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Parthenocarpy

February 16, 2024

In botany and horticulture, parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilisation of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless. The phenomenon has been observed since ancient times[1] but was first scientifically described by German botanist Fritz Noll in 1902.[2]

Seedless watermelon

Stenospermocarpy may also produce apparently seedless fruit, but the seeds are actually aborted while they are still small. Parthenocarpy (or stenospermocarpy) occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature; if it affects every flower, the plant can no longer sexually reproduce[citation needed] but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means. Examples of this include many citrus varieties that undergo nucellar embryony for reproduction, instead of solely sexual reproduction, and can yield seedless fruits.

Ecological importance edit

Parthenocarpy of some fruits on a plant may be of value. Up to 20% of the fruits of wild parsnip are parthenocarpic. The seedless wild parsnip fruit are preferred by certain herbivores and so serve as a "decoy defense" against seed predation.[3] Utah juniper has a similar defense against bird feeding.[4] The ability to produce seedless fruit when pollination is unsuccessful may be an advantage to a plant because it provides food for the plant's seed dispersers. Without a fruit crop, the seed dispersing animals may starve or migrate.

In some plants, pollination or another stimulation is required for parthenocarpy, termed stimulative parthenocarpy. Plants that do not require pollination or other stimulation to produce parthenocarpic fruit have vegetative parthenocarpy. Seedless cucumbers are an example of vegetative parthenocarpy, seedless watermelon is an example of stenospermocarpy as they are immature seeds (aborted ones).

Plants that moved from one area of the world to another may not always be accompanied by their pollinating partner, and the lack of pollinators has spurred human cultivation of parthenocarpic varieties.

Commercial importance edit

Seedlessness is seen as a desirable trait in edible fruit with hard seeds such as banana, pineapple, orange and grapefruit. Parthenocarpy is also desirable in fruit crops that may be difficult to pollinate or fertilize, such as fig, tomato and summer squash. In dioecious species, such as persimmon, parthenocarpy increases fruit production because staminate trees do not need to be planted to provide pollen. Parthenocarpy is undesirable in nut crops, such as pistachio, for which the seed is the edible part. Horticulturists have selected and propagated parthenocarpic cultivars of many plants, including banana, fig, cactus pear (Opuntia), breadfruit and eggplant. Some plants, such as pineapple, produce seedless fruits when a single cultivar is grown because they are self-infertile. Some cucumbers produce seedless fruit if pollinators are excluded. Strange as it seems, seedless watermelon plants are grown from seeds. The seeds are produced by crossing a diploid parent with a tetraploid parent to produce triploid seeds. It has been suggested that Cannabis could explain the difference in the plant's yields in active compounds.[5]

Some parthenocarpic cultivars are of ancient origin. The oldest known cultivated plant is a parthenocarpic fig that was first grown at least 11,200 years ago.[6]

In some climates, normally-seeded pear cultivars produce mainly seedless fruit for lack of pollination.[7]

When sprayed on flowers, any of the plant hormones gibberellin, auxin and cytokinin could stimulate the development of parthenocarpic fruit. That is termed artificial parthenocarpy. Plant hormones are seldom used commercially to produce parthenocarpic fruit. Home gardeners sometimes spray their tomatoes with an auxin to assure fruit production.[8]

Some parthenocarpic cultivars have been developed as genetically modified organisms.[9][10]

Misconceptions edit

  • Most commercial seedless grape cultivars, such as 'Thompson Seedless', are seedless not because of parthenocarpy but because of stenospermocarpy.[11]
  • Parthenocarpy is sometimes claimed to be the equivalent of parthenogenesis in animals.[12] That is incorrect because parthenogenesis is a method of asexual reproduction, with embryo formation without fertilization, and parthenocarpy involves fruit formation, without seed formation. The plant equivalent of parthenogenesis is apomixis.

References edit

  1. ^ Gustafson, Felix G. (1942-11-01). "Parthenocarpy: Natural and artificial". The Botanical Review. 8 (9): 599–654. doi:10.1007/BF02881046. ISSN 1874-9372. S2CID 26990263.
  2. ^ Noll, F. (1902). "Fruchtbildung ohne vorausgegangene Bestaubung (Parthenokarpie) bei der Gurke". Gesellschaft für Natur- und Heilkunde zu Bonn. 1: 149–162.
  3. ^ Zangerl AR, Nitao JK, Berenbaum MR (1991). "Parthenocarpic fruits in wild parsnip: decoy defence against a specialist herbivore". Evolutionary Ecology. 5 (2): 136–45. doi:10.1007/BF02270830. S2CID 44584261.
  4. ^ Fuentes M, Schupp EW (1998). "Empty seeds reduce seed predation by birds in Juniperus osteosperma". Evolutionary Ecology. 12 (7): 823–7. doi:10.1023/A:1006594532392. S2CID 19570153.
  5. ^ Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2020). "'Cannabis' ontologies I: Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology". Drug Science, Policy and Law. 6: 205032452094579. doi:10.1177/2050324520945797. ISSN 2050-3245. S2CID 234435350.
  6. ^ Kislev ME, Hartmann A, Bar-Yosef O (June 2006). "Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley". Science. 312 (5778): 1372–4. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1372K. doi:10.1126/science.1125910. PMID 16741119. S2CID 42150441.
  7. ^
  8. ^ Pandolfini, Tiziana (23 November 2009). "Seedless Fruit Production by Hormonal Regulation of Fruit Set". Nutrients. University of Verona. 1 (2): 168–177. doi:10.3390/nu1020168. PMC 3257607. PMID 22253976.
  9. ^ Pandolfini T, Rotino GL, Camerini S, Defez R, Spena A (2002). "Optimisation of transgene action at the post-transcriptional level: high quality parthenocarpic fruits in industrial tomatoes". BMC Biotechnol. 2: 1. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-2-1. PMC 65046. PMID 11818033.
  10. ^ Acciarri, N.; Restaino, F.; Vitelli, G.; Perrone, D.; Zottini, M.; Pandolfini, T.; Spena, A.; Rotino, G. (2002). "Genetically modified parthenocarpic eggplants: Improved fruit productivity under both greenhouse and open field cultivation". BMC Biotechnology. 2: 4. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-2-4. PMC 101493. PMID 11934354.
  11. ^ Mullins, M., Bouquet, A., Edward, L. (1992). Mullins, Michael G.; Bouquet, Alain; Williams, Larry E. (1992-07-16). Biology of the grapevine. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521305075.. Cambridge University Press, p. 75.
  12. ^ . bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008.

External links edit

  • Weiss, J., Nerd, A. and Mizrahi, Y (1993). "Vegetative parthenocarpy in the cactus pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill". Annals of Botany. 72 (6): 521–6. doi:10.1006/anbo.1993.1140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

February 16, 2024
parthenocarpy, botany, horticulture, parthenocarpy, natural, artificially, induced, production, fruit, without, fertilisation, ovules, which, makes, fruit, seedless, phenomenon, been, observed, since, ancient, times, first, scientifically, described, german, b. In botany and horticulture parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilisation of ovules which makes the fruit seedless The phenomenon has been observed since ancient times 1 but was first scientifically described by German botanist Fritz Noll in 1902 2 Seedless watermelonStenospermocarpy may also produce apparently seedless fruit but the seeds are actually aborted while they are still small Parthenocarpy or stenospermocarpy occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature if it affects every flower the plant can no longer sexually reproduce citation needed but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means Examples of this include many citrus varieties that undergo nucellar embryony for reproduction instead of solely sexual reproduction and can yield seedless fruits Contents 1 Ecological importance 2 Commercial importance 3 Misconceptions 4 References 5 External linksEcological importance editParthenocarpy of some fruits on a plant may be of value Up to 20 of the fruits of wild parsnip are parthenocarpic The seedless wild parsnip fruit are preferred by certain herbivores and so serve as a decoy defense against seed predation 3 Utah juniper has a similar defense against bird feeding 4 The ability to produce seedless fruit when pollination is unsuccessful may be an advantage to a plant because it provides food for the plant s seed dispersers Without a fruit crop the seed dispersing animals may starve or migrate In some plants pollination or another stimulation is required for parthenocarpy termed stimulative parthenocarpy Plants that do not require pollination or other stimulation to produce parthenocarpic fruit have vegetative parthenocarpy Seedless cucumbers are an example of vegetative parthenocarpy seedless watermelon is an example of stenospermocarpy as they are immature seeds aborted ones Plants that moved from one area of the world to another may not always be accompanied by their pollinating partner and the lack of pollinators has spurred human cultivation of parthenocarpic varieties Commercial importance editSeedlessness is seen as a desirable trait in edible fruit with hard seeds such as banana pineapple orange and grapefruit Parthenocarpy is also desirable in fruit crops that may be difficult to pollinate or fertilize such as fig tomato and summer squash In dioecious species such as persimmon parthenocarpy increases fruit production because staminate trees do not need to be planted to provide pollen Parthenocarpy is undesirable in nut crops such as pistachio for which the seed is the edible part Horticulturists have selected and propagated parthenocarpic cultivars of many plants including banana fig cactus pear Opuntia breadfruit and eggplant Some plants such as pineapple produce seedless fruits when a single cultivar is grown because they are self infertile Some cucumbers produce seedless fruit if pollinators are excluded Strange as it seems seedless watermelon plants are grown from seeds The seeds are produced by crossing a diploid parent with a tetraploid parent to produce triploid seeds It has been suggested that Cannabis could explain the difference in the plant s yields in active compounds 5 Some parthenocarpic cultivars are of ancient origin The oldest known cultivated plant is a parthenocarpic fig that was first grown at least 11 200 years ago 6 In some climates normally seeded pear cultivars produce mainly seedless fruit for lack of pollination 7 When sprayed on flowers any of the plant hormones gibberellin auxin and cytokinin could stimulate the development of parthenocarpic fruit That is termed artificial parthenocarpy Plant hormones are seldom used commercially to produce parthenocarpic fruit Home gardeners sometimes spray their tomatoes with an auxin to assure fruit production 8 Some parthenocarpic cultivars have been developed as genetically modified organisms 9 10 Misconceptions editMost commercial seedless grape cultivars such as Thompson Seedless are seedless not because of parthenocarpy but because of stenospermocarpy 11 Parthenocarpy is sometimes claimed to be the equivalent of parthenogenesis in animals 12 That is incorrect because parthenogenesis is a method of asexual reproduction with embryo formation without fertilization and parthenocarpy involves fruit formation without seed formation The plant equivalent of parthenogenesis is apomixis References edit Gustafson Felix G 1942 11 01 Parthenocarpy Natural and artificial The Botanical Review 8 9 599 654 doi 10 1007 BF02881046 ISSN 1874 9372 S2CID 26990263 Noll F 1902 Fruchtbildung ohne vorausgegangene Bestaubung Parthenokarpie bei der Gurke Gesellschaft fur Natur und Heilkunde zu Bonn 1 149 162 Zangerl AR Nitao JK Berenbaum MR 1991 Parthenocarpic fruits in wild parsnip decoy defence against a specialist herbivore Evolutionary Ecology 5 2 136 45 doi 10 1007 BF02270830 S2CID 44584261 Fuentes M Schupp EW 1998 Empty seeds reduce seed predation by birds in Juniperus osteosperma Evolutionary Ecology 12 7 823 7 doi 10 1023 A 1006594532392 S2CID 19570153 Riboulet Zemouli Kenzi 2020 Cannabis ontologies I Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology Drug Science Policy and Law 6 205032452094579 doi 10 1177 2050324520945797 ISSN 2050 3245 S2CID 234435350 Kislev ME Hartmann A Bar Yosef O June 2006 Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley Science 312 5778 1372 4 Bibcode 2006Sci 312 1372K doi 10 1126 science 1125910 PMID 16741119 S2CID 42150441 R L Stebbins W M Mellenthin and P B Lombard 1981 Pollination amp Commercial Varieties of Pears in Oregon Oregon State University Extension Service Pandolfini Tiziana 23 November 2009 Seedless Fruit Production by Hormonal Regulation of Fruit Set Nutrients University of Verona 1 2 168 177 doi 10 3390 nu1020168 PMC 3257607 PMID 22253976 Pandolfini T Rotino GL Camerini S Defez R Spena A 2002 Optimisation of transgene action at the post transcriptional level high quality parthenocarpic fruits in industrial tomatoes BMC Biotechnol 2 1 doi 10 1186 1472 6750 2 1 PMC 65046 PMID 11818033 Acciarri N Restaino F Vitelli G Perrone D Zottini M Pandolfini T Spena A Rotino G 2002 Genetically modified parthenocarpic eggplants Improved fruit productivity under both greenhouse and open field cultivation BMC Biotechnology 2 4 doi 10 1186 1472 6750 2 4 PMC 101493 PMID 11934354 Mullins M Bouquet A Edward L 1992 Mullins Michael G Bouquet Alain Williams Larry E 1992 07 16 Biology of the grapevine Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521305075 Cambridge University Press p 75 parthenogenesis The Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition 2001 07 bartleby com Archived from the original on 28 June 2008 External links editWeiss J Nerd A and Mizrahi Y 1993 Vegetative parthenocarpy in the cactus pear Opuntia ficus indica L Mill Annals of Botany 72 6 521 6 doi 10 1006 anbo 1993 1140 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Parthenocarpy amp oldid 1183152557, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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