The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the Southwestern Tai languages (which include Thai, Lao and Shan) having emigrated in the face of Chinese expansion. Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same exonym for the Vietnamese, kɛɛuA1,[4] from the Chinese commandery of Jiaozhi in northern Vietnam, Jerold A. Edmondson posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC. He also argues that the departure of the Thai from southern China must predate the 5th century AD, when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names.[5]
Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009): N, M, I, C, B, F, H, L, P
Zhāng Jūnrú's (张均如) Zhuàngyǔ Fāngyán Yánjiù (壮语方言研究 [A Study of Zhuang dialects]) is the most detailed study of Zhuang dialectology published to date. It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s, and includes a 1465-word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang. For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang (1999), the name of the region (usually county) is given first, followed by the specific village. The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn (2009)[6] (see Tai languages#Pittayaporn (2009)).
Guangnan (Nóng people 侬族) – Xiǎoguǎngnán Township 小广南乡 – Subgroup L
Yanshan (Nóng people 侬族) – Kuāxī Township 夸西乡 – Subgroup L
Wenma (Tǔ people 土族) – Hēimò Township 黑末乡大寨, Dàzhài – Subgroup P
Varieties
The Zhuang language (or language group) has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern "dialects" (fāngyán 方言 in Chinese), each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties (known as tǔyǔ 土语 in Chinese) by Chinese linguists (Zhang & Wei 1997; Zhang 1999:29-30).[7] The Wuming dialect of Yongbei Zhuang, classified within the "Northern Zhuang dialect," is considered to be the "standard" or prestige dialect of Zhuang, developed by the government for certain official usages. Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops, Northern Zhuang varieties lack them.[8] There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5–11 tones depending on the variety.
Zhang (1999) identified 13 Zhuang varieties. Later research by the Summer Institute of Linguistics has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not mutually intelligible without previous exposure on the part of speakers, resulting in 16 separate ISO 639-3 codes.[9][10]
The Tày and Nùng language complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a high mutual intelligibility with Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects in Guangxi. The Nùng An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.
the 81 symbols of the Poya 坡芽 Song Book used by Zhuang women in Funing County, Yunnan, China.
The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancient Zhuang script, Sawndip, for over a thousand years, and possibly Sawgoek previous to that. Sawndip is a Chinese character-based system of writing, similar to Vietnamese chữ nôm. Some Sawndip logograms were borrowed directly from Han characters, whereas others were original characters created from the components of Chinese characters. It is used for writing songs about every aspect of life, and in more recent times encouraging people to follow official family planning policy.
There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts including pictographics proto-writing, such as in the example at right.
In 1957, a Latin-based hybrid script expanded with Cyrillic- and IPA-derived letters was introduced for Standard Zhuang, and in 1982 this was changed to Latin script;[17] these are referred to as the old Zhuang and new Zhuang, respectively. Bouyei is written in Latin script.
^Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Engangered Languages. Routledge. pp. 349–422. ISBN978-1-135-79640-2. p. 370.
^Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007). (PDF). In Jimmy G. Harris; Somsonge Burusphat; James E. Harris (eds.). Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. pp. 39–63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-06-19. (see p. 15 of preprint)
^Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2009). The Phonology of Proto-Tai (Ph.D. thesis). Cornell University. hdl:1813/13855.
^ abcZhang Yuansheng and Wei Xingyun. 1997. "Regional variants and vernaculars in Zhuang." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch, 77–96. Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN978-1-55671-005-6.
^Luo, Yongxian (2008). "Zhuang". In Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.). The Tai-Kadai Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0-7007-1457-5.
^Johnson, Eric C. (2007). "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2006-128" (PDF).
Zhuàng-Hàn cíhuì 壮汉词汇 (in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe. 1984.
Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
Johnson, Eric C. (2010). "A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China" (PDF). SIL International. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-027.
Wang, Mingfu 王明富; Johnson, Eric 江子杨 (2008). Zhuàngzú wénhuà yíchǎn jí zhuàngyǔ yánjiū / Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage 壮族文化遗产及壮语研究 (in Chinese and English). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe / The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan. ISBN978-7-5367-4255-0.
Zhang, Junru 张均如; et al. (1999). Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 壮语方言研究 [A Study of Zhuang Dialects] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe.
Zhou, Minglang (2003). Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 251–258. ISBN3-11-017896-6.
External links
Look up Category:Zhuang language in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Zhuang edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhuang writing.
The prospects for the long-term survival of Non-Han minority languages in the south of China
"A major case of language shift is occurring in which the use of Zhuang and other minority languages is restricted mainly to rural areas because Zhuang-speaking villages, like Jingxi, which develop into towns become more and more of Mandarin-speaking towns. Zhuang-speaking villages become non-Zhuang-speaking towns! And children of Zhuang-speaking parents in cities are likely not to speak Zhuang as a mother-tongue."
Map of Major Zhuang language groups
Paradisec has an open access collection of Zhuang Mogong Texts from Bama and Tianyang
zhuang, languages, autonym, vahcuengh, 1982, vaƅcueŋƅ, sawndip, 話僮, from, language, cuengh, zhuang, simplified, chinese, 壮语, traditional, chinese, 壯語, pinyin, zhuàngyǔ, more, than, dozen, languages, spoken, zhuang, people, southern, china, province, guangxi, a. The Zhuang languages ˈ dʒ w ae ŋ ˈ dʒ w ɒ ŋ 2 autonym Vahcuengh pre 1982 Vaƅcueŋƅ Sawndip 話僮 from vah language and Cuengh Zhuang simplified Chinese 壮语 traditional Chinese 壯語 pinyin Zhuangyǔ are any of more than a dozen Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people of Southern China in the province of Guangxi and adjacent parts of Yunnan and Guangdong The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other Northern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Northern Tai varieties across the provincial border in Guizhou which are designated as Bouyei whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties such as Nung Tay and Caolan in Vietnam 3 Standard Zhuang is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming ZhuangVahcuengh za Hauqcuengh zyb Kauqnuangz Kauqnoangz zhn Hoedyaej zgn Hauƽyeich zqe Hauqraeuz Gangjdoj zyb zhn zqe Kauqraeuz Gangjtoj zhn zyg zhd Native toChinaNative speakers16 million all Northern Zhuang languages 2007 1 Language familyKra Dai Kam TaiBe Tai TaiNorthern Tai and Central TaiZhuangStandard formsStandard ZhuangWriting systemZhuang Old Zhuang Sawndip SawgoekLanguage codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks za span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks zha span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code zha class extiw title iso639 3 zha zha a inclusive codeIndividual codes a href https iso639 3 sil org code zch class extiw title iso639 3 zch zch a Central Hongshuihe Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zhd class extiw title iso639 3 zhd zhd a Dai Zhuang Wenma a href https iso639 3 sil org code zeh class extiw title iso639 3 zeh zeh a Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zgb class extiw title iso639 3 zgb zgb a Guibei Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zgn class extiw title iso639 3 zgn zgn a Guibian Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zln class extiw title iso639 3 zln zln a Lianshan Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zlj class extiw title iso639 3 zlj zlj a Liujiang Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zlq class extiw title iso639 3 zlq zlq a Liuqian Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zgm class extiw title iso639 3 zgm zgm a Minz Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zhn class extiw title iso639 3 zhn zhn a Nong Zhuang Yanguang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zqe class extiw title iso639 3 zqe zqe a Qiubei Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zyg class extiw title iso639 3 zyg zyg a Yang Zhuang Dejing a href https iso639 3 sil org code zyb class extiw title iso639 3 zyb zyb a Yongbei Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zyn class extiw title iso639 3 zyn zyn a Yongnan Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zyj class extiw title iso639 3 zyj zyj a Youjiang Zhuang a href https iso639 3 sil org code zzj class extiw title iso639 3 zzj zzj a Zuojiang ZhuangGlottologNonedaic1237 Daic Zhuang is not a valid groupGeographic distribution of Zhuang dialects in Guangxi and related languages in Northern Vietnam and GuizhouThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Books of Zhuang language The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China with speakers of the Southwestern Tai languages which include Thai Lao and Shan having emigrated in the face of Chinese expansion Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same exonym for the Vietnamese kɛɛuA1 4 from the Chinese commandery of Jiaozhi in northern Vietnam Jerold A Edmondson posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC He also argues that the departure of the Thai from southern China must predate the 5th century AD when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names 5 Contents 1 Surveys 2 Varieties 2 1 Northern Zhuang 2 2 Southern Zhuang 2 3 Recently described varieties 3 Writing systems 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksSurveys Edit Sites surveyed in Zhang 1999 subgrouped according to Pittayaporn 2009 N M I C B F H L P Zhang Junru s 张均如 Zhuangyǔ Fangyan Yanjiu 壮语方言研究 A Study of Zhuang dialects is the most detailed study of Zhuang dialectology published to date It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s and includes a 1465 word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang 1999 the name of the region usually county is given first followed by the specific village The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn 2009 6 see Tai languages Pittayaporn 2009 Wuming Shuangqiao 双桥 Subgroup M Hengxian Naxu 那旭 Subgroup N Yongning North Wǔtang 五塘 Subgroup N Pingguo Xinxu 新圩 Subgroup N Tiandong Heheng 合恒 Subgroup N Tianlin Lizhōu 利周 Subgroup N Lingyue Sicheng 泗城 Subgroup N Guangnan Sha people 沙族 Zhemeng Township 者孟乡 Subgroup N Qiubei Gehan Township 戈寒乡 Subgroup N Liujiang Bǎipeng 百朋 Subgroup N Yishan Luodōng 洛东 Subgroup N Huanjiang Chengguǎn 城管 Subgroup N Rong an Anzi 安治 Subgroup N Longsheng Rixin 日新 Subgroup N Hechi Sanqu 三区 Subgroup N Nandan Mema 么麻 Subgroup N Donglan Chengxiang 城厢 Subgroup N Du an Liulǐ 六里 Subgroup N Shanglin Dafeng 大丰 Subgroup N Laibin Sijiǎo 寺脚 Subgroup N Guigang Shanbei 山北 Subgroup N Lianshan Xiǎosanjiang 小三江 Subgroup N Qinzhou Nahe Township 那河乡 Subgroup I Yongning South Xiafang Township 下枋乡 Subgroup M Long an Xiǎolin Township 小林乡 Subgroup M Fusui Central Datang Township 大塘乡 Subgroup M Shangsi Jiaoding Township 叫丁乡 Subgroup C Chongzuo Fulu Township 福鹿乡 Subgroup C Ningming Fenghuang Township 凤璜乡 Subgroup B Longzhou Binqiao Township 彬桥乡 Subgroup F Daxin Houyi Township 后益乡 Subgroup H Debao Yuandi erqu 原第二区 Subgroup L Jingxi Xinhe Township 新和乡 Subgroup L Guangnan Nong people 侬族 Xiǎoguǎngnan Township 小广南乡 Subgroup L Yanshan Nong people 侬族 Kuaxi Township 夸西乡 Subgroup L Wenma Tǔ people 土族 Heimo Township 黑末乡大寨 Dazhai Subgroup PVarieties EditThe Zhuang language or language group has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern dialects fangyan 方言 in Chinese each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties known as tǔyǔ 土语 in Chinese by Chinese linguists Zhang amp Wei 1997 Zhang 1999 29 30 7 The Wuming dialect of Yongbei Zhuang classified within the Northern Zhuang dialect is considered to be the standard or prestige dialect of Zhuang developed by the government for certain official usages Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops Northern Zhuang varieties lack them 8 There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5 11 tones depending on the variety Zhang 1999 identified 13 Zhuang varieties Later research by the Summer Institute of Linguistics has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not mutually intelligible without previous exposure on the part of speakers resulting in 16 separate ISO 639 3 codes 9 10 Northern Zhuang Edit Main article Northern Tai languages Northern Zhuang comprises dialects north of the Yong River with 8 572 200 speakers 7 11 Northern Zhuang ccx prior to 2007 Guibei 桂北 1 290 000 speakers Luocheng Huanjiang Rongshui Rong an Sanjiang Yongfu Longsheng Hechi Nandan Tian e Donglan Guibei Zhuang zgb Liujiang 柳江 1 297 000 speakers Liujiang North Laibin Yishan Liucheng Xincheng Liujiang Zhuang zlj Hongshui He 红水河 2 823 000 speakers South Laibin Du an Mashan Shilong Guixian Luzhai Lipu Yangshuo Castro and Hansen 2010 distinguished three mutually unintelligible varieties Central Hongshuihe Central Hongshuihe Zhuang zch Eastern Hongshuihe Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang zeh and Liuqian Liuqian Zhuang zlq 12 Yongbei 邕北 1 448 000 speakers North Yongning Wuming prestige dialect Binyang Hengxian Pingguo Yongbei Zhuang zyb Youjiang 右江 732 000 speakers Tiandong Tianyang and parts of the Baise City area all along the Youjiang River basin area Youjiang Zhuang zyj Guibian 桂边 Yei Zhuang 827 000 speakers Fengshan Lingyun Tianlin Longlin North Guangnan Yunnan Guibian Zhuang zgn Qiubei 丘北 Yei Zhuang 122 000 speakers Qiubei area Yunnan Qiubei Zhuang zqe Lianshan 连山 33 200 speakers Lianshan Guangdong North Huaiji Guangdong Lianshan Zhuang zln Southern Zhuang Edit Main article Central Tai languages Southern Zhuang dialects are spoken south of the Yong River with 4 232 000 speakers 7 11 Southern Zhuang ccy prior to 2007 Yongnan 邕南 1 466 000 speakers South Yongning Central and North Fusui Long an Jinzhou Shangse Chongzuo areas Yongnan Zhuang zyn Zuojiang 左江 1 384 000 speakers Longzhou Longjin Daxin Tiandeng Ningming Zuojiang River basin area Zuojiang Zhuang zzj Dejing 得靖 979 000 speakers Jingxi Debao Mubian Napo Jackson Jackson and Lau 2012 distinguished two mutually unintelligible varieties Yang Zhuang Yang Zhuang zyg and Min Zhuang Minz Zhuang zgm 13 Yanguang 砚广 Nong Zhuang 308 000 speakers South Guangnan Yunnan Yanshan area Nong Zhuang zhn Wenma 文麻 Dai Zhuang 95 000 speakers Wenshan Yunnan Malipo Guibian Dai Zhuang zhd The Tay and Nung language complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a high mutual intelligibility with Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects in Guangxi The Nung An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features Recently described varieties Edit Johnson 2011 distinguishes four distinct Zhuang languages in Wenshan Prefecture Yunnan Nong Zhuang Yei Zhuang Dai Zhuang and Min Zhuang 14 Min Zhuang is a recently discovered variety that has never been described previous to Johnson 2011 See also Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Ethnic groups Pyang Zhuang and Myang Zhuang are recently described Central Tai languages spoken in Debao County Guangxi China 15 16 Writing systems Edit Zhuang Sawndip manuscript the 81 symbols of the Poya 坡芽 Song Book used by Zhuang women in Funing County Yunnan China The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancient Zhuang script Sawndip for over a thousand years and possibly Sawgoek previous to that Sawndip is a Chinese character based system of writing similar to Vietnamese chữ nom Some Sawndip logograms were borrowed directly from Han characters whereas others were original characters created from the components of Chinese characters It is used for writing songs about every aspect of life and in more recent times encouraging people to follow official family planning policy There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts including pictographics proto writing such as in the example at right In 1957 a Latin based hybrid script expanded with Cyrillic and IPA derived letters was introduced for Standard Zhuang and in 1982 this was changed to Latin script 17 these are referred to as the old Zhuang and new Zhuang respectively Bouyei is written in Latin script See also EditLanguages of China Zhuang studiesReferences Edit Mikael Parkvall Varldens 100 storsta sprak 2007 The World s 100 Largest Languages in 2007 in Nationalencyklopedin Guangxi Zhuang Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on April 20 2021 Bradley David 2007 East and Southeast Asia In Moseley Christopher ed Encyclopedia of the World s Engangered Languages Routledge pp 349 422 ISBN 978 1 135 79640 2 p 370 A1 designates a tone Edmondson Jerold A 2007 The power of language over the past Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam PDF In Jimmy G Harris Somsonge Burusphat James E Harris eds Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics Bangkok Thailand Ek Phim Thai Co pp 39 63 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2011 06 19 see p 15 of preprint Pittayaporn Pittayawat 2009 The Phonology of Proto Tai Ph D thesis Cornell University hdl 1813 13855 a b c Zhang Yuansheng and Wei Xingyun 1997 Regional variants and vernaculars in Zhuang In Jerold A Edmondson and David B Solnit eds Comparative Kadai The Tai branch 77 96 Publications in Linguistics 124 Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington ISBN 978 1 55671 005 6 Luo Yongxian 2008 Zhuang In Diller Anthony Edmondson Jerold A Luo Yongxian eds The Tai Kadai Languages London Routledge ISBN 978 0 7007 1457 5 Johnson Eric C 2007 ISO 639 3 Registration Authority Change Request Number 2006 128 PDF Tan Sharon 2007 ISO 639 3 Registration Authority Change Request Number 2007 027 PDF a b Zhang 1999 Hansen Bruce Castro Andy 2010 Hongshui He Zhuang dialect intelligibility survey SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010 025 Jackson Bruce Jackson Andy Lau Shuh Huey 2012 A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dejing Zhuang Dialect Area SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012 036 Johnson 2010 Language Name and Locationː Pyang Zhuang Fuping China Not on Ethnologue lingweb eva mpg de Archived from the original on 2014 02 23 Retrieved 2014 02 09 Liao Hanbo 2016 Tonal Development of Tai Languages M A thesis Payap University Zhou 2003 Bibliography EditZhuang Han cihui 壮汉词汇 in Chinese Nanning Guangxi minzu chubanshe 1984 Edmondson Jerold A Solnit David B eds 1997 Comparative Kadai The Tai Branch Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Johnson Eric C 2010 A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture China PDF SIL International SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010 027 Zhuang Han Ying cidiǎn Guengh Gun Yingh swzdenj Zhuang Chinese English Dictionary 壮汉英词典 Beijing Minzu chubanshe 2004 ISBN 7 105 07001 3 Tan Xiaohang 覃晓航 1995 Xiandai Zhuangyǔ 现代壮语 in Chinese Beijing Minzu chubanshe Tan Guosheng 覃国生 1996 Zhuangyǔ fangyan gailun 壮语方言概论 in Chinese Nanning Guangxi minzu chubanshe Wang Mingfu 王明富 Johnson Eric 江子杨 2008 Zhuangzu wenhua yichǎn ji zhuangyǔ yanjiu Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage 壮族文化遗产及壮语研究 in Chinese and English Kunming Yunnan minzu chubanshe The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan ISBN 978 7 5367 4255 0 Wei Mingying 韦名应 2017 Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂东壮语语音研究 Beijing Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 OCLC 1082879363 Wei Qingwen 韦庆稳 Tan Guosheng 覃国生 1980 Zhuangyǔ jiǎnzhi 壮语简志 in Chinese Beijing Minzu chubanshe Zhang Junru 张均如 et al 1999 Zhuangyǔ fangyan yanjiu 壮语方言研究 A Study of Zhuang Dialects in Chinese Chengdu Sichuan minzu chubanshe Zhou Minglang 2003 Multilingualism in China The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages 1949 2002 Berlin Mouton de Gruyter pp 251 258 ISBN 3 11 017896 6 External links Edit Look up Category Zhuang language in Wiktionary the free dictionary Zhuang edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhuang writing Kra Dai Swadesh lists from Wiktionary s Swadesh list appendix Zhuang language amp alphabet Omniglot The prospects for the long term survival of Non Han minority languages in the south of China Field Notes on the Pronominal System of Zhuang A major case of language shift is occurring in which the use of Zhuang and other minority languages is restricted mainly to rural areas because Zhuang speaking villages like Jingxi which develop into towns become more and more of Mandarin speaking towns Zhuang speaking villages become non Zhuang speaking towns And children of Zhuang speaking parents in cities are likely not to speak Zhuang as a mother tongue Map of Major Zhuang language groups Paradisec has an open access collection of Zhuang Mogong Texts from Bama and Tianyang Sawcuengh People com Official Zhuang language version Standard Zhuang of the People s Daily website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zhuang languages amp oldid 1149304824, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
