferguson MSNBC Retrieved August 12 2015 Phelps Timothy M Muskal Michael March 4 2015 Federal report largely backs Darren Wilson in Ferguson police shooting case Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on March 18 2015 Retrieved March 25 2015 Department of Justice Report Regarding the Criminal Investigation Into the Shooting Death of Michael Brown by Ferguson Missouri Police Officer Darren Wilson PDF United States Department of Justice Report March 4 2015 pp 80 82 Archived PDF from the original on March 15 2015 Retrieved March 29 2015 a b Barrett Devlin September 4 2014 Justice Department to Investigate Ferguson Police Force The Wall Street Journal Retrieved September 5 2014 a b Federal civil rights charges unlikely against police officer in Ferguson shooting The Washington Post Retrieved November 1 2014 Ferguson Police Department Report The New York Times March 4 2015 Retrieved March 5 2015 Apuzzo Matt March 3 2015 Justice Department Finds Pattern of Police Bias and Excessive Force in Ferguson The New York Times Retrieved March 3 2015 Hands up don t shoot was built on a lie The Washington Post Retrieved January 6 2016 The Ferguson Kleptocracy Marginal Revolution Retrieved September 2 2016 Calamur Krishnadev November 25 2014 Ferguson Documents Officer Darren Wilson s Testimony NPR Retrieved November 25 2014 Kesling Ben August 11 2014 Vigil for Missouri Teen Turns Violent The Wall Street Journal Retrieved August 11 2014 Lieb David Zagier Alan August 15 2014 Ferguson officer in fatal shooting identified unarmed teen suspected of robbery w video The Press Democrat Associated Press Retrieved August 17 2014 Robles Frances Bosman Julie August 17 2014 Autopsy Shows Michael Brown Was Struck at Least 6 Times The New York Times Retrieved August 17 2014 a b Eckholm Erik November 24 2014 Witnesses Told Grand Jury That Michale Brown Charged At Darren Wilson Prosecutor Says The New York Times Retrieved November 25 2014 Follman Mark Michael Brown s Mom Laid Flowers Where He Was Shot and Police Crushed Them Mother Jones Retrieved September 19 2014 a b Yang John August 10 2014 Looting Erupts After Vigil for Slain Missouri Teen Michael Brown NBC News Retrieved August 11 2014 Staff August 11 2014 Protests near St Louis continue for slain teen after riot arrests Chicago Tribune Chicago IL Archived from the original on August 25 2014 Retrieved August 11 2014 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Looting of Ferguson Quicktrip Umar Lee Video YouTube Barker Tim August 11 2014 Ferguson area businesses cope with aftermath of weekend riot St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 12 2014 a b Staff August 11 2014 West Florissant explodes in protest of police shooting more than 30 arrests The St Louis American Retrieved August 12 2014 Piper Brandie August 11 2014 2 officers injured 32 arrested during riots St Louis Missouri KSDK Archived from the original on August 11 2014 Retrieved August 11 2014 Fantz Ashley Howell George Shoichet Catherine E August 11 2014 Protesters fill streets after Michael Brown shooting CNN Retrieved August 11 2014 Zagier Alan Scher August 28 2010 Police protesters again clash outside St Louis Fort Worth Star Telegram Retrieved August 12 2014 Reilly Ryan J Conetta Christine State Senator To Ferguson Police Will I Get Tear Gassed Again The Huffington Post Retrieved August 14 2014 Suhr Jim Salter Jim August 13 2014 Ferguson Seeks Answers After Police Shooting Of Michael Brown The Huffington Post Retrieved August 13 2014 Shoichet Catherine E Brumfield Ben Smith Tristan August 13 2014 Police decline to ID officer in Michael Brown shooting CNN Retrieved August 13 2014 Horowitz Alana August 7 2014 Ferguson Missouri Protest Of Michael Brown Death Swarmed By SWAT Team The Huffington Post Retrieved August 14 2014 Suhr Jim Salter Jim August 13 2014 Protests turn violent in St Louis suburb Associated Press Munshi Neil August 14 2014 US police clash with protesters after black teenager s killing Financial Times of London Retrieved August 14 2014 I Am Mike Brown Argus Radio Retrieved August 13 2014 Speri Alice August 13 2014 Tension Is Mounting in Ferguson as More People Are Shot Vice News Retrieved August 14 2014 Terkel Amanda August 7 2014 Police Officer Caught On Video Calling Michael Brown Protesters F ing Animals The Huffington Post Retrieved August 14 2014 Jessica Lussenhop September 24 2014 Ferguson Police Have Case File for Mya Aaten White Bullet s Location Still in Question Daily Riverfront Times Archived from the original on December 13 2014 Retrieved November 25 2014 The Associated Press Ferguson protests erupt in violence as people lob Molotov cocktails police use tear gas Cleveland com August 13 2014 The Plain Dealer August 14 2014 Retrieved November 25 2014 a b Byers Dylan Gold Hadas August 13 2014 Reporters arrested in Ferguson Politico Retrieved August 14 2014 Eversley Melanie Two reporters arrested in Ferguson Mo USA Today Retrieved August 14 2014 Lowery Wesley August 14 2014 Raw video Interview with 2 national journalists arrested in Ferguson Archived from the original on August 19 2014 Retrieved August 15 2014 Lowery Wesley August 13 2014 In Ferguson Washington Post reporter Wesley Lowery gives account of his arrest The Washington Post Retrieved August 14 2014 Staff August 13 2014 Police fire tear gas stun grenades at Ferguson protesters Retrieved August 14 2014 a b Nolen Casey August 14 2014 TV crews hit by bean bags tear gas St Louis Missouri KSDK Archived from the original on August 24 2014 Retrieved August 15 2014 Mathis Lilley Ben August 14 2014 Police in Ferguson Tear Gassed a TV Camera Crew Then Dismantled Their Equipment Retrieved August 15 2014 a b Pearson Michael Cabrera Ana Shoichet Catherine E August 15 2014 Missouri state troopers take over security in Ferguson CNN RAW video of Al Jazeera America crews hit with tear gas St Louis Missouri KSDK Archived from the original on August 22 2014 Retrieved August 15 2014 Obama Barack April 1 2013 Statement by the President The White House whitehouse gov Retrieved August 15 2014 via National Archives a b c d Bosman Julie Shear Michael D Williams Timothy August 14 2014 Obama Calls for Open Inquiry Into Police Shooting of Teenager in Ferguson Mo The New York Times Retrieved August 14 2014 Williams Aja J August 14 2014 St Louis alderman released following arrest St Louis Missouri KSDK permanent dead link Preston Jennifer August 14 2014 Live Updates on Protests Over Police Shooting in Ferguson Mo The New York Times Southall Ashley August 14 2014 Protest in Missouri at Police Killing of Teenager Is Chronicled on Social Media The New York Times Retrieved August 14 2014 Nicholas J C Pistor Antonio French s star rises from Ferguson unrest St Louis Post Dispatch August 31 2014 Mirkinson Jack August 15 2014 News Coalition Condemns Police Treatment Of Journalists In Ferguson The Huffington Post Retrieved August 15 2014 Police detention of journalists in Ferguson Missouri and public access to information PDF Reporters Committee for Freedom of Press Staff August 14 2014 McCaskill Police Militarization Escalated Unrest In Ferguson Video on NBC News Retrieved August 15 2014 Fang Marina August 14 2014 St Louis Police Chief Condemns Military Tactics Being Used In Ferguson The Huffington Post Retrieved August 15 2014 Missouri troopers to take over Ferguson security Springfield News Leader Associated Press August 15 2014 Retrieved August 15 2014 Staff reports August 11 2014 McCulloch blasts Nixon for replacing St Louis County Police control News St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 15 2014 New Ferguson Police Commander Ron Johnson Walks With Protesters The Huffington Post August 7 2014 Retrieved August 15 2014 Coleen Curry August 15 2014 Public Reacts With Skepticism to Ferguson Police Announcement of Officer Involved in Shooting ABC News Retrieved August 17 2014 Peters Mark Kesling Ben August 15 2014 Police Officer Wasn t Aware Michael Brown Was Suspect in Alleged Robbery The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on October 26 2022 Retrieved October 30 2022 After nearly a week of nightly protests following the death of Michael Brown the demonstrations in Ferguson Friday were the most peaceful appearing almost celebratory Music played as people danced and generally seemed to be having a good time It s kind of weird to be having fun tonight Lordell Rush 27 said around 10 p m as he watched a crowd gather around a drummer outside the QuikTrip store that demonstrators had burned down earlier in the week http www ibtimes com ferguson during friday police standoff protesters try stop looters entering stores 1660418 Staff August 16 2014 Clean Up Underway After More Rioting Looting In Ferguson CBS News Archived from the original on August 21 2014 Retrieved August 22 2014 But things changed around 11 p m Police officers appeared on the scene in riot gear and armored vehicles and used smoke bombs and mace against protesters who refused to clear the street http www ibtimes com ferguson during friday police standoff protesters try stop looters entering stores 1660418 Just before midnight Saturday morning some in what had been a large and rowdy but mostly well behaved crowd broke into that convenience store and began looting it Police and about 200 protesters clashed Police again brought out the riot gear and gas masks to quell with what Missouri State Highway Patrol Captain Ron Johnson called a riot of 200 people http stlouis cbslocal com 2014 08 16 clean up underway after more rioting looting in ferguson Archived August 19 2014 at the Wayback Machine Caulderwood Kathleen August 16 2014 Ferguson During Friday Police Standoff Protesters Try To Stop Looters Entering Stores International Business Times Retrieved August 22 2014 Ellis Ralph Hanna Jason Prokupecz Shimon August 16 2014 Missouri governor imposes curfew in Ferguson declares emergency CNN Retrieved August 16 2014 Lieb David A Salter Jim August 17 2014 Governor declares emergency sets Ferguson curfew Associated Press Archived from the original on August 17 2014 Retrieved August 17 2014 Autopsy Reveals Michael Brown Was Shot at Least 6 Times Twice In Head Report Los Angeles California KTLA August 17 2014 Retrieved August 22 2014 Vinograd Cassandra August 14 2014 Ferguson Protests One Person Shot Seven Arrested in Overnight Clashes NBC News Retrieved August 18 2014 Barrett Joe August 18 2014 Michael Brown Autopsy Finds Six Shots Struck Teen as Ferguson Protest March Ends in Chaos The Wall Street Journal Retrieved August 25 2014 Staff reports August 17 2014 Curfew in Ferguson will be in place for second night volunteers provide lunch St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 17 2014 Hartmann Margaret National GuardDeployed After Chaotic Violent Night in Ferguson New York Retrieved August 18 2014 Berman Mark August 18 2014 Governor Nixon lifts curfew for Ferguson The Washington Post Retrieved August 18 2014 Wulfhorst Ellen August 18 2014 National Guard called to Missouri town roiled by police shooting of teen Reuters Retrieved August 18 2014 Media do not pass us you re getting maced next time you pass us Bluestone Gabrielle August 18 2014 Cops in Ferguson Threaten to Shoot Reporter Mace Chris Hayes Gawker Archived from the original on August 21 2014 Retrieved August 22 2014 Reilly Mollie August 18 2014 Getty Photographer Scott Olson Arrested At Ferguson Protest UPDATED The Huffington Post Retrieved August 22 2014 Jaclson David Obama sending Holder to Ferguson claims progress in Iraq USA Today Retrieved August 18 2014 Brown Rick Brown Johnson M Alex Angelucci Bill Murray Mary Michael Brown Protest Crowd Surges Toward Police in Ferguson NBC News Retrieved August 19 2014 Cook John August 19 2014 Intercept Reporter Shot With Rubber Bullets and Arrested While Covering Ferguson Protests The Intercept Retrieved August 22 2014 German journalists arrested in Ferguson The Local August 19 2014 Retrieved August 22 2014 Michael Brown killing Eric Holder meets teen s family BBC News August 20 2014 Retrieved August 25 2014 Ferguson protests cool down after Holder s visit i24news Tel Aviv Israel Archived from the original on August 26 2014 Retrieved August 25 2014 Gov Nixon taking National Guard out of Ferguson Philadelphia Daily News Archived from the original on August 26 2014 Retrieved August 21 2014 Calm holds in streets of Ferguson Missouri two weeks after police shooting Reuters August 24 2014 Retrieved August 24 2014 Dalrymple II Jim This Is Why Darren Wilson Supporters Are Rallying In St Louis BuzzFeed Retrieved August 26 2014 Staff August 25 2014 Nearly 400 000 raised online for Ferguson cop who fatally shot teen CBS News Retrieved August 25 2014 Johnson Thomas Sullivan Gail Thousands donated to crowdfunding campaign for Darren Wilson the officer who shot Michael Brown The Washington Post Retrieved August 26 2014 Michael Brown s father calls for peace ahead of funeral BBC August 25 2014 Retrieved August 25 2014 Suhr Jim Mourners urge black Americans to take action The Kansas City Star Archived from the original on August 26 2014 Retrieved August 26 2014 Haoues Kylie Chuck Elizabeth September 23 2014 Ferguson Tensions Flare After Michael Brown Memorial Burns NBC News Retrieved September 30 2014 a b Samuels Robert October 4 2014 In Ferguson protesters and police forced to learn as they go amid continued standoff The Washington Post Retrieved October 4 2014 a b c Bruton F Brinley Duchon Richie September 29 2014 Ferguson Missouri s Police Chief Joins Michael Brown Protesters NBC News Retrieved September 30 2014 Haoues Kylie Chuck Elizabeth September 26 2014 DOJ asks Ferguson chief to stop police from wearing I am Darren Wilson bracelets on duty St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved September 30 2014 Coleman Christina September 29 2014 Ferguson PD arrests 8 protesters hunts for cop shooter USA Today Retrieved September 30 2014 Samuels Robert September 30 2014 Protesters in Ferguson Mo stand their ground police ease up The Washington Post Retrieved October 1 2014 a b Stewart Mariah Reilly Ryan J October 3 2014 Ferguson Protesters Outfitted In Orange Jumpsuits And Jailed With High Bail The Huffington Post Retrieved October 4 2014 Samuels Robert October 3 2014 Ferguson police arrest protesters freelance journalist The Washington Post Retrieved October 4 2014 Samuels Robert October 3 2014 Ferguson police chief asks St Louis County police to manage protests The Washington Post Retrieved October 4 2014 Giegerich Steve October 6 2014 Michael Brown protesters interrupt St Louis Symphony Orchestra concert St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on October 22 2014 Retrieved October 30 2022 Vingiano Alison October 7 2014 Pro Darren Wilson Cardinals Fans Clash With Pro Michael Brown Ferguson Protesters In St Louis BuzzFeed Retrieved October 7 2014 a b Alcindor Bello October 11 2014 Amid weekend of protests world is watching Ferguson USA Today Retrieved October 14 2014 Staff October 9 2014 County EOC will Activate Today in Anticipation of Demonstrations CBS News Archived from the original on October 11 2014 Retrieved October 14 2014 Pearce Matt October 12 2014 Ferguson October rally highlights divide among St Louis activists Los Angeles Times Retrieved October 12 2014 Davey Monica Blinder Alan October 13 2014 Clergy Arrested as St Louis Protests of Police Conduct Expand The New York Times Retrieved October 13 2014 Leiser Ken Barker Jacob October 13 2014 Protesters stage sit in at St Louis University St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved April 11 2016 Hahn Valerie Schremp October 21 2014 State Sen Nasheed arrested at protest in Ferguson St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved October 21 2014 Held Kevin S October 20 2014 Missouri state senator arrested in Ferguson USA Today Jamilah Nasheed Missouri State Senator Arrested During Ferguson Protests The Huffington Post October 21 2014 Swaine Jon November 17 2014 Missouri governor declares state of emergency as national guard called in to Ferguson The Guardian Retrieved November 17 2014 Wallis Daniel November 23 2014 FBI arrests two would be Ferguson bomb suspects law enforcement source Reuters Retrieved November 23 2014 Journalist Trey Yingst arrested during Ferguson Mo protests Los Angeles Times November 23 2014 Trey Yingst Journalist Arrested In Ferguson Wins Settlement From St Louis County The Huffington Post Associated Press August 3 2015 Alcindor Yamiche Welch William M November 24 2014 No indictment in Ferguson case USA Today Retrieved November 24 2014 John Eligon Alan Blinder November 25 2014 After Violent Night in Ferguson State Acts to Protect People and Property The New York Times Retrieved November 25 2014 As Ms McSpadden cried Mr Head turned and yelled with an expletive injected Burn this down The crowd began to roar and some demonstrators rushed toward a fence near which police officers had assembled Ellen Wulfhorst Daniel Wallis Edward McAllister November 25 2014 St Louis suburb smolders after racially charged riots Reuters Retrieved November 25 2014 Joe Millitzer November 24 2014 Protesters and police clash after Brown grand jury decision Fox 2 KTVI Retrieved November 25 2014 Ferguson grand jury decision recap Mayhem as police cars businesses burn Los Angeles Times November 24 2014 Retrieved November 25 2014 Barker Jacob November 25 2014 Man found dead in car near Canfield apartments in Ferguson St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved November 25 2014 Police found the body of a man inside a parked car in Ferguson early Tuesday after a night of looting and unrest ravaged parts of that city Crimesider Staff Cops Body of man found in car in Ferguson was burned CBS News Associated Press Retrieved November 30 2014 The body of a man discovered dead in a car Tuesday in Ferguson Missouri was burned and shot in the head according to St Louis County police Almasy Steve Yan Holly November 25 2014 Protesters fill streets across country as Ferguson protests spread coast to coast CNN Retrieved November 26 2014 Looting in Oakland protests Some justify it others condemn it San Francisco Chronicle November 26 2014 Thousands hold vigil in Toronto for slain Ferguson black teenager CTV News November 26 2014 Londoners Are Protesting Against the Ferguson Decision Right Now Vice News November 26 2014 Black Friday shutdown demonstration closes STL Galleria permanent dead link The St Louis American November 27 2014 Ferguson shooting Governor rejects calls for second jury BBC News November 27 2014 Bogan Jesse December 2 2014 Oath Keepers are back on the rooftops in Ferguson despite St Louis County ordinance St Louis Today Retrieved December 4 2014 2 officers shot at protest outside Ferguson Police Department ABC 7 News March 12 2015 Archived from the original on March 13 2015 Chandler Adam March 12 2015 The Gunfire in Ferguson The Atlantic Retrieved March 12 2015 Eligon John March 12 2015 2 Officers Are Shot Outside Ferguson Police Station The New York Times a b Prosecutor Man held in wounding of two officers at Ferguson may have been shooting at someone else St Louis Post Dispatch March 15 2015 Retrieved March 15 2015 Two officers shot outside of department in Ferguson NBC News March 12 2015 Archived from the original on March 16 2015 New video captures gunfire in Ferguson CNN March 12 2015 this low quality video depicts the commotion of the crowd as the gunshots rang out Police seek suspects in Ferguson Missouri police ambush Yahoo News February 12 2015 Retrieved February 12 2015 a b c Richard Valdmanis March 16 2015 Suspect charged in shooting of police officers in Ferguson Missouri Reuters Retrieved March 22 2015 a b c Sidner Sara Karimi Faith August 10 2015 Gunfire erupts in Ferguson on anniversary of Michael Brown s killing CNN Retrieved August 10 2015 Eligon John Smith Mitch August 10 2015 Ferguson Braces for Tense Day After Man Is Shot by Police The New York Times Retrieved August 10 2015 a b Sickles Jason August 10 2015 State of emergency issued following Ferguson anniversary violence Yahoo News Retrieved August 10 2015 a b Brown Lisa Bryant Tim August 10 2015 Man shot by police in Ferguson after he fired at officers police say St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 10 2015 Ferguson state of emergency ends after days of protests CBS News August 14 2015 Retrieved August 16 2015 Salter Jim Zagier Alan Scher August 10 2015 Police shooting protests put Ferguson back on edge Yahoo News Retrieved August 10 2015 Schuppe Jon Anguiano Juan August 10 2015 Ferguson Demonstrations Authorities Declare State of Emergency in St Louis County NBC News Retrieved August 10 2015 Kesling Ben August 11 2015 Ferguson Suffers Another Night of Unrest The Wall Street Journal Retrieved August 11 2015 Police release video they say shows Ferguson suspect with gun Yahoo News August 11 2015 Retrieved August 11 2015 Car hits protester gunfire briefly erupts at Ferguson protest St Louis Post Dispatch August 10 2016 Retrieved August 10 2016 Goldstein Sasha August 20 2014 Suburban St Louis cop suspended for threatening to kill pointing gun at media in Ferguson Mo Daily News New York Retrieved September 19 2014 Patrick Robert August 21 2014 St Ann officer removed after pointing gun threatening Ferguson protesters stltoday com Retrieved September 19 2014 Murdock Sebastian Jaurequi Andres August 18 2014 Cop Ray Albers In Ferguson To Protestors I Will F king Kill You video The Huffington Post Retrieved August 22 2014 Hofherr Justine Caesar Chris Cop Who Told Protesters I Will F ing Kill You Suspended Indefinitely Boston Globe Retrieved August 20 2014 Berman Mark August 20 2014 Police officer suspended for pointing rifle at protesters threatening them The Washington Post Retrieved August 20 2014 a b c d Begley Patrick August 21 2014 I will f ing kill you Missouri police officer threatens protesters in Ferguson The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved November 24 2014 a b Ray Sanchez John Newsome August 30 2014 Fallout continues from police actions in Ferguson CNN CNN Retrieved November 25 2014 St Louis area cop suspended for threatening to kill media in Ferguson Daily News New York Retrieved November 25 2014 Being confronted by Officer Go F uck Yourself in Ferguson GlobalNewsCentre com Retrieved November 25 2014 a b Currier Joel Hahn Valerie Schremp August 29 2014 Officers from St Ann Glendale off the job after actions during Ferguson protests stltoday com Retrieved September 19 2014 Murdock Sebastian August 29 2014 Ray Albers Cop Who Threatened Ferguson Protesters Resigns The Huffington Post Retrieved August 29 2014 a b c Three Missouri police officers out of jobs in wake of Ferguson protests Daily News New York August 29 2014 Retrieved August 30 2014 a b McGreal Chris August 21 2014 Police release video of fatal Kajieme Powell shooting in St Louis The Guardian Google Search page Kajieme Powell https www google com au search q Kajieme Powell amp ie utf 8 amp oe utf 8 amp client firefox b amp gfe rd cr amp ei KkyIV5fYMdCQ8QfgiKxg Bing search page Kajieme Powell https www bing com search q Kajieme Powell amp qs n amp form QBRE amp pq kajieme powell amp sc 3 15 amp sp 1 amp sk amp cvid 79E9847F5EBB4BD68046346397F32132 St Louis Cop Dan Page Pushed Don Lemon Relieved of Duty Mediaite August 22 2014 Retrieved August 25 2014 Hart Andrew August 30 2014 St Louis County Police Officer Dan Page Retires Following Inflammatory Video The Huffington Post Retrieved August 30 2014 Staff reports August 23 2014 St Louis County officer suspended over video Glendale officer suspended for Facebook comments News St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 25 2014 a b Hastings Deborah August 23 2014 Another St Louis area cop exposed suspended for making racist rants Daily News New York Retrieved August 26 2014 City of Glendale Police August 22 2014 Statement on Glendale officer suspended St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 25 2014 a b Shoichet Catherine E Stapleton AnneClaire August 29 2014 40 million lawsuit slams Ferguson police actions during recent protests CNN Archived from the original on August 29 2014 Retrieved August 31 2014 Patrick Robert October 3 2014 New plaintiffs added to Ferguson protester lawsuit St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved October 8 2014 Alcindor Yamiche October 11 2014 Ferguson tensions rise after second shooting USA Today Retrieved October 27 2014 Sharee Silerio October 10 2014 Vonderrit Myers Family Stop Killing Our Children The Root The Root Archived from the original on November 12 2014 Retrieved November 25 2014 Another night of protests over the shooting death of 18 year old Vonderitt Myers theGrio October 10 2014 Retrieved November 25 2014 Byers Christine Patrick Robert October 24 2014 Forensic evidence shows teen shot at St Louis officer police say St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved October 27 2014 Lee Trymaine October 18 2014 Why Vonderrit Myers matters NBC News Retrieved October 27 2014 lynch Dennis October 13 2014 Vonderrit Myers Had Gunshot Residue On Hands And Clothing According To Police Report International Business Times Retrieved October 27 2014 Rivas Rebecca October 16 2014 VonDerrit Myers Jr s family responds to police version of fatal shooting The St Louis American Retrieved October 26 2014 Autopsy St Louis officer shot Myers from behind Chattanooga Times Free Press Associated Press October 23 2014 Retrieved August 12 2020 Patrick Robert October 24 2014 Private autopsy suggests Vonderrit Myers was shot while fleeing St Louis officer St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved October 27 2014 SUHR JIM No charges for St Louis officer who killed 18 year old AP News Retrieved May 19 2015 Weaver Matthew Antonio Martin shooting The Guardian Retrieved December 24 2014 Attorney Ferguson shooting suspect didn t target officers Yahoo News February 16 2015 Retrieved February 16 2015 Man charged in shooting officers discusses it in jail audio Yahoo News April 1 2015 Retrieved April 2 2015 St Louis County man sentenced to 25 years for shooting two officers at Ferguson protest St Louis Post Dispatch March 17 2017 Retrieved November 29 2018 Liddy Tom August 11 2015 New Surveillance Footage Shows Tyrone Harris Pulling Gun from Waistband Police Say ABC News Retrieved August 12 2015 Hayes Chris August 10 2015 Tyrone Harris showed off guns on Facebook was out on bond for other felony charges fox2now Retrieved August 12 2015 Malone Scott August 12 2015 Riot torn Ferguson Missouri to remain in state of emergency officials Reuters Retrieved August 12 2015 a b c d Deaths of six men tied to Ferguson protests alarm activists NBC News Rooney Kyle September 9 2016 Darren Seals prominent Ferguson protester found dead Hotnewhiphop Retrieved September 9 2016 Griffin Tamerra The Protester From The Famous Tear Gas Photo In Ferguson Is Dead In An Apparent Suicide BuzzFeed News Retrieved August 1 2019 Lee Trymaine September 22 2014 To keep peace in Ferguson DOJ bars media from town hall meetings NBC News Retrieved October 3 2014 Alcindor Yamiche October 2 2014 Voter registration in Ferguson surges after Brown killing USA Today Retrieved October 3 2014 Staff October 7 2014 No voter registration boom in Ferguson officials now say CBS News Retrieved October 9 2014 Lussenhop Jessica October 7 2014 Figures Showing Huge Jump in Ferguson Voter Registration are Very Inaccurate Riverfront Times St Louis Archived from the original on October 8 2014 Retrieved October 9 2014 Editorial A parable of St Louis The saga of Devin James St Louis Post Dispatch Editorial Board October 1 2014 Retrieved October 10 2014 Deere Stephen Steve Giegerich September 26 2014 Ferguson PR man was convicted of reckless homicide loses contract St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved October 3 2014 Mann Jennifer September 30 2014 ACLU wants police banned from keeping Ferguson protesters moving St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved October 4 2014 Lowery Wesley October 6 2014 Federal judges tosses 5 second rule being used to police Ferguson protests The Washington Post Retrieved October 7 2014 Rowland Lee August 21 2014 There Is No 5 Second Rule for the First Amendment Ferguson Archived from the original on September 29 2018 Retrieved September 11 2019 St Louis companies to rebuild a Ferguson store as a job training center Archived from the original on March 15 2015 Retrieved March 15 2015 Koenig Rebecca June 9 2015 In Ferguson a Gift to Heal Divisions The Chronicle of Philanthropy Retrieved December 7 2015 Come Together Ferguson St Louis Gives Archived from the original on November 13 2015 Retrieved December 7 2015 Ferguson Names Black Police Chief The New York Times April 3 2016 a b c d Lowery Wesley August 13 2014 Even before Michael Brown s slaying in Ferguson racial questions hung over police The Washington Post Retrieved August 14 2014 Burke Kerry Marcius Chelsia Rose Hutchinson Bill August 15 2014 New Yorkers stage demonstrations over Michael Brown shooting in Ferguson Mo march on Times Square Daily News New York Retrieved August 15 2014 a b Martinez Michael Pearson Michael August 18 2014 What s next in case of Michael Brown killing ky3 com Archived from the original on September 11 2014 Retrieved August 18 2014 The Michael Brown shooting St Louis blues Police kill an unarmed teenager sparking riots The Economist August 14 2014 Archived from the original on December 3 2019 Retrieved August 15 2014 Lind Dara August 12 2014 Outrage in Ferguson after police shooting of unarmed teenager Michael Brown Vox Retrieved August 12 2014 Mak Tim August 20 2014 Ferguson s Other Race Problem Riots Damaged Asian Owned Stores The Daily Beast The Daily Beast Company LLC Retrieved August 21 2014 Raab Lauren August 13 2014 Unrest in Ferguson Mo after police kill man What you need to know Los Angeles Times Retrieved August 13 2014 Lee Trymaine August 12 2014 Michael Brown shooting unearths Ferguson s deeper troubles MSNBC Retrieved August 15 2014 Logan Tim Hennessy Fiske Molly August 16 2014 Ferguson s mounting racial and economic stress set stage for turmoil Los Angeles Times Retrieved August 17 2014 a b Cunha Darlena November 25 2014 Ferguson In Defense of Rioting Time Hooper Deona March 30 2015 Ferguson proves the United States justice system is not broken but working perfectly as designed Critical and Radical Social Work 3 1 141 147 doi 10 1332 204986015X14223580546519 Lucia Bill March 14 2016 Justice Department Offers Guidance on When Court Fines and Fees Might Violate Constitution Route Fifty Washington D C Atlantic Media Retrieved March 15 2016 Lee Trymaine October 1 2014 Spurred by fallout in Ferguson St Louis cuts 222 000 warrants MSNBC Retrieved October 2 2014 Nicks Denver August 12 2014 FAA Implements No Fly Zone in Ferguson Amid Unrest Over Killed Teen Retrieved August 14 2014 NOTAM number FDC 4 2599 Federal Aviation Administration August 12 2014 Archived from the original on August 12 2014 Retrieved August 14 2014 Police Targeted Media With No Fly Zone Over Ferguson Tapes Show The New York Times Associated Press November 2 2014 Retrieved November 2 2014 Paul Rand August 14 2014 Rand Paul We Must Demilitarize the Police Time Retrieved August 17 2014 Wilstein Matt August 14 2014 Sen Warren and Rep Amash Make Near Identical War Zone Statements on Ferguson Mediaite Retrieved August 17 2014 Holland Steve Shalal Andrea August 23 2014 Obama orders review of U S police use of military hardware Reuters Retrieved August 23 2014 White House to review equipment program for local police USA Today Retrieved August 23 2014 Terkel Amanda September 24 2014 Obama Acknowledges Ferguson Was An International Embarrassment The Huffington Post Retrieved September 24 2014 Kathleen Hennessey November 24 2014 Obama urges restraint after Ferguson grand jury decision Los Angeles Times FAA issues restrictions on flights near Ferguson protest area Fox News Channel November 24 2014 Matt Pearce November 24 2014 Amid Missouri unrest FAA closes air space over Ferguson Los Angeles Times Coyle Marcia Justice Ginsburg Skeptical of Two Year Law School Idea The National Law Journal Retrieved August 22 2014 Utah v Strieff 579 U S Available at https www supremecourt gov opinions 15pdf 14 1373 83i7 pdf Michael Brown killing Jay Nixon promises operational shifts BBC News August 14 2014 Har Andrew August 16 2014 Missouri State Senator On Michael Brown Killing Theft Does Not Equal Death The Huffington Post Retrieved August 17 2014 Davey Monica Vega Tanzina August 20 2014 Retrieved August 21 2014 Chaos in Ferguson Is Fueled by Tangle of Leadership The New York Times Bock Jessica August 11 2014 Ferguson Florissant cancels events tonight at district schools St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 12 2014 Schools cancel classes after police shooting Cape Girardeau Missouri KFVS August 5 2014 Archived from the original on August 12 2014 Retrieved August 12 2014 Ferguson Florissant School District Postpones First Day of School St Louis Missouri KMOX August 13 2014 Archived from the original on August 14 2014 Retrieved August 14 2014 Staff reports August 19 2014 No school in Ferguson Florissant until next week Jennings and Riverview Gardens cancel classes today News St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 22 2014 St Louis Chief Questions Tactics in Ferguson Associated Press August 14 2014 Schuppe Jon September 1 2014 Ferguson Cops Get Body Cameras After Michael Brown Shooting NBC News Retrieved September 1 2014 Walsh Michael Siemaszko Corky August 11 2014 FBI takes over St Louis teen shooting probe as Justice Department monitors case Daily News New York Sanchez Ray November 25 2014 Michael Brown s stepfather at rally Burn this bitch down CNN Retrieved November 25 2014 Ray Sanchez November 25 2014 Michael Brown s stepfather at rally Burn this bitch down CNN Retrieved November 29 2014 Michael Brown s stepfather sorry for outburst in Ferguson protests CNN December 3 2014 Retrieved December 3 2014 Stark Racial Divisions in Reactions to Ferguson Police Shooting Pew Research Center August 18 2014 Retrieved August 19 2014 2014 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations Elephrame Archived from the original on December 26 2014 Retrieved December 29 2014 a b Bruce Betsey August 10 2014 Tensions still running high during Ferguson vigil for Michael Brown St Louis Missouri KTVI Retrieved August 11 2014 Freelon Kiratiana August 14 2014 The nmos14 started on Twitter organized on Facebook and looks to connect people IRL tonight The Washington Post Retrieved August 18 2014 Johnson M Alex August 14 2014 NMOS14 Vigils Held to Honor Ferguson Victim Michael Brown NBC News Retrieved August 18 2014 a b c Bever Lindsey August 13 2014 Amid Ferguson protests hacker collective Anonymous wages cyberwar The Washington Post Retrieved August 13 2014 Hunn David August 13 2014 How computer hackers changed the Ferguson protests St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 13 2014 Harkinson Josh August 13 2014 Anonymous Op Ferguson Says It Will ID the Officer Who Killed Michael Brown Mother Jones Retrieved August 13 2014 Anonymous Releases Alleged Name Of Officer They Say Fatally Shot Michael Brown St Louis Missouri KMOX August 14 2014 Archived from the original on August 15 2014 Retrieved August 14 2014 Pagliery Jose August 14 2014 Ferguson police deny Anonymous ID of alleged shooter CNN Retrieved August 14 2014 Hunn David Twitter suspends Anonymous account St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved August 15 2014 Varghese Johnlee August 18 2014 Michael Brown Shooting Tibetan Monks Join Ferguson Protesters International Business Times Retrieved August 22 2014 Pinckard Cliff August 17 2014 Rally held in support of Ferguson police officer who shot Michael Brown The Plain Dealer Retrieved August 18 2014 A Healthy Response to Racism and Trauma in Ferguson Green Shadow Cabinet August 14 2014 Archived from the original on August 21 2014 Retrieved August 20 2014 Military veterans see deeply flawed police response in Ferguson The Washington Post Retrieved November 25 2014 Bissell Grant September 22 2014 We Copwatch train Ferguson residents on body cameras KSKD Retrieved October 8 2014 permanent dead link a b Sultan Aisha September 30 2016 Aisha Sultan When white Americans get woke Stltoday com Retrieved August 14 2021 The Ferguson Commission 2015 Forward Through Ferguson A Path Toward Racial Equity PDF Apps stlouispublicradio org Retrieved August 14 2021 Miller Mike July 10 2020 Can the Ferguson Commission Report provide a roadmap to change across the region Stlmag com Retrieved August 13 2021 Community action network asks Parkway to weigh in on school fights law Westnewsmagazine com January 25 2017 Retrieved August 13 2021 St Louis County Board of Elections Signed Minutes 11 21 2017 PDF Stlouisco com November 21 2017 Retrieved August 14 2021 Khan Ayesha November 15 2017 Parents and Community Activists address racist slur found written in girl s bathroom Fox2now com Retrieved August 14 2021 Mike Ditka I m embarrassed for Rams players more than anything CBSSports com Archived from the original on May 10 2015 Retrieved December 5 2014 a b c d Makinen Julie August 18 2014 Michael Brown shooting in Ferguson becomes an international incident Los Angeles Times Retrieved August 18 2014 Egypt calls for restraint in Ferguson Daily News Egypt August 19 2014 Retrieved August 20 2014 Egypt closely following up with Ferguson protests foreign ministry Aswat Masriya August 19 2014 Retrieved August 20 2014 Ferguson riots product of US racism French justice minister Radio France Internationale November 25 2014 Retrieved November 25 2014 North Korea calls US human rights graveyard over Ferguson Yahoo News Agence France Presse August 27 2014 Retrieved November 25 2014 Taylor Adam August 27 2015 North Korea Ferguson was a disgrace and the United States is now laughingstock of the world The Washington Post Retrieved May 2 2015 Turkish officials condemn US detention of Anadolu reporter in Ferguson August 21 2014 Archived from the original on September 2 2014 Retrieved August 21 2014 Amnesty International Sends Human Rights Delegation to Ferguson Missouri Amnesty International Retrieved October 25 2014 a b On the Streets of America Human Rights Abuses in Ferguson Amnesty International Retrieved October 25 2014 Geidner Chris August 14 2014 Amnesty International Takes Unprecedented U S Action In Ferguson Buzzfeed Retrieved August 18 2014 Pearce Matt Hennessy Fiske Molly Susman Tina August 16 2014 Some warn that Gov Jay Nixon s curfew for Ferguson Mo may backfire Los Angeles Times Retrieved August 18 2014 Reilly Mollie August 17 2014 Amnesty International Calls For Investigation Of Ferguson Police Tactics The Huffington Post Retrieved August 18 2014 3 Key Takeaways From Amnesty International s Ferguson Report Time Retrieved October 25 2014 Palestinians show online solidarity to Ferguson protesters Al Arabiya News August 16 2014 Kane Alex August 19 2014 Weapons fired in Ferguson come from companies supplying Israel Bahrain and Egypt Mondoweiss ISIS Turning Ferguson Protests Into Recruiting Grounds Uptown Magazine August 20 2014 Archived from the original on August 26 2014 Mekhennet Souad August 21 2014 Even the Islamists of ISIS are obsessing over Ferguson The Washington Post Retrieved October 8 2014 Carey Nick McAllister Edward August 18 2014 U N chief calls for protection of rights in Missouri protests Reuters Retrieved August 18 2014 Mackey Robert August 15 2014 Advice for Ferguson s Protesters From the Middle East The New York Times Retrieved August 16 2014 a b c Taylor Adam Noack Rick How the rest of the world sees Ferguson The Washington Post Retrieved August 19 2014 US embassy marchers condemn Ferguson shooting London BBC November 27 2014 Retrieved November 27 2014 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Ferguson unrest nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rallies in protest of the shooting of Michael Brown Collected videos Surveillance video that police contend shows Michael Brown robbing a convenience store Ty Pruitt Cousin of Michael Brown pleads for peace from looters Video interview of eyewitness Dorian Johnson on CNN Video interview of eyewitness Tiffany Mitchell on CNN Video interview of eyewitness discussing the events that ended in vandalism looting and burning of Quik Trip store Video of St Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar giving his department s version of the circumstances and events that led to the death of Michael Brown Archived August 10 2014 at archive today Rachel Maddow interview with City Alderman Antonio French after his arrest in Ferguson on charges of disorderly conduct Nyota Uhura Speaks About The Ferguson Riots And What Happened LaterCollected photographs Images from Ferguson collected photographs at The Atlantic Images from Ferguson collected photographs at The Baltimore Sun Documenting Ferguson an online archive of images audio video and stories an initiative of Washington University in St LouisDocuments Ferguson Commission Report Forward Through Ferguson A Path Toward Racial Equity Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department PDF United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division March 4 2015 Archived from the original pdf on August 11 2023 Retrieved August 15 2023 Organizations Ferguson October Forward Through Ferguson Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ferguson unrest amp oldid 1204279230, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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