Government of North Korea
In the North Korean government, the Cabinet is the administrative and executive body.[1] The North Korean government consists of three branches: administrative, legislative, and judicial. However, they are not independent of each other, but all branches are under the exclusive political leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK).[2]
Emblem of North Korea | |
| Formation | 9 September 1948 |
|---|---|
| Legislature | Supreme People's Assembly |
| Communist Party | |
| Party | Workers' Party of Korea |
| General Secretary | Kim Jong Un |
| Government | |
| Executive | State Affairs Commission Cabinet |
| President of State Affairs | Kim Jong Un |
| Cabinet Premier | Kim Tok-hun |
| Assembly Standing Committee Chairman | Choe Ryong-hae |
| Military | Korean People's Army |
| Supreme Commander | Kim Jong Un |
Institutions edit
The leader must work through various agents and their institutions, which has the power to delay, modify, or even resist the leader's orders. These institutions may set the overall tone and direction for North Korea's foreign and domestic policy, make suggestions, offer policy options, and lobby Kim himself.[3]
The government is also confirmed by the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA). The Premier, who appoints three Vice Premiers and the government's ministers, heads the cabinet. The government is dominated by the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and has been since North Korea's inception in 1948.
The Cabinet has the right to supervise and control the Local People's Committee (LPC,지방인민위원회) with regard to local economies and administration. As the State Administrative Council (SAC,정무원) was replaced by the Cabinet, the Local Administrative and Economic Committee (LAEC,지방행정경제위원회) was abolished and its functions regarding local politics transferred to the LPC. Under WPK former General Secretary Kim Jong Il, the cabinet's power was elevated to equal status with Workers' Party of Korea and Korean People's Army Ground Force (KPA).[4]
A party chief secretary no longer concurrently holds the post of LPC chairman, which has been taken over by a former LAEC chairman. Thus, the LPC is theoretically independent of the local party and is under the control of the Cabinet. The status of the LPC as the local executive organ, in principle, became higher than before.
The Economist Intelligence Unit listed North Korea in last place as an authoritarian regime in its 2012 Democracy Index assessing 168 countries.[5]
Judiciary edit
North Korea's judiciary is headed by the Central Court, which consists of a Chief Justice (판사) and two People's Assessors (인민참심원); three judges may be present in some cases.[6] Their terms of office coincide with those of the members of the Supreme People's Assembly. Every court in North Korea has the same composition as the Central Court. The judicial system is theoretically held accountable to the SPA and the Presidium of the SPA when the legislature is not in session.
The judiciary does not practice judicial review. The security forces so often interfere with the actions of the judiciary that the conclusion of most cases is foregone; experts outside North Korea and numerous defectors confirm this to be a widespread problem.[7] Freedom House states that, "North Korea does not have an independent judiciary and does not acknowledge individual rights...reports of arbitrary detentions, 'disappearances,' and extrajudicial killings are common; torture is widespread and severe".[8]
North Korea's fifth and current constitution was approved and adopted in September 1998, replacing the one previously adopted in 1972. The former constitution had last been amended in 1992. Under the new constitution, North Korea is a socialist state representing the interests of all the Korean people.[9] Criminal penalties can be stiff; one of the basic functions of the system is to uphold the power of the regime. Because so little information is available concerning what actually occurs inside of the country, the extent to which there is any rule of law is uncertain. In any case, North Korea is known for its poor human rights situation and regularly detains thousands of dissidents without trial or benefit of legal advice. According to a US Department of State report on human rights practices, the government of North Korea often punishes the family of a criminal along with the perpetrator.[7]
Workers' Party of Korea edit
The Workers' Party of Korea is organized according to the Monolithic Ideological System and the Great Leader, a system and theory conceived by Kim Yong-ju and Kim Jong Il. The highest body of the WPK is formally the Congress, which last convened as the 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea in May 2016. Although the WPK is (in theory) organizationally similar to communist parties, in practice it is far less institutionalized and informal politics plays a larger role than usual. Institutions such as the Central Committee, the Secretariat, the Central Military Commission (CMC), the Politburo and the Presidium have much less power than that formally bestowed on them by the party's charter. Kim Jong Un is the current General Secretary of the WPK.
Relatively compared with other institutions of North Korea, the WPK remains to be the most ideological and views itself as the defender of the revolutionary way by emphasizing sovereignty and nationalism, as well as its commitment to a socialist ideology. Therefore, in theory, the WPK opposes accommodation and economic reform of any type.[10]
- General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea: Kim Jong Un
- Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea: Kim Jong Un
State Affairs Commission edit
In June 2010, Kim Jong Il appointed his brother-in-law, Chang Sung-taek, as vice-chairman of the National Defence Commission, in a move seen as propping up his own position. Chang was already regarded as the second-most powerful person in North Korea and his appointment strengthened the probability that Kim's third son, Kim Jong Un, would succeed him.[11] However, in December 2013 Chang was fired from all government posts and subsequently executed. Kim Jong Un ordered the execution.[12]
In June 2016, following the 7th WPK Conference, the Constitution of North Korea was updated, replacing the National Defence Commission with the State Affairs Commission and placing Kim Jong Un as the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission.[13] This places Kim Jong Un as the official head of state.[14]
Party leaders edit
General Secretary edit
Presidium of the Political Bureau edit
- Kim Jong Un, Choe Ryong-hae, Pak Pong-ju, Kim Yong-nam (to April 2019), Hwang Pyong-so (to 2018)
Members of the Political Bureau edit
- Kim Jong Un, Kim Yong-nam, Hwang Pyong-so, Pak Pong-ju, Choe Ryong-hae, Kim Ki-nam, Choe Thae-bok, Ri Su-yong, Kim Phyong-hae, O Su-yong, Kwak Pom-gi, Kim Yong-chol, Ri Man-gon, Ro Tu-chol, Pak Yong-sik, Ri Myong-su, Kim Won-hong and Choe Pu-il and Ri Yong-ho (October 2017), Kim Jae-ryong (April 2019)
Alternate members of the Political Bureau edit
- Kim Su-gil, Kim Nung-o, Pak Thae-song, Ri Yong-ho, Im Chol-ung, Jo Yon-jun, Ri Pyong-chol, No Kwang-chol and Ri Yong-gil, and Kim Yo-jong, Kim Jong-sik, Ri Pyong-chol (October 2017)
Secretariat of the Central Committee edit
- Secretary: Choe Ryong-hae, Kim Ki-nam, Choe Thae-bok, Ri Su-yong, Kim Phyong-hae, O Su-yong, Kwak Pom-gi, Kim Yong-chol and Ri Man-gon
Central Military Commission edit
- Chairman: Kim Jong Un
- Members: Hwang Pyong-so, Pak Pong-ju, Pak Yong-sik, Ri Myong-su, Kim Yong-chol, Ri Man-gon, Kim Won-hong, Choe Pu-il, Kim Kyong-ok, Ri Yong-gil and So Hong-chan
Department of the Central Committee edit
- Directors: Kim Ki-nam, Ri Su-yong, Kim Phyong-hae, O Su-yong, Kim Yong-chol, Ri Man-gon, Ri Il-hwan, An Jong-su, Ri Chol-man, Choe Sang-gon, Ri Yong-rae, Kim Jong-im, Kim Jung-hyop, Kim Man-song and Kim Yong-su
Control Commission of the Central Committee edit
- Chairman: Hong In-bom
State leaders edit
State Affairs Commission of DPRK edit
Members of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea are as follows:[citation needed]
- President: Kim Jong Un
- First Vice President of the State Affairs Commission: Choe Ryong-hae
- Members of the commission:
- Kim Tok-hun, Premier
- Ri Il-hwan, WPK Vice Chairman for Propaganda
- General of the Army Ri Yong-gil, Minister of the People's Armed Forces
- Ri Son-gwon, WPK Vice Chairman for International Relations
- Kim Yong-chol, WPK Vice Chairman for United Front Work
- Jong Kyong-thaek, Minister of State Security
- Ri Pyong-chol, Vice Chairman of the CMC, top advisor of Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un
- General of the Army Ri Yong-gil, Minister of Public Security
- Kim Yong-jae, External Economic Relations (Foreign Trade)
- Kim Yo-jong, Deputy Department Director of the Publicity and Information Department
Presidium of the SPA of the DPRK edit
The Presidium of the SPA is as follows:[15]
- President: Choe Ryong-hae
- Vice presidents: Yang Hyong-sop and Kim Yong-dae
- Honorary vice-president: Kim Yong-ju, and Choe Yong-rim (since April 2013)
- Secretary general of the Presidium: Hong Son-ok (since April 2013)
Supreme People's Assembly edit
The chairman and vice-chairpersons of the Supreme People's Assembly are:[15]
- Chairman: Pak Thae-song
- Vice-chairpersons: An Tong-chun and Ri Hye-jong (April 2014)
Cabinet edit
Some ministers of the Cabinet of North Korea are as follows:[15]
- Premier: Kim Jae-ryong (April 2019)
- Vice Premiers: Ro Tu-chol (from April 2009), Ri Mu-yong (April 2014), Kim Yong Jin (April 2014), Ri Chol-man (since April 2012), Kim Tok-hun (April 2014)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs: Ri Son-gwon (21 January 2020)
- Minister of Finance: Choe Kwang-jin
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ "North Korea names Kim Jong-un army commander". BBC News. 2011-12-31. from the original on 2012-01-14.
- ^ Teen Life in Asia By Judith J. Slater
- ^ Kang, David C. "They Think They're Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea- A Review Essay". International Security. 36 (3): 148.
- ^ Kang, David C. "They Think They're Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea- A Review Essay". International Security. 36 (3): 147.
- ^ "S.Korea Outranks U.S. in Democracy Index". Chosun Ilbo. 2013-03-22. from the original on 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
- ^ a b "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices". U.S. Department of State. March 8, 2006. Retrieved 2006-02-22.
- ^ "Freedom in the World, 2006". Freedom House. from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
- ^ Teen Life in Asia By Judith J. Slate
- ^ Kang, David C. "They Think They're Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea—A Review Essay". International Security. 36 (3): 148.
- ^ Fading Kim sets the stage for power play 2012-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, Donald Kirk, SCMP, 11 June 2010
- ^ "North Korea executes Kim Jong Un's uncle". Associated Press. 12 December 2013. from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
- ^ . nkleadershipwatch. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ "N.Korea updates constitution expanding Kim Jong Un's position". NK News. NK News. 30 June 2016. from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ a b c . Central Intelligence Agency. 21 June 2018. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
External links edit
- Minju Choson, the official newspaper of the government (in Korean)
- Government of North Korea at Curlie