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Canada–India relations

February 16, 2024

Canada–India relations also referred to as Indo-Canadian relations, are the bilateral relations between Canada and India.[3] Canada and India have had longstanding bilateral relations, with shared traditions such as democracy.[4] India has become one of the top source countries for immigration to Canada with Indian diaspora increasing to over one million as of 2022.[4] According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) data, of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.[5][6] Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years, reaching $8.16 billion in 2023.[7] Both Canada and India are member nations of the Commonwealth association,[8] and also part of G20, a group of world's largest economies.

Indo-Canadian relations

India
Canada
Diplomatic mission
High Commission of India, OttawaHigh Commission of Canada, New Delhi
Envoy
High Commissioner of India to Canada Sanjay Kumar Verma[1]High Commissioner of Canada to India Cameron MacKay[2]

While Canada and India have a broad-based relationship, their ties have often been strained by Sikhs that are affiliated with the Khalistan Movement, calling for an independent Sikh state in India.[9][10] In 1985, Babbar Khalsa, a Sikh militant separatist group was implicated[11] in the bombing of Air India Flight 182, that departed from Montreal, Canada.[12][13] More recently, diplomatic tensions were triggered in September 2023,[14] following Canadian PM, Justin Trudeau's allegations that Indian agents were involved in the killing of alleged pro Khalistani-separatist terrorist leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar in Surrey, Canada.[15][14]

According to international relations experts, Canada and India will have to find a way forward in their relations due to their engagement in a broad range of geopolitical issues and India's importance for the United States and Canada in their Indo-Pacific strategy.[16]

History edit

19th century edit

In 1858, Queen Victoria proclaimed that, throughout the Empire, the people of India would enjoy equal privileges with white people without discrimination of colour, creed or race. Since both Canada and India were under British Crown rule, ex-army men from the British Indian Army migrated to Canada to start a new life. However, what awaited them was racism and discrimination. Many settled in Western Canada, which was sparsely populated at the time, and worked as law enforcement officers due to their military history. They also worked in forest clearing as lumberjacks and owned lumber mills. However, race relations with white Canadians were strained. The socioeconomic systems that advantages white people ensured that racialization and minimal direct contact (e.g. ethnic gatekeeping) remained the same by setting up various barriers. This dynamic continues implicitly and explicitly into the 21st century internally within the country, and the external intercontinental cordiality is also fraught with similar relationship dynamics.[17][18]

20th century edit

 
Indian prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru leaves the House of Commons of Canada after making a joint-address to the Canadian parliament, 1949

In the 1940s and 1960s Canada–India relations were enhanced because of the personal ties which developed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and two Canadian Prime Ministers who served during those years: Louis St. Laurent and Lester B. Pearson. At the United Nations and in the Commonwealth, on issues as diverse as the Korean War armistice and the Suez Crisis, there was a convergence of interest and commitment between India and Canada. Canada's aid programme to India began in 1951 and grew substantially under the Colombo Plan. Canada provided food aid, project financing and technical assistance to India. In the past five decades India has been one of the largest recipients of Canadian bilateral aid, amounting to over $3.8 billion Canadian dollars. In the 1960s, Canada supported the Kundah hydro-electric power house project through the Colombo Plan.[19]

Indo-Canadian relations deteriorated in the wake of India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test of May 1974 when the Canadian government severed bilateral nuclear cooperation with both India and Pakistan in 1976 after claims that the fissionable material used to construct India's first nuclear weapon had been synthesized with the Canadian-supplied CIRUS nuclear research reactor. Thereafter Canada resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and which instituted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). India and Pakistan are two nations that have both consistently refused to sign the NPT, and voted against UN General Assembly Resolutions which they assert violates their nation's sovereign right[20][21] to choose whether or not to sign such treaties. In early February 1997, Foreign Minister I.K.Gujral re-iterated India's opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favours any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests". At that time, Canada persistently refused to engage in nuclear co-operation with India and Pakistan until and unless they sign the treaty ended its nuclear collaboration with India for the time being, and severely damaged relations between the two nations. However, in 2010, the signing of the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (NCA) between the two countries started a new era of engagement.[22] A follow-on agreement was signed in 2015 to supply 3000 metric ton Uranium concentrate to India under five-year contract.[23]

Indira Gandhi was the second Indian prime minister to make a joint session of the Canadian Parliament, on 19 June 1973. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the first on 24 October 1949.[24]

 
Canadian and Indian prime ministers Stephen Harper and Narendra Modi visit a memorial for Air India Flight 182 in Toronto, 2015

The bombing by Sikh separatists of Air India Flight 182 in 1985 resulted in Canada and India maintain a bilateral dialogue on anti-terrorism, including an annual meeting of the Canada-India Strategic Dialogue, as well as regular meetings of the aforementioned Canada-India Working Group on Counter-Terrorism.[4]

In the 1990s, a chance to improve Indo-Canadian relations arose when India instituted major reforms of its economy. India went through a large economic liberalisation, which attracted the attention of the Canadian government and the business community. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien paid a diplomatic mission to India in January 1996 with two cabinet ministers and 300 business figures. India's External Affairs Minister Inder Kumar Gujral paid an official visit to Canada in September 1996. Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy reciprocated with a visit to India in January 1997 during which he inaugurated the Office of the Canadian High Commission in Chandigarh, capital of Punjab and Haryana states. The Canada-India Working Group on Counter- Terrorism was also established in 1997, bringing together on an annual basis several departments and agencies of the Canadian and Indian governments. Former Governor General Roméo LeBlanc undertook a state visit to India in March 1998. Prime Minister Stephen Harper took an official visit to India in November 2009. The Canada India Foundation has been active since 2007 in fostering support for stronger bi-lateral relations between Canada and India. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Canada in June 2010 for the G20 Summit in Toronto.

21st century edit

2011 was dubbed the "Year of India in Canada," a joint initiative by both governments. Under this auspice, in June 2011, the Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce co-hosted with the government of India the regional Pravasi Bhartiya Divas, a conference of the diaspora. This conference hosted over 1,000 delegates from India and Canada's governmental, business, medical, scientific, and philanthropic sectors. This event was followed by the International Indian Film Academy Awards held in Toronto in June 2011.[citation needed]

 
Prime ministers Modi and Justin Trudeau during Trudeau's official visit to India in 2018

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau spent a week in India on a state visit in February 2018 that was criticized for the invitation of Jaspal Atwal, who was convicted of attempted murder for his role in the 1986 attempt to assassinate Punjab minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu.[25]

In December 2020, Trudeau expressed concerns about the handling of farmer protests by the Indian government.[26] Trudeau stated that "Canada will always be there to defend the rights of peaceful protestors" and expressed support for "the process of dialogue."[27] In response, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs stated that Prime Minister Trudeau's comments were "an unacceptable interference in our internal affairs".[28]

2023 diplomatic row edit

Further information: Hardeep Singh Nijjar and Khalistan movement

In September 2023, during the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit, Canada and India did not have a one-on-one meeting but instead met on the sidelines.[29] Prime Minister Narendra Modi raised concerns with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau about Khalistani protests in Canada, while Trudeau brought up the accusations of Indian government involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar.[30] The talks between the two leaders were tense, affecting ongoing trade discussions.

Later that month, Trudeau spoke in the House of Commons on what he stated were "credible allegations of the potential link" of Indian government involvement in the killing of Nijjar.[31] Subsequently, diplomatic relations between the two nations further deteriorated, and each side announced the expulsion of a top diplomat.[30][32] India rejected the charges as "absurd" and motivated.[33][34] On 20 September, India issued warnings to its citizens in Canada that they should "exercise utmost caution" due to "growing anti-India activities."[35] Marc Miller, Canada's Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, rejected India's characterization of Canada as unsafe in a statement.[35] On 21 September, India suspended visa applications from Canadians until further notice.[36] Following the visa suspension, India's foreign ministry spokesperson, Arindam Bagchi accused Canada of being "a safe haven for terrorists, extremists, and organised crime".[37][38][39] On 25 September, Canada updated its travel advisory and issued a warning to its citizens for potential anti-Canada protests and anti-Canadian sentiments. The advisory also warned the citizens of potential intimidation or harassment of Canadians in the country. Furthermore, Canada put India in the high-risk country category. Citting not just the potiental protests that could be caused by this situation but also the high levels of terrorism in India.[40][41] In September 2023, Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, one of the main leaders of the Khalistan movement and spokesperson of Sikhs for Justice, threatened Indo-Canadian Hindus and advised them to leave Canada.[42][43][44][45][46] The video, which was later deleted, was condemned by Canadian officials.[47] Canadian agencies also took down posters and billboards advocating the killing of three Indian diplomats in a Surrey gurudwara.[48][49]

As of September 2023, Canada has not provided any evidence linking the Indian government to Nijjar's death.[50] However, there is reporting that some of the intelligence provided to Canada linking India to Nijjar's death came from US intelligence agencies.[51] On Friday, 22 September, two days after the Canadian government accused Indian agencies of killing Hardeep Singh Nijjar, the Premier of British Columbia David Eby informed the media that the "intelligence briefing" received by him from the director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) was based on open-source, Internet material while also claiming that he "strongly" suspects that the federal government is holding back information.[52][53][54][55][56][57] On Sunday, 24 September, the Indian government instructed its investigative agencies to identify all Khalistanis in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia and cancel their Overseas Citizenship of India card to prevent them from entering India, in addition to confiscating their assets in India.[58][59][60][61][62][63] On September 26, former Indian diplomat Deepak Vohra alleged that Trudeau's plane was "full of cocaine" when he came to India for the G20.[64][65] He further alleged that Trudeau missed the G20 dinner because he was 'high on drugs and did not come out of his room for two days".[64] This claim was rejected by Canada's Office of the Prime Minister. The statement read “This is absolutely false and a troubling example of how disinformation can make its way into media reporting.”[66]

The Washington Post believes that the footage from the gurudwara's security cameras, which it had reviewed, and witness accounts suggest a larger and more organized operation than previously been reported. At least six men and two vehicles were involved in the killing. The report, which also contained accounts of Sikh community members present in the vicinity of the attack, said the attackers, two of them in hooded sweatshirts, fired roughly 50 bullets, of which 34 hit Nijjar.[67][68][69][70][71] Speaking at the discussion at the Council on Foreign Relations, India's Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar raised concern over the incidents of threats to Indian diplomats and attacks on Indian consulates, stating that these are "very permissive" because of political reasons. He further stated that Indian Government has provided Canadian government a lot of information about organised crime leadership, which operates out of Canada in addition to a large number of extradition requests. Regarding Trudeau's allegations, Jaishankar assured during the discussion that the Indian side will take action if the Canadian side provides specific information in connection with Nijjar's killing.[72][73][74][75]

On 28 September 2023, a handful of Canadian websites including those of the Canadian military were defaced. A reportedly pro India group which went by the name "Indian Cyber Force" took responsibility for the hack.[76] Some Indian media reports allege that the killing of Khalistani leader Hardeep Nijjar in Canada was orchestrated by individuals connected to the Pakistani intelligence agency, Inter-Services Intelligence , with the aim of straining relations between Canada and India; sources further suggest that ISI had enlisted criminals to carry out Nijjar's assassination and had been pressuring him to wholeheartedly support gangsters who arrived in Canada in the past two years. However no credible evidence has been provided to prove that claim.[77][78][79][80][81] Despite the Nijjar killing row, speaking at a press conference in Montreal on Thursday, September 28, Trudeau said that he thinks it is "extremely important" that Canada and its allies continue to engage "constructively and seriously" with India, given its growing importance on the world stage.[82][83][84][85] On the same day, Balraj Singh Nijjar, son of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, said his father had been meeting with Canadian Security Intelligence Service officers 'once or twice a week,' including one or two days before the June 18 murder, with another meeting scheduled for two days after his death. According to a report by The Economic Times, Nijjar is now assumed to have been an asset for Canadian security services given the frequency of the meetings.[86][87][88][89][90]

On 3 October 2023, India asked Canada to withdraw approximately 40 of its diplomats by October 10.[91] On 19 October 2023, Canadian officials confirmed that 41 diplomats and their dependents have left India, and 21 remained. Canadian Foreign Affairs minister Melanie Joly further confirmed that India's revocation of diplomatic privileges was unilateral, and that Canada would not be issuing a similar mandate for Indian diplomats.[92] However, in the same interview, she also fumbled to answer a query on whether Ottawa has been able to provide evidence to confirm Trudeau's recent allegations.[93][94][95] On 25 October 2023, India resumed visa services in Canada for 4 categories: Entry visa, Business visa, Medical visa and Conference visa which were suspended earlier amid the row.[96][97]

On 4 November 2023, a new video of Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, the spokesperson of Sikhs for Justice, surfaced in which he is seen issuing a threat to people planning to travel via Air India on November 19, the day on which the final of the ongoing cricket World Cup will be played in Ahmedabad, saying that their "lives would be in danger".[98][99][100][101] India's high commissioner to Canada Sanjay Kumar Verma said that Canadian authorities have not yet provided India with evidence of Indian involvement in Hardeep Singh Nijjar's death.[102]

Trade relationship edit

 
Preneet Kaur, the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs signs a memorandum of understanding on cooperation on information and communication technology with Ed Fast, the Canadian Minister of International Trade and Asia Pacific Gateway. The prime ministers of both countries are seated at the centre, 2012.

Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years, reaching $8.16 billion in 2022–23, where India's top exports include pharmaceuticals, and jewelry, while Canada's exports include pulses, and timber.[7] Earlier in 2009, Canadian exports to India totaled C$2.1 billion, while in the same year Canadian imports from India totalled C$2.0 billion, giving Canada a C$100 million trade surplus.[4] India celebrated the year 2012 as year of India in Canada to promote business, cultural and political relations with India.

Despite the warm relationship, trade between Canada and India is less than their potential. India accounts for less than 1% of Canada's total export and total import in 2014, with bilateral trade of C$5.77 billion in 2014 (compared to more than C$56 billion bilateral trade between China and Canada). Nevertheless, total trade between the two countries grows steadily over the past 5 years.[103]

Canada and India are currently holding negotiations on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to improve the trade relations between the two countries. As of March 2015, the two countries held their 9th round of negotiations in New Delhi.[104]

Canada's Merchandise Trade with India 2015[105]

Canadian imports from India Canadian exports to India
Merchandise Classification % of total imports Merchandise Classification % of total exports
1 Boilers, mechanical appliances, etc. 8.43 Edible vegetables, roots and tubers 36.06
2 Mineral fuels, oils 6.91 Pearls, precious stones or metals 12.33
3 Pearls, precious stones or metals 6.75 Fertilizers 8.59
4 Organic chemicals 6.41 Ores, slag and ash 8.33
5 Woven clothing and apparel articles 5.66 Paper and paperboard 6.22
6 Pharmaceutical products 5.47 Mineral fuels, oils 4.28
7 Iron or steel articles 5.06 Boilers, mechanical appliances, etc. 4.28
8 Other textile articles, etc. 4.45 Aircraft and spacecraft 4.28
9 Knitted or crocheted apparel 4.16 Woodpulp; paper or paperboard scraps 4.17
10 Electrical machinery and equipment 3.64 Electrical machinery and equipment 1.68
% of total from India 56.94 % of total to India 90.23
Indian imports as % of Canadian total 0.74 Indian exports as % of Canadian total 0.88

Resident diplomatic missions edit

As both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Canada and India exchange high commissioners rather than ambassadors.

  •  
    High Commission of Canada in New Delhi
  •  
    High Commission of India in Ottawa

Air connectivity edit

Air Canada operates non-stop flights from Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver to Delhi, and from Toronto to Mumbai.[108] In September 2019, Air India resumed its nonstop flights from Delhi to Toronto, and in October 2020 began scheduled flights from Delhi to Vancouver.[109] Indian carrier Vistara has expressed interest in flying nonstop from Delhi to Toronto as its first North American destination, while Canadian carrier WestJet has noted India as part of its expansion plans with the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.[110][111] In May 2022, Union Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia met with Canadian Transport Minister Omar Alghabra to discuss an open skies policy between the two countries.[112] This would allow unlimited flights between Canada and India.[113][114][115]

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." Indian Foreign Affairs Journal 13.1 (2018): 1-50. online essays by seven experts
  • Chandrasekhar, Sripati (1986). From India to Canada: a brief history of immigration, problems of discrimination, admission and assimilation. Population Review Books. ISBN 9780960908011.
  • Coward, Howard, ed. Peace. Development and Culture: Comparative Studies of lndia and Canada (Calgary: Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. 1988).
  • Dobell, W. M. "Canada and India: The Mulroney Years." Journal of Asian and African Studies 25.3-4 (1990): 131–145.
  • Edwards, Lucie. "The lady is a tiger: Canada's erratic courtship of India." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 18#3 (2012): 264–266.
  • Grewal, J.S. and Hugh Johnston, eds. The India-Canada Relationship -- Exploring Political, Economic and Cultural Dimensions (London: Sage/Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, 1994).
  • Gupta, Ashis, ed. Canada-lndia Opportunities - Selected 1988 Conference Proceedings, (University of Calgary, 1988)
  • Mishra, Anil Dutta and Govind Prasad (2003). India and Canada: Past, Present & Future. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170998785.
  • Raj, Christopher S. and Abdul Nafey (2007). Canada's global engagements and relations with India. Manak Publications. ISBN 978-81-7827-168-2.
  • Reid, Escott. Envoy to Nehru (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1981).
  • Rubinoff, Arthur, ed. Canada and South Asia: Political and Strategic Relations (University of Toronto Press, 1992).
  • Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Canada's re-engagement with India." Asian Survey 42.6 (2002): 838–855. online
  • Rudner, Martin. "The Canada‐India nexus: Trade and development assistance in Canada's new foreign policy framework." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 3.2 (1995): 33–50.
  • Singh, Milan, and Anita Singh. "Diaspora, political action, and identity: A case study of Canada's Indian diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 17.2 (2014): 149–171. online
  • Touhey, Ryan. Conflicting Visions: Canada and India in the Cold War World, 1946-76 (U British Columbia Press, 2015)

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Canada and India.

    February 16, 2024
    canada, india, relations, also, referred, indo, canadian, relations, bilateral, relations, between, canada, india, canada, india, have, longstanding, bilateral, relations, with, shared, traditions, such, democracy, india, become, source, countries, immigration. Canada India relations also referred to as Indo Canadian relations are the bilateral relations between Canada and India 3 Canada and India have had longstanding bilateral relations with shared traditions such as democracy 4 India has become one of the top source countries for immigration to Canada with Indian diaspora increasing to over one million as of 2022 4 According to Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada IRCC data of the more than 800 000 international students in Canada in 2022 40 percent were from India constituting the largest international student group in Canada 5 6 Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years reaching 8 16 billion in 2023 7 Both Canada and India are member nations of the Commonwealth association 8 and also part of G20 a group of world s largest economies Indo Canadian relationsIndia CanadaDiplomatic missionHigh Commission of India OttawaHigh Commission of Canada New DelhiEnvoyHigh Commissioner of India to Canada Sanjay Kumar Verma 1 High Commissioner of Canada to India Cameron MacKay 2 While Canada and India have a broad based relationship their ties have often been strained by Sikhs that are affiliated with the Khalistan Movement calling for an independent Sikh state in India 9 10 In 1985 Babbar Khalsa a Sikh militant separatist group was implicated 11 in the bombing of Air India Flight 182 that departed from Montreal Canada 12 13 More recently diplomatic tensions were triggered in September 2023 14 following Canadian PM Justin Trudeau s allegations that Indian agents were involved in the killing of alleged pro Khalistani separatist terrorist leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar in Surrey Canada 15 14 According to international relations experts Canada and India will have to find a way forward in their relations due to their engagement in a broad range of geopolitical issues and India s importance for the United States and Canada in their Indo Pacific strategy 16 Contents 1 History 1 1 19th century 1 2 20th century 1 3 21st century 2 2023 diplomatic row 3 Trade relationship 4 Resident diplomatic missions 5 Air connectivity 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory edit19th century edit In 1858 Queen Victoria proclaimed that throughout the Empire the people of India would enjoy equal privileges with white people without discrimination of colour creed or race Since both Canada and India were under British Crown rule ex army men from the British Indian Army migrated to Canada to start a new life However what awaited them was racism and discrimination Many settled in Western Canada which was sparsely populated at the time and worked as law enforcement officers due to their military history They also worked in forest clearing as lumberjacks and owned lumber mills However race relations with white Canadians were strained The socioeconomic systems that advantages white people ensured that racialization and minimal direct contact e g ethnic gatekeeping remained the same by setting up various barriers This dynamic continues implicitly and explicitly into the 21st century internally within the country and the external intercontinental cordiality is also fraught with similar relationship dynamics 17 18 20th century edit nbsp Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru leaves the House of Commons of Canada after making a joint address to the Canadian parliament 1949In the 1940s and 1960s Canada India relations were enhanced because of the personal ties which developed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and two Canadian Prime Ministers who served during those years Louis St Laurent and Lester B Pearson At the United Nations and in the Commonwealth on issues as diverse as the Korean War armistice and the Suez Crisis there was a convergence of interest and commitment between India and Canada Canada s aid programme to India began in 1951 and grew substantially under the Colombo Plan Canada provided food aid project financing and technical assistance to India In the past five decades India has been one of the largest recipients of Canadian bilateral aid amounting to over 3 8 billion Canadian dollars In the 1960s Canada supported the Kundah hydro electric power house project through the Colombo Plan 19 Indo Canadian relations deteriorated in the wake of India s Smiling Buddha nuclear test of May 1974 when the Canadian government severed bilateral nuclear cooperation with both India and Pakistan in 1976 after claims that the fissionable material used to construct India s first nuclear weapon had been synthesized with the Canadian supplied CIRUS nuclear research reactor Thereafter Canada resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons NPT and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty CTBT and which instituted full scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA India and Pakistan are two nations that have both consistently refused to sign the NPT and voted against UN General Assembly Resolutions which they assert violates their nation s sovereign right 20 21 to choose whether or not to sign such treaties In early February 1997 Foreign Minister I K Gujral re iterated India s opposition to the treaty saying that India favours any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests At that time Canada persistently refused to engage in nuclear co operation with India and Pakistan until and unless they sign the treaty ended its nuclear collaboration with India for the time being and severely damaged relations between the two nations However in 2010 the signing of the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement NCA between the two countries started a new era of engagement 22 A follow on agreement was signed in 2015 to supply 3000 metric ton Uranium concentrate to India under five year contract 23 Indira Gandhi was the second Indian prime minister to make a joint session of the Canadian Parliament on 19 June 1973 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the first on 24 October 1949 24 nbsp Canadian and Indian prime ministers Stephen Harper and Narendra Modi visit a memorial for Air India Flight 182 in Toronto 2015The bombing by Sikh separatists of Air India Flight 182 in 1985 resulted in Canada and India maintain a bilateral dialogue on anti terrorism including an annual meeting of the Canada India Strategic Dialogue as well as regular meetings of the aforementioned Canada India Working Group on Counter Terrorism 4 In the 1990s a chance to improve Indo Canadian relations arose when India instituted major reforms of its economy India went through a large economic liberalisation which attracted the attention of the Canadian government and the business community Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien paid a diplomatic mission to India in January 1996 with two cabinet ministers and 300 business figures India s External Affairs Minister Inder Kumar Gujral paid an official visit to Canada in September 1996 Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy reciprocated with a visit to India in January 1997 during which he inaugurated the Office of the Canadian High Commission in Chandigarh capital of Punjab and Haryana states The Canada India Working Group on Counter Terrorism was also established in 1997 bringing together on an annual basis several departments and agencies of the Canadian and Indian governments Former Governor General Romeo LeBlanc undertook a state visit to India in March 1998 Prime Minister Stephen Harper took an official visit to India in November 2009 The Canada India Foundation has been active since 2007 in fostering support for stronger bi lateral relations between Canada and India Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Canada in June 2010 for the G20 Summit in Toronto 21st century edit 2011 was dubbed the Year of India in Canada a joint initiative by both governments Under this auspice in June 2011 the Indo Canada Chamber of Commerce co hosted with the government of India the regional Pravasi Bhartiya Divas a conference of the diaspora This conference hosted over 1 000 delegates from India and Canada s governmental business medical scientific and philanthropic sectors This event was followed by the International Indian Film Academy Awards held in Toronto in June 2011 citation needed nbsp Prime ministers Modi and Justin Trudeau during Trudeau s official visit to India in 2018Prime Minister Justin Trudeau spent a week in India on a state visit in February 2018 that was criticized for the invitation of Jaspal Atwal who was convicted of attempted murder for his role in the 1986 attempt to assassinate Punjab minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu 25 In December 2020 Trudeau expressed concerns about the handling of farmer protests by the Indian government 26 Trudeau stated that Canada will always be there to defend the rights of peaceful protestors and expressed support for the process of dialogue 27 In response the Indian Ministry of External Affairs stated that Prime Minister Trudeau s comments were an unacceptable interference in our internal affairs 28 2023 diplomatic row editFurther information Hardeep Singh Nijjar and Khalistan movement In September 2023 during the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit Canada and India did not have a one on one meeting but instead met on the sidelines 29 Prime Minister Narendra Modi raised concerns with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau about Khalistani protests in Canada while Trudeau brought up the accusations of Indian government involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar 30 The talks between the two leaders were tense affecting ongoing trade discussions Later that month Trudeau spoke in the House of Commons on what he stated were credible allegations of the potential link of Indian government involvement in the killing of Nijjar 31 Subsequently diplomatic relations between the two nations further deteriorated and each side announced the expulsion of a top diplomat 30 32 India rejected the charges as absurd and motivated 33 34 On 20 September India issued warnings to its citizens in Canada that they should exercise utmost caution due to growing anti India activities 35 Marc Miller Canada s Minister of Immigration Refugees and Citizenship rejected India s characterization of Canada as unsafe in a statement 35 On 21 September India suspended visa applications from Canadians until further notice 36 Following the visa suspension India s foreign ministry spokesperson Arindam Bagchi accused Canada of being a safe haven for terrorists extremists and organised crime 37 38 39 On 25 September Canada updated its travel advisory and issued a warning to its citizens for potential anti Canada protests and anti Canadian sentiments The advisory also warned the citizens of potential intimidation or harassment of Canadians in the country Furthermore Canada put India in the high risk country category Citting not just the potiental protests that could be caused by this situation but also the high levels of terrorism in India 40 41 In September 2023 Gurpatwant Singh Pannun one of the main leaders of the Khalistan movement and spokesperson of Sikhs for Justice threatened Indo Canadian Hindus and advised them to leave Canada 42 43 44 45 46 The video which was later deleted was condemned by Canadian officials 47 Canadian agencies also took down posters and billboards advocating the killing of three Indian diplomats in a Surrey gurudwara 48 49 As of September 2023 Canada has not provided any evidence linking the Indian government to Nijjar s death 50 However there is reporting that some of the intelligence provided to Canada linking India to Nijjar s death came from US intelligence agencies 51 On Friday 22 September two days after the Canadian government accused Indian agencies of killing Hardeep Singh Nijjar the Premier of British Columbia David Eby informed the media that the intelligence briefing received by him from the director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service CSIS was based on open source Internet material while also claiming that he strongly suspects that the federal government is holding back information 52 53 54 55 56 57 On Sunday 24 September the Indian government instructed its investigative agencies to identify all Khalistanis in Canada the United States the United Kingdom and Australia and cancel their Overseas Citizenship of India card to prevent them from entering India in addition to confiscating their assets in India 58 59 60 61 62 63 On September 26 former Indian diplomat Deepak Vohra alleged that Trudeau s plane was full of cocaine when he came to India for the G20 64 65 He further alleged that Trudeau missed the G20 dinner because he was high on drugs and did not come out of his room for two days 64 This claim was rejected by Canada s Office of the Prime Minister The statement read This is absolutely false and a troubling example of how disinformation can make its way into media reporting 66 The Washington Post believes that the footage from the gurudwara s security cameras which it had reviewed and witness accounts suggest a larger and more organized operation than previously been reported At least six men and two vehicles were involved in the killing The report which also contained accounts of Sikh community members present in the vicinity of the attack said the attackers two of them in hooded sweatshirts fired roughly 50 bullets of which 34 hit Nijjar 67 68 69 70 71 Speaking at the discussion at the Council on Foreign Relations India s Minister of External Affairs S Jaishankar raised concern over the incidents of threats to Indian diplomats and attacks on Indian consulates stating that these are very permissive because of political reasons He further stated that Indian Government has provided Canadian government a lot of information about organised crime leadership which operates out of Canada in addition to a large number of extradition requests Regarding Trudeau s allegations Jaishankar assured during the discussion that the Indian side will take action if the Canadian side provides specific information in connection with Nijjar s killing 72 73 74 75 On 28 September 2023 a handful of Canadian websites including those of the Canadian military were defaced A reportedly pro India group which went by the name Indian Cyber Force took responsibility for the hack 76 Some Indian media reports allege that the killing of Khalistani leader Hardeep Nijjar in Canada was orchestrated by individuals connected to the Pakistani intelligence agency Inter Services Intelligence with the aim of straining relations between Canada and India sources further suggest that ISI had enlisted criminals to carry out Nijjar s assassination and had been pressuring him to wholeheartedly support gangsters who arrived in Canada in the past two years However no credible evidence has been provided to prove that claim 77 78 79 80 81 Despite the Nijjar killing row speaking at a press conference in Montreal on Thursday September 28 Trudeau said that he thinks it is extremely important that Canada and its allies continue to engage constructively and seriously with India given its growing importance on the world stage 82 83 84 85 On the same day Balraj Singh Nijjar son of Hardeep Singh Nijjar said his father had been meeting with Canadian Security Intelligence Service officers once or twice a week including one or two days before the June 18 murder with another meeting scheduled for two days after his death According to a report by The Economic Times Nijjar is now assumed to have been an asset for Canadian security services given the frequency of the meetings 86 87 88 89 90 On 3 October 2023 India asked Canada to withdraw approximately 40 of its diplomats by October 10 91 On 19 October 2023 Canadian officials confirmed that 41 diplomats and their dependents have left India and 21 remained Canadian Foreign Affairs minister Melanie Joly further confirmed that India s revocation of diplomatic privileges was unilateral and that Canada would not be issuing a similar mandate for Indian diplomats 92 However in the same interview she also fumbled to answer a query on whether Ottawa has been able to provide evidence to confirm Trudeau s recent allegations 93 94 95 On 25 October 2023 India resumed visa services in Canada for 4 categories Entry visa Business visa Medical visa and Conference visa which were suspended earlier amid the row 96 97 On 4 November 2023 a new video of Gurpatwant Singh Pannun the spokesperson of Sikhs for Justice surfaced in which he is seen issuing a threat to people planning to travel via Air India on November 19 the day on which the final of the ongoing cricket World Cup will be played in Ahmedabad saying that their lives would be in danger 98 99 100 101 India s high commissioner to Canada Sanjay Kumar Verma said that Canadian authorities have not yet provided India with evidence of Indian involvement in Hardeep Singh Nijjar s death 102 Trade relationship edit nbsp Preneet Kaur the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs signs a memorandum of understanding on cooperation on information and communication technology with Ed Fast the Canadian Minister of International Trade and Asia Pacific Gateway The prime ministers of both countries are seated at the centre 2012 Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years reaching 8 16 billion in 2022 23 where India s top exports include pharmaceuticals and jewelry while Canada s exports include pulses and timber 7 Earlier in 2009 Canadian exports to India totaled C 2 1 billion while in the same year Canadian imports from India totalled C 2 0 billion giving Canada a C 100 million trade surplus 4 India celebrated the year 2012 as year of India in Canada to promote business cultural and political relations with India Despite the warm relationship trade between Canada and India is less than their potential India accounts for less than 1 of Canada s total export and total import in 2014 with bilateral trade of C 5 77 billion in 2014 compared to more than C 56 billion bilateral trade between China and Canada Nevertheless total trade between the two countries grows steadily over the past 5 years 103 Canada and India are currently holding negotiations on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement CEPA to improve the trade relations between the two countries As of March 2015 the two countries held their 9th round of negotiations in New Delhi 104 Canada s Merchandise Trade with India 2015 105 Canadian imports from India Canadian exports to IndiaMerchandise Classification of total imports Merchandise Classification of total exports1 Boilers mechanical appliances etc 8 43 Edible vegetables roots and tubers 36 062 Mineral fuels oils 6 91 Pearls precious stones or metals 12 333 Pearls precious stones or metals 6 75 Fertilizers 8 594 Organic chemicals 6 41 Ores slag and ash 8 335 Woven clothing and apparel articles 5 66 Paper and paperboard 6 226 Pharmaceutical products 5 47 Mineral fuels oils 4 287 Iron or steel articles 5 06 Boilers mechanical appliances etc 4 288 Other textile articles etc 4 45 Aircraft and spacecraft 4 289 Knitted or crocheted apparel 4 16 Woodpulp paper or paperboard scraps 4 1710 Electrical machinery and equipment 3 64 Electrical machinery and equipment 1 68 of total from India 56 94 of total to India 90 23Indian imports as of Canadian total 0 74 Indian exports as of Canadian total 0 88Resident diplomatic missions editAs both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations Canada and India exchange high commissioners rather than ambassadors Canada has a high commission in New Delhi and consulates general in Bangalore Chandigarh and Mumbai 106 India has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates general in Toronto and Vancouver 107 nbsp High Commission of Canada in New Delhi nbsp High Commission of India in OttawaAir connectivity editAir Canada operates non stop flights from Toronto Montreal and Vancouver to Delhi and from Toronto to Mumbai 108 In September 2019 Air India resumed its nonstop flights from Delhi to Toronto and in October 2020 began scheduled flights from Delhi to Vancouver 109 Indian carrier Vistara has expressed interest in flying nonstop from Delhi to Toronto as its first North American destination while Canadian carrier WestJet has noted India as part of its expansion plans with the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 110 111 In May 2022 Union Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia met with Canadian Transport Minister Omar Alghabra to discuss an open skies policy between the two countries 112 This would allow unlimited flights between Canada and India 113 114 115 See also editIndo CanadiansReferences edit Sanjay Kumar Verma appointed India s High Commissioner to Canada The Tribune India Watch Canadian High Commissioner summoned by India slams door on reporter India Today Canada India Relations Government of Canada 4 June 2008 Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 Retrieved 11 June 2008 a b c d Canada India Relations Government of Canada Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 11 May 2011 India Canada row How Indian students contribute crores every year to Canada s economy Firstpost 25 September 2023 Retrieved 6 November 2023 India can hit Canada where it hurts the most India Today Retrieved 6 November 2023 a b India Canada row Will multi billion trade ties between two countries take a hit BusinessToday 19 September 2023 Retrieved 31 October 2023 Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years reaching 8 16 billion in 2022 23 PTI noted India s exports 4 1 billion to Canada include pharmaceuticals gems and jewellery textiles and machinery while Canada s exports to India 4 06 billion include pulses timber pulp and paper and mining products What is the Commonwealth UsaToday 8 September 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2023 The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of countries around the world that were once part of the British Empire The countries include Canada the Bahamas Jamaica Ghana Nigeria South Africa India Australia and New Zealand What is the Khalistan movement How is it linked to India Canada tensions aljazeera 27 September 2023 Retrieved 24 October 2023 A row between India and Canada surrounding Sikh independence commonly referred to as the Khalistan movement continues to cause tensions Last week Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused India of playing a role in the killing of Sikh separatist leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar who was shot dead in June in British Columbia state What is the Khalistan movement and why is it fuelling India Canada rift reuters 19 September 2023 Archived from the original on 22 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 It wants an independent Sikh state carved out of India Roach Kent 2011 The Air India Report and the Regulation of Charities and Terrorism Financing The University of Toronto Law Journal 61 1 46 doi 10 3138 utlj 61 1 045 ISSN 0042 0220 JSTOR 23018688 Goldman Zachary K Rascoff Samuel J 26 April 2016 Global Intelligence Oversight Governing Security in the Twenty First Century Oxford University Press p 177 ISBN 9780190458089 Man Convicted for 1985 Air India Bombing Now Free Time Retrieved 21 December 2018 a b Tensions are high between Canada and India Here s why CBC 23 October 2023 Retrieved 24 October 2023 Trudeau accused India s government of potentially being involved in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar The tensions are also fuelled by a larger disagreement over how Canada deals with supporters of the Khalistan movement Mogul Rhea 20 September 2023 Canada and India are enmeshed in an unprecedented diplomatic row Here s how it happened CNN allegation from Canada that the Indian government may have been behind the assassination of a Sikh separatist activist on Canadian soil has triggered a huge diplomatic row Canada Institute Experts React to the India Canada Dispute wilsoncenter org 27 September 2023 Retrieved 31 October 2023 Unoki Ko 21 February 2022 Racism Diplomacy and International Relations Routledge pp 60 ISBN 978 1 000 54154 0 Indo Canadians Documents on Canadian External Relations Foreign affairs and International Trade Canada Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 Retrieved 28 June 2012 United Nations General Assembly Session 52 ResolutionA RES 52 38 page 16 United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Verbatim 67 A 52 PV 67 9 December 1997 Ninan Ronnie 27 February 2020 India and Canada A Promising Future Together and What to Expect in Modi 2 0 IndraStra Global p 7 Chaudhury Dipanjan Roy 14 July 2018 First tranche of Canadian uranium for India s nuclear reactors arrives after four decades The Economic Times Retrieved 2 March 2020 Heads of States and Governments who have addressed joint sessions of the senate and house of Commons of Canada Archived from the original on 11 November 2015 Retrieved 23 July 2011 NationalPost Retrieved 3 October 2023 We are very worried Canada PM Trudeau backs farmer protests in India The Week theweek in Retrieved 1 December 2020 Roy Shubhajit 1 December 2020 Canada s Justin Trudeau backs farmers protests India says remarks ill informed Indian Express Retrieved 1 December 2020 Bhattacharjee Kallol 4 December 2020 Farmers protest India summons Canadian High Commissioner issues demarche over Trudeau s remarks The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Mogul Rhea Newton Paula 18 September 2023 India expels Canadian diplomat in tit for tat move as row over assassinated Sikh activist deepens CNN Retrieved 19 September 2023 a b Tasker John Paul Trudeau accuses India s government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader CBC News Retrieved 19 September 2023 Austen Ian Isai Vjosa 18 September 2023 Justin Trudeau Accuses India of a Killing on Canadian Soil New York Times Retrieved 19 September 2023 How Canada India Relations Crumbled Time 19 September 2023 PTI 21 September 2023 Canada rejects India s travel advisory amid escalating diplomatic row calls for calm The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 22 September 2023 Absurd Motivated India Rejects Canada PM s Charge Full Statement NDTV com Retrieved 22 September 2023 a b Thanthong Knight Randy 20 September 2023 India Strikes at Canada With Warning to Students Immigrants Bloomberg com Retrieved 20 September 2023 Raj Suhasini Zhuang Yan 21 September 2023 India Suspends Visas for Canadians Escalating Clash Over Sikh s Killing The New York Times Retrieved 21 September 2023 Indian official calls Canada a safe haven for terrorists www 9news com au 23 September 2023 Retrieved 25 September 2023 Suri Rhea Mogul Manveena 22 September 2023 India calls Canada a safe haven for terrorists after suspending visas for Canadian nationals CNN Retrieved 25 September 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link India vs Canada face off Government says Canada giving safe haven to terrorists India Today Retrieved 25 September 2023 Canada travel advisory to India updated to include protests negative sentiments CTVNews 25 September 2023 Retrieved 5 October 2023 Canada Global Affairs 16 November 2012 Travel advice and advisories for India Travel gc ca Retrieved 10 October 2023 Khalistani leader Pannun threatens Indo Canadian Hindus asks them to leave The Statesman 20 September 2023 Retrieved 20 September 2023 Nijjar killing Sikhs for Justice asks Hindus of Indian origin to leave Canada Hindustan Times 20 September 2023 Retrieved 21 September 2023 Sikhs for Justice SFJ a pro Khalistan organisation banned in India in 2019 has threatened Hindus of Indian origin and asked them to leave Canada for supporting the country of their origin and promoting violence by celebrating Khalistani leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar s killing India warns students as Nijjar s lawyer asks Indo Hindu to leave Canada National Post Gurpatwant Singh Pannu Nijjar s lawyer questioned Indian Canadians loyalty to Canada in a video that has gone viral on social media Indo Hindu leave Canada go to India You not only support India but you are also supporting the suppression of speech and expression of pro Khalistan Sikhs he says in the video Bhaumik Anirban 20 September 2023 Khalistanis threaten Indo Canadian Hindus plan huge protest to shut down India s missions in Canada Deccan Herald Retrieved 21 September 2023 Go to India Khalistani terrorist threatens Indo Canadian Hindus in new video India Today 20 September 2023 Retrieved 21 September 2023 Officials politicians denounce hateful video telling Indian Hindus to leave Canada CBC News 22 September 2023 Archived from the original on 23 September 2023 Retrieved 23 September 2023 Canada Gurdwara Ordered to Remove Posters Calling for Killing of Indian Diplomats Exclusive News18 24 September 2023 Retrieved 25 September 2023 Canada gurudwara asked to take down posters calling for the killing of three Indian envoys Firstpost 24 September 2023 Retrieved 25 September 2023 Why Canada is getting muted support from allies on allegation against India Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 21 September 2023 Retrieved 22 September 2023 Canada has yet to provide any evidence of India s involvement in the killing Barnes Julian E Austen Ian 23 September 2023 U S Provided Canada With Intelligence on Killing of Sikh Leader The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 5 October 2023 B C Premier calls for federal transparency regarding Indian foreign interference Globalnews ca Global News Retrieved 24 September 2023 VIDEO British Columbia Premier Calls Out Canada PM Trudeau For Holding Back Info On Nijjar TimesNow 24 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 India Canada tension Info I got on Nijjar killing available on internet frustrating claims Canada leader Business Today 23 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 Trudeau s Canada government holding back Khalistani terrorist Hardeep Singh Nijjar info Province head The Times of India 24 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 Info I got on Nijjar killing available on internet frustrating Canada lawmaker India Today Retrieved 24 September 2023 B C premier suspects Ottawa holding on to information about foreign interference British Columbia 22 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 India proposes to cancel OCI cards of Khalistani terrorists in Canada US UK The Economic Times 24 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 Mega Crackdown By India OCI Cards Of Khalistani Terrorists In US UK Canada amp Australia To Be Cancelled Properties To Be Confiscated Free Press Journal Retrieved 24 September 2023 In India s Big Crackdown On Khalistan Radicals Sympathisers To Lose OCI Cards TimesNow 24 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 Pandey Devesh K 23 September 2023 NIA confiscates properties of SFJ s Gurpatwant Singh Pannun The Hindu Retrieved 24 September 2023 Big Crackdown On Khalistani Terrorist Who Threatened Hindus In Canada NDTV com Retrieved 24 September 2023 NIA seizes assets of Khalistani extremist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun in Punjab Hindustan Times 23 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 a b Trudeau Was High Plane Was Full Of Cocaine Ex Diplomat Makes Stunning Claims Details Hindustan Times 26 September 2023 Retrieved 27 September 2023 Ellis Petersen Hannah 27 September 2023 Canada assassination claim sparks rare consensus in India s polarised politics and media The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 29 September 2023 Absolutely false Canada PMO dismisses former Indian diplomat s allegations that Justin Trudeau s plane to India was full of cocaine Business Today 27 September 2023 Retrieved 27 September 2023 Javaid Maham Hill Evan 26 September 2023 Video of Sikh leader s killing shows coordinated attack Washington Post Retrieved 27 September 2023 Nijjar s killing Video footage reveals six men two getaway cars may have been involved says Washington Post report www telegraphindia com Retrieved 27 September 2023 Hardeep Nijjar killing 50 bullets fired coordinated attack report claims citing video Hindustan Times 26 September 2023 Retrieved 27 September 2023 A video of terrorist Nijjar s killing coordinated op bickering cops Report India Today Retrieved 27 September 2023 Roy Pranay Dutta 26 September 2023 Video of Coordinated Attack Against Nijjar Shows 2 Hooded Gunmen Report TheQuint Retrieved 27 September 2023 Organised Crime Extremism S Jaishankar s Sharp Attack On Canada NDTV com Retrieved 27 September 2023 Lakshman Sriram 26 September 2023 Told Canada it is not government policy Jaishankar on Nijjar killing The Hindu Retrieved 27 September 2023 Canada Was Told it s Not India s Policy S Jaishankar on Hardeep Singh Nijjar Killing The Wire Retrieved 27 September 2023 Jaishankar s reply on Nijjar killing Not part of Five Eyes asking wrong person Watch Hindustan Times 27 September 2023 Retrieved 27 September 2023 Singh Abhinav 28 September 2023 Hackers claiming to have Indian allegiance target Canadian military website WION Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 Retrieved 28 September 2023 Pakistan s ISI plotted Nijjar s killing to strain India Canada ties Sources India Today Retrieved 1 October 2023 Gravitas Pak ISI planned Khalistani terrorist Nijjar s killing to spoil India Canada ties WION Retrieved 1 October 2023 Pakistani s ISI planned Nijjar s killing to hurt India Canada ties New conspiracy amid Khalistan row DNA India Retrieved 1 October 2023 Pakistan www india com Retrieved 1 October 2023 India Canada row Who killed Khalistani leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar The new ISI link revealed Firstpost 28 September 2023 Retrieved 1 October 2023 Canada is serious about ties with India despite row Trudeau BBC News 29 September 2023 Retrieved 1 October 2023 Committed To Closer Ties With India Says Justin Trudeau Amid Row NDTV com Retrieved 1 October 2023 India Canada Relations Amid Tensions Trudeau Said This About India Ties Hardeep Singh Nijjar TimesNow 29 September 2023 Retrieved 1 October 2023 Canada committed to closer ties with India says PM Trudeau The Hindu 29 September 2023 Retrieved 1 October 2023 India Canada row Hardeep Singh Nijjar met Canadian intelligence officers every week before death says son The Economic Times 28 September 2023 Retrieved 3 October 2023 Khalistani extremist Nijjar was an asset of Canada s Intelligence Services mint 29 September 2023 Retrieved 3 October 2023 Nijjar regularly met Canadian intel officers Son tells media Hindustan Times 29 September 2023 Retrieved 3 October 2023 Roy Pranay Dutta 28 September 2023 Hardeep Singh Nijjar Held Meetings With Canadian Intelligence Before Murder Son TheQuint Retrieved 3 October 2023 Nijjar met senior Canada intel officials 6 days before death claims son India hints at ISI role cnbctv18 com 28 September 2023 Retrieved 3 October 2023 India asks Canada to withdraw dozens of diplomatic staff reports BBC News 3 October 2023 Retrieved 3 October 2023 Coletta Amanda 20 October 2023 Canada withdraws diplomats after India threatens to revoke immunity Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 22 October 2023 Online E T 20 October 2023 Canadian Foreign Minister fumbles on question of evidence over Nijjar s killing left red faced The Economic Times Retrieved 6 November 2023 WATCH Canadian minister dodges direct question on Nijjar killing evidence WION Retrieved 6 November 2023 Desk India TV News 20 October 2023 Canadian Foreign Minister left red faced unable to answer query on evidence over Nijjar s killing WATCH www indiatvnews com Retrieved 6 November 2023 Breaking news on October 25 India resumes visa services in Canada Financialexpress 25 October 2023 Retrieved 26 October 2023 India suspends visas for Canadians as row escalates BBC News 21 September 2023 Retrieved 27 October 2023 Don t travel by Air India on Nov 19 or Khalistani terrorist in threat video India Today Retrieved 6 November 2023 Aakash Chopra reacts as Gurpatwant Pannun warns Air India passengers Hindustan Times 5 November 2023 Retrieved 6 November 2023 Canada asked to boost security as Khalistani leader threatens Air India flight mint 5 November 2023 Retrieved 6 November 2023 Don t fly Air India after November 19 life at risk SFJ chief Gurpatwant Singh Pannun to Sikhs The Times of India 5 November 2023 Retrieved 6 November 2023 India s High Commissioner to Canada Says No Relevant Info Provided Yet on Nijjar Investigation The Wire Retrieved 6 November 2023 International merchandise trade for all countries and by Principal Trading Partners monthly Statistics Canada 18 November 2014 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Canada India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations Archived from the original on 1 February 2017 Retrieved 26 October 2015 Canada s Merchandise Trade with India Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada Archived from the original on 9 September 2018 Retrieved 30 October 2015 Canada Global Affairs 18 May 2021 High Commission of Canada in India in New Delhi GAC Welcome to High Commission of India Ottawa Canada www hciottawa gov in Stockhouse stockhouse com Retrieved 8 February 2021 Air India resumes Toronto service from late Sep 2019 Routesonline Retrieved 8 February 2021 Air Canada airvistara com Retrieved 8 February 2021 WestJet Makes its Future Clear as it Places 787 Dreamliner Order Aeronautics Archived from the original on 22 October 2020 Retrieved 8 February 2021 India Canada to allow more flights revise pact Trend Az 6 May 2022 Retrieved 6 May 2022 Mumbai Disha Shah Ghosh 5 May 2022 India Canada discuss expansion of air services pact TravelBiz Monitor India travel news travel trends tourism Retrieved 6 May 2022 Times The South Asian India Canada discuss open skies policy Retrieved 6 May 2022 A look at Canada and India and their relationship by the numbers Associated Press News 19 September 2023 Retrieved 20 September 2023 Further reading editBudhwar Prem K et al India Canada Relations a Roller Coaster Ride Indian Foreign Affairs Journal 13 1 2018 1 50 online essays by seven experts Chandrasekhar Sripati 1986 From India to Canada a brief history of immigration problems of discrimination admission and assimilation Population Review Books ISBN 9780960908011 Coward Howard ed Peace Development and Culture Comparative Studies of lndia and Canada Calgary Shastri Indo Canadian Institute 1988 Dobell W M Canada and India The Mulroney Years Journal of Asian and African Studies 25 3 4 1990 131 145 Edwards Lucie The lady is a tiger Canada s erratic courtship of India Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 18 3 2012 264 266 Grewal J S and Hugh Johnston eds The India Canada Relationship Exploring Political Economic and Cultural Dimensions London Sage Shastri Indo Canadian Institute 1994 Gupta Ashis ed Canada lndia Opportunities Selected 1988 Conference Proceedings University of Calgary 1988 Mishra Anil Dutta and Govind Prasad 2003 India and Canada Past Present amp Future Mittal Publications ISBN 9788170998785 Raj Christopher S and Abdul Nafey 2007 Canada s global engagements and relations with India Manak Publications ISBN 978 81 7827 168 2 Reid Escott Envoy to Nehru Toronto Oxford University Press 1981 Rubinoff Arthur ed Canada and South Asia Political and Strategic Relations University of Toronto Press 1992 Rubinoff Arthur G Canada s re engagement with India Asian Survey 42 6 2002 838 855 online Rudner Martin The Canada India nexus Trade and development assistance in Canada s new foreign policy framework Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 3 2 1995 33 50 Singh Milan and Anita Singh Diaspora political action and identity A case study of Canada s Indian diaspora Diaspora A Journal of Transnational Studies 17 2 2014 149 171 online Touhey Ryan Conflicting Visions Canada and India in the Cold War World 1946 76 U British Columbia Press 2015 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Canada and India Canada India relations Government of CanadaPortals nbsp Canada nbsp India nbsp Politics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Canada India relations amp oldid 1203870322, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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