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Wikipedia

Killing of Michael Brown

February 16, 2024

"Michael Brown Jr." redirects here. For other people with the name, see Michael Brown (disambiguation).

On August 9, 2014, 18-year-old Michael Brown was shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis.[2]

Killing of Michael Brown
Location of Ferguson, Missouri, within St. Louis County, and St. Louis County within Missouri
DateAugust 9, 2014; 9 years ago (2014-08-09)
Time12:01–12:03 p.m. (CDT)
LocationFerguson, Missouri, U.S.
Coordinates38°44′18″N 90°16′26″W / 38.73847°N 90.27387°W / 38.73847; -90.27387[1]
TypeHomicide, police shooting
Participants
  • Darren Wilson (shooter)
  • Michael Brown (deceased)
  • Dorian Johnson (accompanied Brown)
DeathsMichael Brown
Non-fatal injuriesDarren Wilson
ChargesNone
LitigationWrongful death lawsuit settled for undisclosed amount

Brown was accompanied by his 22-year-old male friend Dorian Johnson.[3] Wilson, a white male Ferguson police officer, said that an altercation ensued when Brown attacked him in his police vehicle for control of Wilson's service pistol. The struggle continued until the pistol fired.[4] Johnson said that Wilson initiated a confrontation by grabbing Brown by the neck through Wilson's patrol car window, threatening him and then shooting at him.[5] At this point, both Wilson and Johnson state that Brown and Johnson fled, with Wilson pursuing Brown shortly thereafter. Wilson stated that Brown stopped and charged him after a short pursuit. Johnson contradicted this account, stating that Brown turned around with his hands raised after Wilson shot at his back. According to Johnson, Wilson then shot Brown multiple times until Brown fell to the ground. In the entire altercation, Wilson fired a total of twelve bullets, including twice during the struggle in the car.[6] Brown was struck six times, all in the front of his body.[7][8][9]

This event ignited unrest in Ferguson. Witnesses to the shooting claimed Brown had his hands up in surrender or said "don't shoot", so protesters later used the slogan "Hands up, don't shoot".[10] A subsequent FBI investigation said that there was no evidence that Brown had done so.[11] Peaceful protests and violent riots continued for more than a week in Ferguson; police later established a nightly curfew. The response of area police agencies in dealing with the protests was strongly criticized by both the media and politicians. Concerns were raised over insensitivity, tactics, and a militarized response. Missouri governor Jay Nixon ordered local police organizations to cede much of their authority to the Missouri State Highway Patrol.

A grand jury was called and given evidence from Robert McCulloch, the St. Louis County Prosecutor. On November 24, 2014, McCulloch announced the St. Louis County grand jury had decided not to indict Wilson.[12] In March 2015, the U.S. Department of Justice reported the conclusion of its own investigation and cleared Wilson of civil rights violations in the shooting. It claimed that Wilson's account was "corroborated by bruising on Wilson's jaw and scratches on his neck, the presence of Brown's DNA on Wilson's collar, shirt and pants, and Wilson's DNA on Brown's palm", and claimed that witnesses who corroborated the officer's account were credible.[13][14] The U.S. Department of Justice concluded that Wilson shot Brown in self-defense.[15][16]

In 2020, St. Louis County prosecutor Wesley Bell spent five months reviewing the case with an eye to charge Wilson with either manslaughter or murder. In July, Bell announced Wilson would not be charged.[17]

Background

 
Brown in a photo posted to Facebook in May 2013

Michael Orlandus Darrion Brown[18] (May 20, 1996[19] – August 9, 2014) graduated from Normandy High School in St. Louis County eight days before his death, completing an alternative education program.[20] At the time of his death, he was 18 years old, 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 meters) tall, and weighed 292 pounds (132 kilograms).[9] He was an amateur rap musician who posted his songs on the popular music-sharing site SoundCloud under the handle "Big'Mike."[21] He was two days from starting a training program for heating and air conditioning repair at Vatterott College technical school.[22]

Darren Dean Wilson[23] (born May 14, 1986, in Fort Worth, Texas)[24] was 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall and weighed about 210 lb (95 kg).[25][26] Wilson's first police job was in the town of Jennings, Missouri, where he began working in 2009.[26][27] With respect to this job, Wilson said to The New Yorker in 2015, "I'd never been in an area where there was that much poverty."[27] The police force in Jennings was shut down by the town's city council in March 2011.[26] In October 2011, Wilson began working for the Ferguson Police Department.[28] In February 2013, Wilson won a commendation from the Ferguson Police Department after he apprehended a suspect who was later charged with possession of marijuana with intent to distribute and resisting arrest.[28]

Brown's activities prior to the incident

Surveillance video which was publicly released in the 2017 documentary film Stranger Fruit shows Michael Brown walking into Ferguson Market and Liquor at 1:13 a.m., ten-and-a-half hours before he entered the store for the final time. The footage shows Brown handing a young clerk a brown package, believed by the filmmaker to be marijuana, and then receiving an unpurchased package of cigarillos from the store. After the video was rediscovered and made public in 2017, some, including Brown's family, said they believed Brown had left the package there for safekeeping and later returned to retrieve it. The store owner disputed this through an attorney who dismissed claims that the store traded him "cigarillos for pot." The lawyer claimed "[t]he reason he [Brown] gave it back is he was walking out the door with unpaid merchandise and they [the staff] wanted it back."[29] The store's attorney said the video had been in the hands of Brown's family and law enforcement since the initial investigation, and said the video had been edited to remove the portion where the store clerk returned Brown's package to him.[30] Following this, on March 13, 2017, unedited footage from the store was released by the St. Louis County prosecutor to try to settle questions.[31]

Incident

At 11:47 a.m., Officer Wilson responded to a call about a baby with breathing problems and drove to Glenark Drive in Ferguson, east of Canfield Drive.[32] About three minutes later and several blocks away, Brown was recorded on camera stealing a box of Swisher Sweets cigars and forcefully shoving a Ferguson Market clerk. At 11:53, a police dispatcher reported "stealing in progress" at the Ferguson Market and described the suspect as a black male wearing a white T-shirt running toward QuikTrip. The suspect was reported as having stolen a box of Swisher cigars.[32] Brown and his friend, Dorian Johnson, left the market at about 11:54 a.m.[33] At 11:57, the dispatch described the suspect as wearing a red St. Louis Cardinals hat, a white T-shirt, yellow socks, and khaki shorts, and that he was accompanied by another male.[32] Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson said that the incident with Brown stealing cigars had "nothing to do" with why Brown was stopped by Wilson prior to the shooting, and that the reason Brown and Johnson were stopped was because "they were walking down the middle of the street, blocking traffic."[34]

At 12:00 p.m., Wilson reported he was back in service and radioed units 25 and 22 to ask if they needed his assistance in searching for the suspects.[32] Seven seconds later, an unidentified officer said the suspects had disappeared.[32] Wilson called for backup at 12:02, saying "[Unit] 21. Put me on Canfield with two. And send me another car."[32]

 
St. Louis County police protect the scene eight hours after the shooting

Initial reports of what happened next differed widely among sources and witnesses, particularly with regard to whether Brown was moving towards Wilson when the shots were fired. At noon on August 9, Wilson drove up to Brown and Johnson as they were walking in the middle of Canfield Drive and ordered them to move off the street. Wilson continued driving past the two men, but then backed up and stopped close to them.[35][9][36][37] A struggle took place between Brown and Wilson after Brown reached through the window of Wilson's police SUV, a Chevrolet Tahoe.[38] Wilson was armed with a SIG Sauer P229[39] pistol, which was fired twice during the struggle from inside the vehicle, with one bullet hitting Brown's right hand.[38][39] Brown and Johnson fled and Johnson hid behind a car.[40] Wilson got out of the vehicle and pursued Brown.[41] At some point, Wilson fired his pistol again, while facing Brown, and hit him with at least six shots, all in the front of his body.[9] Brown was unarmed and died on the street.[38][42] Less than 90 seconds passed from the time Wilson encountered Brown to the time of Brown's death.[43][44]

An unidentified officer arrived on the scene and, 73 seconds after Wilson's call, asked where the second suspect was. Thirty-one seconds later, a supervisor was requested by Unit 25. At 12:07 p.m., an officer on scene radioed to dispatch for more units.[32] Also at 12:07, the St. Louis County police were notified and county officers began arriving on scene at around 12:15 p.m. The St. Louis County detectives were notified at 12:43 p.m. and arrived about 1:30 p.m., with the forensic investigator arriving at about 2:30 p.m.[45]

Police dispatched 12 units to the scene by 1:00 p.m. with another 12, including two canine units, by 2:00 p.m. Gunshots were recorded in Ferguson police logs at 2:11 p.m., and by the ambulance dispatch again at 2:14 p.m., which led to the response of 20 more units from eight different municipal forces in the next 20 minutes. As the situation deteriorated, the police commanders had investigators seek cover and detectives assisted in crowd control. At 2:45, four canine units arrived on scene, and the SWAT team arrived at 3:20 p.m.[46] The medical examiner began his examination of Brown at approximately 3:30 p.m. and concluded about half an hour later, with Brown's body being cleared to be taken to the morgue.[46][47] At 4:37 p.m., Brown's body was signed in at the morgue by workers.[46]

Investigations

Police

Michael Brown was fatally shot by Officer Wilson at about 12:02 p.m. The Ferguson Police Department was on the scene within minutes, as were crowds of residents, some expressing hostility toward the police. Paramedics covered the body with sheets. About 20 minutes after the shooting, the Ferguson police chief turned over the homicide investigation to the St. Louis County Police Department (SLCPD). The arrival of SLCPD detectives took about 70 minutes, as they were occupied with another crime scene 37 minutes away. On arrival at 1:30 p.m., they put up privacy screens around the body. Their investigation was slowed due to safety concerns regarding the sound of gunfire in the area and some hostile members of the crowd encroaching on the crime scene. An investigator from the St. Louis County Medical Examiner's office arrived at 2:30 p.m. Brown's body was removed at 4:00 p.m.[48] Local residents criticized authorities for leaving Brown's body in the street for four hours in an action seen as demeaning and disrespectful.[46]

Department of Justice

On August 11, 2014, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) opened a civil rights investigation into the incident.[49] A spokeswoman for the FBI's St. Louis field office said the decision to open an investigation was not motivated by the protests and riots which had ensued.[50] Forty FBI agents went door-to-door looking for potential witnesses who may have had information about the shooting.[51] Additionally, attorneys from the Civil Rights Division and from the United States Attorney's Office were participating in the investigation.[52]

On March 4, 2015, the federal investigation cleared Wilson of civil rights violations in the shooting. The investigation concluded there was no evidence upon which prosecutors could rely to disprove Wilson's asserted belief that he feared for his safety, that witnesses who contradicted Wilson were not credible, that forensic evidence and credible witnesses corroborated Wilson's account, and that the facts did not support the filing of criminal charges against Wilson.[14][53][54] Credible witnesses did not support accounts that Brown had his hands up in surrender. He was not shot in the back. Forensic evidence showed he was moving toward Wilson. Numerous witnesses were found to have given accounts of actions they were unable to see from their vantage points, or to be recounting others' accounts.[14][53][54]

2020 prosecutor review

A new St. Louis County prosecutor, Wesley Bell, spent five months in 2020 reviewing the case with an eye to charging Wilson with either manslaughter or murder.[55][56] In July, Bell announced he would not charge Wilson with any crime;[57] Bell said he didn't "have the evidence to ethically bring a charge against Darren Wilson."[58]

Grand jury hearing

The grand jury was made up of members who had been impaneled in May 2014 for a regularly scheduled term, to hear all cases put forward by the prosecuting attorney's office. There were three black jury members (one man and two women) and nine white jury members (six men and three women), an ethnic breakdown that roughly reflects the racial makeup of St. Louis County,[59] which is about 30% black, and 70% white.[60] On August 20, 2014, the grand jury started hearing evidence in the case State of Missouri v. Darren Wilson, in order to decide whether a crime was committed and if there was probable cause to believe Wilson committed it.[61]

There was intense interest focused on the grand jury. Robert P. McCulloch, the elected prosecuting attorney for St. Louis County, was in charge of the prosecution but did not participate in the direct handling of the grand jury hearing.[62][63][64] It was handled by two Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys of McCulloch's office: Kathi Alizadeh and Sheila Whirley.[63] McCulloch announced an unusual process: the grand jury would hear all the evidence, the proceedings would be transcribed, and the materials would be made public if the grand jury did not indict.[65]

The grand jury took 25 days, over the span of three months, to hear more than 5,000 pages of testimony from 60 witnesses and then deliberate on whether or not to indict Wilson.[65][66] Most grand juries complete their work in a matter of days.[65] The grand jury was not sequestered during the process.[67]

On the night of November 24, Prosecutor McCulloch reported in a 20-minute press conference that the grand jury had reached a decision in the case and would not indict Wilson.[68]

Following his announcement, McCulloch released thousands of pages of grand jury documents, with materials published on the internet for public perusal.[69] The documents include transcripts of the proceedings, expert statements, and the testimony of some witnesses.[70] On December 8, more witness interviews and more than 50 brief audio recordings between the police dispatchers and responding police officers were released.[71] On December 13, a third release included the transcripts of witness interviews, including one with Dorian Johnson.[72] A video of the two-hour interview of Johnson by FBI and county police was withheld.[73][74]

Robert P. McCulloch was the main focus of much of the criticism throughout the process and well into its aftermath. Attorney Raul Reyes characterized McCulloch as not being impartial, as his father was a police officer killed in an incident with a black suspect and other members of his family served with the St. Louis Police Department.[75] A petition calling for McCulloch to recuse himself gained 70,000 signatures.[76][77][78][79] Governor Jay Nixon declined to remove McCulloch and said doing so would potentially jeopardize the prosecution.[80] McCulloch dismissed the claims of bias, and later said he regretted not speaking publicly about his background at the time.[63][81]

Legal analysts raised concerns over McCulloch's unorthodox approach, saying this process could have influenced the grand jury to decide against indictment and that they were given too much material to assess.[82][83] The analysts highlighted the significant differences between a typical grand jury proceeding in Missouri and how Wilson's case was handled.[41]

Evidence

Shooting scene

Evidence presented to the grand jury showed that the shooting scene extended approximately 184 feet (56 m) along Canfield Drive, near where it intersects Copper Creek Court. The two-lane street runs east to west, and has sidewalks and curbs on both sides. Immediately prior to the incident, Brown was walking eastbound on Canfield and Officer Wilson was driving westbound. Evidence at the scene was generally clustered around Wilson's patrol SUV on the western side of the scene and near Brown's body, which was in the eastern part of the area.

 
Diagram of the shooting scene[84][1][41][85]

The 30-foot (9.1 m) western area included Wilson's SUV, which was angled slightly toward the right curb with its left-rear corner on the center line. Evidence included two bracelets, a baseball cap, and two .40 caliber spent casings. One of these casings was found at the western edge of the scene and the other was located near the rear driver's side of the police vehicle. There were two groups of red stains near the driver's side of the vehicle and a left sandal was also located in the vicinity. The right sandal was approximately 44 feet (13 m) east of the western area.

The eastern area, which was approximately 124 feet (38 m) east of the western area, was about 29 feet (8.8 m) wide. Brown's body was situated along the center-line of the road with his head oriented in a westerly direction. The distance from the driver's door of Wilson's SUV to Brown's head was about 153 feet (47 m). Two groups of red stains were located at the extreme eastern edge of the scene, with the furthest under 22 feet (6.7 m) from Brown's feet.

One apparent projectile was found near the body. There were ten spent .40-caliber casings scattered on the south side of the road near Brown's body. The distribution of the casings, combined with most of the casings being east of the body, was consistent with Officer Wilson moving backward while firing.[1] Blood spatter approximately 25 feet (7.6 m) behind Brown's body suggested Brown was moving toward Wilson when Brown was killed.[41][86]

DNA

Brown's DNA was found on Wilson's gun. His DNA was also found on the left thigh of Officer Wilson's pants and on the inside driver's door handle of Wilson's police SUV,[39] the result of Brown's spilled blood staining Wilson's pants and the door handle.[87] Wilson's DNA was found on Brown's left palm but was not found under Brown's fingernails or on his right hand.[39]

Michael Graham, the St. Louis medical examiner, said blood was found on Wilson's gun and inside the car, and tissue from Brown was found on the exterior of the driver's side of Wilson's vehicle; this evidence was consistent with a struggle at that location. According to Judy Melinek, a San Francisco pathologist who commented on the case as an expert, the official autopsy, which said Brown's hand had foreign matter consistent with a gun discharge on it, supported Wilson's testimony that Brown was reaching for the weapon,[88] or indicated the gun was inches away from Brown's hand when it went off.[39]

According to the detective who performed tests on the gun, he had to decide whether to perform a DNA test or dust for fingerprints, because only one test can be performed without affecting the other.[39] He found the gun stored in an unsealed envelope, contrary to the customary evidence-handling protocol.[89] Documents released after the grand jury proceedings show Wilson washed blood from his hands and checked his own gun into an evidence bag, both actions described by media outlets as unorthodox procedures for such a case.[90][91]

Autopsies

Three autopsies[note 1] were performed on Brown's body, with all three noting Brown had been shot at least six times, including twice in the head. He received no shots in his back.[92]

The county autopsy report described gunshot entry and exit wounds to Brown's right arm coming from both the front (ventral, palms facing forward) and the back (dorsal, palms facing backward).[93]

County

The local medical examiner autopsy report released to state prosecutors said Brown was shot in the front part of his body. When Mary Case, the St. Louis County medical examiner, was asked to provide details, she declined to comment further, citing the ongoing investigation into Brown's death.[94][95] The official county autopsy was later leaked to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.[96][88]

The narrative report of investigation from the office of the medical examiner of St. Louis agreed with Wilson's testimony.[88] It noted Brown had sustained multiple gunshot wounds to the head, torso, and right arm, as well as a single gunshot wound to the inside of his right hand near his thumb and palm; it also noted Brown's body had abrasions to the right side of his face and on the back of his left hand.[88]

The autopsy noted the absence of stippling, powder burns around a wound that indicate a shot was fired at a relatively short range. Michael Graham notes gunshot wounds within an inch of the body do not always cause stippling. Microscopic examination of tissue taken from Brown's thumb wound detected the presence of a foreign material consistent with the material which is ejected from a gun while firing.[88] The gunshot wound to the top of Brown's head was consistent with Brown either falling forward or being in a lunging position; the shot was instantly fatal.[88]

A toxicology test performed by a St. Louis University laboratory revealed the presence of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, in Brown's blood and urine. This indicated he used marijuana within a few hours of his death, but not whether he was impaired when he died.[88]

Independent

At the request of Brown's family, on August 17 a preliminary autopsy was conducted by Michael Baden, a former chief medical examiner for the City of New York (1978–1979). This autopsy was limited because the previous county autopsy had washed, embalmed, and taken evidence off the body.[97][98][99][100]

According to Baden's report, Brown was shot six times into his front: four of the bullets entered his right arm, one entered his right eye on a downward trajectory, and one entered the top of his skull.[9] All of the rounds were fired from a distance of at least one foot.[101] One of the shots shattered Brown's right eye, traveled through his face, then exited his jaw and reentered his collarbone. Brown could have survived the first bullet wounds, but the bullet that entered the top of his head resulted in a fatal injury.[102][9]

Baden had no access to the clothing of the victim, and had not yet seen the x-rays showing where bullets were in the body. He could not determine if any gunpowder residue was on that clothing. Baden concluded there was too little information to forensically reconstruct the shooting.[9] At least two commentators noted the results of both autopsies contradicted some aspects of some eyewitness accounts, which had reported Wilson shot Brown in the back[9] and that Wilson shot Brown while holding Brown's neck.[103] In later analysis, Baden reclassified one of Brown's chest wounds as an entry wound.[104]

Baden was assisted by Shawn Parcells, who did not have a degree or credentials in medicine or pathology.[105][106] Thomas Young, former Jackson County Medical Examiner, said Parcells gave out forensic pathology opinions when Parcells is not qualified to do so.[105] Mary Case, who performed the initial autopsy, said Parcells' involvement could cause issues with the second autopsy.[107] Parcells said all he did was assist Baden.[107] In 2021, Parcells was convicted of six criminal charges relating to autopsies he illegally performed.[108]

Federal

Attorney General Eric Holder ordered a third autopsy of Brown's body.[109][110] Its findings matched the other two autopsies, but its detailed findings were initially withheld from the public due to the ongoing investigation.[94][111] The federal autopsy report was among a group of documents released by the St. Louis County Prosecutor's Office on December 8, two weeks after the grand jury chose not to indict Wilson.[111][112]

Audio recording of gunshots

On August 27, CNN released an audio recording purported to contain the sounds of the shooting.[113][114] The recording was made by an anonymous third-party who happened to be recording a video-text message at the time of the incident.[115] Glide, a video messaging service, confirmed the audio had been recorded on their site at 12:02 p.m. on the day of the shooting.[116][117] The twelve-second recording contains a series of shots, a short pause, and then a second series of shots.[115]

Forensic audio expert Paul Ginsberg says he heard six shots, a pause, and then four additional shots. Ginsberg said, "I was very concerned about that pause ... because it's not just the number of gunshots, it's how they're fired. And that has a huge relevance on how this case might finally end up."[114] CNN's law enforcement analyst Tom Fuentes noted most accounts of the shooting say there was a single shot earlier in the incident near the vehicle that is not audible in the recording.[118][119] The recording was also analyzed by SST, Inc., a company specializing in gunfire locator technology. That analysis found the sound of ten gunshots and seven gunshot echoes within seven seconds, with a three-second pause after the sixth shot. The company's analysis also said all ten rounds were fired from within a radius of 3 feet (0.91 m), indicating the shooter was not moving.[120]

Handling

The Washington Post said there were unorthodox forensic practices shown in the published testimony of Officer Wilson and other law enforcement officials. The article said Wilson washed blood off of his hands without photographing them first. It also said Wilson submitted his gun to evidence by himself, and that initial interviews of Wilson were conducted with other personnel present and were not taped. It described Wilson's face injuries after the shooting as photographed by a local detective at the Fraternal Order of Police building, instead of at Ferguson Police headquarters. An investigator with the St. Louis County Medical Examiner's office testified he decided not to take measurements at the crime scene nor did he photograph the scene, instead relying on photographs taken by the St. Louis County Police Department.[121]

Witness accounts

Multiple witnesses saw part or all of the event and have given interviews to the media, testified to the grand jury, and were interviewed by the U.S. Department of Justice. The witness accounts were conflicting on various points.[94][122][123][124][125][126] David A. Klinger, a criminologist at the University of Missouri–St. Louis, said eyewitness testimony often differs from witness to witness, a phenomenon commonly known as the Rashomon effect.[127]

An Associated Press review of the grand jury found numerous problems in the witness testimony, including statements that were "inconsistent, fabricated, or provably wrong". Several of the witnesses admitted changing their testimony to fit released evidence, or other witness statements.[128] Prosecuting attorney Robert McCulloch said, "I thought it was important to present anybody and everybody, and some that were, yes, clearly not telling the truth, no question about it."[129]

The Department of Justice investigation into the shooting determined witnesses who corroborated Wilson's account were credible while those who contradicted Wilson's account were not. The witnesses that claimed Brown was surrendering or did not move toward Wilson were not credible; the report said their claims were inconsistent with the physical evidence, other witness statements, and in some cases prior statements from the same witness. No witness statements that pointed to Wilson's guilt were determined to be credible. Twenty-four statements were determined to lack any credibility, while eight which were found credible corroborated Wilson's account. Nine did not completely contradict nor corroborate Wilson's account.[53] Several witnesses reported fear of reprisals from the community for providing evidence that corroborated Wilson's account.[53]

Wilson's interview and testimony

 
Bruising on Wilson's face after the shooting

Officer Wilson gave his account of the incident in an interview with a detective on August 10, and in testimony before the grand jury in September. Wilson said he had just left a call involving a sick person when he heard on his radio that there was a theft in progress at a local convenience store. Wilson heard the description of the suspects and soon after observed two black males walking down the middle of the street. Wilson pulled up to them and told the two to walk on the sidewalk, and Johnson replied, "we're almost to our destination". As they passed Wilson's patrol SUV window, Brown said "fuck what you have to say".[130]

Wilson then backed up about ten feet to where they were and attempted to open his door. After backing up, Wilson told the two to "come here", and Brown told him in reply, "what the fuck are you gonna do". Wilson shut the door and Brown approached him and he opened the door again "trying to push him back", while telling him to get back. Brown "started swinging and punching at me from outside the vehicle", and Brown had his body against the door. Wilson said the first strike from Brown was a "glancing blow", and at that point he was trying to get Brown's arms out of his face. This was when Brown turned to his left and handed Johnson several packs of the stolen cigarillos he had been holding.[130] Wilson then grabbed Brown's right arm trying to get control, but Brown hit him in the face. Wilson said he "felt like a 5-year-old holding onto Hulk Hogan" while he attempted to restrain Brown when he reached through his police car window.[25] Wilson said it "jarred" him back and he yelled at Brown numerous times to stop and get back. Wilson said he thought about using his mace and his baton, but he was unable to reach either of them. He then drew his weapon and pointed it at Brown and told him to stop or he would shoot him, while ordering him to the ground.[130]

According to Wilson, Brown then said "you're too much of a fucking pussy to shoot me" and grabbed for his gun and twisted it, pointing it at him, into his hip area. Wilson placed his left hand against Brown's hand and his other hand on the gun and pushed forward with both his arms. The gun was somewhat lined up with Brown, and Wilson pulled the trigger twice, but the weapon failed to discharge. On the next try, the gun fired and Brown then attempted to hit him multiple times inside his vehicle. Wilson shot at Brown again, but missed, and Brown took off running east, while Wilson exited his vehicle and radioed for backup. Wilson followed Brown, yelling for him to stop and get on the ground, but he kept running. Brown eventually stopped and turned and made a "grunting noise" and started running at him with his right hand under his shirt in his waistband. Brown ignored Wilson's commands to stop and get on the ground, so Wilson fired multiple shots at him, paused, and yelled at him to get on the ground again, but Brown was still charging at him and had not slowed down. Wilson then fired another set of shots, but Brown was still running at him. When Brown was about eight to ten feet away, Wilson fired more shots, with one of those hitting Brown in the head, which brought him down with his hand still in his waistband. Wilson said two patrol cars showed up approximately fifteen to twenty seconds after the final shot. When his supervisor arrived, he was sent to the police station.[130]

Wilson told detectives Brown had reached his right hand into his waistband and that the hand still appeared to be in the waistband after Brown was shot. The medical investigator at the scene of the shooting did not take any photographs and testified to the grand jury that Brown's left hand was under his dead body, near the waistband, and the right hand was extended outwards.[131]

On November 26, Wilson gave his first public interview about the shooting to ABC News' George Stephanopoulos.[132]

Corroborating Wilson's testimony

Numerous witness accounts were consistent with Wilson's account and also agreed with the physical evidence at hand. Many witnesses corroborated that Wilson acted in self-defense during the event. A number of the witnesses who corroborated Wilson's account of events expressed fear and apprehension in testifying, saying they had been harassed or threatened by individuals from the Ferguson community.[13]: pp.27–34  The following are a sample of the witnesses whose accounts aligned with Wilson's testimony.

Witness 102 was a 27-year-old biracial male. He said he saw Wilson chase Brown until Brown abruptly turned around. Brown did not put his hands up in surrender but made some type of movement similar to pulling his pants up or a shoulder shrug and then made a full charge at Wilson. Witness 102 thought Wilson's life was threatened and he only fired shots when Brown was coming toward him.[13]: pp.27–28 

After the shooting, Witness 102 remained in the neighborhood for a short period of time, and corrected a couple of people who claimed Wilson "stood over [Brown] and shot while [he was] on the ground". In response, Witness 102 said Wilson shot Brown because Brown came back toward Wilson. Witness 102 "kept thinking" Wilson's shots were "missing" Brown because Brown kept moving.[13]: p.28  Witness 102 did not stay in the neighborhood for long, and left the area shortly afterward because he felt uncomfortable. According to the witness, "crowds of people had begun to gather, wrongly claiming the police shot Brown for no reason and that he had his hands up in surrender". Two black women approached Witness 102, mobile phones set to record, asking him to recount what he had witnessed. Witness 102 responded that they would not like what he had to say. The women responded with racial slurs, calling him names like 'white motherfucker'."[13]: p.28 

Witness 103, a 58-year-old black male, testified that from his parked truck he saw "Brown punching Wilson at least three times in the facial area, through the open driver's window of the SUV... Wilson and Brown [had] hold of each other's shirts, but Brown was 'getting in a couple of blows [on Wilson]'."[13]: p.29  Wilson was leaning back toward the passenger seat with his forearm up, in an effort to block the blows. Then Witness 103 heard a gunshot and Brown took off running. Wilson exited the SUV, appeared to be using his shoulder microphone to call into his radio, and chased Brown with his gun held low ... Brown came to a stop near a car, put his hand down on the car, and turned around to face Wilson. Brown's hands were then down at his sides. Witness 103 did not see Brown's hands up. Wanting to leave, Witness 103 began to turn his car around in the opposite direction that Brown had been running when he heard additional shots. Witness 103 turned to his right, and saw Brown "moving fast" toward Wilson. Witness 103 then drove away."[13]: p.29 

Witness 104, a 26-year-old biracial female, witnessed the end of the altercation from a minivan:

[Witness 104] saw Brown run from the SUV, followed by Wilson, who "hopped" out of the SUV and ran after him while yelling "stop, stop, stop". Wilson did not fire his gun as Brown ran from him. Brown then turned around and "for a second" began to raise his hands as though he may have considered surrendering, but then quickly "balled up in fists" in a running position and "charged" at Wilson. Witness 104 described it as a "tackle run", explaining Brown "wasn't going to stop". Wilson fired his gun only as Brown charged at him, backing up as Brown came toward him. Witness 104 explained there were three separate volleys of shots. Each time, Brown ran toward Wilson, Wilson fired, Brown paused, Wilson stopped firing, and then Brown charged again. The pattern continued until Brown fell to the ground, "smashing" his face upon impact. Wilson did not fire while Brown momentarily had his hands up. Witness 104 explained it took some time for Wilson to fire, adding that she "would have fired sooner". Wilson did not go near Brown's body after Brown fell to his death.[13]: p.30 

Witness 108, a 74-year-old black male, told detectives the police officer was "in the right" and "did what he had to do", and that statements made by people in the apartment complex about Brown surrendering were inaccurate. Witness 108 later told investigators he "would have fucking shot that boy, too", and mimicked the aggressive stance Brown made while charging Wilson. He explained Wilson told Brown to "stop" or "get down" at least ten times, but instead Brown "charged" at Wilson. Witness 108 also told detectives there were other witnesses on Canfield Drive who saw what he saw.[13]: p.32 

Witness 109, a 53-year-old black male, said he decided to come forward after seeing Dorian Johnson "lie" about the events on television.[13]: p.32  He said when Wilson asked the two boys to get out of the street, Brown responded something to the effect of "Fuck the police." Afterward, Wilson got out of his car and Brown hit him in the face. Witness 109 said he saw Wilson reach for his taser but dropped it and then grabbed a gun, after which Brown grabbed for Wilson's gun. According to 109, at one point Brown ran away from Wilson, but turned around and charged toward the officer. He said Wilson fired in self-defense, and did not appear to be shooting to kill at first.[13]: p.33 

Witness 113, a 31-year-old black female, made statements that corroborated Wilson's account. She said she was afraid of the "neighborhood backlash" that might come from her testimony, and feared offering an account contrary to the narrative reported by the media that Brown held his hands up in surrender.[13]: pp.33–34  She also told investigators she thought Wilson's life was in danger.

Witness 136 was in his apartment using a video chat application on his mobile phone while the shooting occurred. After hearing the first few shots, he recorded the remainder of his chat on his phone and turned it over to the FBI. The recording is about 12 seconds long and captured a total of 10 gunshots. The gunshots begin after the first four seconds. The recording captured six gunshots in two seconds. After a three-second pause, a seventh gunshot is heard. A pause of less than one second gave way to the final three-shot volley within two seconds. The recording was not time-stamped. As detailed below, this recording is consistent with several credible witness accounts as well as Wilson's account, that he fired several volleys of shots, briefly pausing between each one.[13]: pp.24–25 

Contradicting Wilson's testimony

Several witnesses who originally testified against Wilson were also interviewed by the prosecution. They admitted to lying under oath as to the truthfulness of their testimony.[133][134] At least one witness took an account from a newspaper; this witness was later discredited by investigators during the process.[134]

Witness 22, who originally claimed she saw Wilson kill Brown in cold blood, admitted she lied to investigators and never saw the incident at all. She said she was just passing along information which her boyfriend told her he saw.[133][135][136] The court transcript reads:

Prosecution: You gave two statements, were both of those statements true? Witness 22: No. I just felt like I want to be part of something... I didn't see what I told the FBI what [sic] I saw.

Prosecutors also played the grand jury a 10-minute police interview with a man who claimed to have witnessed the shooting. They then played a phone call in which that man admitted he actually had not seen the incident at all.[135] Another witness insisted another officer was with Wilson at the time of the shooting. By all other accounts, Wilson was the only officer present when he shot Brown. This witness described having a clear view of what transpired despite there being a building between the witness' location and where the incident took place.[135]

Witness 35 said Brown was "on his knees" when Wilson shot him in the head. Under questioning, his testimony fell apart, and he admitted fabricating it.[135]

Prosecution: What you are saying you saw isn't forensically possible based on the evidence. Are you telling us that the only thing that's true about all of your statements before this is that you saw that police officer shoot him at point blank range? Witness 35: Yes.[135]

Another witness described Brown on his hands and knees pleading for his life. After a prosecutor confronted the witness and told them what they had seen was not forensically possible based on the evidence, the witness later asked to leave.[135]

Another witness—number 37—testified that, during a confrontation at Wilson's vehicle, Wilson shot Brown point blank in the chest—but Brown did not fall over and was not clearly bleeding as he ran away. This witness gave several different accounts of how many shots were fired. While he was further pressed for answers as to the truthfulness of his statements, he instead posed questions in return, refusing to elaborate on his statements.

Prosecution: You told three different stories in the time we've been here today. So I want to know which one is really your memory or did you see this at all? Witness 37: If none of my stuff is making any sense, like why do y'all keep contacting me?[135]

Dorian Johnson

Johnson, a friend of Brown, who was with him that day, gave his account of the incident to media outlets in August. In media interviews, Johnson said Wilson pulled up beside them and said, "Get the fuck on the sidewalk."[137][138][139] The young men replied they were "not but a minute away from [their] destination, and [they] would shortly be out of the street".[139] Wilson drove forward without saying anything further and abruptly backed up, positioning his vehicle crosswise in their path. Wilson then allegedly tried to open his door aggressively and the door ricocheted off Brown and Johnson's bodies and closed back on Wilson.[40] Wilson, still in his vehicle, purportedly grabbed Brown around his neck through the open window, and Brown tried to pull away, but Wilson is said to have continued to pull Brown toward him "like tug of war".[125][140] Johnson said Brown "did not reach for the officer's weapon at all", and was attempting to get free, when Wilson drew his weapon and said, "I'll shoot you" or "I'm going to shoot", and fired his weapon hitting Brown.[138][141][142][143][144] Following the initial gunshot, Brown freed himself, and the two are said to have fled. Wilson exited the vehicle, and allegedly fired several rounds at the fleeing Brown, hitting him once in the back.[40][139] Johnson said Brown then turned around with his hands raised and said, "I don't have a gun. Stop shooting!" Wilson is said to have then shot Brown several more times, killing him.[40][145]

In his testimony in September to the grand jury, Johnson said he and Brown had walked to a convenience store to buy cigarillos, but Brown instead reached over the counter and took them and shoved a clerk on his way out the door.[146] Johnson testified that on their walk back home, Brown had the cigarillos in his hands in plain sight and two Ferguson police cars passed them, but did not stop.[146] When Wilson encountered them, he told the two to "get the fuck on the sidewalk" and Johnson told him they would be off the street shortly as they were close to their destination.[147] Johnson testified Wilson was the aggressor from the beginning and that for no apparent reason, he backed his vehicle up and tried to open his door, but Brown shut it, preventing him from getting out.[147] Johnson said Wilson then reached out and grabbed Brown by the neck and the two were engaged in a "tug of war", and Wilson said "I'll shoot". Johnson said he never saw Brown hit Wilson and did not think Brown grabbed for Wilson's gun, but that a shot was fired.[147][148] At that point, Johnson said they both ran and Wilson fired while Brown was running away, Brown turned around and "at that time Big Mike's hands was up, but not so much in the air, because he had been struck".[148] Johnson told the jurors Brown said "I don't have a gun", was mad and tried to say again "I don't have a gun", but "before he can say the second sentence or before he can even get it out, that's when the several more shots came." In his testimony, Johnson maintained Brown did not run at Wilson prior to the fatal shots.[148]

Early reaction and analysis

See also: Ferguson unrest

August 9–14

Peaceful protests and civil disorder broke out the day following Brown's shooting and lasted for several days. This was in part due to the belief among many that Brown was surrendering, as well as longstanding racial tensions between the minority-black population and the majority-white city government and police.[149] As the details of the original shooting event emerged from investigators, police grappled with establishing curfews and maintaining order, while members of the Ferguson community demonstrated in various ways in the vicinity of the original shooting. On August 10, a day of memorials began peacefully, but some crowd members became unruly after an evening candlelight vigil.[150] Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear.[151] Some people began looting businesses, vandalizing vehicles, and confronting police officers who sought to block off access to several areas of the city.[150] Widespread media coverage examined the post-9/11 trend of local police departments arming themselves with military-grade weapons when dealing with protests.[152][153] In the days following the shooting, state and federal officials weighed in on the matter. On August 12, President Barack Obama offered his condolences to Brown's family and community.[154] On August 14, Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky said in an op-ed in Time Magazine, that the event was a tragedy and that police forces need to be demilitarized.[155]

August 15–30

On August 15, a report and video showing the robbery of a convenience store by Brown was released by the Ferguson Police Department. Brown was accompanied by his friend Dorian Johnson. The report and video were part of a packet that included information about the shooting afterward.[156][157][158] The report containing frames of the surveillance footage showed Brown grabbing a box of cigarillos, followed by an apparent struggle or confrontation between Brown and a store clerk.[159][160] The statutory deadline in the Sunshine Law, Missouri's equivalent of the federal Freedom of Information Act, was the cited reason for the release following requests by St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Judicial Watch and others.[161][162][163]

The Department of Justice had urged the video not be released, saying a release would inflame tension.[164] Missouri Governor Jay Nixon identified the release as an attempt to disparage Brown during the investigation that would inflame the community.[165][166] Brown's family released a statement in which they condemn the way the police chief chose to disseminate information, calling it character assassination following the "execution-style murder" of their son.[167]

The August 15 release of information was criticized as part of an erratic and infrequent release of information by the police.[168] Previously, the police withheld the name of the officer involved in the shooting, citing safety concerns following death threats against the unnamed officer.[156] The St Louis County Police incident report lacked details.[169] The Ferguson Police incident report was obtained by the ACLU after a request and subsequent lawsuit.[170] Wilson did not file an incident report[169] and there was no Ferguson Police use-of-force report related to the incident.[171] The Ferguson Police Department refused to commit to a deadline for releasing a full autopsy report.[145]

When the report and video were released, the police said Wilson had known Brown was a suspect in the robbery.[172] In a media conference, Ferguson's chief of police Tom Jackson said the robbery was unrelated to the initial contact, and had nothing to do with Wilson stopping Brown and Johnson.[156][172] Jackson later clarified Wilson recognized Brown as a suspect because he saw a box of cigars in his hand.[37][173] Eugene O'Donnell, a former district attorney in New York City who now serves as a professor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, said, while the police officer may have stopped Brown for jaywalking, Brown may have been thinking the officer knew about the robbery: "Obviously the cop's reaction is not affected, but what could be affected is [Brown's] reaction to the cop."[174]

A Pew Research Center Survey published on August 18 suggested differences in American public opinion between whites and blacks. It indicated 80% of blacks and 37% of whites believed the shooting "raises important issues about race".[175]

On August 24, St. Louis held their annual Peace Fest, which had a particular focus on Mike Brown. In attendance was Mike Brown's father, Mike Brown Sr., as well as the parents of Trayvon Martin (an unarmed black teen who was shot and killed in Florida in 2012).[176]

In August, Chief Jackson said Wilson had been injured in the incident.[177] Wilson's medical record shows his injuries were diagnosed as a facial contusion or bruise.[178]

Brown's funeral was held on August 25 and was attended by an estimated 4,500 people.[179][180] Al Sharpton delivered one of two eulogies.[181][182]

September–November 24

 
Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson at the news conference
 
A makeshift memorial placed during protests
 
Protesters gather at the Ferguson police department

On October 22, anonymous sources leaked to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch what they described as Wilson's grand jury testimony.[183] The Justice Department issued a statement that it "considers the selective release of information in this investigation to be irresponsible and highly troubling. Since the release of the convenience-store footage, there seems to be an inappropriate effort to influence public opinion about this case."[183] Wilson's defense team denied they were behind the leaks, saying they "[were] not in possession of any of the disclosed reports or the investigative report".[183] The St. Louis County prosecutor spokesperson said his office would not investigate the leaks because they could not force journalists to divulge their sources, and "you can tell by the information they have that the leaks are not coming from the grand jury or the prosecutor's office."[184] The leaks concerning grand jury testimony were condemned by the Justice Department as inappropriate effort to influence public opinion about this case.[183] The leaks referred to evidence supporting Wilson's testimony and decreased the likelihood of an indictment whilst fanning the flames of angry protesters.[185]

November 24–early December

 
Missouri Highway Patrol Captain Ronald Johnson was asked to take over policing of Ferguson, as a tactical shift to reduce the violence
 
Police sharpshooter atop a SWAT vehicle during protests at Ferguson
 
Clashes between police and protesters

Following the grand jury announcement, protests, some of them violent, broke out in Ferguson and other cities across the United States. Several Ferguson businesses were looted and fires set by protesters. Protests erupted in 170 cities across the U.S., including[186] St Louis, Philadelphia, Seattle, Albuquerque, New York City, Cleveland, Los Angeles, Oakland, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Chicago, and Boston.[187] Numerous media reports and legal experts criticized the process for failing to return an indictment in cases concerning law enforcement officers.[188][189]

A December 2014 opinion poll by Washington Post-ABC News showed a majority of blacks do not believe that they receive treatment equal to whites by the police or the criminal justice system. Six out of ten white Americans believe the police treat races equally with roughly half of white Americans believing the criminal justice provides equal treatment, but there is a sharp partisan divide between white Americans. Conservative or Republican white Americans are far more likely to say whites and blacks receive equal treatment in the justice system than the liberal or Democratic white Americans.[190][note 2]

March 2015

On March 4, the U.S. Department of Justice announced Wilson would not be charged in the shooting. Its report said "[t]here is no evidence upon which prosecutors can rely to disprove Wilson's stated subjective belief that he feared for his safety," and that accounts that Brown put his hands up are "inaccurate because they are inconsistent with the physical and forensic evidence".[191]

President Obama reacted to the announcement, stating, "The finding that was made [by the Department of Justice] was that it was not unreasonable to determine that there was not sufficient evidence to charge Officer Wilson. That was an objective, thorough, independent federal investigation." He further added, "We may never know exactly what happened. But Officer Wilson like anybody else who is charged with a crime benefits from due process and a reasonable doubt standard."[192]

June–July 2015

In a Gallup Poll taken in June and July 2015, 8% of black respondents answered that local police treat racial minorities "very fairly" while 44% of black respondents answered "fairly". In contrast, 29% of non-Hispanic white respondents answered that local police treat racial minorities "very fairly" while 49% of non-Hispanic white respondents answered "fairly". In the same poll, 38% of black respondents and 18% of non-Hispanic white respondents indicated a preference for "greater police presence in their local communities."[193][194]

International reactions

Various heads of state and foreign news organizations have commented on the shooting and subsequent protests including the Chinese Xinhua News Agency, Germany's Der Spiegel,[195] Egypt's Ministry of Foreign affairs,[196] the Iranian Islamic Republic News Agency,[195] protesters throughout the Middle East,[197] the Russian Foreign Ministry,[195] Spain's El Mundo,[198] the British Metro,[199] and others.[195]

Amnesty International (AI) sent a team of human rights observers, trainers, and researchers to Ferguson. It was the first time the organization deployed such a team in the United States.[200][201] In a press release, AI USA director Steven W. Hawkins said, "The U.S. cannot continue to allow those obligated and duty-bound to protect to become those who their community fears most."[202][203] On October 24, AI published a report declaring human rights abuses in Ferguson. The report cited the use of lethal force in Brown's death, racial discrimination and excessive use of police force, imposition of restrictions on the rights to protest, intimidation of protesters, the use of tear gas, rubber bullets, and long range acoustic devices, restrictions imposed on the media covering the protests, and lack of accountability for law enforcement policing protests.[204][205]

Reactions to grand jury decision

 
Protesters react the day following the grand jury decision in Union Square, Manhattan in New York City.

The grand jury process was atypical because of significant and numerous departures from other normal grand jury proceedings. The American grand jury process operates in secret, with the proceedings, evidence and testimony rarely being released to the public in cases of no indictment. From the beginning, McCulloch desired to provide transparency to the process and had the proceeding transcribed with the intention of releasing the materials to the public if there was no indictment. Paul Cassell, former U.S. federal judge, said the investigative grand jury was unique because they were investigating with no assurance that any criminal conduct was present, in contrast to normal grand jury proceedings which have been screened for probable cause by a prosecutor. McCulloch's intentions to present all the evidence resulted in the proceedings which took far longer than regular grand juries which decide within days.[65]

Earlier in the hearing, the prosecution presented a 1979 Missouri statute allowing officers to use deadly force "to effect the arrest or prevent the escape from custody [of a person]". Before the grand jury deliberated, jurors were told to disregard the previous instructions and use case law from the Tennessee v Garner ruling, which said it was unconstitutional for police officers to use deadly force to apprehend non-dangerous fleeing suspects.[206] Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster, acknowledged the grand jury was given information based on the state law before being informed that deadly force cannot be used merely to prevent the escape of an unarmed suspect.[206][207] MSNBC's Lawrence O'Donnell argued that this change amounted to a deliberate attempt by the prosecution to make it impossible to indict Wilson.[207] Andrew F. Branca, a Massachusetts lawyer focusing on self-defense law, attributed O'Donnell's comments as a straw man because self-defense is a completely independent and sufficient justification for the use of deadly force.[208] The St. Louis Public Radio later clarified that even if Wilson was indicted and convicted at trial based on the Garner ruling, the conviction could be challenged on the basis that Missouri law permitted the use of deadly force.[206]

The prosecution's handling of the case received particular attention. Roger Parloff said prosecutors do not usually exclude truly exculpatory evidence and that prosecutors do not typically indict if they believe the accused is not guilty, disagreeing with the notion that McCulloch should have presented evidence with the purpose of obtaining an indictment.[209] Jay Sterling Silver said the grand jury case indicated a conflict of interest between local prosecutors and police, as the former needs to maintain a good relationship with law enforcement.[210] Mark O'Mara said the unusual process was to avoid arguments that the presentation was to effect a particular result, yet despite this McCulloch was still criticized for the decision. Paul Callan, former deputy chief of homicide in the Brooklyn District Attorney's Office, gave a layered response which asserted the choice to present all the evidence was unusual, but not unprecedented in controversial cases. Callan said some prosecutors use the grand jury process as political cover in cases which would not succeed at trial, and in cases in which subsequent investigations and civil lawsuits would raise further criticism.[135] William Fitzpatrick, of the National District Attorneys Association, said it was not strange for prosecutors in police-involved cases to provide all available evidence and not ask for a specific charge and defended McCulloch's inclusion of evidence.[83] Jeffrey Toobin agreed the exoneration may have been well-justified because a conviction would have been very unlikely at a trial, but the process that was used does not inspire confidence in the legal system.[135] In a later interview, McCulloch defended the choice to include all evidence and not skew the presentation just for the sake of getting an indictment.[81]

The New York Times described prosecutors' questioning of Wilson as "gentle" and said it contrasted with the sharp challenges to witnesses whose accounts seemed to contradict Wilson's, and reported this had led some to question whether the process was as objective as McCulloch had claimed. The Times reported prosecutors asked witness after witness if Brown appeared to be reaching for a weapon when confronting Wilson, though few of them said this. Furthermore, contradictions in testimony by Wilson and other law-enforcement officers were left unchallenged by prosecutors.[86] CNN legal analyst Sunny Hostin criticized the prosecutors for asking softball questions during the cross examination of Wilson's testimony, and referred particularly to the fact that no witness could corroborate Wilson's story that he had warned Brown twice to lie down on the ground, and when asked, witnesses said they did not hear him say that.[211]

After the grand jury's decision was announced, Brown's stepfather, Louis Head, turned to a crowd of demonstrators who had gathered, and yelled "Burn this bitch down", according to a New York Times video.[212] Moments before, he had said "If I get up [on the platform] I'm gonna start a riot."[213] He later apologized for the outburst.[214]

Aftermath

 
The site on Canfield Drive in 2020

By September 24, Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson publicly apologized to the family of Michael Brown.[215] By March 12, five months later, Thomas Jackson resigned from the Ferguson Police Department.[216] On November 29, Wilson resigned from the Ferguson police force with no severance, citing security concerns.[217][218] Wilson's lawyer said Wilson "will never be a police officer again" as he does not want to put other officers at risk due to his presence.[219] The National Bar Association, an organization of African American lawyers and judges, made a complaint to the Missouri Department of Public Safety demanding Wilson's police officer license be revoked.[220] Wilson's attempts to obtain employment as a police officer have been unsuccessful.[221]

President Barack Obama announced the federal government would spend $75 million on body cameras for law enforcement officers, as one of the measures taken in response to the shooting.[222][223]

According to the Associated Press' annual poll of United States news directors and editors, the top news story of 2014 was police killings of unarmed black people—including the shooting of Brown—as well as their investigations and the protests in their aftermath.[224][225]

Roger Goldman, emeritus professor at Saint Louis University Law School, Flanders, a Saint Louis University law professor, and Senator Jamilah Nasheed seek the updating of Missouri state law to comply with the 1985 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Tennessee v. Garner.[206]

 
Bronze plaque in memory of Michael Brown on sidewalk where shooting incident occurred

The cover of The New Yorker's January 26, 2015, issue depicted Martin Luther King Jr. linking arms with Eric Garner and Wenjian Liu, and joined by Trayvon Martin and Brown.[226]

Funds for the Brown family and for Wilson were solicited on the internet,[227][228] each accumulating hundreds of thousands of dollars in donations.[229]

In August 2018, Prosecuting Attorney Bob McCulloch lost re-election to reformist Wesley Bell by double-digit margins, ending McCulloch's 28-year incumbency.[230]

"Hands up, don't shoot"

 
"Hands up!" sign displayed at a Ferguson protest
Main article: Hands up, don't shoot

"Hands up, don't shoot", or simply "hands up", is a slogan and gesture originating from the incident and was seen in demonstrations in Ferguson and throughout the United States.[231] The gesture became a rallying cry against police violence.[232][233][234]

On March 4, 2015, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a report on the shooting,[13] which said, "There is no witness who has stated that Brown had his hands up in surrender whose statement is otherwise consistent with the physical evidence" and "our investigation did not reveal any eyewitness who stated that Brown said 'don't shoot'."[235][236]

Related incidents

Further information: 2014 killings of NYPD officers and Ferguson unrest § March 2015

On December 20, two NYPD officers were shot and killed in their police car in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The suspected gunman, Ismaaiyl Brinsley, posted days earlier on Instagram his intention to kill police officers in response to the killings of Brown and Eric Garner.[237] The suspect, who had a long criminal record and had shot his girlfriend in the stomach a few hours earlier, entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide.[238][239][240]

On March 12, 2015, two police officers were wounded by gunfire outside the Ferguson police headquarters. The officers, one from nearby Webster Groves, the other from the St. Louis County Police, were providing security at a protest being staged outside the station.[241] Two days later, 20-year-old Jeffrey L. Williams was arrested in connection with the shooting.[242] Williams' attorney said, although Williams fired the shots, he was not aiming at the officers.[243]

Eighteen-year-old Tyrone Harris (friend of Brown) was shot by police in Ferguson on August 9, 2015, one year after the shooting of Michael Brown.[244][245] That same day, the Columbia (Missouri) Police Officers' Association (CPOA) proclaimed "Darren Wilson Day", calling Wilson an "innocent, but persecuted, officer" and insisted his ethnicity had nothing to do with their support of him.[246] An ABC affiliate reported the post was shared nearly 60 times on the site before being removed. The CPOA then posted its support for Wilson and "all law enforcement officers who endure similar situations."[247]

Task force on policing

Main article: Police reform in the United States

In December 2014, president Barack Obama created a commission to make recommendations for broad police reform in the United States. The commission created by Obama released an interim report on March 2, 2015, with numerous recommendations, including the recommendation that policy be created mandating "external and independent criminal investigations in cases of police use of force resulting in death, officer-involved shootings resulting in injury or death, or in-custody deaths".[248]

DOJ investigation into the Ferguson Police Department

On September 5, 2014, the U.S. Department of Justice began an investigation of the Ferguson, Missouri, police force to examine whether officers routinely engaged in racial profiling or showed a pattern of excessive force. The investigation was separate from the Department's other investigation of the shooting of Brown.[249] The results of the investigation were released in a March 4, 2015, report, which concluded officers in Ferguson routinely violated the constitutional rights of the city's residents, by discriminating against African Americans and applying racial stereotypes, in a "pattern or practice of unlawful conduct within the Ferguson Police Department that violates the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and federal statutory law."[250][251]

The report focused on the problem of issuing warrants for sometimes minor offenses. In many states, a chief cause for warrants is unpaid traffic tickets.[252]

Brown family lawsuit

On April 23, 2015, the Brown family filed a wrongful death lawsuit in state court against Wilson, Jackson, and the City of Ferguson, asking for damages in excess of $75,000 as well as attorney's fees.[253][254] On May 27, 2015, the lawsuit was moved from state court to federal court.[255]

On July 14, 2015, U.S. District Judge E. Richard Webber responded to defense motions by dismissing four of the seven counts of the lawsuit and declining to dismiss two other counts.[256][257] On June 20, 2017, Webber approved a settlement between Brown's parents and the city of Ferguson. Terms of the agreement, including the settlement amount, were sealed from the public.[258][259] A Ferguson city attorney revealed the city's insurance company paid $1.5 million.[260]

Dorian Johnson lawsuit

On April 29, 2015, Johnson filed a lawsuit in state court against Wilson, Jackson, and the City of Ferguson for being stopped by Wilson without probable cause, reasonable suspicion or legal justification to detain him. The lawsuit claimed that, according to the findings of the § DOJ investigation into the Ferguson Police Department, law enforcement efforts focused on generating revenue rather than protecting the town's citizens. Johnson sought US$25,000 in damages.[261][262][263] On May 27, 2015, the lawsuit was moved from state court to federal court.[264] The court denied the defendants' motion to dismiss the case; they appealed, and a three-judge panel of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court on July 25, 2017,[265] allowing the lawsuit to go forward. The en banc Eighth Circuit reviewed and reversed the panel's decision on June 17, 2019, directing the district court to dismiss the case.[266]

Appointment of Delrish Moss as police chief

On May 9, 2016, Delrish Moss, a Miami law enforcement veteran and expert in community relations,[267] was sworn in as the first permanent African American chief in Ferguson. He said his challenges would include diversifying the police force and dramatically improving community relations.[268]

Lezley McSpadden announces run for Ferguson City Council

On April 25, 2018, Brown's mother, Lezley McSpadden, announced to a Harvard University forum on police violence that she would run for City Council of Ferguson.[269] She did not win.[270]

In popular culture

The same month Brown was shot dead, American rappers The Game, Rick Ross, 2 Chainz, Diddy, Fabolous, Wale, DJ Khaled, Swizz Beatz, Yo Gotti, Curren$y, Problem, King Pharoah and recording group TGT released the song "Don't Shoot" as a tribute to Brown.[271]

On De L'Amour — his final studio album released before his death in 2017 — the French rock and roll singer Johnny Hallyday sings "Dans la peau de Mike Brown", a song against racial crimes and in memory of Mike Brown.[272]

On November 28, 2014, musician and filmmaker Richard Rossi was in the news regarding the controversy over the shooting of Michael Brown. Rossi wrote and recorded a protest song expressing his feelings about a grand jury's decision not to charge a white police officer in the death of the unarmed black teen in Ferguson, Missouri. "I wrote the song in five minutes as a way to express my emotions about the danger of trigger-happy police," Rossi said. "I filmed it on my laptop at my kitchen table and uploaded it to YouTube." Rossi uploaded the video on November 26, and provided the song's lyrics in the video description. Here is a sample from the song's beginning, printed in the Los Angeles Daily News: "Down at the courthouse on a Monday afternoon/Justice was thrown right out the window when a young white cop entered the room."[273]

In Prince's song about the 2015 Baltimore protests, "Baltimore", he sings "does anybody hear us pray for Michael Brown or Freddie Gray?".[274][275]

In 2015, actor Ezra Miller directed a short film titled The Truth According to Darren Wilson. In the film, Wilson recounts his version of events, ending in him being called into a room to tell it to investigators, implying that Wilson unlawfully murdered Brown, and that he later lied about the events of that day.[276][277]

Brown's death is the subject of the song "What It Means" by Drive-By Truckers on their 2016 album American Band.[278][279]

Iconographer Mark Dukes created the icon Our Lady of Ferguson in response to the shooting.[280]

Poet Danez Smith published a poem entitled "not an Elegy for Mike Brown", written the night of the incident.[281][282]

Seattle based rapper Macklemore mentions Wilson in the song "White Privilege II" from his second collaborative effort with producer Ryan Lewis, 2016's This Unruly Mess I've Made: "My success is the product of the same system that let off Darren Wilson – guilty"[283]

English folk singer Reg Meuross included a song called "The Lonesome Death of Michael Brown" on his 2017 album Faraway People.[284] The song's title acknowledges Bob Dylan's song against racism in the 1960s, "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll", which describes the death in Baltimore of a bartender at the hands of a drunk patron, who struck her with a cane causing her to die of a brain hemorrhage.

Poet Nicole Sealey wrote The Ferguson Report: An Erasure, a book length erasure[285] of the Ferguson Report [286] which comments on the Killing of Michael Brown and the subsequent Ferguson unrest. Her poem "Pages 22–29, an excerpt from the book, won a Forward Prize for Poetry in October 2021.[287]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ County autopsy report:
    "Post-Mortem Examination – Exam Case 2104–5143 – Brown, Michael". St. Louis County Health, Office of the Medical Examiner. Retrieved September 13, 2016 – via DocumentCloud contribution by Eyder Peralta, NPR.
    Independent autopsy report:
    "Autopsy Report – Michael Brown". Retrieved September 13, 2016 – via DocumentCloud contribution by CNN Digital.
    Federal autopsy report:
    "Autopsy Report – Autopsy Number ME14-0240 – Brown, Michael". Department of Defense, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner. Retrieved September 13, 2016 – via DocumentCloud contribution by News desk, The Guardian.
  2. ^ The poll was conducted December 11–15, 2014, with a random national sample of 1,012 adults with an overall margin of error of 3.5 percentage points, but an error margin of 11 points for results among African Americans and Hispanics.[190]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Documents Released in the Ferguson Case". The New York Times. November 25, 2014. from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014. (See diagram November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine and legend November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine in second row from bottom.)
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February 16, 2024
killing, michael, brown, michael, brown, redirects, here, other, people, with, name, michael, brown, disambiguation, august, 2014, year, michael, brown, shot, killed, police, officer, darren, wilson, ferguson, missouri, suburb, louis, location, ferguson, misso. Michael Brown Jr redirects here For other people with the name see Michael Brown disambiguation On August 9 2014 18 year old Michael Brown was shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson Missouri a suburb of St Louis 2 Killing of Michael BrownLocation of Ferguson Missouri within St Louis County and St Louis County within MissouriDateAugust 9 2014 9 years ago 2014 08 09 Time12 01 12 03 p m CDT LocationFerguson Missouri U S Coordinates38 44 18 N 90 16 26 W 38 73847 N 90 27387 W 38 73847 90 27387 1 TypeHomicide police shootingParticipantsDarren Wilson shooter Michael Brown deceased Dorian Johnson accompanied Brown DeathsMichael BrownNon fatal injuriesDarren WilsonChargesNoneLitigationWrongful death lawsuit settled for undisclosed amountBrown was accompanied by his 22 year old male friend Dorian Johnson 3 Wilson a white male Ferguson police officer said that an altercation ensued when Brown attacked him in his police vehicle for control of Wilson s service pistol The struggle continued until the pistol fired 4 Johnson said that Wilson initiated a confrontation by grabbing Brown by the neck through Wilson s patrol car window threatening him and then shooting at him 5 At this point both Wilson and Johnson state that Brown and Johnson fled with Wilson pursuing Brown shortly thereafter Wilson stated that Brown stopped and charged him after a short pursuit Johnson contradicted this account stating that Brown turned around with his hands raised after Wilson shot at his back According to Johnson Wilson then shot Brown multiple times until Brown fell to the ground In the entire altercation Wilson fired a total of twelve bullets including twice during the struggle in the car 6 Brown was struck six times all in the front of his body 7 8 9 This event ignited unrest in Ferguson Witnesses to the shooting claimed Brown had his hands up in surrender or said don t shoot so protesters later used the slogan Hands up don t shoot 10 A subsequent FBI investigation said that there was no evidence that Brown had done so 11 Peaceful protests and violent riots continued for more than a week in Ferguson police later established a nightly curfew The response of area police agencies in dealing with the protests was strongly criticized by both the media and politicians Concerns were raised over insensitivity tactics and a militarized response Missouri governor Jay Nixon ordered local police organizations to cede much of their authority to the Missouri State Highway Patrol A grand jury was called and given evidence from Robert McCulloch the St Louis County Prosecutor On November 24 2014 McCulloch announced the St Louis County grand jury had decided not to indict Wilson 12 In March 2015 the U S Department of Justice reported the conclusion of its own investigation and cleared Wilson of civil rights violations in the shooting It claimed that Wilson s account was corroborated by bruising on Wilson s jaw and scratches on his neck the presence of Brown s DNA on Wilson s collar shirt and pants and Wilson s DNA on Brown s palm and claimed that witnesses who corroborated the officer s account were credible 13 14 The U S Department of Justice concluded that Wilson shot Brown in self defense 15 16 In 2020 St Louis County prosecutor Wesley Bell spent five months reviewing the case with an eye to charge Wilson with either manslaughter or murder In July Bell announced Wilson would not be charged 17 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Brown s activities prior to the incident 2 Incident 3 Investigations 3 1 Police 3 2 Department of Justice 3 3 2020 prosecutor review 4 Grand jury hearing 5 Evidence 5 1 Shooting scene 5 2 DNA 5 3 Autopsies 5 3 1 County 5 3 2 Independent 5 3 3 Federal 5 4 Audio recording of gunshots 5 5 Handling 6 Witness accounts 6 1 Wilson s interview and testimony 6 2 Corroborating Wilson s testimony 6 3 Contradicting Wilson s testimony 6 4 Dorian Johnson 7 Early reaction and analysis 7 1 August 9 14 7 2 August 15 30 7 3 September November 24 7 4 November 24 early December 7 5 March 2015 7 6 June July 2015 7 7 International reactions 8 Reactions to grand jury decision 9 Aftermath 9 1 Hands up don t shoot 9 2 Related incidents 9 3 Task force on policing 9 4 DOJ investigation into the Ferguson Police Department 9 5 Brown family lawsuit 9 6 Dorian Johnson lawsuit 9 7 Appointment of Delrish Moss as police chief 9 8 Lezley McSpadden announces run for Ferguson City Council 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External linksBackground nbsp Brown in a photo posted to Facebook in May 2013Michael Orlandus Darrion Brown 18 May 20 1996 19 August 9 2014 graduated from Normandy High School in St Louis County eight days before his death completing an alternative education program 20 At the time of his death he was 18 years old 6 feet 4 inches 1 93 meters tall and weighed 292 pounds 132 kilograms 9 He was an amateur rap musician who posted his songs on the popular music sharing site SoundCloud under the handle Big Mike 21 He was two days from starting a training program for heating and air conditioning repair at Vatterott College technical school 22 Darren Dean Wilson 23 born May 14 1986 in Fort Worth Texas 24 was 6 ft 4 in 1 93 m tall and weighed about 210 lb 95 kg 25 26 Wilson s first police job was in the town of Jennings Missouri where he began working in 2009 26 27 With respect to this job Wilson said to The New Yorker in 2015 I d never been in an area where there was that much poverty 27 The police force in Jennings was shut down by the town s city council in March 2011 26 In October 2011 Wilson began working for the Ferguson Police Department 28 In February 2013 Wilson won a commendation from the Ferguson Police Department after he apprehended a suspect who was later charged with possession of marijuana with intent to distribute and resisting arrest 28 Brown s activities prior to the incident Surveillance video which was publicly released in the 2017 documentary film Stranger Fruit shows Michael Brown walking into Ferguson Market and Liquor at 1 13 a m ten and a half hours before he entered the store for the final time The footage shows Brown handing a young clerk a brown package believed by the filmmaker to be marijuana and then receiving an unpurchased package of cigarillos from the store After the video was rediscovered and made public in 2017 some including Brown s family said they believed Brown had left the package there for safekeeping and later returned to retrieve it The store owner disputed this through an attorney who dismissed claims that the store traded him cigarillos for pot The lawyer claimed t he reason he Brown gave it back is he was walking out the door with unpaid merchandise and they the staff wanted it back 29 The store s attorney said the video had been in the hands of Brown s family and law enforcement since the initial investigation and said the video had been edited to remove the portion where the store clerk returned Brown s package to him 30 Following this on March 13 2017 unedited footage from the store was released by the St Louis County prosecutor to try to settle questions 31 IncidentAt 11 47 a m Officer Wilson responded to a call about a baby with breathing problems and drove to Glenark Drive in Ferguson east of Canfield Drive 32 About three minutes later and several blocks away Brown was recorded on camera stealing a box of Swisher Sweets cigars and forcefully shoving a Ferguson Market clerk At 11 53 a police dispatcher reported stealing in progress at the Ferguson Market and described the suspect as a black male wearing a white T shirt running toward QuikTrip The suspect was reported as having stolen a box of Swisher cigars 32 Brown and his friend Dorian Johnson left the market at about 11 54 a m 33 At 11 57 the dispatch described the suspect as wearing a red St Louis Cardinals hat a white T shirt yellow socks and khaki shorts and that he was accompanied by another male 32 Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson said that the incident with Brown stealing cigars had nothing to do with why Brown was stopped by Wilson prior to the shooting and that the reason Brown and Johnson were stopped was because they were walking down the middle of the street blocking traffic 34 At 12 00 p m Wilson reported he was back in service and radioed units 25 and 22 to ask if they needed his assistance in searching for the suspects 32 Seven seconds later an unidentified officer said the suspects had disappeared 32 Wilson called for backup at 12 02 saying Unit 21 Put me on Canfield with two And send me another car 32 nbsp St Louis County police protect the scene eight hours after the shootingInitial reports of what happened next differed widely among sources and witnesses particularly with regard to whether Brown was moving towards Wilson when the shots were fired At noon on August 9 Wilson drove up to Brown and Johnson as they were walking in the middle of Canfield Drive and ordered them to move off the street Wilson continued driving past the two men but then backed up and stopped close to them 35 9 36 37 A struggle took place between Brown and Wilson after Brown reached through the window of Wilson s police SUV a Chevrolet Tahoe 38 Wilson was armed with a SIG Sauer P229 39 pistol which was fired twice during the struggle from inside the vehicle with one bullet hitting Brown s right hand 38 39 Brown and Johnson fled and Johnson hid behind a car 40 Wilson got out of the vehicle and pursued Brown 41 At some point Wilson fired his pistol again while facing Brown and hit him with at least six shots all in the front of his body 9 Brown was unarmed and died on the street 38 42 Less than 90 seconds passed from the time Wilson encountered Brown to the time of Brown s death 43 44 An unidentified officer arrived on the scene and 73 seconds after Wilson s call asked where the second suspect was Thirty one seconds later a supervisor was requested by Unit 25 At 12 07 p m an officer on scene radioed to dispatch for more units 32 Also at 12 07 the St Louis County police were notified and county officers began arriving on scene at around 12 15 p m The St Louis County detectives were notified at 12 43 p m and arrived about 1 30 p m with the forensic investigator arriving at about 2 30 p m 45 Police dispatched 12 units to the scene by 1 00 p m with another 12 including two canine units by 2 00 p m Gunshots were recorded in Ferguson police logs at 2 11 p m and by the ambulance dispatch again at 2 14 p m which led to the response of 20 more units from eight different municipal forces in the next 20 minutes As the situation deteriorated the police commanders had investigators seek cover and detectives assisted in crowd control At 2 45 four canine units arrived on scene and the SWAT team arrived at 3 20 p m 46 The medical examiner began his examination of Brown at approximately 3 30 p m and concluded about half an hour later with Brown s body being cleared to be taken to the morgue 46 47 At 4 37 p m Brown s body was signed in at the morgue by workers 46 InvestigationsPolice Michael Brown was fatally shot by Officer Wilson at about 12 02 p m The Ferguson Police Department was on the scene within minutes as were crowds of residents some expressing hostility toward the police Paramedics covered the body with sheets About 20 minutes after the shooting the Ferguson police chief turned over the homicide investigation to the St Louis County Police Department SLCPD The arrival of SLCPD detectives took about 70 minutes as they were occupied with another crime scene 37 minutes away On arrival at 1 30 p m they put up privacy screens around the body Their investigation was slowed due to safety concerns regarding the sound of gunfire in the area and some hostile members of the crowd encroaching on the crime scene An investigator from the St Louis County Medical Examiner s office arrived at 2 30 p m Brown s body was removed at 4 00 p m 48 Local residents criticized authorities for leaving Brown s body in the street for four hours in an action seen as demeaning and disrespectful 46 Department of Justice On August 11 2014 the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI opened a civil rights investigation into the incident 49 A spokeswoman for the FBI s St Louis field office said the decision to open an investigation was not motivated by the protests and riots which had ensued 50 Forty FBI agents went door to door looking for potential witnesses who may have had information about the shooting 51 Additionally attorneys from the Civil Rights Division and from the United States Attorney s Office were participating in the investigation 52 On March 4 2015 the federal investigation cleared Wilson of civil rights violations in the shooting The investigation concluded there was no evidence upon which prosecutors could rely to disprove Wilson s asserted belief that he feared for his safety that witnesses who contradicted Wilson were not credible that forensic evidence and credible witnesses corroborated Wilson s account and that the facts did not support the filing of criminal charges against Wilson 14 53 54 Credible witnesses did not support accounts that Brown had his hands up in surrender He was not shot in the back Forensic evidence showed he was moving toward Wilson Numerous witnesses were found to have given accounts of actions they were unable to see from their vantage points or to be recounting others accounts 14 53 54 2020 prosecutor review A new St Louis County prosecutor Wesley Bell spent five months in 2020 reviewing the case with an eye to charging Wilson with either manslaughter or murder 55 56 In July Bell announced he would not charge Wilson with any crime 57 Bell said he didn t have the evidence to ethically bring a charge against Darren Wilson 58 Grand jury hearingThe grand jury was made up of members who had been impaneled in May 2014 for a regularly scheduled term to hear all cases put forward by the prosecuting attorney s office There were three black jury members one man and two women and nine white jury members six men and three women an ethnic breakdown that roughly reflects the racial makeup of St Louis County 59 which is about 30 black and 70 white 60 On August 20 2014 the grand jury started hearing evidence in the case State of Missouri v Darren Wilson in order to decide whether a crime was committed and if there was probable cause to believe Wilson committed it 61 There was intense interest focused on the grand jury Robert P McCulloch the elected prosecuting attorney for St Louis County was in charge of the prosecution but did not participate in the direct handling of the grand jury hearing 62 63 64 It was handled by two Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys of McCulloch s office Kathi Alizadeh and Sheila Whirley 63 McCulloch announced an unusual process the grand jury would hear all the evidence the proceedings would be transcribed and the materials would be made public if the grand jury did not indict 65 The grand jury took 25 days over the span of three months to hear more than 5 000 pages of testimony from 60 witnesses and then deliberate on whether or not to indict Wilson 65 66 Most grand juries complete their work in a matter of days 65 The grand jury was not sequestered during the process 67 On the night of November 24 Prosecutor McCulloch reported in a 20 minute press conference that the grand jury had reached a decision in the case and would not indict Wilson 68 Following his announcement McCulloch released thousands of pages of grand jury documents with materials published on the internet for public perusal 69 The documents include transcripts of the proceedings expert statements and the testimony of some witnesses 70 On December 8 more witness interviews and more than 50 brief audio recordings between the police dispatchers and responding police officers were released 71 On December 13 a third release included the transcripts of witness interviews including one with Dorian Johnson 72 A video of the two hour interview of Johnson by FBI and county police was withheld 73 74 Robert P McCulloch was the main focus of much of the criticism throughout the process and well into its aftermath Attorney Raul Reyes characterized McCulloch as not being impartial as his father was a police officer killed in an incident with a black suspect and other members of his family served with the St Louis Police Department 75 A petition calling for McCulloch to recuse himself gained 70 000 signatures 76 77 78 79 Governor Jay Nixon declined to remove McCulloch and said doing so would potentially jeopardize the prosecution 80 McCulloch dismissed the claims of bias and later said he regretted not speaking publicly about his background at the time 63 81 Legal analysts raised concerns over McCulloch s unorthodox approach saying this process could have influenced the grand jury to decide against indictment and that they were given too much material to assess 82 83 The analysts highlighted the significant differences between a typical grand jury proceeding in Missouri and how Wilson s case was handled 41 EvidenceShooting scene Evidence presented to the grand jury showed that the shooting scene extended approximately 184 feet 56 m along Canfield Drive near where it intersects Copper Creek Court The two lane street runs east to west and has sidewalks and curbs on both sides Immediately prior to the incident Brown was walking eastbound on Canfield and Officer Wilson was driving westbound Evidence at the scene was generally clustered around Wilson s patrol SUV on the western side of the scene and near Brown s body which was in the eastern part of the area nbsp Diagram of the shooting scene 84 1 41 85 The 30 foot 9 1 m western area included Wilson s SUV which was angled slightly toward the right curb with its left rear corner on the center line Evidence included two bracelets a baseball cap and two 40 caliber spent casings One of these casings was found at the western edge of the scene and the other was located near the rear driver s side of the police vehicle There were two groups of red stains near the driver s side of the vehicle and a left sandal was also located in the vicinity The right sandal was approximately 44 feet 13 m east of the western area The eastern area which was approximately 124 feet 38 m east of the western area was about 29 feet 8 8 m wide Brown s body was situated along the center line of the road with his head oriented in a westerly direction The distance from the driver s door of Wilson s SUV to Brown s head was about 153 feet 47 m Two groups of red stains were located at the extreme eastern edge of the scene with the furthest under 22 feet 6 7 m from Brown s feet One apparent projectile was found near the body There were ten spent 40 caliber casings scattered on the south side of the road near Brown s body The distribution of the casings combined with most of the casings being east of the body was consistent with Officer Wilson moving backward while firing 1 Blood spatter approximately 25 feet 7 6 m behind Brown s body suggested Brown was moving toward Wilson when Brown was killed 41 86 DNA Brown s DNA was found on Wilson s gun His DNA was also found on the left thigh of Officer Wilson s pants and on the inside driver s door handle of Wilson s police SUV 39 the result of Brown s spilled blood staining Wilson s pants and the door handle 87 Wilson s DNA was found on Brown s left palm but was not found under Brown s fingernails or on his right hand 39 Michael Graham the St Louis medical examiner said blood was found on Wilson s gun and inside the car and tissue from Brown was found on the exterior of the driver s side of Wilson s vehicle this evidence was consistent with a struggle at that location According to Judy Melinek a San Francisco pathologist who commented on the case as an expert the official autopsy which said Brown s hand had foreign matter consistent with a gun discharge on it supported Wilson s testimony that Brown was reaching for the weapon 88 or indicated the gun was inches away from Brown s hand when it went off 39 According to the detective who performed tests on the gun he had to decide whether to perform a DNA test or dust for fingerprints because only one test can be performed without affecting the other 39 He found the gun stored in an unsealed envelope contrary to the customary evidence handling protocol 89 Documents released after the grand jury proceedings show Wilson washed blood from his hands and checked his own gun into an evidence bag both actions described by media outlets as unorthodox procedures for such a case 90 91 Autopsies Three autopsies note 1 were performed on Brown s body with all three noting Brown had been shot at least six times including twice in the head He received no shots in his back 92 The county autopsy report described gunshot entry and exit wounds to Brown s right arm coming from both the front ventral palms facing forward and the back dorsal palms facing backward 93 County The local medical examiner autopsy report released to state prosecutors said Brown was shot in the front part of his body When Mary Case the St Louis County medical examiner was asked to provide details she declined to comment further citing the ongoing investigation into Brown s death 94 95 The official county autopsy was later leaked to the St Louis Post Dispatch 96 88 The narrative report of investigation from the office of the medical examiner of St Louis agreed with Wilson s testimony 88 It noted Brown had sustained multiple gunshot wounds to the head torso and right arm as well as a single gunshot wound to the inside of his right hand near his thumb and palm it also noted Brown s body had abrasions to the right side of his face and on the back of his left hand 88 The autopsy noted the absence of stippling powder burns around a wound that indicate a shot was fired at a relatively short range Michael Graham notes gunshot wounds within an inch of the body do not always cause stippling Microscopic examination of tissue taken from Brown s thumb wound detected the presence of a foreign material consistent with the material which is ejected from a gun while firing 88 The gunshot wound to the top of Brown s head was consistent with Brown either falling forward or being in a lunging position the shot was instantly fatal 88 A toxicology test performed by a St Louis University laboratory revealed the presence of THC the active ingredient in marijuana in Brown s blood and urine This indicated he used marijuana within a few hours of his death but not whether he was impaired when he died 88 Independent At the request of Brown s family on August 17 a preliminary autopsy was conducted by Michael Baden a former chief medical examiner for the City of New York 1978 1979 This autopsy was limited because the previous county autopsy had washed embalmed and taken evidence off the body 97 98 99 100 According to Baden s report Brown was shot six times into his front four of the bullets entered his right arm one entered his right eye on a downward trajectory and one entered the top of his skull 9 All of the rounds were fired from a distance of at least one foot 101 One of the shots shattered Brown s right eye traveled through his face then exited his jaw and reentered his collarbone Brown could have survived the first bullet wounds but the bullet that entered the top of his head resulted in a fatal injury 102 9 Baden had no access to the clothing of the victim and had not yet seen the x rays showing where bullets were in the body He could not determine if any gunpowder residue was on that clothing Baden concluded there was too little information to forensically reconstruct the shooting 9 At least two commentators noted the results of both autopsies contradicted some aspects of some eyewitness accounts which had reported Wilson shot Brown in the back 9 and that Wilson shot Brown while holding Brown s neck 103 In later analysis Baden reclassified one of Brown s chest wounds as an entry wound 104 Baden was assisted by Shawn Parcells who did not have a degree or credentials in medicine or pathology 105 106 Thomas Young former Jackson County Medical Examiner said Parcells gave out forensic pathology opinions when Parcells is not qualified to do so 105 Mary Case who performed the initial autopsy said Parcells involvement could cause issues with the second autopsy 107 Parcells said all he did was assist Baden 107 In 2021 Parcells was convicted of six criminal charges relating to autopsies he illegally performed 108 Federal Attorney General Eric Holder ordered a third autopsy of Brown s body 109 110 Its findings matched the other two autopsies but its detailed findings were initially withheld from the public due to the ongoing investigation 94 111 The federal autopsy report was among a group of documents released by the St Louis County Prosecutor s Office on December 8 two weeks after the grand jury chose not to indict Wilson 111 112 Audio recording of gunshots On August 27 CNN released an audio recording purported to contain the sounds of the shooting 113 114 The recording was made by an anonymous third party who happened to be recording a video text message at the time of the incident 115 Glide a video messaging service confirmed the audio had been recorded on their site at 12 02 p m on the day of the shooting 116 117 The twelve second recording contains a series of shots a short pause and then a second series of shots 115 Forensic audio expert Paul Ginsberg says he heard six shots a pause and then four additional shots Ginsberg said I was very concerned about that pause because it s not just the number of gunshots it s how they re fired And that has a huge relevance on how this case might finally end up 114 CNN s law enforcement analyst Tom Fuentes noted most accounts of the shooting say there was a single shot earlier in the incident near the vehicle that is not audible in the recording 118 119 The recording was also analyzed by SST Inc a company specializing in gunfire locator technology That analysis found the sound of ten gunshots and seven gunshot echoes within seven seconds with a three second pause after the sixth shot The company s analysis also said all ten rounds were fired from within a radius of 3 feet 0 91 m indicating the shooter was not moving 120 Handling The Washington Post said there were unorthodox forensic practices shown in the published testimony of Officer Wilson and other law enforcement officials The article said Wilson washed blood off of his hands without photographing them first It also said Wilson submitted his gun to evidence by himself and that initial interviews of Wilson were conducted with other personnel present and were not taped It described Wilson s face injuries after the shooting as photographed by a local detective at the Fraternal Order of Police building instead of at Ferguson Police headquarters An investigator with the St Louis County Medical Examiner s office testified he decided not to take measurements at the crime scene nor did he photograph the scene instead relying on photographs taken by the St Louis County Police Department 121 Witness accountsMultiple witnesses saw part or all of the event and have given interviews to the media testified to the grand jury and were interviewed by the U S Department of Justice The witness accounts were conflicting on various points 94 122 123 124 125 126 David A Klinger a criminologist at the University of Missouri St Louis said eyewitness testimony often differs from witness to witness a phenomenon commonly known as the Rashomon effect 127 An Associated Press review of the grand jury found numerous problems in the witness testimony including statements that were inconsistent fabricated or provably wrong Several of the witnesses admitted changing their testimony to fit released evidence or other witness statements 128 Prosecuting attorney Robert McCulloch said I thought it was important to present anybody and everybody and some that were yes clearly not telling the truth no question about it 129 The Department of Justice investigation into the shooting determined witnesses who corroborated Wilson s account were credible while those who contradicted Wilson s account were not The witnesses that claimed Brown was surrendering or did not move toward Wilson were not credible the report said their claims were inconsistent with the physical evidence other witness statements and in some cases prior statements from the same witness No witness statements that pointed to Wilson s guilt were determined to be credible Twenty four statements were determined to lack any credibility while eight which were found credible corroborated Wilson s account Nine did not completely contradict nor corroborate Wilson s account 53 Several witnesses reported fear of reprisals from the community for providing evidence that corroborated Wilson s account 53 Wilson s interview and testimony nbsp Bruising on Wilson s face after the shootingOfficer Wilson gave his account of the incident in an interview with a detective on August 10 and in testimony before the grand jury in September Wilson said he had just left a call involving a sick person when he heard on his radio that there was a theft in progress at a local convenience store Wilson heard the description of the suspects and soon after observed two black males walking down the middle of the street Wilson pulled up to them and told the two to walk on the sidewalk and Johnson replied we re almost to our destination As they passed Wilson s patrol SUV window Brown said fuck what you have to say 130 Wilson then backed up about ten feet to where they were and attempted to open his door After backing up Wilson told the two to come here and Brown told him in reply what the fuck are you gonna do Wilson shut the door and Brown approached him and he opened the door again trying to push him back while telling him to get back Brown started swinging and punching at me from outside the vehicle and Brown had his body against the door Wilson said the first strike from Brown was a glancing blow and at that point he was trying to get Brown s arms out of his face This was when Brown turned to his left and handed Johnson several packs of the stolen cigarillos he had been holding 130 Wilson then grabbed Brown s right arm trying to get control but Brown hit him in the face Wilson said he felt like a 5 year old holding onto Hulk Hogan while he attempted to restrain Brown when he reached through his police car window 25 Wilson said it jarred him back and he yelled at Brown numerous times to stop and get back Wilson said he thought about using his mace and his baton but he was unable to reach either of them He then drew his weapon and pointed it at Brown and told him to stop or he would shoot him while ordering him to the ground 130 According to Wilson Brown then said you re too much of a fucking pussy to shoot me and grabbed for his gun and twisted it pointing it at him into his hip area Wilson placed his left hand against Brown s hand and his other hand on the gun and pushed forward with both his arms The gun was somewhat lined up with Brown and Wilson pulled the trigger twice but the weapon failed to discharge On the next try the gun fired and Brown then attempted to hit him multiple times inside his vehicle Wilson shot at Brown again but missed and Brown took off running east while Wilson exited his vehicle and radioed for backup Wilson followed Brown yelling for him to stop and get on the ground but he kept running Brown eventually stopped and turned and made a grunting noise and started running at him with his right hand under his shirt in his waistband Brown ignored Wilson s commands to stop and get on the ground so Wilson fired multiple shots at him paused and yelled at him to get on the ground again but Brown was still charging at him and had not slowed down Wilson then fired another set of shots but Brown was still running at him When Brown was about eight to ten feet away Wilson fired more shots with one of those hitting Brown in the head which brought him down with his hand still in his waistband Wilson said two patrol cars showed up approximately fifteen to twenty seconds after the final shot When his supervisor arrived he was sent to the police station 130 Wilson told detectives Brown had reached his right hand into his waistband and that the hand still appeared to be in the waistband after Brown was shot The medical investigator at the scene of the shooting did not take any photographs and testified to the grand jury that Brown s left hand was under his dead body near the waistband and the right hand was extended outwards 131 On November 26 Wilson gave his first public interview about the shooting to ABC News George Stephanopoulos 132 Corroborating Wilson s testimony Numerous witness accounts were consistent with Wilson s account and also agreed with the physical evidence at hand Many witnesses corroborated that Wilson acted in self defense during the event A number of the witnesses who corroborated Wilson s account of events expressed fear and apprehension in testifying saying they had been harassed or threatened by individuals from the Ferguson community 13 pp 27 34 The following are a sample of the witnesses whose accounts aligned with Wilson s testimony Witness 102 was a 27 year old biracial male He said he saw Wilson chase Brown until Brown abruptly turned around Brown did not put his hands up in surrender but made some type of movement similar to pulling his pants up or a shoulder shrug and then made a full charge at Wilson Witness 102 thought Wilson s life was threatened and he only fired shots when Brown was coming toward him 13 pp 27 28 After the shooting Witness 102 remained in the neighborhood for a short period of time and corrected a couple of people who claimed Wilson stood over Brown and shot while he was on the ground In response Witness 102 said Wilson shot Brown because Brown came back toward Wilson Witness 102 kept thinking Wilson s shots were missing Brown because Brown kept moving 13 p 28 Witness 102 did not stay in the neighborhood for long and left the area shortly afterward because he felt uncomfortable According to the witness crowds of people had begun to gather wrongly claiming the police shot Brown for no reason and that he had his hands up in surrender Two black women approached Witness 102 mobile phones set to record asking him to recount what he had witnessed Witness 102 responded that they would not like what he had to say The women responded with racial slurs calling him names like white motherfucker 13 p 28 Witness 103 a 58 year old black male testified that from his parked truck he saw Brown punching Wilson at least three times in the facial area through the open driver s window of the SUV Wilson and Brown had hold of each other s shirts but Brown was getting in a couple of blows on Wilson 13 p 29 Wilson was leaning back toward the passenger seat with his forearm up in an effort to block the blows Then Witness 103 heard a gunshot and Brown took off running Wilson exited the SUV appeared to be using his shoulder microphone to call into his radio and chased Brown with his gun held low Brown came to a stop near a car put his hand down on the car and turned around to face Wilson Brown s hands were then down at his sides Witness 103 did not see Brown s hands up Wanting to leave Witness 103 began to turn his car around in the opposite direction that Brown had been running when he heard additional shots Witness 103 turned to his right and saw Brown moving fast toward Wilson Witness 103 then drove away 13 p 29 Witness 104 a 26 year old biracial female witnessed the end of the altercation from a minivan Witness 104 saw Brown run from the SUV followed by Wilson who hopped out of the SUV and ran after him while yelling stop stop stop Wilson did not fire his gun as Brown ran from him Brown then turned around and for a second began to raise his hands as though he may have considered surrendering but then quickly balled up in fists in a running position and charged at Wilson Witness 104 described it as a tackle run explaining Brown wasn t going to stop Wilson fired his gun only as Brown charged at him backing up as Brown came toward him Witness 104 explained there were three separate volleys of shots Each time Brown ran toward Wilson Wilson fired Brown paused Wilson stopped firing and then Brown charged again The pattern continued until Brown fell to the ground smashing his face upon impact Wilson did not fire while Brown momentarily had his hands up Witness 104 explained it took some time for Wilson to fire adding that she would have fired sooner Wilson did not go near Brown s body after Brown fell to his death 13 p 30 Witness 108 a 74 year old black male told detectives the police officer was in the right and did what he had to do and that statements made by people in the apartment complex about Brown surrendering were inaccurate Witness 108 later told investigators he would have fucking shot that boy too and mimicked the aggressive stance Brown made while charging Wilson He explained Wilson told Brown to stop or get down at least ten times but instead Brown charged at Wilson Witness 108 also told detectives there were other witnesses on Canfield Drive who saw what he saw 13 p 32 Witness 109 a 53 year old black male said he decided to come forward after seeing Dorian Johnson lie about the events on television 13 p 32 He said when Wilson asked the two boys to get out of the street Brown responded something to the effect of Fuck the police Afterward Wilson got out of his car and Brown hit him in the face Witness 109 said he saw Wilson reach for his taser but dropped it and then grabbed a gun after which Brown grabbed for Wilson s gun According to 109 at one point Brown ran away from Wilson but turned around and charged toward the officer He said Wilson fired in self defense and did not appear to be shooting to kill at first 13 p 33 Witness 113 a 31 year old black female made statements that corroborated Wilson s account She said she was afraid of the neighborhood backlash that might come from her testimony and feared offering an account contrary to the narrative reported by the media that Brown held his hands up in surrender 13 pp 33 34 She also told investigators she thought Wilson s life was in danger Witness 136 was in his apartment using a video chat application on his mobile phone while the shooting occurred After hearing the first few shots he recorded the remainder of his chat on his phone and turned it over to the FBI The recording is about 12 seconds long and captured a total of 10 gunshots The gunshots begin after the first four seconds The recording captured six gunshots in two seconds After a three second pause a seventh gunshot is heard A pause of less than one second gave way to the final three shot volley within two seconds The recording was not time stamped As detailed below this recording is consistent with several credible witness accounts as well as Wilson s account that he fired several volleys of shots briefly pausing between each one 13 pp 24 25 Contradicting Wilson s testimony Several witnesses who originally testified against Wilson were also interviewed by the prosecution They admitted to lying under oath as to the truthfulness of their testimony 133 134 At least one witness took an account from a newspaper this witness was later discredited by investigators during the process 134 Witness 22 who originally claimed she saw Wilson kill Brown in cold blood admitted she lied to investigators and never saw the incident at all She said she was just passing along information which her boyfriend told her he saw 133 135 136 The court transcript reads Prosecution You gave two statements were both of those statements true Witness 22 No I just felt like I want to be part of something I didn t see what I told the FBI what sic I saw Prosecutors also played the grand jury a 10 minute police interview with a man who claimed to have witnessed the shooting They then played a phone call in which that man admitted he actually had not seen the incident at all 135 Another witness insisted another officer was with Wilson at the time of the shooting By all other accounts Wilson was the only officer present when he shot Brown This witness described having a clear view of what transpired despite there being a building between the witness location and where the incident took place 135 Witness 35 said Brown was on his knees when Wilson shot him in the head Under questioning his testimony fell apart and he admitted fabricating it 135 Prosecution What you are saying you saw isn t forensically possible based on the evidence Are you telling us that the only thing that s true about all of your statements before this is that you saw that police officer shoot him at point blank range Witness 35 Yes 135 Another witness described Brown on his hands and knees pleading for his life After a prosecutor confronted the witness and told them what they had seen was not forensically possible based on the evidence the witness later asked to leave 135 Another witness number 37 testified that during a confrontation at Wilson s vehicle Wilson shot Brown point blank in the chest but Brown did not fall over and was not clearly bleeding as he ran away This witness gave several different accounts of how many shots were fired While he was further pressed for answers as to the truthfulness of his statements he instead posed questions in return refusing to elaborate on his statements Prosecution You told three different stories in the time we ve been here today So I want to know which one is really your memory or did you see this at all Witness 37 If none of my stuff is making any sense like why do y all keep contacting me 135 Dorian Johnson Johnson a friend of Brown who was with him that day gave his account of the incident to media outlets in August In media interviews Johnson said Wilson pulled up beside them and said Get the fuck on the sidewalk 137 138 139 The young men replied they were not but a minute away from their destination and they would shortly be out of the street 139 Wilson drove forward without saying anything further and abruptly backed up positioning his vehicle crosswise in their path Wilson then allegedly tried to open his door aggressively and the door ricocheted off Brown and Johnson s bodies and closed back on Wilson 40 Wilson still in his vehicle purportedly grabbed Brown around his neck through the open window and Brown tried to pull away but Wilson is said to have continued to pull Brown toward him like tug of war 125 140 Johnson said Brown did not reach for the officer s weapon at all and was attempting to get free when Wilson drew his weapon and said I ll shoot you or I m going to shoot and fired his weapon hitting Brown 138 141 142 143 144 Following the initial gunshot Brown freed himself and the two are said to have fled Wilson exited the vehicle and allegedly fired several rounds at the fleeing Brown hitting him once in the back 40 139 Johnson said Brown then turned around with his hands raised and said I don t have a gun Stop shooting Wilson is said to have then shot Brown several more times killing him 40 145 In his testimony in September to the grand jury Johnson said he and Brown had walked to a convenience store to buy cigarillos but Brown instead reached over the counter and took them and shoved a clerk on his way out the door 146 Johnson testified that on their walk back home Brown had the cigarillos in his hands in plain sight and two Ferguson police cars passed them but did not stop 146 When Wilson encountered them he told the two to get the fuck on the sidewalk and Johnson told him they would be off the street shortly as they were close to their destination 147 Johnson testified Wilson was the aggressor from the beginning and that for no apparent reason he backed his vehicle up and tried to open his door but Brown shut it preventing him from getting out 147 Johnson said Wilson then reached out and grabbed Brown by the neck and the two were engaged in a tug of war and Wilson said I ll shoot Johnson said he never saw Brown hit Wilson and did not think Brown grabbed for Wilson s gun but that a shot was fired 147 148 At that point Johnson said they both ran and Wilson fired while Brown was running away Brown turned around and at that time Big Mike s hands was up but not so much in the air because he had been struck 148 Johnson told the jurors Brown said I don t have a gun was mad and tried to say again I don t have a gun but before he can say the second sentence or before he can even get it out that s when the several more shots came In his testimony Johnson maintained Brown did not run at Wilson prior to the fatal shots 148 Early reaction and analysisSee also Ferguson unrest August 9 14 Peaceful protests and civil disorder broke out the day following Brown s shooting and lasted for several days This was in part due to the belief among many that Brown was surrendering as well as longstanding racial tensions between the minority black population and the majority white city government and police 149 As the details of the original shooting event emerged from investigators police grappled with establishing curfews and maintaining order while members of the Ferguson community demonstrated in various ways in the vicinity of the original shooting On August 10 a day of memorials began peacefully but some crowd members became unruly after an evening candlelight vigil 150 Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear 151 Some people began looting businesses vandalizing vehicles and confronting police officers who sought to block off access to several areas of the city 150 Widespread media coverage examined the post 9 11 trend of local police departments arming themselves with military grade weapons when dealing with protests 152 153 In the days following the shooting state and federal officials weighed in on the matter On August 12 President Barack Obama offered his condolences to Brown s family and community 154 On August 14 Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky said in an op ed in Time Magazine that the event was a tragedy and that police forces need to be demilitarized 155 August 15 30 On August 15 a report and video showing the robbery of a convenience store by Brown was released by the Ferguson Police Department Brown was accompanied by his friend Dorian Johnson The report and video were part of a packet that included information about the shooting afterward 156 157 158 The report containing frames of the surveillance footage showed Brown grabbing a box of cigarillos followed by an apparent struggle or confrontation between Brown and a store clerk 159 160 The statutory deadline in the Sunshine Law Missouri s equivalent of the federal Freedom of Information Act was the cited reason for the release following requests by St Louis Post Dispatch Judicial Watch and others 161 162 163 The Department of Justice had urged the video not be released saying a release would inflame tension 164 Missouri Governor Jay Nixon identified the release as an attempt to disparage Brown during the investigation that would inflame the community 165 166 Brown s family released a statement in which they condemn the way the police chief chose to disseminate information calling it character assassination following the execution style murder of their son 167 The August 15 release of information was criticized as part of an erratic and infrequent release of information by the police 168 Previously the police withheld the name of the officer involved in the shooting citing safety concerns following death threats against the unnamed officer 156 The St Louis County Police incident report lacked details 169 The Ferguson Police incident report was obtained by the ACLU after a request and subsequent lawsuit 170 Wilson did not file an incident report 169 and there was no Ferguson Police use of force report related to the incident 171 The Ferguson Police Department refused to commit to a deadline for releasing a full autopsy report 145 When the report and video were released the police said Wilson had known Brown was a suspect in the robbery 172 In a media conference Ferguson s chief of police Tom Jackson said the robbery was unrelated to the initial contact and had nothing to do with Wilson stopping Brown and Johnson 156 172 Jackson later clarified Wilson recognized Brown as a suspect because he saw a box of cigars in his hand 37 173 Eugene O Donnell a former district attorney in New York City who now serves as a professor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice said while the police officer may have stopped Brown for jaywalking Brown may have been thinking the officer knew about the robbery Obviously the cop s reaction is not affected but what could be affected is Brown s reaction to the cop 174 A Pew Research Center Survey published on August 18 suggested differences in American public opinion between whites and blacks It indicated 80 of blacks and 37 of whites believed the shooting raises important issues about race 175 On August 24 St Louis held their annual Peace Fest which had a particular focus on Mike Brown In attendance was Mike Brown s father Mike Brown Sr as well as the parents of Trayvon Martin an unarmed black teen who was shot and killed in Florida in 2012 176 In August Chief Jackson said Wilson had been injured in the incident 177 Wilson s medical record shows his injuries were diagnosed as a facial contusion or bruise 178 Brown s funeral was held on August 25 and was attended by an estimated 4 500 people 179 180 Al Sharpton delivered one of two eulogies 181 182 September November 24 nbsp Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson at the news conference nbsp A makeshift memorial placed during protests nbsp Protesters gather at the Ferguson police departmentOn October 22 anonymous sources leaked to the St Louis Post Dispatch what they described as Wilson s grand jury testimony 183 The Justice Department issued a statement that it considers the selective release of information in this investigation to be irresponsible and highly troubling Since the release of the convenience store footage there seems to be an inappropriate effort to influence public opinion about this case 183 Wilson s defense team denied they were behind the leaks saying they were not in possession of any of the disclosed reports or the investigative report 183 The St Louis County prosecutor spokesperson said his office would not investigate the leaks because they could not force journalists to divulge their sources and you can tell by the information they have that the leaks are not coming from the grand jury or the prosecutor s office 184 The leaks concerning grand jury testimony were condemned by the Justice Department as inappropriate effort to influence public opinion about this case 183 The leaks referred to evidence supporting Wilson s testimony and decreased the likelihood of an indictment whilst fanning the flames of angry protesters 185 November 24 early December nbsp Missouri Highway Patrol Captain Ronald Johnson was asked to take over policing of Ferguson as a tactical shift to reduce the violence nbsp Police sharpshooter atop a SWAT vehicle during protests at Ferguson nbsp Clashes between police and protestersFollowing the grand jury announcement protests some of them violent broke out in Ferguson and other cities across the United States Several Ferguson businesses were looted and fires set by protesters Protests erupted in 170 cities across the U S including 186 St Louis Philadelphia Seattle Albuquerque New York City Cleveland Los Angeles Oakland Minneapolis Atlanta Chicago and Boston 187 Numerous media reports and legal experts criticized the process for failing to return an indictment in cases concerning law enforcement officers 188 189 A December 2014 opinion poll by Washington Post ABC News showed a majority of blacks do not believe that they receive treatment equal to whites by the police or the criminal justice system Six out of ten white Americans believe the police treat races equally with roughly half of white Americans believing the criminal justice provides equal treatment but there is a sharp partisan divide between white Americans Conservative or Republican white Americans are far more likely to say whites and blacks receive equal treatment in the justice system than the liberal or Democratic white Americans 190 note 2 March 2015 On March 4 the U S Department of Justice announced Wilson would not be charged in the shooting Its report said t here is no evidence upon which prosecutors can rely to disprove Wilson s stated subjective belief that he feared for his safety and that accounts that Brown put his hands up are inaccurate because they are inconsistent with the physical and forensic evidence 191 President Obama reacted to the announcement stating The finding that was made by the Department of Justice was that it was not unreasonable to determine that there was not sufficient evidence to charge Officer Wilson That was an objective thorough independent federal investigation He further added We may never know exactly what happened But Officer Wilson like anybody else who is charged with a crime benefits from due process and a reasonable doubt standard 192 June July 2015 In a Gallup Poll taken in June and July 2015 8 of black respondents answered that local police treat racial minorities very fairly while 44 of black respondents answered fairly In contrast 29 of non Hispanic white respondents answered that local police treat racial minorities very fairly while 49 of non Hispanic white respondents answered fairly In the same poll 38 of black respondents and 18 of non Hispanic white respondents indicated a preference for greater police presence in their local communities 193 194 International reactions Various heads of state and foreign news organizations have commented on the shooting and subsequent protests including the Chinese Xinhua News Agency Germany s Der Spiegel 195 Egypt s Ministry of Foreign affairs 196 the Iranian Islamic Republic News Agency 195 protesters throughout the Middle East 197 the Russian Foreign Ministry 195 Spain s El Mundo 198 the British Metro 199 and others 195 Amnesty International AI sent a team of human rights observers trainers and researchers to Ferguson It was the first time the organization deployed such a team in the United States 200 201 In a press release AI USA director Steven W Hawkins said The U S cannot continue to allow those obligated and duty bound to protect to become those who their community fears most 202 203 On October 24 AI published a report declaring human rights abuses in Ferguson The report cited the use of lethal force in Brown s death racial discrimination and excessive use of police force imposition of restrictions on the rights to protest intimidation of protesters the use of tear gas rubber bullets and long range acoustic devices restrictions imposed on the media covering the protests and lack of accountability for law enforcement policing protests 204 205 Reactions to grand jury decision nbsp Protesters react the day following the grand jury decision in Union Square Manhattan in New York City The grand jury process was atypical because of significant and numerous departures from other normal grand jury proceedings The American grand jury process operates in secret with the proceedings evidence and testimony rarely being released to the public in cases of no indictment From the beginning McCulloch desired to provide transparency to the process and had the proceeding transcribed with the intention of releasing the materials to the public if there was no indictment Paul Cassell former U S federal judge said the investigative grand jury was unique because they were investigating with no assurance that any criminal conduct was present in contrast to normal grand jury proceedings which have been screened for probable cause by a prosecutor McCulloch s intentions to present all the evidence resulted in the proceedings which took far longer than regular grand juries which decide within days 65 Earlier in the hearing the prosecution presented a 1979 Missouri statute allowing officers to use deadly force to effect the arrest or prevent the escape from custody of a person Before the grand jury deliberated jurors were told to disregard the previous instructions and use case law from the Tennessee v Garner ruling which said it was unconstitutional for police officers to use deadly force to apprehend non dangerous fleeing suspects 206 Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster acknowledged the grand jury was given information based on the state law before being informed that deadly force cannot be used merely to prevent the escape of an unarmed suspect 206 207 MSNBC s Lawrence O Donnell argued that this change amounted to a deliberate attempt by the prosecution to make it impossible to indict Wilson 207 Andrew F Branca a Massachusetts lawyer focusing on self defense law attributed O Donnell s comments as a straw man because self defense is a completely independent and sufficient justification for the use of deadly force 208 The St Louis Public Radio later clarified that even if Wilson was indicted and convicted at trial based on the Garner ruling the conviction could be challenged on the basis that Missouri law permitted the use of deadly force 206 The prosecution s handling of the case received particular attention Roger Parloff said prosecutors do not usually exclude truly exculpatory evidence and that prosecutors do not typically indict if they believe the accused is not guilty disagreeing with the notion that McCulloch should have presented evidence with the purpose of obtaining an indictment 209 Jay Sterling Silver said the grand jury case indicated a conflict of interest between local prosecutors and police as the former needs to maintain a good relationship with law enforcement 210 Mark O Mara said the unusual process was to avoid arguments that the presentation was to effect a particular result yet despite this McCulloch was still criticized for the decision Paul Callan former deputy chief of homicide in the Brooklyn District Attorney s Office gave a layered response which asserted the choice to present all the evidence was unusual but not unprecedented in controversial cases Callan said some prosecutors use the grand jury process as political cover in cases which would not succeed at trial and in cases in which subsequent investigations and civil lawsuits would raise further criticism 135 William Fitzpatrick of the National District Attorneys Association said it was not strange for prosecutors in police involved cases to provide all available evidence and not ask for a specific charge and defended McCulloch s inclusion of evidence 83 Jeffrey Toobin agreed the exoneration may have been well justified because a conviction would have been very unlikely at a trial but the process that was used does not inspire confidence in the legal system 135 In a later interview McCulloch defended the choice to include all evidence and not skew the presentation just for the sake of getting an indictment 81 The New York Times described prosecutors questioning of Wilson as gentle and said it contrasted with the sharp challenges to witnesses whose accounts seemed to contradict Wilson s and reported this had led some to question whether the process was as objective as McCulloch had claimed The Times reported prosecutors asked witness after witness if Brown appeared to be reaching for a weapon when confronting Wilson though few of them said this Furthermore contradictions in testimony by Wilson and other law enforcement officers were left unchallenged by prosecutors 86 CNN legal analyst Sunny Hostin criticized the prosecutors for asking softball questions during the cross examination of Wilson s testimony and referred particularly to the fact that no witness could corroborate Wilson s story that he had warned Brown twice to lie down on the ground and when asked witnesses said they did not hear him say that 211 After the grand jury s decision was announced Brown s stepfather Louis Head turned to a crowd of demonstrators who had gathered and yelled Burn this bitch down according to a New York Times video 212 Moments before he had said If I get up on the platform I m gonna start a riot 213 He later apologized for the outburst 214 Aftermath nbsp The site on Canfield Drive in 2020By September 24 Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson publicly apologized to the family of Michael Brown 215 By March 12 five months later Thomas Jackson resigned from the Ferguson Police Department 216 On November 29 Wilson resigned from the Ferguson police force with no severance citing security concerns 217 218 Wilson s lawyer said Wilson will never be a police officer again as he does not want to put other officers at risk due to his presence 219 The National Bar Association an organization of African American lawyers and judges made a complaint to the Missouri Department of Public Safety demanding Wilson s police officer license be revoked 220 Wilson s attempts to obtain employment as a police officer have been unsuccessful 221 President Barack Obama announced the federal government would spend 75 million on body cameras for law enforcement officers as one of the measures taken in response to the shooting 222 223 According to the Associated Press annual poll of United States news directors and editors the top news story of 2014 was police killings of unarmed black people including the shooting of Brown as well as their investigations and the protests in their aftermath 224 225 Roger Goldman emeritus professor at Saint Louis University Law School Flanders a Saint Louis University law professor and Senator Jamilah Nasheed seek the updating of Missouri state law to comply with the 1985 U S Supreme Court decision Tennessee v Garner 206 nbsp Bronze plaque in memory of Michael Brown on sidewalk where shooting incident occurredThe cover of The New Yorker s January 26 2015 issue depicted Martin Luther King Jr linking arms with Eric Garner and Wenjian Liu and joined by Trayvon Martin and Brown 226 Funds for the Brown family and for Wilson were solicited on the internet 227 228 each accumulating hundreds of thousands of dollars in donations 229 In August 2018 Prosecuting Attorney Bob McCulloch lost re election to reformist Wesley Bell by double digit margins ending McCulloch s 28 year incumbency 230 Hands up don t shoot nbsp Hands up sign displayed at a Ferguson protestMain article Hands up don t shoot Hands up don t shoot or simply hands up is a slogan and gesture originating from the incident and was seen in demonstrations in Ferguson and throughout the United States 231 The gesture became a rallying cry against police violence 232 233 234 On March 4 2015 the U S Department of Justice issued a report on the shooting 13 which said There is no witness who has stated that Brown had his hands up in surrender whose statement is otherwise consistent with the physical evidence and our investigation did not reveal any eyewitness who stated that Brown said don t shoot 235 236 Related incidents Further information 2014 killings of NYPD officers and Ferguson unrest March 2015 On December 20 two NYPD officers were shot and killed in their police car in Bedford Stuyvesant Brooklyn The suspected gunman Ismaaiyl Brinsley posted days earlier on Instagram his intention to kill police officers in response to the killings of Brown and Eric Garner 237 The suspect who had a long criminal record and had shot his girlfriend in the stomach a few hours earlier entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide 238 239 240 On March 12 2015 two police officers were wounded by gunfire outside the Ferguson police headquarters The officers one from nearby Webster Groves the other from the St Louis County Police were providing security at a protest being staged outside the station 241 Two days later 20 year old Jeffrey L Williams was arrested in connection with the shooting 242 Williams attorney said although Williams fired the shots he was not aiming at the officers 243 Eighteen year old Tyrone Harris friend of Brown was shot by police in Ferguson on August 9 2015 one year after the shooting of Michael Brown 244 245 That same day the Columbia Missouri Police Officers Association CPOA proclaimed Darren Wilson Day calling Wilson an innocent but persecuted officer and insisted his ethnicity had nothing to do with their support of him 246 An ABC affiliate reported the post was shared nearly 60 times on the site before being removed The CPOA then posted its support for Wilson and all law enforcement officers who endure similar situations 247 Task force on policing Main article Police reform in the United States In December 2014 president Barack Obama created a commission to make recommendations for broad police reform in the United States The commission created by Obama released an interim report on March 2 2015 with numerous recommendations including the recommendation that policy be created mandating external and independent criminal investigations in cases of police use of force resulting in death officer involved shootings resulting in injury or death or in custody deaths 248 DOJ investigation into the Ferguson Police Department On September 5 2014 the U S Department of Justice began an investigation of the Ferguson Missouri police force to examine whether officers routinely engaged in racial profiling or showed a pattern of excessive force The investigation was separate from the Department s other investigation of the shooting of Brown 249 The results of the investigation were released in a March 4 2015 report which concluded officers in Ferguson routinely violated the constitutional rights of the city s residents by discriminating against African Americans and applying racial stereotypes in a pattern or practice of unlawful conduct within the Ferguson Police Department that violates the First Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and federal statutory law 250 251 The report focused on the problem of issuing warrants for sometimes minor offenses In many states a chief cause for warrants is unpaid traffic tickets 252 Brown family lawsuit On April 23 2015 the Brown family filed a wrongful death lawsuit in state court against Wilson Jackson and the City of Ferguson asking for damages in excess of 75 000 as well as attorney s fees 253 254 On May 27 2015 the lawsuit was moved from state court to federal court 255 On July 14 2015 U S District Judge E Richard Webber responded to defense motions by dismissing four of the seven counts of the lawsuit and declining to dismiss two other counts 256 257 On June 20 2017 Webber approved a settlement between Brown s parents and the city of Ferguson Terms of the agreement including the settlement amount were sealed from the public 258 259 A Ferguson city attorney revealed the city s insurance company paid 1 5 million 260 Dorian Johnson lawsuit On April 29 2015 Johnson filed a lawsuit in state court against Wilson Jackson and the City of Ferguson for being stopped by Wilson without probable cause reasonable suspicion or legal justification to detain him The lawsuit claimed that according to the findings of the DOJ investigation into the Ferguson Police Department law enforcement efforts focused on generating revenue rather than protecting the town s citizens Johnson sought US 25 000 in damages 261 262 263 On May 27 2015 the lawsuit was moved from state court to federal court 264 The court denied the defendants motion to dismiss the case they appealed and a three judge panel of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court on July 25 2017 265 allowing the lawsuit to go forward The en banc Eighth Circuit reviewed and reversed the panel s decision on June 17 2019 directing the district court to dismiss the case 266 Appointment of Delrish Moss as police chief On May 9 2016 Delrish Moss a Miami law enforcement veteran and expert in community relations 267 was sworn in as the first permanent African American chief in Ferguson He said his challenges would include diversifying the police force and dramatically improving community relations 268 Lezley McSpadden announces run for Ferguson City Council On April 25 2018 Brown s mother Lezley McSpadden announced to a Harvard University forum on police violence that she would run for City Council of Ferguson 269 She did not win 270 In popular cultureThe same month Brown was shot dead American rappers The Game Rick Ross 2 Chainz Diddy Fabolous Wale DJ Khaled Swizz Beatz Yo Gotti Curren y Problem King Pharoah and recording group TGT released the song Don t Shoot as a tribute to Brown 271 On De L Amour his final studio album released before his death in 2017 the French rock and roll singer Johnny Hallyday sings Dans la peau de Mike Brown a song against racial crimes and in memory of Mike Brown 272 On November 28 2014 musician and filmmaker Richard Rossi was in the news regarding the controversy over the shooting of Michael Brown Rossi wrote and recorded a protest song expressing his feelings about a grand jury s decision not to charge a white police officer in the death of the unarmed black teen in Ferguson Missouri I wrote the song in five minutes as a way to express my emotions about the danger of trigger happy police Rossi said I filmed it on my laptop at my kitchen table and uploaded it to YouTube Rossi uploaded the video on November 26 and provided the song s lyrics in the video description Here is a sample from the song s beginning printed in the Los Angeles Daily News Down at the courthouse on a Monday afternoon Justice was thrown right out the window when a young white cop entered the room 273 In Prince s song about the 2015 Baltimore protests Baltimore he sings does anybody hear us pray for Michael Brown or Freddie Gray 274 275 In 2015 actor Ezra Miller directed a short film titled The Truth According to Darren Wilson In the film Wilson recounts his version of events ending in him being called into a room to tell it to investigators implying that Wilson unlawfully murdered Brown and that he later lied about the events of that day 276 277 Brown s death is the subject of the song What It Means by Drive By Truckers on their 2016 album American Band 278 279 Iconographer Mark Dukes created the icon Our Lady of Ferguson in response to the shooting 280 Poet Danez Smith published a poem entitled not an Elegy for Mike Brown written the night of the incident 281 282 Seattle based rapper Macklemore mentions Wilson in the song White Privilege II from his second collaborative effort with producer Ryan Lewis 2016 s This Unruly Mess I ve Made My success is the product of the same system that let off Darren Wilson guilty 283 English folk singer Reg Meuross included a song called The Lonesome Death of Michael Brown on his 2017 album Faraway People 284 The song s title acknowledges Bob Dylan s song against racism in the 1960s The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll which describes the death in Baltimore of a bartender at the hands of a drunk patron who struck her with a cane causing her to die of a brain hemorrhage Poet Nicole Sealey wrote The Ferguson Report An Erasure a book length erasure 285 of the Ferguson Report 286 which comments on the Killing of Michael Brown and the subsequent Ferguson unrest Her poem Pages 22 29 an excerpt from the book won a Forward Prize for Poetry in October 2021 287 See also nbsp United States portal nbsp Missouri portalList of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States Black Lives Matter List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States August 2014 Mothers of the Movement Killing of Alton Sterling Killing of Philando Castile Killing of Tamir Rice Killing of Walter Scott Murder of George Floyd Murder of Laquan McDonald Killing of Breonna TaylorNotes County autopsy report Post Mortem Examination Exam Case 2104 5143 Brown Michael St Louis County Health Office of the Medical Examiner Retrieved September 13 2016 via DocumentCloud contribution by Eyder Peralta NPR dd Independent autopsy report Autopsy Report Michael Brown Retrieved September 13 2016 via DocumentCloud contribution by CNN Digital dd Federal autopsy report Autopsy Report Autopsy Number ME14 0240 Brown Michael Department of Defense Armed Forces Medical Examiner System Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner Retrieved September 13 2016 via DocumentCloud contribution by News desk The Guardian dd The poll was conducted December 11 15 2014 with a random national sample of 1 012 adults with an overall margin of error of 3 5 percentage points but an error margin of 11 points for results among African Americans and Hispanics 190 References a b c Documents Released in the Ferguson Case The New York Times November 25 2014 Archived from the original on December 5 2014 Retrieved December 5 2014 See diagram Archived November 29 2014 at the Wayback Machine and legend Archived November 29 2014 at the Wayback Machine in second row from bottom USDOJ 2015 p 6 Michael Brown Robbed Convenience Store Stole Cigarillos Before Darren Wilson Shooting Dorian Johnson Says International Business Times November 25 2014 Archived from the original on December 2 2014 Retrieved October 1 2017 USDOJ 2015 pp 80 81 1 Shooting at the SUV McLaughlin Eliott December 15 2014 Despite discrepancies Dorian Johnson consistent in accounts of 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