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Gentianaceae

December 01, 2023

Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species.[2][3]

Etymology edit

The family takes its name from the genus Gentiana, named after the Illyrian king Gentius.

Distribution edit

Distribution is cosmopolitan.

Characteristics edit

The family consists of trees, shrubs and herbs showing a wide range of colours and floral patterns. Flowers are actinomorphic and bisexual with fused sepals and petals. The stamens are attached to the inside of the petals (epipetalous) and alternate with the corolla lobes. There is a glandular disk at the base of the gynoecium, and flowers have parietal placentation. The inflorescence is cymose, with simple or complex cymes. The fruits are dehiscent septicidal capsules splitting into two halves, rarely some species have a berry. Seeds are small with copiously oily endosperms and a straight embryo. The habit varies from small trees, pachycaul shrubs to (usually) herbs, with ascending, erect or twining stems. Plants are usually rhizomatous. Leaves opposite, less often alternate or in some species whorled, simple in shape, with entire edges and bases connately attached to the stem. Stipules are absent. Plants usually accumulate bitter iridoid substances; bicollateral bundles are present. Ecologically, partial myco-heterotrophy is common among species in this family with a few genera such as Voyria and Voyriella lacking chlorophyll and being fully myco-heterotrophic.

Ecology edit

Some of these plants have limited ranges and are protected under governmental oversight. For example, Gentianella uliginosa (Dune Gentian), which occurs in some limited areas of Wales and Scotland, is a priority species under the Biodiversity Action Plan of the United Kingdom.[4]

Biogeographic history edit

Gentianaceae are distributed worldwide, but most species occur in temperate zones. According to Merckx et al.,[5] the neotropics were an important area for the early diversification events in Gentianaceae, most of which occurring during the Eocene. However, Pirie et al.[6] suggested that ancient vicariance cannot be ruled out as an explanation for the early origins of Exaceae across Africa, Madagascar and the Indian subcontinent unless a strong assumption is made about the maximum age of Gentianales.

Uses edit

Economically, some species are cultivated ornamental plants and many species yield bitter principles used medicinally and in flavorings.

Taxonomy edit

The family was described for the first time by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789.

Tribes edit

  • tribe Chironieae (G.Don) Endl.
    • subtribe Canscorinae Thiv & Kadereit
    • subtribe Chironiinae G.Don
    • subtribe Coutoubeinae G.Don
  • tribe Exaceae Colla
  • tribe Gentianeae Colla
  • tribe Helieae Gilg
  • tribe Potalieae Rchb.
    • subtribe Faroinae Struwe & V.A.Albert
    • subtribe Lisianthiinae G.Don
    • subtribe Potaliinae (Mart.) Progel
  • tribe Saccifolieae (Maguire & Pires) Struwe, Thiv, V.A.Albert & Kadereit
  • incertae sedis Voyria

Genera edit

Phylogeny edit

Gentianaceae

Saccifolieae

Exaceae

Chironieae

Helieae

Potalieae

Gentianeae

References edit

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
  2. ^ "Gentianaceae Juss". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  3. ^ Struwe L, Albert VA (2002). Gentianaceae: systematics and natural history. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80999-3.
  4. ^ "Report on the Species and Habitat Review (UK BAP) | JNCC Resource Hub". hub.jncc.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  5. ^ Merckx, Vincent S.F.T.; Kissling, Jonathan; Hentrich, Heiko; Janssens, Steven B.; Mennes, Constantijn B.; Specht, Chelsea D.; Smets, Erik F. (2013). "Phylogenetic relationships of the mycoheterotrophic genus Voyria and the implication for the biogeographic history of Gentianaceae". American Journal of Botany. 100 (4): 712–721. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200330. PMID 23535773.
  6. ^ Pirie, Michael; Litsios, Glenn; Bellstedt, Dirk; Salamin, Nicolas; Kissling, Jonathan (2015). "Back to Gondwanaland: can ancient vicariance explain (some) Indian Ocean disjunct plant distributions?". Biology Letters. 11 (6): 20150086. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0086. PMC 4528461. PMID 26063747.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gentianaceae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Gentianaceae.
  • Gentian Research Network

December 01, 2023
gentianaceae, family, flowering, plants, genera, about, 1600, species, gentiana, acaulisscientific, classificationkingdom, plantaeclade, tracheophytesclade, angiospermsclade, eudicotsclade, asteridsorder, gentianalesfamily, juss, type, genusgentianal, contents. Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species 2 3 GentianaceaeGentiana acaulisScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder GentianalesFamily GentianaceaeJuss 1 Type genusGentianaL Contents 1 Etymology 2 Distribution 3 Characteristics 4 Ecology 5 Biogeographic history 6 Uses 7 Taxonomy 7 1 Tribes 7 2 Genera 8 Phylogeny 9 References 10 External linksEtymology editThe family takes its name from the genus Gentiana named after the Illyrian king Gentius Distribution editDistribution is cosmopolitan Characteristics editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The family consists of trees shrubs and herbs showing a wide range of colours and floral patterns Flowers are actinomorphic and bisexual with fused sepals and petals The stamens are attached to the inside of the petals epipetalous and alternate with the corolla lobes There is a glandular disk at the base of the gynoecium and flowers have parietal placentation The inflorescence is cymose with simple or complex cymes The fruits are dehiscent septicidal capsules splitting into two halves rarely some species have a berry Seeds are small with copiously oily endosperms and a straight embryo The habit varies from small trees pachycaul shrubs to usually herbs with ascending erect or twining stems Plants are usually rhizomatous Leaves opposite less often alternate or in some species whorled simple in shape with entire edges and bases connately attached to the stem Stipules are absent Plants usually accumulate bitter iridoid substances bicollateral bundles are present Ecologically partial myco heterotrophy is common among species in this family with a few genera such as Voyria and Voyriella lacking chlorophyll and being fully myco heterotrophic Ecology editSome of these plants have limited ranges and are protected under governmental oversight For example Gentianella uliginosa Dune Gentian which occurs in some limited areas of Wales and Scotland is a priority species under the Biodiversity Action Plan of the United Kingdom 4 Biogeographic history editGentianaceae are distributed worldwide but most species occur in temperate zones According to Merckx et al 5 the neotropics were an important area for the early diversification events in Gentianaceae most of which occurring during the Eocene However Pirie et al 6 suggested that ancient vicariance cannot be ruled out as an explanation for the early origins of Exaceae across Africa Madagascar and the Indian subcontinent unless a strong assumption is made about the maximum age of Gentianales Uses editEconomically some species are cultivated ornamental plants and many species yield bitter principles used medicinally and in flavorings Taxonomy editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The family was described for the first time by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 Tribes edit tribe Chironieae G Don Endl subtribe Canscorinae Thiv amp Kadereit subtribe Chironiinae G Don subtribe Coutoubeinae G Don tribe Exaceae Colla tribe Gentianeae Colla subtribe Gentianinae G Don subtribe Swertiinae Griseb Rchb tribe Helieae Gilg tribe Potalieae Rchb subtribe Faroinae Struwe amp V A Albert subtribe Lisianthiinae G Don subtribe Potaliinae Mart Progel tribe Saccifolieae Maguire amp Pires Struwe Thiv V A Albert amp Kadereit incertae sedis VoyriaGenera edit Adenolisianthus Spruce ex Progel Gilg Anthocleista Afzel ex R Br Aripuana Struwe Maas amp V A Albert Bartonia Muhl ex Willd Bisgoeppertia Kuntze Blackstonia Huds Calolisianthus Gilg Canscora Lam Celiantha Maguire Centaurium Hill Chelonanthus Griseb Gilg Chironia L Chorisepalum Gleason amp Wodehouse Cicendia Adans Comastoma Toyok Congolanthus A Raynal Coutoubea Aubl Cracosna Gagnep Crawfurdia Wall Curtia Cham amp Schltdl Cyrtophyllum Reinw Deianira Cham amp Schltdl Djaloniella P Taylor Duplipetala Thiv Enicostema Blume Eustoma Salisb Exaculum Caruel Exacum L Exochaenium Griseb Fagraea Thunb Faroa Welw Frasera Walter Geniostemon Engelm amp A Gray Gentiana Tourn ex L Gentianella Moench Gentianopsis Ma Gentianothamnus Humbert Gyrandra Griseb Halenia Borkh Helia Mart Hockinia Gardner Hoppea Willd Irlbachia Mart Ixanthus Griseb Jaeschkea Kurz Karina Boutique Klackenbergia Kissling Kuepferia Adr Favre Lagenanthus Gilg Lagenias E Mey Latouchea Franch Lehmanniella Gilg Limahlania K M Wong amp Sugumaran Lisianthius P Browne Lomatogoniopsis T N Ho amp S W Liu Lomatogonium A Braun Macrocarpaea Griseb Gilg Megacodon Hemsl Harry Sm Metagentiana T N Ho amp S W Liu Microrphium C B Clarke Neblinantha Maguire Neurotheca Salisb ex Benth amp Hook f Obolaria L Oreonesion A Raynal Ornichia Klack Orphium E Mey Phyllocyclus Kurz Picrophloeus Blume Potalia Aubl Prepusa Mart Pterygocalyx Maxim Purdieanthus Gilg Pycnosphaera Gilg Rogersonanthus Maguire amp B M Boom Roraimaea Struwe S Nilsson amp V A Albert Sabatia Adans Saccifolium Maguire amp Pires Schenkia Griseb Schinziella Gilg Schultesia plant Mart Sebaea Sol ex R Br Senaea Taub Sinogentiana Adr Favre amp Y M Yuan Sinoswertia T N Ho S W Liu amp J Q Liu Sipapoantha Maguire amp B M Boom Swertia L Symbolanthus G Don Symphyllophyton Gilg Tachia Aubl Tachiadenus Griseb Tapeinostemon Benth Tetrapollinia Maguire amp B M Boom Tripterospermum Blume Urogentias Gilg amp Gilg Ben Utania G Don Veratrilla Franch Voyria Aubl Voyriella Miq Miq Xestaea Griseb Yanomamua J R Grant Maas amp Struwe Zeltnera G Mans Zonanthus Griseb Zygostigma Griseb Phylogeny editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Gentianaceae SaccifolieaeExaceaeChironieaeHelieaePotalieaeGentianeaeReferences edit Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Gentianaceae Juss Plants of the World Online POWO Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 9 January 2021 Struwe L Albert VA 2002 Gentianaceae systematics and natural history Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 80999 3 Report on the Species and Habitat Review UK BAP JNCC Resource Hub hub jncc gov uk Retrieved 2021 01 31 Merckx Vincent S F T Kissling Jonathan Hentrich Heiko Janssens Steven B Mennes Constantijn B Specht Chelsea D Smets Erik F 2013 Phylogenetic relationships of the mycoheterotrophic genus Voyria and the implication for the biogeographic history of Gentianaceae American Journal of Botany 100 4 712 721 doi 10 3732 ajb 1200330 PMID 23535773 Pirie Michael Litsios Glenn Bellstedt Dirk Salamin Nicolas Kissling Jonathan 2015 Back to Gondwanaland can ancient vicariance explain some Indian Ocean disjunct plant distributions Biology Letters 11 6 20150086 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2015 0086 PMC 4528461 PMID 26063747 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gentianaceae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Gentianaceae Gentian Research Network Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gentianaceae amp oldid 1182986999, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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