Azorina is a monotypic genus of flowering plants within the familyCampanulaceae, whose sole species, Azorina vidalii, the Azores bellflower, is endemic to the Azores.[2] Its fragmented population is made up of fewer than 1000 mature plants limited to the coastlines of several of the islands. It is also the only species in this family native to the Azores.[3]
Azorina is a small perennial shrub about 30 cm (12 in) tall,[4] but can reach heights of up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in). It has glabrous branches. Leaves are 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long and 3–9 mm (0.12–0.35 in) wide, glabrous and dark green or reddish-green. The flowers are white or pinkish-pale, up to 3 cm (1.2 in), and bell-shaped. It forms a capsule with numerous seeds.[3]
Ecologyedit
Azorina vidalii is found in all nine islands of the Azores. It grows in association with other species tolerant to the sea breeze, mainly in the crevices of the coastal cliffs, but also in steep slopes with sandy deposits, always in heavily exposed habitats. It also appears in replacement habitats such as roofs and walls. It is planted as an ornamental in some of the native islands and other parts of the world.[5] Its leaves are edible and can be eaten raw.[4]
Historyedit
A cluster of Vidalii on the coast of Manadas on the island of São Jorge
It was first harvested by Watson, along the coast of Santa Cruz on the Azorean island of Flores, during his botanical expedition in 1843.[6][7] It was initially designated Campanula vidalii by Watson and published in 1844.[6]
Its ecology has been presented in an inconsistent manner; it has been referred to as adapting to cracks in the sea cliffs, or to deposits, and in abrupt and sandy slopes.[6][8]
Azorina vidalii was protected by the Bern Convention in 1992 (Annex I) and by the Habitats Directive 140/99 (Diário da República, Anexo 2B), where it was considered a priority species in critical risk; it is an endangered species due to habitat degradation by invasive species, pollution, and development.[6][9]
It diverged from its ancestral descendants around 8.3±1.7 million years ago, associated with its first island of colonization, Santa Maria (Olesen et al., 2012), which formed 8-10 million years ago (Serralheiro & Madeira, 1993).[6] Carine et al. (2004) and Fernández-Palacios et al. (2011) also refer to the existence of submarine mounts, formerly immersed, that functioned as stepping-stones from the continent.[6] At the same time, Azorina vidalii is not vulnerable to the rise in temperature and prefers the zones along the coast to propagate.[6]
Referencesedit
Notesedit
^Bilz, M. (2011), "Azorina vidalii", IUCN, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved 21 August 2013
Coelho, Rúben (1 October 2014), Plano de Gestão e Conservação de Azorina vidalii (Wats.) Feer (in Portuguese), Angra do Heroísmo: University of the Azores
azorina, monotypic, genus, flowering, plants, within, family, campanulaceae, whose, sole, species, vidalii, azores, bellflower, endemic, azores, fragmented, population, made, fewer, than, 1000, mature, plants, limited, coastlines, several, islands, also, only,. Azorina is a monotypic genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae whose sole species Azorina vidalii the Azores bellflower is endemic to the Azores 2 Its fragmented population is made up of fewer than 1000 mature plants limited to the coastlines of several of the islands It is also the only species in this family native to the Azores 3 Azorina Conservation status Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Asterales Family Campanulaceae Subfamily Campanuloideae Genus AzorinaFeer Species A vidalii Binomial name Azorina vidalii H C Watson Feer Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 History 4 References 4 1 Notes 4 2 SourcesDescription edit nbsp Leaves Azorina is a small perennial shrub about 30 cm 12 in tall 4 but can reach heights of up to 2 m 6 ft 7 in It has glabrous branches Leaves are 3 9 cm 1 2 3 5 in long and 3 9 mm 0 12 0 35 in wide glabrous and dark green or reddish green The flowers are white or pinkish pale up to 3 cm 1 2 in and bell shaped It forms a capsule with numerous seeds 3 Ecology editAzorina vidalii is found in all nine islands of the Azores It grows in association with other species tolerant to the sea breeze mainly in the crevices of the coastal cliffs but also in steep slopes with sandy deposits always in heavily exposed habitats It also appears in replacement habitats such as roofs and walls It is planted as an ornamental in some of the native islands and other parts of the world 5 Its leaves are edible and can be eaten raw 4 History edit nbsp A cluster of Vidalii on the coast of Manadas on the island of Sao Jorge It was first harvested by Watson along the coast of Santa Cruz on the Azorean island of Flores during his botanical expedition in 1843 6 7 It was initially designated Campanula vidalii by Watson and published in 1844 6 Its ecology has been presented in an inconsistent manner it has been referred to as adapting to cracks in the sea cliffs or to deposits and in abrupt and sandy slopes 6 8 Azorina vidalii was protected by the Bern Convention in 1992 Annex I and by the Habitats Directive 140 99 Diario da Republica Anexo 2B where it was considered a priority species in critical risk it is an endangered species due to habitat degradation by invasive species pollution and development 6 9 It diverged from its ancestral descendants around 8 3 1 7 million years ago associated with its first island of colonization Santa Maria Olesen et al 2012 which formed 8 10 million years ago Serralheiro amp Madeira 1993 6 Carine et al 2004 and Fernandez Palacios et al 2011 also refer to the existence of submarine mounts formerly immersed that functioned as stepping stones from the continent 6 At the same time Azorina vidalii is not vulnerable to the rise in temperature and prefers the zones along the coast to propagate 6 References editNotes edit Bilz M 2011 Azorina vidalii IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species retrieved 21 August 2013 Azorina Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 21 January 2018 a b Azorina vidalii in European Portuguese Life Vidalia Retrieved 29 March 2021 a b Azorina vidalii PFAF Plant Database pfaf org Retrieved 29 March 2021 Azorina vidalii H C Watson Feer CAMPANULACEAE Vidalia siaram azores gov pt Retrieved 29 March 2021 a b c d e f g Ruben Coelho 2014 p 17 Watson 1844 Sjogren 1984 M Bliz 2011 Sources edit Coelho Ruben 1 October 2014 Plano de Gestao e Conservacao de Azorina vidalii Wats Feer in Portuguese Angra do Heroismo University of the Azores nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Azorina nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Azorina Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Azorina amp oldid 1222426891, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
