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Habitats Directive

October 21, 2023

The Habitats Directive (more formally known as Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora)[1] is a directive adopted by the European Community in 1992 as a response to the Berne Convention. The European Community was reformed as the European Union the following year, but the directive is still recognised.

The Habitats Directive required national governments to specify areas that are expected to be ensuring the conservation of flora and fauna species. This led to the setting up of a network of protected areas across the EU, along with 'Special Areas of Conservation', which together with the existing Special Protection Areas, became the so-called Natura 2000 network established to protect species and habitats.[2]

This directive is one of the main pillars of the European Union's system of wildlife and nature conservation, another being the Birds Directive.[3][4] The Habitats Directive, together with the Birds Directive, are also called the "nature directives".[5]

The Habitats Directive consists of 24 articles of legislation to which all member states must comply. Article 17 of the directive sets the terms and standards for reporting on both the habitats and species listed in the annexes by the individual EU member countries. It stipulates a report from each member country on the state of nature every six years.[1][6] The first preliminary reports were due in 2001 (but only published in 2004),[6] the first actual assessments were due in 2007 (published 2009),[6][7] the second in 2013 (published 2015), and the third set of assessment reports were due in 2019 (published 2020).[6] The assessments of conservation status differ markedly from those of the IUCN Red List. The aim in the case of the EU conservation status is to assess the distance from a defined favourable situation, as opposed to the distance from extinction. There are three classes of conservation status: favourable (FV), unfavourable-inadequate (U1) and unfavourable-bad (U2).[8]

The annexes of the directive outline the protected habitats and species:[1]

  • Annex I covers habitats,
  • Annex II species requiring designation of Special Areas of Conservation,
  • Annex IV species in need of strict protection, and
  • Annex V species in which member countries may decide for themselves how to manage the population.

History Edit

From 1988 to 1992, the policy was given importance at the national level by policy experts, scientists and ecologists; later on in the 1990s this spawned further political, social and administrative discussions among the relevant countries.

Due to differences in nature conservation traditions, national problems have arisen in the implementation of the directive. Since member states in the south and east of Europe participated less in nature policies, these states experienced problems with the EU provisions. In Germany, Austria, Italy and Belgium, the observation of conflicts between various government layers have caused prolonged delays in the management of nature policies. On the other hand, in member states such as the United Kingdom and Sweden, positive outcomes have developed due to stakeholder involvement, pro-active authorities, agencies responsible for implementation and public participation.[citation needed]

According to one 2014 report there are increasing incompatibilities with the Natura 2000 policy on economic development.[9]

Annex I Edit

Annex I lists the specific habitats which have been designated as the a Special Area of Conservation, to which a common EU-wide legislation applies. Certain habitats among those are furthermore designated as "priority habitat types". Habitats in the EU are given codes. An area or habitat can combine two habitats, and be designated as for example code 35.2 × 64.1 - Open grassland with Corynephorus and Agrostis (35.2), in combination with continental dunes (64.1). Example Annex I habitats are:

Open sea and tidal areas

  • Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches
  • Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows
  • Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt marshes and salt meadows
  • Salt and gypsum continental steppes

Dunes

  • Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast
  • Continental dunes, old and decalcified

Standing and running freshwater

  • Sections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average and major beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration

Matorral

  • Mediterranean arborescent matorral
  • Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush
  • Phrygana

Grasslands

  • Natural grasslands
  • Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies
  • Sclerophyllous grazed forests (dehesas)
  • Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows
  • Mesophile grasslands

Bogs, mires and fens

  • Sphagnum acid bogs
  • Calcareous fens

Rocky areas and caves

  • Scree, chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes
  • Other rocky habitats

Forests - Only (sub-)natural

  • Forests of temperate Europe
  • Mediterranean deciduous forests
  • Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests
  • Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests
  • Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests

The full list of habitats is distributed over 9 main categories.[10]

Annex II Edit

Annex II lists species which determine if an area is a Special Area of Conservation. These include:[1]

Animals Edit

Mammals Edit

Reptiles and amphibians Edit

Fish Edit

Crustaceans Edit

Insects Edit

Molluscs Edit

Plants Edit

Mosses and liverworts: Bruchia vogesiaca, Buxbaumia viridis, Dichelyma capillaceum, Dicranum viride, Distichophyllum carinatum, Drepanocladus vernicosus, Jungermannia handelii, Mannia triandra, Meesia longiseta, Nothothylas orbicularis, Orthotrichum rogeri, Petalophyllum ralfsii, Riccia breidleri, Riella helicophylla, Scapania massolongi, Sphagnum pylaisii, Tayloria rudolphiana

Ferns and allies

Monocots

Dicots

Priority species Edit

There are also a number of priority species:[1]

Animals Edit

Plants Edit

Macaronesia Edit

There is a separate list for plants from Macaronesia.

  • Isoestes azorica
  • Marsilea azorica
  • Carex malato-belizii
  • Grasses: Deschampsia maderensis, Phalaris maderensis
  • Scilla maderensis
  • Semele maderensis
  • Orchids: Goodyera macrophylla

Macaronesian priority species Edit

Androcymbium psammophilum

Annex III Edit

This annex explains the criteria which are used to select sites which are eligible to be recognised as important for Europe, or as Special Areas of Conservation. The process consists of two stages. The first stage is to assess the importance at a national level, based on the habitats and species listed in Annex I and II. The second stage is to assess the importance for Europe as a whole, again based on the two earlier annexes.[1]

Annex IV Edit

Annex IV lists species of interest to Europe which are in need of strict protection.

Mammals Edit

Reptiles and amphibians Edit

Turtles

Lizards

Snakes

Salamanders:

Toads and frogs:

Fish Edit

Insects Edit

Spiders Edit

Molluscs Edit

Echinoderms Edit

Plants Edit

Annex IV contains all the plant species listed in Annex II (except the mosses and lichens), plus the plant taxa listed below:

Annex V Edit

Annex V details the species which are of 'interest' to the European Union, of which the taking or exploitation of wild may be subject to the management decisions of the individual countries concerned.[1] This largely concerns plants or animals in which the hunting or gathering was/is an economic activity. Mammals

Amphibians

Fish

Other

Plants

Annex VI Edit

This annex compiles the types of capture and killing (i.e. hunting) which are prohibited in the European Community (and now the European Union), as well as prohibited modes of transport (while hunting). These can vary according to form of life.[1] Birds are covered by the older Birds Directive.

  • Mammals, for example, may not be hunted using explosives, gassing or smoking out burrows, poisons and poisoned or anaesthetic bait, tape recorders, artificial light sources, mirrors and other dazzling devices, blind or mutilated animals used as live decoys, non-selective nets or traps, crossbows and semi-automatic or automatic machine guns with a magazine capable of holding more than two rounds of ammunition. Other prohibited hunting devices are those to illuminate targets, electrical and/or electronic devices capable of killing or stunning and sighting scopes for night shooting with an electronic image magnifier or image converter.[1]
  • Fish may not be caught using poisons or explosives.[1]

It is furthermore illegal to hunt wildlife in the European Union from an aircraft or moving motor vehicle.[1]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  2. ^ "Natura 2000 - Environment". ec.europa.eu. European Commission. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  3. ^ "The Habitats Directive". Europa. European Commission. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  4. ^ "Joint Nature Conservation Committee – European Legislation". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  5. ^ "Nature directives".
  6. ^ a b c d "Habitats Directive reporting". Europa. European Commission. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  7. ^ "Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  8. ^ Douglas Evans; Marita Arvela (July 2011). Assessment and reporting under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive Explanatory Notes & Guidelines for the period 2007-2012 (PDF) (Report). European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity. p. 8, 9. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  9. ^ Suvi Borgström, Frederik H. Kistenkas, 'The Compatibility of the Habitats Directive with the Novel EU Green Infrastructure Policy' (2014) 23 European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Issue 2, pp. 36–44. http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/abstract.php?id=EELR2014004
  10. ^ "EUR-Lex - 01992L0043-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 3 January 2021.

External links Edit

  • The Habitats Directive online at the EU's website
  • Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Bern (1982)
  • The Habitats Directive by Keulen, M. van (2002)

October 21, 2023
habitats, directive, more, formally, known, council, directive, conservation, natural, habitats, wild, fauna, flora, directive, adopted, european, community, 1992, response, berne, convention, european, community, reformed, european, union, following, year, di. The Habitats Directive more formally known as Council Directive 92 43 EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora 1 is a directive adopted by the European Community in 1992 as a response to the Berne Convention The European Community was reformed as the European Union the following year but the directive is still recognised The Habitats Directive required national governments to specify areas that are expected to be ensuring the conservation of flora and fauna species This led to the setting up of a network of protected areas across the EU along with Special Areas of Conservation which together with the existing Special Protection Areas became the so called Natura 2000 network established to protect species and habitats 2 This directive is one of the main pillars of the European Union s system of wildlife and nature conservation another being the Birds Directive 3 4 The Habitats Directive together with the Birds Directive are also called the nature directives 5 The Habitats Directive consists of 24 articles of legislation to which all member states must comply Article 17 of the directive sets the terms and standards for reporting on both the habitats and species listed in the annexes by the individual EU member countries It stipulates a report from each member country on the state of nature every six years 1 6 The first preliminary reports were due in 2001 but only published in 2004 6 the first actual assessments were due in 2007 published 2009 6 7 the second in 2013 published 2015 and the third set of assessment reports were due in 2019 published 2020 6 The assessments of conservation status differ markedly from those of the IUCN Red List The aim in the case of the EU conservation status is to assess the distance from a defined favourable situation as opposed to the distance from extinction There are three classes of conservation status favourable FV unfavourable inadequate U1 and unfavourable bad U2 8 The annexes of the directive outline the protected habitats and species 1 Annex I covers habitats Annex II species requiring designation of Special Areas of Conservation Annex IV species in need of strict protection and Annex V species in which member countries may decide for themselves how to manage the population Contents 1 History 2 Annex I 3 Annex II 3 1 Animals 3 1 1 Mammals 3 1 2 Reptiles and amphibians 3 1 3 Fish 3 1 4 Crustaceans 3 1 5 Insects 3 1 6 Molluscs 3 2 Plants 3 3 Priority species 3 3 1 Animals 3 3 2 Plants 3 4 Macaronesia 3 4 1 Macaronesian priority species 4 Annex III 5 Annex IV 5 1 Mammals 5 2 Reptiles and amphibians 5 3 Fish 5 4 Insects 5 5 Spiders 5 6 Molluscs 5 7 Echinoderms 5 8 Plants 6 Annex V 7 Annex VI 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message From 1988 to 1992 the policy was given importance at the national level by policy experts scientists and ecologists later on in the 1990s this spawned further political social and administrative discussions among the relevant countries Due to differences in nature conservation traditions national problems have arisen in the implementation of the directive Since member states in the south and east of Europe participated less in nature policies these states experienced problems with the EU provisions In Germany Austria Italy and Belgium the observation of conflicts between various government layers have caused prolonged delays in the management of nature policies On the other hand in member states such as the United Kingdom and Sweden positive outcomes have developed due to stakeholder involvement pro active authorities agencies responsible for implementation and public participation citation needed According to one 2014 report there are increasing incompatibilities with the Natura 2000 policy on economic development 9 Annex I EditAnnex I lists the specific habitats which have been designated as the a Special Area of Conservation to which a common EU wide legislation applies Certain habitats among those are furthermore designated as priority habitat types Habitats in the EU are given codes An area or habitat can combine two habitats and be designated as for example code 35 2 64 1 Open grassland with Corynephorus and Agrostis 35 2 in combination with continental dunes 64 1 Example Annex I habitats are Open sea and tidal areas Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows Mediterranean and thermo Atlantic salt marshes and salt meadows Salt and gypsum continental steppesDunes Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast Continental dunes old and decalcifiedStanding and running freshwater Sections of water courses with natural or semi natural dynamics minor average and major beds where the water quality shows no significant deteriorationMatorral Mediterranean arborescent matorral Thermo Mediterranean and pre steppe brush PhryganaGrasslands Natural grasslands Semi natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies Sclerophyllous grazed forests dehesas Semi natural tall herb humid meadows Mesophile grasslandsBogs mires and fens Sphagnum acid bogs Calcareous fensRocky areas and caves Scree chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes Other rocky habitatsForests Only sub natural Forests of temperate Europe Mediterranean deciduous forests Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forestsThe full list of habitats is distributed over 9 main categories 10 Annex II EditAnnex II lists species which determine if an area is a Special Area of Conservation These include 1 Animals Edit Mammals Edit Pyrenean desman Galemys pyrenaicus Bats Rhinolophus blasii R euryale R ferrumequinum R hipposideros R mehelyi Barbastella barbastellus Miniopterus schreibersi Myotis bechsteini M blythi M capaccinii M dasycneme M emarginatus M myotis Rodents Spermophilus citellus Castor fiber Microtus cabrerae Carnivores Lynx Lynx lynx otter Lutra lutra and Mustela lutreola Grey seal and harbour seal natural populations of wild goats Capra aegagrus natural populations of wild sheep Ovis ammon musimon on Corsica and Sardinia Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica the dolphin Tursiops truncatus and the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoenaReptiles and amphibians Edit Land tortoises Testudo hermanni T graeca and T marginata Freshwater turtles Emys orbicularis Mauremys caspica and M leprosa Lizards Lacerta monticola L schreiberi Gallotia galloti insulanagae Podarcis lilfordi P pityusensis Chalcides occidentalis a skink and Phyllodactylus europaeus a gecko Snakes Elaphe quatuorlineata E situla and Vipera ursinii Salamanders Chioglossa lusitanica Mertensiella luschani Salamandrina terdigitata Triturus cristatus olm Proteus anguinus Speleomantes ambrosii S flavus S genei S imperialis and S supramontes Toads Bombina bombina and B variegata Frogs Rana latastei Discoglossus jeanneae D montalentii and D sardusFish Edit All Eudontomyzon species Lampetra fluviatilis L planeri Lethenteron zanandrai Petromyzon marinus Aphanius iberus and A fasciatus only natural populations of Hucho hucho only freshwater populations of salmon Salmo salar the trout S marmoradus and S macrostigma the cyprid fish Alburnus vulturius A albidus Anaecypris hispanica Aspius aspius Barbus plebejus B meridionalis B capito B comiza Chalcalburnus chalcoides Chondrostoma soetta Ch polylepis Ch genei Ch lusitanicum Ch toxostoma Gobio albipinnatus G uranoscopus Iberocypris palaciosi Leuciscus lucomonis L souffia all species of Phoxinellus Rutilus pigus R rubilio R arcasii R macrolepidotus R lemmingii R friesii meidingeri R alburnoides Rhodeus sericeus amarus Scardinius graecus the Cobitidae loaches Cobitis conspersa C larvata C trichonica C taenia Misgurnis fossilis Sabanejewia aurata of the perches Gymnocephalus schraetzer and all Zingel species except Z asper and Z zingel Gobiidae Pomatoschistus canestrini Padogobius panizzai P nigricans the freshwater sculpins Cottus ferruginosus C gobio C petiti all Alosa species the river herrings or scads Aristotle s catfish Silurus aristotelis Crustaceans Edit the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipesInsects Edit the beetles Buprestis splendens Cerambyx cerdo Cucujus cinnaberinus Dytiscus latissimus Graphoderus bilineatus Limoniscus violaceus Lucanus cervus and Morimus funereus the butterflies Coenonympha oedippus Erebia calcaria E christi Eriogaster catax Euphydryas aurinia Graellsia isabellae Hypodryas maturna Lycaena dispar Maculinea nausithous M teleius Melanagria arge Papilio hospiton Plebicula golgus the praying mantis Apteromantis aptera the dragonflies Coenagrion hylas C mercuriale Cordulegaster trinacriae Gomphus graslinii Leucorrhina pectoralis Lindenia tetraphylla Macromia splendens Ophiogomphus cecilia Oxygastra curtisii the grasshopper Baetica ustulataMolluscs Edit Gastropods snails Caseolus calculus C commixta C sphaerula Discula leacockiana D tabellata Discus defloratus D guerinianus Elona quimperiana Geomalacus maculosus Geomitra moniziana Idiomela subplicata as Helix subplicata Leiostyla abbreviata L cassida L corneocostata L gibba L lamellosa Vertigo angustior V genesii V geyeri V moulinsiana Bivalves Margaritifera margaritifera and Unio crassusPlants Edit Mosses and liverworts Bruchia vogesiaca Buxbaumia viridis Dichelyma capillaceum Dicranum viride Distichophyllum carinatum Drepanocladus vernicosus Jungermannia handelii Mannia triandra Meesia longiseta Nothothylas orbicularis Orthotrichum rogeri Petalophyllum ralfsii Riccia breidleri Riella helicophylla Scapania massolongi Sphagnum pylaisii Tayloria rudolphianaFerns and allies the ferns Asplenium jahandiezii Culcita macrocarpa Trichomanes speciosum and Woodwardia radicans the water ferns Marsilea batardae M quadrifolia and M strigosa Botrychium simplex and Ophioglossum polyphyllum the squillworts Isoetes boryana and I malinvernianaMonocots Alismataceae Caldesia parnassifolia and Luronium natans Allium grosii Eleocharis carniolica Juncus valvatus Hyacinthoides vicentina Leucojum nicaeense Daffodils Narcissus asturiensis N calcicola N cyclamineus N fernandesii N humilis N pseudonarcissus subsp nobilis N scaberulus N triandrus subsp capax and N viridiflorus Grasses Avenula hackelii Bromus grossus Coleanthus subtilis Festuca brigantina F duriotagana F elegans F henriquesii F sumilusitanica Gaudinia hispanica Holcus setiglumis subsp duriensis Micropyropsis tuberosa Pseudarrhenatherum pallens and Puccinellia pungens Orchids Cypripedium calceolus and Liparis loeselii Cretan date palm Phoenix theophrasti Dicots Apiaceae Angelica palustris Apium repens Athamanta cortiana Eryngium alpinum Petagnia saniculifolia Rouya polygama and Thorella verticillatinundata Aldrovanda vesiculosa Asteraceae Centaurea corymbosa C gadorensis C kartschiana Centaurea micrantha subsp herminii C pulvinata C rothmalerana C vicentina Crepis granatensis Erigeron frigidus Hymenostemma pseudanthemis Leontodon microcephalus L boryi Leuzea longifolia Ligularia sibirica Santolina impressa S semidentata and Senecio nevadensis Boraginaceae Myosotis lusitanica M rehsteineri M retusifolia Omphalodes kuzinskyana and Solenanthus albanicus Brassicaceae Alyssum pyrenaicum Arabis sadina Biscutella vincentina Boleum asperum Brassica glabrescens B insularis Coincya cintrana Diplotaxis ibicensis D vicentina Erucastrum palustre Iberis procumbens subsp microcarpa Ionopsidium savianum Sisymbrium cavanillesianum and S supinum Campanulaceae Asyneuma giganteum Jasione crispa subsp serpentinica and J lusitanica Caryophyllaceae Arenaria provincialis Dianthus cintranus subsp cintranus D marizii D rupicola Herniaria algarvica H berlengiana H maritima Moehringia tommasinii Petrocoptis grandiflora P montsicciana P pseudoviscosa Silene cintrana S hifacensis S longicilia and S mariana Centranthus trinervis Cistaceae Cistus palhinhae Halimium verticillatum Helianthemum alypoides and H caput felis Daphne petraea Erodium paularense Euphorbia transtagana Fabaceae Anthyllis hystrix Astragalus alopecurus as Astragalus centralpinus A tremolsianus Genista dorycnifolia G holopetala Melilotus segetalis subsp fallax and Trifolium saxatile Gentianaceae Gentiana ligustica and Gentianella angelica Lamiaceae Dracocephalum austriacum Nepeta dirphya Origanum dictamnus Sideritis incana subsp glauca S javalambrensis S serrata Teucrium lepicephalum T turredanum and Thymus carnosus Malvaceae Kosteletzkya pentacarpos Najas flexilis Paeoniaceae Paeonia cambessedesii P parnassica and P clusii subsp rhodia Pinguicula nevadensis Plantago algarbiensis and P almogravensis Plumbaginaceae Armeria berlengensis A negleta A pseudarmeria A soleirolii A velutina Limonium dodartii subsp lusitanicum L lanceolatum and L multiflorum Polygonaceae Polygonum praelongum and Rumex rupestris Primulaceae Androsace mathildae A pyrenaica Primula palinuri and Soldanella villosa Ranunculaceae Adonis distorta Aquilegia bertolonii A kitaibelii and Pulsatilla patens Rosaceae Potentilla delphinensis Saxifragaceae Saxifraga berica S florulenta S hirculus and S tombeanensis Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum charidemi Chaenorrhinum serpyllifolium subsp lusitanicum Euphrasia marchesettii Linaria algarviana L coutinhoi L flava L tonzigii Odontites granatensis Verbascum litigiosum and Veronica micrantha Thesium ebracteatum Viola jaubertiana Willow Salix salviifolia subsp australis Zelkova abeliceaPriority species Edit There are also a number of priority species 1 Animals Edit Dutch tundra vole Microtus oeconomus arenicola Wolf Canis lupus Spanish populations only those south of the Duero Greek populations only those south of the 39th parallel Brown bear Iberian lynx Monk seal Monachus monachus Corsican red deer Cervus elaphus corsicanus Pyrenean ibex Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Apennine chamois Rupicarpa ornata Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta the lizard Gallotia simonyi the viper Vipera schweizeri Fire salamander Salamandra salamandra aurorae Majorcan midwife toad Alytes muletensis the frog Pelobates fuscus insubricus the sturgeons Acipenser naccarii and Acipenser sturio the fish Valencia hispanica some of the anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea of Coregonus oxyrhynchus the cyprid fish Ladigesocypris ghigii the beetles Carabus olympiae Osmoderma eremita and Rosalia alpina the butterfly Euplagia quadripunctaria under the synonym Callimorpha quadripunctata Plants Edit the fern Dryopteris corleyi the moss Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum the liverwort Marsupella profunda the spruce Abies nebrodensisAndrocymbium rechingeri Asphodelus bento rainhae Muscari gussonei the daffodil Narcissus nevadensis Carex panormitana Dioscorea chouardii as Borderea chouardii Grasses Stipa austroitalica S bavarica and S veneta Orchids Cephalanthera cucullata and Ophrys lunulataApiaceae Angelica heterocarpa Apium bermejoi Bupleurum capillare B kakiskalae Eryngium viviparum Laserpitium longiradium Naufraga balearica Oenanthe conioides and Seseli intricatum Asteraceae Anthemis glaberrima Artemisia granatensis Aster pyrenaeus A sorrentinii Carduus myriacanthus Centaurea alba subsp heldreichii and subsp princeps C attica subsp megarensis C balearica C borjae C citricolor C horrida C kalambakensis C lactiflora C niederi C peucedanifolia C pinnata Crepis crocifolia Jurinea cyanoides J fontqueri Lamyropsis microcephala Leontodon siculus and Senecio elodes Atropa baetica Bassia saxicola Boraginaceae Anchusa crispa Lithodora nitida Omphalodes littoralis and Symphytum cycladense Brassicaceae Biscutella neustriaca Brassica macrocarpa Coincya rupestris Coronopus navasii Diplotaxis siettiana Iberis arbuscula and Ionopsidium acaule Campanula sabatia Caryophyllaceae Arenaria nevadensis Gypsophila papillosa Herniaria latifolia subsp litardierei Silene hicesiae S holzmanii S orphanidis S rothmaleri and S velutina Convolvulaceae Convolvulus argyrothamnus and C fernandesii Cistaceae Tuberaria major Daphne rodriguezii Euphorbia margalidiana Fabaceae Astragalus algarbiensis A aquilanus A maritimus A verrucosus Cytisus aeolicus Ononis hackelii and Vicia bifoliolata Gentianaceae Centaurium rigualii and C somedanum Geraniaceae Erodium astragaloides and E rupicola Euphorbia margalidiana Hypericum aciferum Lamiaceae Micromeria taygetea Nepeta sphaciotica Thymus camphoratus and T cephalotos Linum muelleri Lythrum flexuosum Plumbaginaceae Armeria helodes A rouyana Limonium insulare L pseudolaetum and L strictissimum Primulaceae Primula apennina Ranunculaceae Aconitum corsicum Aquilegia pyrenaica subsp cazorlensis Consolida samia and Ranunculus weyleri Reseda decursiva Ribes sardum a currant from Saridnia Rubiaceae Galium litorale and G viridiflorum Salicornia veneta Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia genargentea Globularia stygia Linaria ficalhoana L hellenica L ricardoi L tursica and Veronica oetaea Viola hispidaMacaronesia Edit There is a separate list for plants from Macaronesia Isoestes azorica Marsilea azorica Carex malato belizii Grasses Deschampsia maderensis Phalaris maderensis Scilla maderensis Semele maderensis Orchids Goodyera macrophyllaApiaceae Ammi trifoliatum Bupleurum handiense Chaerophyllum azoricum Ferula latipinna Melanoselinum decipiens Monizia edulis Oenanthe divaricata and Sanicula azorica Arceuthobium azoricum Asteraceae Andryala crithmifolia Argyranthemum thalassophylum A winterii Atractylis preauxiana Calendula maderensis Cheirolophus duranii Ch ghomerytus Ch junonianus Ch massonianus Cirsium latifolium Helichrysum gossypinum H oligocephala Phagnalon benettii Stemmacantha cynaroides and Sventenia bupleuroides Beta patula Caralluma burchardii Boraginaceae Echium candicans Myosotis azorica and M maritima Brassicaceae Crambe laevigata and Sinapidendron rupestre Campanulaceae Musschia aurea Cistaceae Cistus chinamadensis Crassulaceae Aeonium gomeraense A saundersii Aichryson dumosum Monanthes wildpretii and Sedum brissemoretii Caryophyllaceae Spergularia azorica Erica azorica Euphorbia lambii and E stygiana Fabaceae Anthyllis lemanniana Lotus callis viridis and Vicia dennesiana Frangula azorica Kunkeliella subsucculenta Lamiaceae Sideritis infernalis S marmorea Teucrium abutiloides and T betonicum Maytenus umbellata Oleaceae Jasminum azoricum and Picconia azorica Plantago malato belizii Plumbaginaceae Limonium dendroides Rumex azoricus Rosaceae Bencomia sphaerocarpa Dendriopterium pulidoi Marcetella maderensis Prunus lusitanica subsp azorica and Sorbus maderensis Scabiosa nitens Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia grandiflora Isoplexis isabelliana Odontites holliana and Sibthorpia peregrina Viola paradoxaMacaronesian priority species Edit Mosses Echinodium spinosum and Thamnobryum fernandesiiAndrocymbium psammophilum Asteraceae Argyranthemum lidii Atractylis arbuscula Lactuca watsoniana Onopordum nogalesii O carduelinum Pericallis hadrosoma and Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum Boraginaceae Echium gentianoides Brassicaceae Crambe arborea C sventenii and Parolinia schizogynoides Campanulaceae Azorina vidalii and Musschia wollastonii Ceropegia chrysantha Cistaceae Helianthemum bystropogophyllum Convolvulaceae Convolvulus caput medusae C lopez socasii and C massonii Euphorbia handiensis Fabaceae Anagyris latifolia Dorycnium spectabile Lotus azoricus Lotus kunkelii Teline rosmarinifolia and T salsoloides Geranium maderense Lamiaceae Sideritis cystosiphon and S discolor Myrica rivas martinezii Pittosporum coriaceum Plumbaginaceae Limonium arborescens L spectabile and L sventenii Rosaceae Bencomia brachystachya and Chamaemeles coriacea Sambucus palmensis Solanum lidii Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia azorica Globularia ascanii G sarcophylla and Isoplexis chalcanthaAnnex III EditThis annex explains the criteria which are used to select sites which are eligible to be recognised as important for Europe or as Special Areas of Conservation The process consists of two stages The first stage is to assess the importance at a national level based on the habitats and species listed in Annex I and II The second stage is to assess the importance for Europe as a whole again based on the two earlier annexes 1 Annex IV EditAnnex IV lists species of interest to Europe which are in need of strict protection Mammals Edit Insectivores Pyrenean desman Galemys pyrenaicus Erinaceus algirus and Crocidura canariensis All species of Microchiroptera Rodents Beaver Castor fiber Cricetus cricetus porcupine Hystrix cristata Sicista betulina suslik Citellus citellus Sciurus anomalus Microtus cabrerae Dutch tundra vole Microtus oeconomus arenicola and all species of Gliridae except Glis glis and Eliomys quercinus Carnivores Grey wolf except Spanish populations north of the Duero and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel brown bear Ursus arctos otter Lutra lutra Mustela lutreola wild cat Felis silvestris lynx Lynx lynx Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus and monk seal Monachus monachus Hoofed animals Corsican red deer Cervus elaphus corsicanus natural populations of wild goats Capra aegagrus natural populations of wild sheep Ovis ammon musimon on Corsica and Sardinia Balcan Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica and Apennine chamois R ornata Cetaceans All speciesReptiles and amphibians Edit Turtles Tortoises Testudo hermanni T graeca and T marginata Sea turtles Caretta caretta Chelonia mydas Lepidochelys kempii Eretmochelys imbricata and Dermochelys coriacea Freshwater turtles Emys orbicularis Mauremys caspica and M leprosaLizards Algyroides fitzingeri A marchi A moreoticus and A nigropunctatus Chamaeleo chamaeleon Gallotia atlantica G galloti including specifically the subspecies insulanagae G simonyi and G stehlini Geckoes Cyrtopodion kotschyi Phyllodactylus europaeus Tarentola angustimentalis T boettgeri T delalandii and T gomerensis Lacerta agilis L bedriagae L danfordi L dugesi L graeca L horvathi L monticola L schreiberi L trilineata and L viridis Ophisaurus apodus Ophisops elegans Podarcis erhardii P filfolensis Podarcis hispanica atrata P lilfordi P melisellensis P milensis P muralis P peloponnesiaca P pityusensis P sicula P taurica P tiliguerta and P wagleriana Skinks Ablepharus kitaibelli Chalcides bedriagai Ch occidentalis Ch ocellatus Ch sexlineatus Ch viridianus and Ophiomorus punctatissimus Stellio stellioSnakes Coluber caspius C hippocrepis C jugularis C laurenti C najadum C nummifer and C viridiflavus Coronella austriaca Eirenis modesta Elaphe longissima E quatuorlineata and E situla Eryx jaculus Natrix natrix cetti N natrix corsa and N tessellata Telescopus falax Vipera ammodytes V schweizeri V seoanni except Spanish populations V ursinii and V xanthinaSalamanders Chioglossa lusitanica Euproctus asper E montanus and E platycephalus Olm Proteus anguinus Salamandra atra S salamandra aurorae S lanzai and S luschani Salamandrina terdigitata Speleomantes ambrosii S flavus S genei S imperialis S italicus and S supramontes Triturus carnifex T cristatus T italicus T karelinii and T marmoratusToads and frogs Alytes cisternasii A muletensis and A obstetricans Bombina bombina and B variegata Bufo calamita and B viridis Discoglossus galganoi D jeanneae D montalentii D pictus and D sardus Treefrogs Hyla arborea H meridionalis and H sarda Pelobates cultripes P fuscus and P syriacus Rana arvalis R dalmatina R graeca R iberica R latastei and R lessonaeFish Edit Perches Zingel asper Sturgeons Acipenser naccarii and A sturio Coregonus oxyrhynchus anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea Valencia hispanicaInsects Edit Beetles Buprestis splendens Carabus olympiae Cerambyx cerdo Cucujus cinnaberinus Dytiscus latissimus Graphoderus bilineatus Osmoderma eremita and Rosalia alpina Dragonflies Aeshna viridis Cordulegaster trinacriae Gomphus graslinii Leucorrhina albifrons L caudalis L pectoralis Lindenia tetraphylla Macromia splendens Ophiogomphus cecilia Oxygastra curtisii Stylurus flavipes and Sympecma braueri Grasshoppers Baetica ustulata and Saga pedo Lepidoptera Apatura metis Coenonympha hero C oedippus Erebia calcaria E christi E sudetica Eriogaster catax Fabriciana elisa Hypodryas maturna Hyles hippophaes Lopinga achine Lycaena dispar Maculinea arion M nausithous M teleius M arge Papilio alexanor P hospiton Parnassius apollo P mnemosyne Plebicula golgus Proserpinus proserpina and Zerynthia polyxena Mantids Apteromantis apteraSpiders Edit Macrothele calpeianaMolluscs Edit Gastropods snails Patella feruginea Caseolus calculus C commixta C sphaerula Discula leacockiana D tabellata D testudinalis D turricula Discus defloratus D guerinianus Elona quimperiana Geomalacus maculosus Geomitra moniziana Helix subplicata Leiostyla abbreviata L cassida L corneocostata L gibba and L lamellosa Bivalves Lithophaga lithophaga Pinna nobilis Margaritifera auricularia and Unio crassusEchinoderms Edit Centrostephanus longispinusPlants Edit Annex IV contains all the plant species listed in Annex II except the mosses and lichens plus the plant taxa listed below Ferns Asplenium hemionitis Dracaena draco Iridaceae Crocus etruscus Iris boissieri and I marisca Liliaceae Androcymbium europeum Bellevalia hackelli Colchicum corsicum C cousturieri Fritillaria conica F drenovskii F gussichiae F obliqua F rhodocanakis Ornithogalum reverchonii Scilla beirana and S odorata Narcissus longispathus and N triandrus Orchids Ophrys argolica Orchis scopulorum and Spiranthes aestivalisApiaceae Bunium brevifolium Aquilegia alpina Asteraceae Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp succulentum Helichrysum sibthorpii Picris willkommii Santolina elegans Senecio caespitosus S lagascanus subsp lusitanicus and Wagenitzia lancifolia Berberis maderensis Campanula morettiana and Physoplexis comosa Euphorbia nevadensis Gesneriads Ramonda heldreichii as Jankaea heldreichii and Ramonda serbica Lamiaceae Rosmarinus tomentosus Teucrium charidemi Thymus capitellatus and T villosus subsp villosus Mandragora officinarum Moehringia fontqueri Murbeckiella sousae Primulaceae Androsace cylindrica Primula glaucescens and P spectabilis Saxifraga cintrana S portosanctana S presolanensis S valdensis and S vayredana Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum lopesianum and Lindernia procumbens Sideroxylon marmulano Thymelaea broterana Viola athois V cazorlensis and V delphinanthAnnex V EditAnnex V details the species which are of interest to the European Union of which the taking or exploitation of wild may be subject to the management decisions of the individual countries concerned 1 This largely concerns plants or animals in which the hunting or gathering was is an economic activity Mammals Carnivores golden jackal Canis aureus moreoticus Spanish populations north of the Duera and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel of the grey wolf Martes martes Mustela putorius all species of Phocidae seals not mentioned in Annex IV Genetta genetta and Herpestes ichneumon Mountain hare Lepus timidus Hoofed mammals Capra ibex C pyrenaica except C pyrenaica pyrenaica and Rupicapra rupicapra except R rupicapra balcanica and R ornata Amphibians Rana esculenta R perezi R ridibunda and R temporariaFish Lampreys Lampetra fluviatilis and Lethenteron zanandrai All sturgeon species not mentioned in Annex IV Salmonidae Thymallus thymallus Hucho hucho Salmo salar only when in fresh water and all Coregonus spp except Coregonus oxyrhynchus anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea Cyprinids all Barbus spp Perciformes Gymnocephalus schraetzer and Zingel zingel All Alosa spp Catfish Silurus aristotelisOther Corals Corallium rubrum Molluscs Helix pomatia Margaritifera margaritifera Microcondylaea compressa and Unio elongatulus Hirudo medicinalis Crabs Astacus astacus Austropotamobius pallipes and A torrentium Lobster Scyllarides latus Moth Graellsia isabellaePlants Red algae Lithothamnium coralloides and Phymatholithon calcareum Lichens Cladonia subgenus Cladina Mosses Leucobryum glaucum all Sphagnum species except Sphagnum pylasii Clubmosses all Lycopodium spp see lycopodium powder Galanthus nivalis Narcissus bulbocodium and N juncifolius Iris lusitanica Lilium rubrum Ruscus aculeatusAsteraceae Arnica montana Artemisia eriantha A genipi Doronicum plantagineum subsp tournefortii and Leuzea rhaponticoides Brassicaceae Alyssum pintadasilvae Malcolmia lacera subsp graccilima and Murbeckiella pinnatifida subsp herminii Gentianaceae Gentiana lutea Lamiaceae Teucrium salviastrum subsp salviastrum Fabaceae Anthyllis lusitanica Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp transmontana and Ulex densus Plumbaginaceae Armeria sampaio Rosaceae Rubus genevieri subsp herminii Scrophulariaceae Anarrhinum longipedicelatum Euphrasia mendoncae Scrophularia grandiflora subsp grandiflora S berminii and S sublyrataAnnex VI EditThis annex compiles the types of capture and killing i e hunting which are prohibited in the European Community and now the European Union as well as prohibited modes of transport while hunting These can vary according to form of life 1 Birds are covered by the older Birds Directive Mammals for example may not be hunted using explosives gassing or smoking out burrows poisons and poisoned or anaesthetic bait tape recorders artificial light sources mirrors and other dazzling devices blind or mutilated animals used as live decoys non selective nets or traps crossbows and semi automatic or automatic machine guns with a magazine capable of holding more than two rounds of ammunition Other prohibited hunting devices are those to illuminate targets electrical and or electronic devices capable of killing or stunning and sighting scopes for night shooting with an electronic image magnifier or image converter 1 Fish may not be caught using poisons or explosives 1 It is furthermore illegal to hunt wildlife in the European Union from an aircraft or moving motor vehicle 1 See also Edit nbsp Environment portalList of European Union directives Conservation movement Environmental protection Environmentalism LagoonReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i j k Council Directive 92 43 EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora Eur Lex Retrieved 9 March 2020 Natura 2000 Environment ec europa eu European Commission Retrieved 9 March 2020 The Habitats Directive Europa European Commission Retrieved 26 June 2013 Joint Nature Conservation Committee European Legislation Government of the United Kingdom Retrieved 26 June 2013 Nature directives a b c d Habitats Directive reporting Europa European Commission Retrieved 29 September 2020 Council Directive 92 43 EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora Eur Lex Retrieved 9 March 2020 Douglas Evans Marita Arvela July 2011 Assessment and reporting under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive Explanatory Notes amp Guidelines for the period 2007 2012 PDF Report European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity p 8 9 Retrieved 29 September 2020 Suvi Borgstrom Frederik H Kistenkas The Compatibility of the Habitats Directive with the Novel EU Green Infrastructure Policy 2014 23 European Energy and Environmental Law Review Issue 2 pp 36 44 http www kluwerlawonline com abstract php id EELR2014004 EUR Lex 01992L0043 20130701 EN EUR Lex eur lex europa eu Retrieved 3 January 2021 External links EditThe Habitats Directive online at the EU s website Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats Bern 1982 The Habitats Directive by Keulen M van 2002 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Habitats Directive amp oldid 1176775731, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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