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Blacklisting

April 15, 2023

For other uses, see Blacklist (disambiguation).
For Wikipedia guidelines, see Wikipedia:Deprecated sources, Wikipedia:Spam blacklist, and MediaWiki:Bad image list

Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist (or black list) of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considered to have done something wrong, or they are considered to be untrustworthy. As a verb, blacklist can mean to put an individual or entity on such a list.[1]

Origins of the term

The English dramatist Philip Massinger used the phrase "black list" in his 1639 tragedy The Unnatural Combat.[2]

After the restoration of the English monarchy brought Charles II of England to the throne in 1660, a list of regicides named those to be punished for the execution of his father.[3] The state papers of Charles II say "If any innocent soul be found in this black list, let him not be offended at me, but consider whether some mistaken principle or interest may not have misled him to vote".[4] In a 1676 history of the events leading up to the Restoration, James Heath (a supporter of Charles II) alleged that Parliament had passed an Act requiring the sale of estates, "And into this black list the Earl of Derby was now put, and other unfortunate Royalists".[5]

Edward Gibbon wrote in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776) of Andronicus that "His memory was stored with a black list of the enemies and rivals, who had traduced his merit, opposed his greatness, or insulted his misfortunes".[6]

Employment

Main article: Blacklist (employment)

The first published reference to blacklisting of an employee dates from 1774. This became a significant employment issue in American mining towns and company towns, where blacklisting could mean a complete loss of livelihood for workers who went on strike.[7] The 1901 Report of the Industrial Commission stated "There was no doubt in the minds of workingmen of the existence of the blacklisting system, though it was practically impossible to obtain evidence of it." It cited a news report that in 1895 a former conductor on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad committed suicide, having been out of work ever since a strike: "Wherever he went, the blacklist was ahead of him".[8]

Though the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 outlawed punitive blacklists against employees who supported trade unions or criticised their employers, the practice continued in common use. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 made amendments which sustained blacklisting by affirming the right of employers to be anti-union, and by requiring trade union leaders to make loyalty oaths which had the same effect as the Hollywood blacklist. Since then, lawsuits for unfair dismissal have led to blacklisting being covert or informal, but it remains common.[7]

Hollywood blacklist

Main article: Hollywood blacklist

The Hollywood blacklist was instituted by the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947 to block screenwriters and other Hollywood professionals who were purported to have Communist sympathies from obtaining employment. It started by listing 151 entertainment industry professionals and lasted until 1960 when it was effectively broken by the acknowledgement that blacklisted professionals had been working under assumed names for many years.[9][10]

Spanish Civil War and communists blacklisted

At least one volunteer (George Drever) in the International Brigades who went to Spain to fight Franco's fascists and who was also well known in the British Communist Party in the 1930s was informed by the police Special Branch that his failure to progress in military or career was due to his volunteering in this cause and his beliefs.[11]

World Wars I and II

During World War I, the British government adopted a "blacklist" based on an Order in Council of 23 December 1915, prohibiting British subjects from trade with specified firms and individuals in neutral countries; the lists were published in the London Gazette.[12]

In the summer of 1940, the SS printed a secret list called Sonderfahndungsliste G.B. ("Special Search List Great Britain") as part of Nazi Germany's preparations for invasion code-named Operation Sea Lion – when this booklet was found after the war, it was commonly called the Black Book and described as a blacklist.[13]

Medical context

See also: Patient abuse

In 1907, the Transvaal Medical Union in South Africa blacklisted patients if they could not pay cash in advance.[14] There was a physical list kept by the community of physicians.

Computing

 
Blacklisting in online chat (IRC)
Main article: Blacklist (computing)

In computing, a blacklist is an access control system that denies entry to a specific list (or a defined range) of users, programs, or network addresses.

Controversy

In 2018, a medical journal commentary regarding predatory publishing[15] was published, arguing that whitelist, blacklist, among other terms, reinforce existing racial biases and should be avoided in medical literature. The commentary gained public attention in Summer 2020 following the George Floyd protests in the United States[16] wherein a black man died in the custody of Minneapolis police officers, sparking protests against police brutality.

The commentary cites examples of the use of black as a shorthand for disreputable sources and other negative judgements, and white for trustworthiness and safety. The article also notes the origins of blacklist as a label for censure and punishment of workers involved in labor unions, and that early use of the term coincides with the rise of slavery in the Americas, but does not claim its etymology as referring directly to skin color. However, the authors criticize the continued use of blacklist and similar language as inappropriate and harmful due to the ubiquity of white and black as descriptors of racial groups in common parlance, arguing that this association results in use of this type of language perpetuates racism, regardless of its linguistic origin.[15]

Conflict around this issue often emerges in computing industries where whitelist and blacklist are prevalent (e.g. "IP whitelisting"[17]). Some companies, open-source communities, and software developers have chosen to deprecate use of whitelist and blacklist in favor of names which describe the purpose of those lists less ambiguously and are unlikely to come across to a reader as insensitive such as allow list and deny list. An IETF draft technical proposal[18] has been underway since 2018 presenting arguments for avoiding potentially exclusionary language in technical documentation and a standardized set of recommendations for their replacement. Before garnering wider public attention in 2020, similarly motivated changes have also been enacted in years prior to replace terminology such as master/slave with alternatives due to concerns over their potential role in workplace discrimination.[19]

Some critics of these terminology changes[who?] question the interpretation of the deprecated language as racial in nature due to the linguistic root of blacklist as being most likely derived from the term black book,[19][20] which originated in the 1400s as a reference to "a list of people who had committed crimes or fallen out of favor with leaders," popularized by King Henry VIII's literal use of a black book.[21] Others note the prevalence of positive and negative connotations to white and black in some Bible translations into English, taking the position that this historical usage invalidates the claim of racial connotations in modern usage[22] because it predates the emergence of "Black" as a widespread word to refer to one's race as a person of color in America during the 1960s Black power movement.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Blacklist definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  2. ^ Peter Chadlington (2005). The Real McCoy: Understanding Peculiar English. Icon. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-84046-684-3.
    Philip Massinger (1761). Dramatic Works: A new way to pay old debts. The great Duke of Florence. The unnatural combat. The bashful lover. T. Davies. p. 194. Might write me down in the black List of those That have nor Fire, nor Spirit of their own
  3. ^ Paul McFedries (August 5, 2008). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Weird Word Origins. DK Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-101-21718-4.
  4. ^ Great Britain. Public Record Office (1968). Calendar of state papers, domestic series, of the reign of Charles II: preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts.
  5. ^ James Heath; John Phillips (1676). A Chronicle of the Late Intestine War in the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland: With the Intervening Affairs of Treaties, and Other Occurrences Relating Thereunto. As Also the Several Usurpations, Forreign Wars, Differences and Interests Depending Upon It, to the Happy Restitution of Our Sacred Soveraign K. Charles II. In Four Parts, Viz. The Commons War, Democracie, Protectorate, Restitution. J. C.
  6. ^ Gibbon, Edward; Milman, Henry Hart (2008-06-07). Widger, David (ed.). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireTable of Contents with links in the HTML file to the two Project Gutenberg editions (12 volumes). Vol. VIII.
  7. ^ a b Robert E. Weir (2013). Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1-59884-718-5.
  8. ^ United States Industrial Commission; Balthasar Henry Meyer; Roswell Cheney McCrea (1901). Report of the Industrial Commission on Transportation, including testimony, review and topical digest of evidence, and special reports on railway legislation. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  9. ^ Wilkerson, William (1946-07-29). "A Vote For Joe Stalin". The Hollywood Reporter. p. 1.
  10. ^ Baum, Gary; Daniel Miller (November 19, 2012). "Blacklist: THR Addresses Role After 65 Years". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  11. ^ Gray, Daniel (2013). Homage to Caledonia: Scotland and the Spanish Civil War ([International version] ed.). New York: Luath Press Ltd. pp.68, 267.
  12. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana (1920), Blacklist
  13. ^ Philip Gooden; Peter Lewis (September 25, 2014). The Word at War: World War Two in 100 Phrases. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4729-0490-4.
  14. ^ Deacon, Harriet; Phillips, Howard; van Heyningen, Elizabeth, eds. (2004). The Cape Doctor in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History (Clio Medica, 74). Editions Rodipi B.V. ISBN 9042010649.
  15. ^ a b Houghton, F., & Houghton, S. (2018). "“Blacklists” and “whitelists”: a salutary warning concerning the prevalence of racist language in discussions of predatory publishing."
  16. ^ Taylor, Derrick Bryson (2020-07-10). "George Floyd Protests: A Timeline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  17. ^ . help.gooddata.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  18. ^ Knodel, Mallory. "Terminology, Power, and Inclusive Language in Internet-Drafts and RFCs". Ietf Datatracker. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  19. ^ a b Cimpanu, Catalin. "GitHub to replace "master" with alternative term to avoid slavery references". ZDNet. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  20. ^ "blacklist | Origin and meaning of blacklist by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  21. ^ "What is Little Black Book?". Writing Explained. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
  22. ^ Grammarian, Angry. "Is 'master bedroom' a racist term? As language evolves, consider history and usage. | The Angry Grammarian". inquirer.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  23. ^ Martin, Ben L. (1991). "From Negro to Black to African American: The Power of Names and Naming". Political Science Quarterly. 106 (1): 83–107. doi:10.2307/2152175. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2152175.

Further reading

 
Look up blacklist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Blacklisting.
  • Lorence, James J. (1999). The Suppression of Salt of the Earth: How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2027-9.

April 15, 2023
blacklisting, other, uses, blacklist, disambiguation, wikipedia, guidelines, wikipedia, deprecated, sources, wikipedia, spam, blacklist, mediawiki, image, list, action, group, authority, compiling, blacklist, black, list, people, countries, other, entities, av. For other uses see Blacklist disambiguation For Wikipedia guidelines see Wikipedia Deprecated sources Wikipedia Spam blacklist and MediaWiki Bad image list Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist or black list of people countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list if people are on a blacklist then they are considered to have done something wrong or they are considered to be untrustworthy As a verb blacklist can mean to put an individual or entity on such a list 1 Contents 1 Origins of the term 2 Employment 2 1 Hollywood blacklist 3 Spanish Civil War and communists blacklisted 4 World Wars I and II 5 Medical context 6 Computing 7 Controversy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingOrigins of the term EditThe English dramatist Philip Massinger used the phrase black list in his 1639 tragedy The Unnatural Combat 2 After the restoration of the English monarchy brought Charles II of England to the throne in 1660 a list of regicides named those to be punished for the execution of his father 3 The state papers of Charles II say If any innocent soul be found in this black list let him not be offended at me but consider whether some mistaken principle or interest may not have misled him to vote 4 In a 1676 history of the events leading up to the Restoration James Heath a supporter of Charles II alleged that Parliament had passed an Act requiring the sale of estates And into this black list the Earl of Derby was now put and other unfortunate Royalists 5 Edward Gibbon wrote in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1776 of Andronicus that His memory was stored with a black list of the enemies and rivals who had traduced his merit opposed his greatness or insulted his misfortunes 6 Employment EditMain article Blacklist employment The first published reference to blacklisting of an employee dates from 1774 This became a significant employment issue in American mining towns and company towns where blacklisting could mean a complete loss of livelihood for workers who went on strike 7 The 1901 Report of the Industrial Commission stated There was no doubt in the minds of workingmen of the existence of the blacklisting system though it was practically impossible to obtain evidence of it It cited a news report that in 1895 a former conductor on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad committed suicide having been out of work ever since a strike Wherever he went the blacklist was ahead of him 8 Though the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 outlawed punitive blacklists against employees who supported trade unions or criticised their employers the practice continued in common use The Taft Hartley Act of 1947 made amendments which sustained blacklisting by affirming the right of employers to be anti union and by requiring trade union leaders to make loyalty oaths which had the same effect as the Hollywood blacklist Since then lawsuits for unfair dismissal have led to blacklisting being covert or informal but it remains common 7 Hollywood blacklist Edit Main article Hollywood blacklist The Hollywood blacklist was instituted by the House Un American Activities Committee in 1947 to block screenwriters and other Hollywood professionals who were purported to have Communist sympathies from obtaining employment It started by listing 151 entertainment industry professionals and lasted until 1960 when it was effectively broken by the acknowledgement that blacklisted professionals had been working under assumed names for many years 9 10 Spanish Civil War and communists blacklisted EditAt least one volunteer George Drever in the International Brigades who went to Spain to fight Franco s fascists and who was also well known in the British Communist Party in the 1930s was informed by the police Special Branch that his failure to progress in military or career was due to his volunteering in this cause and his beliefs 11 World Wars I and II EditDuring World War I the British government adopted a blacklist based on an Order in Council of 23 December 1915 prohibiting British subjects from trade with specified firms and individuals in neutral countries the lists were published in the London Gazette 12 In the summer of 1940 the SS printed a secret list called Sonderfahndungsliste G B Special Search List Great Britain as part of Nazi Germany s preparations for invasion code named Operation Sea Lion when this booklet was found after the war it was commonly called the Black Book and described as a blacklist 13 Medical context EditSee also Patient abuse In 1907 the Transvaal Medical Union in South Africa blacklisted patients if they could not pay cash in advance 14 There was a physical list kept by the community of physicians Computing Edit Blacklisting in online chat IRC Main article Blacklist computing In computing a blacklist is an access control system that denies entry to a specific list or a defined range of users programs or network addresses Controversy EditThis section may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help to create a more balanced presentation Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message April 2023 In 2018 a medical journal commentary regarding predatory publishing 15 was published arguing that whitelist blacklist among other terms reinforce existing racial biases and should be avoided in medical literature The commentary gained public attention in Summer 2020 following the George Floyd protests in the United States 16 wherein a black man died in the custody of Minneapolis police officers sparking protests against police brutality The commentary cites examples of the use of black as a shorthand for disreputable sources and other negative judgements and white for trustworthiness and safety The article also notes the origins of blacklist as a label for censure and punishment of workers involved in labor unions and that early use of the term coincides with the rise of slavery in the Americas but does not claim its etymology as referring directly to skin color However the authors criticize the continued use of blacklist and similar language as inappropriate and harmful due to the ubiquity of white and black as descriptors of racial groups in common parlance arguing that this association results in use of this type of language perpetuates racism regardless of its linguistic origin 15 Conflict around this issue often emerges in computing industries where whitelist and blacklist are prevalent e g IP whitelisting 17 Some companies open source communities and software developers have chosen to deprecate use of whitelist and blacklist in favor of names which describe the purpose of those lists less ambiguously and are unlikely to come across to a reader as insensitive such as allow list and deny list An IETF draft technical proposal 18 has been underway since 2018 presenting arguments for avoiding potentially exclusionary language in technical documentation and a standardized set of recommendations for their replacement Before garnering wider public attention in 2020 similarly motivated changes have also been enacted in years prior to replace terminology such as master slave with alternatives due to concerns over their potential role in workplace discrimination 19 Some critics of these terminology changes who question the interpretation of the deprecated language as racial in nature due to the linguistic root of blacklist as being most likely derived from the term black book 19 20 which originated in the 1400s as a reference to a list of people who had committed crimes or fallen out of favor with leaders popularized by King Henry VIII s literal use of a black book 21 Others note the prevalence of positive and negative connotations to white and black in some Bible translations into English taking the position that this historical usage invalidates the claim of racial connotations in modern usage 22 because it predates the emergence of Black as a widespread word to refer to one s race as a person of color in America during the 1960s Black power movement 23 See also EditAffaire Des Fiches Blackballing Blacklisting Soviet policy Black Book gaming Book censorship Cancel culture Closure sociology Debarment Deplatforming Involuntary unemployment List of books banned by governments Ostracon Media transparency Persona non grata Redlining Social exclusion Social rejection Social undermining WhitelistingReferences Edit Blacklist definition and meaning Collins English Dictionary 7 March 2017 Retrieved 7 March 2017 Peter Chadlington 2005 The Real McCoy Understanding Peculiar English Icon p 43 ISBN 978 1 84046 684 3 Philip Massinger 1761 Dramatic Works A new way to pay old debts The great Duke of Florence The unnatural combat The bashful lover T Davies p 194 Might write me down in the black List of those That have nor Fire nor Spirit of their own Paul McFedries August 5 2008 The Complete Idiot s Guide to Weird Word Origins DK Publishing p 14 ISBN 978 1 101 21718 4 Great Britain Public Record Office 1968 Calendar of state papers domestic series of the reign of Charles II preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty s Public Record Office Longman Green Longman amp Roberts James Heath John Phillips 1676 A Chronicle of the Late Intestine War in the Three Kingdoms of England Scotland and Ireland With the Intervening Affairs of Treaties and Other Occurrences Relating Thereunto As Also the Several Usurpations Forreign Wars Differences and Interests Depending Upon It to the Happy Restitution of Our Sacred Soveraign K Charles II In Four Parts Viz The Commons War Democracie Protectorate Restitution J C Gibbon Edward Milman Henry Hart 2008 06 07 Widger David ed The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireTable of Contents with links in the HTML file to the two Project Gutenberg editions 12 volumes Vol VIII a b Robert E Weir 2013 Workers in America A Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 71 72 ISBN 978 1 59884 718 5 United States Industrial Commission Balthasar Henry Meyer Roswell Cheney McCrea 1901 Report of the Industrial Commission on Transportation including testimony review and topical digest of evidence and special reports on railway legislation U S Government Printing Office Wilkerson William 1946 07 29 A Vote For Joe Stalin The Hollywood Reporter p 1 Baum Gary Daniel Miller November 19 2012 Blacklist THR Addresses Role After 65 Years Hollywood Reporter Retrieved 20 November 2012 Gray Daniel 2013 Homage to Caledonia Scotland and the Spanish Civil War International version ed New York Luath Press Ltd pp 68 267 The Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Blacklist Philip Gooden Peter Lewis September 25 2014 The Word at War World War Two in 100 Phrases Bloomsbury Publishing p 22 ISBN 978 1 4729 0490 4 Deacon Harriet Phillips Howard van Heyningen Elizabeth eds 2004 The Cape Doctor in the Nineteenth Century A Social History Clio Medica 74 Editions Rodipi B V ISBN 9042010649 a b Houghton F amp Houghton S 2018 Blacklists and whitelists a salutary warning concerning the prevalence of racist language in discussions of predatory publishing Taylor Derrick Bryson 2020 07 10 George Floyd Protests A Timeline The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2020 10 14 IP Whitelisting Documentation help gooddata com Archived from the original on 2020 09 30 Retrieved 2020 10 14 Knodel Mallory Terminology Power and Inclusive Language in Internet Drafts and RFCs Ietf Datatracker Internet Engineering Task Force Retrieved 17 November 2022 a b Cimpanu Catalin GitHub to replace master with alternative term to avoid slavery references ZDNet Retrieved 2020 10 14 blacklist Origin and meaning of blacklist by Online Etymology Dictionary etymonline com Retrieved 2020 10 14 What is Little Black Book Writing Explained Retrieved 2020 10 17 Grammarian Angry Is master bedroom a racist term As language evolves consider history and usage The Angry Grammarian inquirer com Retrieved 2020 10 14 Martin Ben L 1991 From Negro to Black to African American The Power of Names and Naming Political Science Quarterly 106 1 83 107 doi 10 2307 2152175 ISSN 0032 3195 JSTOR 2152175 Further reading Edit Look up blacklist in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Blacklisting Lorence James J 1999 The Suppression of Salt of the Earth How Hollywood Big Labor and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America University of New Mexico Press ISBN 0 8263 2027 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blacklisting amp oldid 1149519481, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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