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Air India Flight 182

February 16, 2024

For the 2008 Canadian documentary film, see Air India 182 (film).
Not to be confused with Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182.

Air India Flight 182 was a passenger flight operating on the Montreal–London–Delhi–Bombay route, that on 23 June 1985, disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean as a result of an explosion from a bomb planted by Canadian Sikh terrorists.[1][2][3] It was operated using a Boeing 747-237B registered VT-EFO. The incident happened en route from Montreal to London at an altitude of 31,000 feet (9,400 m). The remnants of the aircraft fell into the sea approximately 190 kilometres (120 miles) off the coast of Ireland, killing all 329 people on board, including 268 Canadian citizens, 27 British citizens, and 24 Indian citizens.[4] The bombing of Air India Flight 182 is the worst terrorist attack in Canadian history, the deadliest aviation incident in the history of Air India and was the world's deadliest act of aviation terrorism until the September 11 attacks in 2001.[1][5][6] The mastermind behind the bombing was believed to be Inderjit Singh Reyat, a dual British-Canadian national, who pleaded guilty in 2003[7][8] and Talwinder Singh Parmar, a Canadian Sikh separatist leader, who was one of the key individuals associated with the militant group Babbar Khalsa.[9]

Air India Flight 182
The aircraft involved, VT-EFO, seen landing at London Heathrow Airport on 10 June 1985, less than two weeks before the bombing
Bombing
Date23 June 1985 (1985-06-23)
SummaryBombing by the Babbar Khalsa
SiteAtlantic Ocean,
190 km (120 mi) WSW of Waterville, Ireland
51°4′N 12°49′W / 51.067°N 12.817°W / 51.067; -12.817
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 747-237B
Aircraft nameEmperor Kanishka
OperatorAir India
IATA flight No.AI182
ICAO flight No.AIC182
Call signAIR INDIA 182
RegistrationVT-EFO
Flight originToronto (as Flight 181) Montréal-Mirabel Int'l Airport,
Mirabel, Quebec, Canada
1st stopoverLondon Heathrow Airport,
London, United Kingdom
2nd stopoverPalam International Airport,
Delhi, India
DestinationSahar International Airport,
Bombay, India
Occupants329
Passengers307
Crew22
Fatalities329
Survivors0
[fullscreen map]
Location of the explosion

The plan's execution had transnational consequences and involved citizens and governments from five nation states. Babbar Khalsa, a Sikh terrorist and Khalistani separatist group, was implicated in the bombing.[10] Although a handful of people were arrested and tried for the Air India bombing, the only person convicted was Inderjit Singh Reyat, who pleaded guilty in 2003 to manslaughter.[11][12] He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for assembling the bombs that exploded on board Air India Flight 182 and at Narita.[13][14]

The subsequent investigation and prosecution lasted almost twenty years. This was the most expensive trial in Canadian history, costing nearly C$130 million. The two accused Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri were both acquitted and found not guilty.

The Governor General-in-Council in 2006 appointed the former Supreme Court Justice John C. Major to conduct a commission of inquiry. His report, which was completed and released on 17 June 2010, concluded that a "cascading series of errors" by the Government of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) had allowed the terrorist attack to take place.[15]

Background edit

 
Air India 182 memorial, Toronto
 
Memorial in Ahakista

During the 1970s, many Sikhs emigrated to western Canada. These included men who later became leaders and members of the Babbar Khalsa including Talwinder Singh Parmar, Ajaib Singh Bagri, Ripudaman Singh Malik and Inderjit Singh Reyat. By the 1980s, the area around Vancouver, British Columbia, had become the largest centre of Sikh population outside India.[16]

In India on 13 April 1978 a convention organised by the Sant Nirankari Mission took place at the time of the important Sikh festival of Vaisakhi, a celebration of the birth of Khalsa. The convention was led by Gurbachan Singh, leader of the Sant Nirankari Mission, and was organized in Amritsar with permission from the Akali Dal state government. The practices of the Sant Nirankari were considered heresy by the school of orthodox Sikhism expounded by Bhindranwale.[17] A procession of about 200 Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and Fauja Singh of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha (AKJ) left the Golden Temple, heading towards the Nirankari Convention.[18] In the ensuing violence, several people were killed: two of Bhindranwale's followers, eleven members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and three Nirankaris.[19]

A criminal case was filed against 62 Nirankaris who were charged by the Akali-led government in Punjab with the murder of 13 Sikhs. The case was heard in the neighbouring Haryana state, and all the accused were acquitted,[20] on the basis that they acted in self-defence. The Punjab government decided not to appeal the decision.[21] As a result of the Nirankaris receiving positive attention in the media, some orthodox Sikhs claimed this to be a conspiracy to defame the Sikh religion.[20] Bhindranwale increased his rhetoric against the perceived enemies of Sikhs. A letter of authority was issued by Akal Takht to ostracize the Sant Nirankaris and created an environment where some of his followers felt justified to kill the perceived enemies of Sikhism.[22] The chief proponents of this attitude were the Babbar Khalsa founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha; the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the attack on the convention; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state; and the All India Sikh Students Federation, which was banned by the government.

The founders of this Panthan group (sect) in Vancouver vowed to avenge the deaths of Sikhs. Talwinder Singh Parmar led the militant wing of AKJ, which became the Babbar Khalsa, to attack the Nirankaris. On 24 April 1980 Gurbachan Singh, the Baba (head) of the Nirankaris, was killed. A member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Ranjit Singh, surrendered and admitted to the assassination three years later, and was sentenced to serve thirteen years at the Tihar Jail in Delhi.[23][24]

On 19 November 1981, Parmar was among the alleged terrorists who escaped from a shootout in which two Punjab Police officers were gunned down outside the house of Amarjit Singh Nihang in Ludhiana district. This added to the notoriety of Babbar Khalsa and its leader. He went to Canada.[25] In 1982, India issued a warrant for Parmar's arrest for six charges of murder, stemming from the killing of the police officers.[26] India notified Canada that Parmar was a wanted terrorist in 1981 and asked for his extradition in 1982. Canada denied the request in July 1982.[27]

After an Interpol alert, Parmar was arrested while attempting to enter West Germany. West Germany chose to handle the case locally rather than transfer him over to India. Parmar went on a hunger strike to win his religious right to wear a turban and have vegetarian meals in the Düsseldorf jail. After India received information that Parmar had made assassination threats against Indira Gandhi, they found that Germany had decided that the evidence was weak.[28]

In 1983, rebels led by Damdami Taksal Jathedar (leader) Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale occupied Akal Takht of Golden Temple and amassed weapons in the Sikh temple. They passed the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, which demanded that the state be given more powers from the Central government, and greater autonomy, by changes to the Indian constitution.[29][30] The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.[31] The Central government rejected the secessionist demands and on 3–6 June 1984, Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi ordered Operation Blue Star, to remove the militants from the Golden Temple.[32] Sikhs protested against the operation worldwide. On 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards. In retaliation, the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, guided by certain Indian National Congress members, killed thousands of Sikhs in India.[33]

Preparation edit

Parmar visited Inderjit Singh Reyat, a car mechanic and electrician who lived in Duncan, British Columbia, a small community north of Victoria on Vancouver Island. He asked him to construct a bomb; Reyat later claimed he had no idea for what it would be used. Reyat asked various people in the community about dynamite, saying he wanted to remove tree stumps on his property.[34] Reyat also discussed explosives with a co-worker, while expressing anger at the Indian government and Indira Gandhi in particular.[35]

Later that year, Ajaib Singh Bagri accompanied Parmar as his right-hand man in the militancy against the Indian government. Bagri worked as a forklift driver at a sawmill near the town of Kamloops. He was known as a powerful preacher in the Indo-Canadian community.[36] The pair travelled across Canada to incite Sikhs against the Indian government for conducting Operation Blue Star. They used the meetings as fundraisers for Babbar Khalsa. A former head priest in Hamilton testified that Bagri said, "The Indian Government is our enemy, the same way the Hindu society is our enemy."[37] Bagri told a congregation, "Get your weapons ready so we can take revenge against the Indian Government".[37]

Plot preparations edit

See also: Timeline of the Air India Flight 182 affair

In late 1984, at least two informers reported to authorities on the first abortive plot to bomb Air India Flight 182, which then flew out of Montreal's Mirabel International Airport. In August 1984, the known criminal Gerry Boudreault claimed that Talwinder Parmar showed him a suitcase stuffed with $200,000 (~$479,091 in 2022) payment if he would plant a bomb on a plane. He decided, "I had done some bad things in my time, done my time in jail, but putting a bomb on a plane ... not me. I went to the police."[38] In September, in an attempt to get his sentence for theft and fraud reduced, Harmail Singh Grewal of Vancouver told the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) of the plot to bomb the flight from Montreal. Both reports were dismissed as unreliable. In June 1985, Paul Besso, an RCMP informant, claimed he had recorded Sikh militants on Vancouver Island discussing plans to bomb an Air India flight. Using an RCMP provided "body pack" and his wired van, Besso intended to record Sikh drug dealers but quickly realized they were militants. Besso claimed during a CBC interview that the entire meeting was recorded by Besso and provided to the RCMP a week before the bombing happened, with transcripts even stating that Air India was the target for the Sikh militants. [39] [38]

The moderate Sikh Ujjal Dosanjh had spoken out against violence by Sikh extremists. He was attacked in February 1985 by an assailant wielding an iron bar. His skull was broken and he required 80 stitches in his head. On 5 March 1985, three months before the bombing, the CSIS obtained a court order to place Parmar under surveillance for one year. Although the Babbar Khalsa had not yet been officially banned, the affidavit for surveillance stated, it "is a Sikh terrorist group now established in Canada", it "has claimed responsibility for more than forty assassinations of moderate Sikhs and other persons in the Punjab," and "penned its name to threatening letters [addressed to] ... high officials in India".[27][40] The affidavit said that on 15 July 1984, Parmar urged the Coach Temple congregation of Calgary, Alberta, to "unite, fight and kill" to avenge the attack on the Golden Temple.[27][40]

Explosives and clocks edit

In April 1985, a Canadian familiar with explosives was asked by Reyat how much dynamite it would take to blow up a tree stump. Reyat asked numerous people in Duncan about explosives, and expressed the need for revenge. Reyat sought cases of dynamite and appeared willing to pay three times the normal price. He eventually confided to one acquaintance that it was not about stumps, but "trouble in the old country", that he needed "explosives to help my countrymen."[41] One friend declined to get him dynamite, but did lend him a 400-page manual on mining with explosives.[41]

On 8 May 1985, Reyat bought a Micronta digital automobile clock at the RadioShack store in Duncan.[42] Designed for a 12-volt automobile electrical system, it could also be powered by a 12-volt lantern battery. The 24-hour alarm activated a buzzer. Reyat returned to the store a week later to buy an electrical relay, after asking how to get the buzzer signal to power another device. Wiretappers recorded nine telephone calls in one month between Reyat and Parmar's residence in Vancouver; Reyat called either from his residence or workplace on Vancouver Island. As a result of this activity, the government added Reyat to the list of persons being monitored for terrorist activities.[43] The Canadian government would later accuse Reyat of lying in 2003, when at first he said he did not know for what the three clocks he had bought could be used. He later said Parmar needed an explosive device to blow up a bridge or something large in India, and that he needed timers for an explosive device. The relay could be used to trigger the detonator circuit for a blasting cap, which would provide the initial shock needed to detonate larger explosives, such as dynamite.[34][35]

Reyat later visited a television repair shop, seeking help for a partially disassembled car clock wired to a lantern battery. He claimed that he needed help so that the buzzer stayed on rather than intermittently beeping, so that it would turn on a light in his camper to wake him up. The repairman knew his friend did not own a camper. Justice J. Raymond Paris said at Reyat's 1991 trial that this was an odd use for a timer.[44]

Bomb tests edit

By mid-May, Reyat had gone into the woods to test a device with a 12-volt battery, cardboard cylinder, gunpowder, and some dynamite, but the device failed to work.[45] The wooded area was in proximity to Duncan and Paldi. Later, Reyat acquired between six and eight sticks of dynamite "to blow up unidentified stumps if need be in the future" from a Duncan well driller after visiting his house to fix a truck. He also obtained a few blasting caps days later. On 31 May 1985, Reyat brought his timer, attached to a boombox, into his shop so that his fellow employee at Duncan Auto Marine Electric could help him fix it for a friend, but he returned the radio after it did not work properly.

On 4 June, CSIS agents Larry Lowe and Lynn Macadams followed Parmar and a "youthful man"[46] (identified only as "Mr. X", "Third Man" or "Unknown Male") as they went from Parmar's house to the Horseshoe Bay Ferry Terminal, rode the Nanaimo-bound ferry, and visited Reyat at his home and shop at Auto Marine Electric. The three drove to a deserted bush area, where Reyat was observed taking an object into the woods. Staying out of sight, the agents, who did not bring a camera, only heard a bang which sounded like a "loud gunshot".[citation needed] Later tests showed it could also have been an explosion, and later searches turned up remnants of an aluminium "electrical blasting cap".[47] J.S. Warren, director-general of counter-terrorism at CSIS, would later ask on 16 July 1986 why they did not ask the police to stop and question the suspects, or search the vehicle, which might have deterred the bombing plot. Warren also placed blame on the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, stating they also had the option to question the suspects but declined to do so for an unknown reason.[39]

The next day, Reyat purchased a large Sanyo component tuner, model FMT 611 K, at Woolworths, and left his name and telephone number on the charge slip, which was later found in a search of his home. Reyat also bought smokeless gunpowder from a sporting goods store, signing "I. Reyat" on the explosives log. Study of debris from the Narita explosion would eventually show the bomb had been housed inside a Sanyo tuner with a serial number matching a model sold only in British Columbia, and used a Micronta clock as a timer, which powered a relay with an Eveready 12-volt battery to trigger blasting caps to set off a high explosive consistent with sticks of dynamite,[43] all matching items purchased by Reyat. This would lead to his eventual conviction.[43] As late as 2010, Reyat admitted only to buying and assembling some parts, but denied he ever made a bomb, knew what the bomb was to be used for, who was behind any plot, or that he ever asked or knew the name of the man who he said stayed in his house for a week completing construction of the explosive device after his device failed.[48]

On 9 June 1985, a police informer in Hamilton reported that Parmar and Bagri had visited the Malton Sikh Temple, warning the faithful that "it would be unsafe" to fly Air India.[49] Vancouver police also monitored militants 11 days before the bombing. A leader of the International Sikh Youth Federation complained that no Indian consuls or ambassadors had yet been killed, but was given the response of, "You will see. Something will be done in two weeks".[50]

Tickets edit

The suspects in the bombing used pay phones and talked in code. Translators' notes of wiretapped conversations include the following exchange between Talwinder Parmar and a follower named Hardial Singh Johal on 20 June 1985, the day the tickets were purchased:

Parmar: Did you write the story?
Johal: No, I didn't.
Parmar: Do that work first.[51]

This conversation appears to be an order from Parmar to book the airline tickets.[52] It is believed that "writing the story" referred to purchasing the tickets; afterward, Johal phoned Parmar back and asked if he could "come over and read the story he asked for", to which Parmar agreed.[53]

Moments after the wiretapped conversation, at 01:00 UTC, a man calling himself "Mr. Singh" made reservations for two flights on 22 June: one for "Jaswant Singh" to fly from Vancouver to Toronto on Canadian Pacific Air Lines (CP) Flight 086 and one for "Mohinderbel Singh" to fly from Vancouver to Tokyo on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 and connect to Air India Flight 301 to Bangkok. At 02:20 UTC on the same day, another call changed the reservation in the name of "Jaswant Singh" from CP 086 to CP 060, also flying from Vancouver to Toronto. The caller further requested to be put on the waiting list for AI 181 from Toronto to Montreal and AI 182 from Montreal to Bombay. The next day, at 19:10 UTC, a man wearing a turban paid for the two tickets with $3,005 in cash at a CP ticket office in Vancouver. The names on the reservations were changed: "Jaswant Singh" became "M. Singh" and "Mohinderbel Singh" became "L. Singh". The reservation and purchase of these tickets together would be used as evidence to link the two flights to one plot.

One telephone number left as a contact was Vancouver's Ross Street Sikh temple. The other number became one of the first leads tracked by investigators, and was traced to Hardial Singh Johal, a janitor at a Vancouver high school.[54][55] Johal was an avid follower of Talwinder Singh Parmar, and thus closely scrutinised in the investigation following the Air India bombing. He was alleged to have stored the suitcase explosives in the basement of a Vancouver school and to have purchased the tickets for the flights on which the bombs were placed. Mandip Singh Grewal recounted how he saw and recognised Johal as his school's janitor when he said goodbye to his father, one of the Flight 182 victims, at the airport on the day of the bombing.[56]

Reyat went to work on 21 June. Phone records show he called Johal at 7:17 p.m. A witness whose name was protected testified that Bagri asked to borrow her car the night before the bombing to take some suitcases to the airport, though he would not be flying with them.[57]

Aircraft edit

 
The wreckage of VT-EFO, being used to reconstruct the entire plane, after the bombing.

The aircraft operating the flight was a Boeing 747-237B registered VT-EFO and named Emperor Kanishka. The aircraft flew its maiden flight on 19 June 1978 and was delivered to Air India in July 1978.[58]

Bombings edit

On 22 June 1985, at 13:30 UTC (6:30 a.m. PDT) a man calling himself "Manjit Singh" (checked in as M. Singh) called to confirm his reservations on Air India Flight 181/182. He was told he was still wait-listed, and was offered alternative arrangements, which he declined. At 15:50 UTC (8:50 a.m.), M. Singh checked into a busy line of 30 people for the CP flight from Vancouver to Toronto, which was scheduled to leave at 9:18 a.m. He asked agent Jeannie Adams to check his dark brown, hard-sided Samsonite suitcase, and have it transferred to Air India Flight 181 and then to Flight 182 to India. The agent initially refused his request to inter-line the baggage since his seat from Toronto to Montreal and from Montreal to Bombay was unconfirmed. He insisted, but the agent again rebuffed him, telling him, "Your ticket doesn't read that you're confirmed" and "we're not supposed to check your baggage through." The man said, "Wait, I'll get my brother for you." As he started to walk away, she relented and agreed to accept the bag, but told him he would have to check in again with Air India in Toronto. After the mass murders, Adams would realise this deception got the bag on its way to Flight 182. The anxious man was never identified.[59][60] At 16:18 UTC (9:18 a.m.),[61] Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 to Toronto Pearson International Airport departed without Singh.[62]

Reyat would later testify that he travelled by ferry from Duncan to Vancouver that morning to work on his brother's truck. Phone records show someone called from his residence in Duncan to Johal's number at 10:50 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. later that day. Reyat was seen in the company of another East Indian man at the Auto Marine Electric store in Burnaby, near Parmar's house, between 10:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m.[citation needed] He bought two 12 volt batteries similar to the one used in the explosive device tested in the woods, and they were to fit into a special metal bracket he had brought with him.[63] Constable Clark-Marlowe later believed there was "ample time for Inderjit Singh Reyat to obtain the batteries at the Auto Marine Electric limited store in Burnaby, incorporate the batteries in the assembly of an explosive device and then have the device transported in a suitcase to the Vancouver airport".[citation needed]

At 20:22 UTC (4:22 p.m. EDT), Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 arrived in Toronto twelve minutes late. Some of the passengers and baggage, including the bag M. Singh had checked in, were transferred to Air India Flight 182. In response to threats from Sikh activists, Air India had requested extra security, leading Canada to assign extra policemen in terminals in Toronto and Montreal, and all baggage was to be checked by X-ray or by hand.[64] But after the x-ray machine broke down that day, inspectors used a portable PDD-4 explosive sniffer. An Air India security officer had demonstrated that it made a loud scream when a lit match was held an inch away, and showed that it should be used around the edge of the bag being tested. Between 5:15 and 6:00, the sniffer was heard to beep at a soft-sided maroon suitcase with a zipper going all around; it beeped in a low volume near the zipper lock. But Air India was not informed since checkers were not instructed on how to react to only a short beep, so they allowed the bag to pass on its way. Later investigation would determine that the two containers that could have contained M. Singh's bag were placed close to the sensitive electronic bay of the aircraft.[65][66]

At 00:15 UTC (8:15 p.m., 22 June) on 23 June, Air India Flight 181, a Boeing 747-237B named Emperor Kanishka, departed Toronto Pearson International Airport for Montréal–Mirabel International Airport. The aircraft was an hour and 40 minutes late because a "fifth pod" (a spare engine) was installed under the aircraft below the left wing to be flown to India for repairs. Some of the parts had to be stored in the rear cargo compartment. The 5th pod engine was a serviceable spare engine that had been on lease to Air Canada after one of their Boeing 747s suffered an engine failure on the way to India. That engine received a post lease inspection and was declared serviceable by Air Canada personnel.

The plane arrived in Montréal-Mirabel International Airport at 01:00 UTC (9:00 p.m., 22 June). There, it became Flight 182.[67]: 31 [68] Flight 182 departed for London Heathrow Airport, en route to Palam International Airport, Delhi, and Sahar International Airport, Bombay. Three hundred and twenty-nine people were on board: 307 passengers and 22 crew. Captain Hanse Singh Narendra (56) served as the captain,[69] with Captain Satwinder Singh Bhinder (41) as the first officer[70] and Dara Dumasia (57) as the flight engineer.[71] Many of the passengers were going to visit family and friends.[65]

At 07:09:58 GMT (8:09:58 a.m. Irish time), the crew of the Boeing 747 "squawked 2005"[72] (a routine activation of its aviation transponder) as requested by Shannon Airport Air Traffic Control (ATC), then disappeared from the radar screens five minutes later. At 07:14:01 GMT (8:14:01 a.m. Irish time), a bomb hidden in a Sanyo tuner[73] in a suitcase in the forward cargo hold exploded while the plane was at 31,000 feet (9,400 m) at 51°3.6′N 12°49′W / 51.0600°N 12.817°W / 51.0600; -12.817.[67] It caused explosive decompression and the break-up of the aircraft in mid-air. The wreckage settled in 6,700 feet (2,000 m) deep water off the south-west Irish coast, 120 miles (190 km) offshore of County Cork. No "mayday" call was received by Shannon ATC. ATC asked aircraft in the area to try to contact Air India, to no avail. By 07:30:00 GMT, ATC had declared an emergency and requested nearby cargo ships and the Irish Naval Service vessel LÉ Aisling to look out for the aircraft.

Meanwhile, sometime before 20:22 UTC (1:22 p.m. PDT), L. Singh (also never identified) checked in for the 1:37 p.m. CP Air Flight 003 to Tokyo with one piece of luggage, which was to be transferred to Air India Flight 301 to Bangkok.[74] However, L. Singh did not board the flight.[62] The second bag checked in by L. Singh went on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 from Vancouver to Tokyo. There were no x-ray inspections of luggage on this flight.[65] Its target was Air India Flight 301, due to leave with 177 passengers and crew bound for Bangkok-Don Mueang, but 55 minutes before the Flight 182 bombing, it exploded at the terminal in Narita International Airport. Two Japanese baggage handlers were killed and four other people were injured. It appears the conspirators meant for both bombings to occur simultaneously, but they neglected to take into account that Japan does not observe daylight saving time, as Canada does.[75]

Recovery of wreckage and bodies edit

 
Irish Naval Service recovering bodies from the Air India Flight 182 disaster

By 09:13 UTC, the cargo ship Laurentian Forest discovered wreckage of the aircraft and many bodies floating in the water. India's civil aviation minister announced the possibility that the plane had been destroyed by a bomb, and the cause was probably some sort of explosion.[76] Previous 747s had been damaged or destroyed on the ground, but this was the first jumbo jet downed by a bomb on board, though Korean Air Lines Flight 007 had been shot down by fighter jets.[77]

The bomb killed all 22 crew and 307 passengers. Of those, 132 bodies were recovered; 197 were lost at sea. Eight bodies exhibited "flail pattern" injuries, indicating that they had exited the aircraft before it hit the water. This was a sign that the aircraft had broken up in mid-air. Twenty-six bodies showed signs of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Twenty-five, mostly victims who were seated near windows, showed signs of explosive decompression. Twenty-three had signs of "injuries from a vertical force". Twenty-one passengers were found with little or no clothing.[78]

One official quoted in the report stated:

"All victims have been stated in the PM reports to have died of multiple injuries. Two of the dead, one infant and one child, are reported to have died of asphyxia. There is no doubt about the asphyxial death of the infant. In the case of the other child (Body No 93) there was some doubt because the findings could also be caused due to the child undergoing tumbling or spinning with the anchor point at the ankles. Three other victims undoubtedly died of drowning."[79]

Two of these drowning victims, a pregnant woman in her second trimester and her unborn son, were described by John Hogan in testimony given at a coroner's inquest convened in Cork on 17 September 1985:

"The other significant findings were large amounts of frothy fluid in her mouth and nostrils, and all of the air passages and the lungs were water-logged and extremely heavy. There was water in the stomach and the uterine. The uterus contained a normal male fetus of approximately five months. The foetus was not traumatized and in my opinion death was due to drowning."[80]

 
Gardline Locater

Additional evidence to support a bombing was retrieved from the broken-up aircraft, which lay on the sea bed at a depth of 6,700 feet (2,000 m).[81] The British vessel Gardline Locater, equipped with sophisticated sonar, and the French cable-laying vessel Léon Thévenin, with its remotely operated underwater vehicle Scarab 1, were dispatched to locate the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) boxes. The boxes would be difficult to find and it was imperative that the search commence quickly. By 4 July, Gardline Locator detected signals on the sea bed. On 9 July, Scarab 1 pinpointed the CVR and raised it to the surface. The next day, the FDR was also located and recovered. In 1985, the Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) John Cabot participated in the investigations, mapping the underwater wreckage of the aircraft.[82]

Victims edit

Nationality Passengers Crew Total
Canada 268 — 268
United Kingdom 27 — 27
India — 22 22
Undetermined 12 — 12
Total 307 22 329

A casualty list was provided by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.[83][4] The victims included 268 Canadians, 27 Britons, 22 Indians, and 12 people of undetermined nationality.[84] Canadians of Indian descent made up the majority of the passengers.[85]

Between 82 and 86 passengers were children, including six infants.[86][87][88] There were 29 entire families on the plane. Two children not on board had both parents on board, resulting in them becoming orphaned. There were six sets of children of their entire families. There were 32 people not on the aircraft who had the remaining members of their families on board.[87]

Most of the victims resided in southern Ontario and were Hindus. Some of the victims were Sikhs;[89] around 35 passengers were Sikhs from Greater Montreal.[90] In terms of metropolitan areas, the Greater Toronto Area was the home of the majority of the passengers, with Greater Montreal also having the next largest number of passengers.[91] Some passengers originated from British Columbia.[92] Forty-five passengers were employees of Air India or relatives of Air India employees.[85] Notable passengers and crew included Inder Thakur, an Air India purser and former actor along with his wife and son; and Yelavarthy Nayudamma, a scientist and chemical engineer.

One hundred five passengers boarded the flight at Mirabel Airport, while 202 passengers who travelled on Flight 182 had boarded at Toronto Pearson Airport.[93] The report stated that interlining passengers boarding Flight 181 in Toronto who became passengers on Flight 182 included ten passengers connecting from Vancouver, five passengers from Winnipeg, four passengers from Edmonton, and two passengers from Saskatoon. It stated that all of these passengers had taken flights on Air Canada,[68][67]: 31  and no interlining passengers boarded Flight 182 in Montreal.[67]: 39  In the documentary Air India 182, Renée Sarojini Saklikar stated that her aunt and uncle had taken a Canadian Pacific Air Lines flight from Vancouver to connect to Air India 182; the two were on AI182 while it was in Montreal.[94][95] The flight crew and cabin crew of Flight 182 had boarded in Toronto and commanded the segment of Flight 181 from Toronto to Montreal.[67]: 33 

There were 68 persons who cleared customs in Toronto and were scheduled to re-board Flight 181 so they could travel to their final destination, Montreal. There was a practice of passengers who intended to fly to Toronto actually buying tickets to Montreal, because tickets to Montreal had a lower cost than tickets to Toronto. On the flights going to Canada, such passengers simply disembarked in Toronto and chose not to re-board the flight to Montreal. Three passengers scheduled to go onward to Montreal never re-boarded Flight 181, and so there were 65 passengers destined for Montreal who flew the Toronto-to-Montreal segment.[67]: 33 

Investigations edit

 
A commemorative plaque presented to the citizens of Bantry, Ireland, by the government of Canada for the residents' kindness and compassion to the families of the victims of Air India Flight 182

Within hours, Canada's Indian community was a focus of attention as victims and among hints that officials were investigating connections to the Sikh separatists who had threatened and committed acts of violence in retaliation against Hindus.[96]

In the subsequent worldwide investigations over six years, many threads of the plot were uncovered. Based on recovery of wreckage and bodies from the surface, it was decided to retrieve wreckage and recorders from the bottom of the sea. That voice and flight recorders were cut out at the same time, and damage to parts recovered from the forward cargo bay consistent with a blast, established that it was probably a bomb near the forward cargo hold that brought the plane down suddenly. The flight was also soon linked to the earlier bombing in Japan which had also originated from Vancouver; tickets for both flights had been purchased by the same person, and in both cases the planes were carrying bags without the passenger who checked them in.[97]

One of the problems the investigators thought may have been the reason of the supposed crash was that the aircraft was carrying a spare engine. Therefore, there would have been more weight on one side. This reason was ruled out as the flight recorders relayed information of the rudder position which assists in the carrying of a 5th engine. Carrying a 5th engine helped airlines carry broken engines back to be maintained.

No bomb parts were recovered from the ocean, but investigations of the blast at Tokyo established that the bomb had been placed in a Sanyo stereo tuner of a series that had been shipped to Vancouver in Canada. The RCMP assigned no less than 135 officers to check every store that could have sold Sanyo tuners, leading to the discovery of a recent sale to mechanic Inderjit Singh Reyat in his hometown of Duncan, British Columbia. RCMP contacted the CSIS and found they were already investigating the Sikh activists; RCMP learned that CSIS already had wiretaps and had observed Reyat and Parmar at the test blast near Duncan, and had recovered blasting cap shunts and a paper bundle wrapper from a blasting cap.[98] A search recovered the receipt for a Sanyo Tuner Model FMT-611K with invoice with his name and phone number, along with sales of other bomb components.[99] It was not until January 1986 that Canadian investigators at the Canadian Aviation Safety Board concluded that a bomb explosion in the forward cargo hold had downed the airliner.[100] On 26 February 1986, Supreme Court Judge Kirpal of India presented an inquiry report based on investigation conducted by H.S. Khola (the "Khola Report"). The report also concluded that a bomb originating in Canada brought down the Air India flight.[67]

Based on observations, wiretaps, searches and arrests of persons believed to be participants, the bombing was determined to be the joint project of at least two Sikh terrorist groups with extensive membership in Canada, the United States, Britain and India. Militant Sikhs were angered by the destruction of the Golden Temple and deaths of Sikhs during India's ground assault on separatists,[46] as well as the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.[101][102]

Suspects edit

The multiple suspects in the bombing were members of a Khalistani group called the Babbar Khalsa (banned in Europe and the United States as a proscribed terrorist group) and other related groups who were at the time agitating for a separate Sikh state (called Khalistan) in Punjab, India.[103]

  • Talwinder Singh Parmar (26 February 1944 – 15 October 1992) – a Canadian citizen born in Punjab and living in British Columbia, was a high-ranking official in the Babbar Khalsa. His phone was tapped by CSIS for three months before the bombing.[27] He was originally believed to have been killed during a gunfight between officers of the Punjab Police and six Sikh militants. According to the First information report by the Punjab Police, Parmar was killed by AK-47 fire from a rooftop at 5:30a.m on October 15, 1992. However, this account is disputed by post-mortem report suggesting he was killed between 12a.m and 2a.m. However, the investigative newsmagazine Tehelka alleged that Parmar was executed without trial after 4 days of interrogation and torture by the Punjab Police on October 15, 1992. Tehelka also stated that Parmar believed he was framed for the attack, alleging Lakhbir Singh Rode planned the Air India 182 bombing. Contrary to what Tehelkha suggested in the same article, the RCMP did not believe Rode had any role in the bombing and established Parmar as one of the masterminds behind the bombing. [104]
  • Inderjit Singh Reyat (born 11 March 1952) – was born in India, but moved to the United Kingdom with his family in 1965 and later to Canada in 1974, and holds dual British and Canadian citizenship. He worked as an auto mechanic and electrician in Duncan, British Columbia on Vancouver Island. Investigation of the bombing in Tokyo led to discovery that he had bought a Sanyo radio, clocks and other parts found after the blast. He was convicted of manslaughter for constructing the bomb. As part of a deal, he was to testify against others, but as he declined to implicate others, he would be the only suspect convicted in the case.[105] Reyat was released to halfway house in 2016[106] and now fully released with some restrictions since early 2017 to his family's home in BC.[107] Inderjit Singh Reyat is I said to have no remorse for his acts.
  • Ajaib Singh Bagri (born 4 October 1949) – a mill worker living in Kamloops. During the founding convention of the World Sikh Organization in New York in 1984, Bagri gave a speech in which he proclaimed that, "until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest."[108]
  • Ripudaman Singh Malik (4 February 1947 – 14 July 2022) A Vancouver businessman who was involved with opening Khalsa Credit Union and Khalsa Schools. He was charged in 2000 but acquitted in 2005.[109] In July 2022, Malik was murdered in Surrey, British Columbia. The RCMP arrested two individuals in his murder. They were hired hitmen.
  • Surjan Singh Gill (born 19 October 1942) – was living in Vancouver as the self-proclaimed consul-general of Khalistan. Some RCMP testimony claimed he was a mole who left the plot just days before its execution because he was told to pull out, but the Canadian government denied that report. He later fled Canada and was believed in August 2003 to be hiding in London, England.[110]
  • Hardial Singh Johal (born 20 November 1946 - 15 November 2002) – a follower of Parmar who was active in the Gurdwaras where Parmar preached. On 15 November 2002, Johal died of natural causes at age 55. His phone number was left when ordering the airline tickets, he was seen at the airport the day the luggage was loaded, and he had allegedly stored the suitcases containing the bombs in the basement of a Vancouver school, but was never charged in the case.[111]
  • Daljit Sandhu – named by a Crown witness as the man who picked up the tickets. During the trial, the Crown played a video from January 1989 in which Sandhu congratulated the families of Indira Gandhi's assassins[112] and stated that "she deserved that and she invited that and that's why she got it."[citation needed] Sandhu was cleared by Judge Ian Josephson in a 16 March judgment.
  • Lakhbir Singh Rode – the leader of the Sikh separatist organisation International Sikh Youth Federation. In September 2007, the commission investigated reports, initially disclosed in the Indian investigative news magazine Tehelka,[113] that Parmar had allegedly confessed and named the hitherto-unnamed Lakhbir Singh Rode as the mastermind behind the explosions.[114] This claim appears to be inconsistent with other evidence known to the RCMP.[115]

On 17 August 1985, Reyat became a third suspect once the receipt for the tuner was found with his name. On 6 November 1985, the RCMP raided the homes of Parmar, Reyat, Gill and Johal.[citation needed] In a 4+1⁄2-hour interview, Reyat denied all knowledge of the test blast or even Parmar. After he was told the CSIS had seen both of them, he changed his story that Parmar really wanted to build a device powerful enough so that he could take the device back to India to destroy a bridge. He explained that the gunpowder in the test was a failure, as the device fizzled. The search of Reyat's house produced a carton with an unusual green tape also found in the Narita blast and a can of Liquid Fire-brand starting fluid matching fragments found at the blast site, along with blasting caps and dynamite, including a pound of dynamite in a bag taken out its original tube casing, though none was consistent with blast residue. Reyat insisted only the clock, relays and tuner had been purchased for other than "benign purposes". There was insufficient evidence to hold Parmar as charges were dropped days later.

Bagri would later state before his later trial that he knew he was probably a suspect by October 1985, but insisted he would have faced charges if there were any evidence he had anything to do with the bombing.[116] It was established by November that it was a man with a Sikh name who probably checked the bag in Vancouver that caused the crash.[100] Parmar was not seen in Canada after sometime in late 1986. Authorities believed him to be living in Pakistan where he continued operations against India.

Trials edit

Authorities initially lacked evidence to link Inderjit Singh Reyat directly to either the Narita or Air India blasts and pursue a conspiracy to commit murder charge. Instead, Reyat pleaded guilty on 29 April 1986 to possession of an explosive substance and possession of an unregistered firearm. His sentence was a light $2,000 fine. Just three months later, Reyat moved his family from Canada to Coventry, near Birmingham, in the UK. Reyat was soon hired at a Jaguar factory where he worked for nearly two years.[117]

Mounties working with prosecutor Jardine and RCMP and Japanese experts eventually determined the components of the bomb from fragments and matched them with items that Reyat possessed or had purchased. Prosecutor Jardine visited Tokyo five times to meet with Japanese authorities, and Canada formally asked that evidence to be sent to Canada. Still lacking sufficient evidence for a murder charge, Jardine recommended two manslaughter charges and five explosives-related counts, resulting in a request to Britain to extradite Reyat, who was arrested on 5 February 1988 as he was driving to the Jaguar car plant. After lengthy proceedings to extradite him from Britain, Reyat was flown to Vancouver on 13 December 1989 and his trial began 18 September 1990. On 10 May 1991, he was convicted of two counts of manslaughter and four explosives charges relating to the Narita Airport bombing. He was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment.[118]

Fifteen years after the bombing, on 27 October 2000, RCMP arrested Malik and Bagri. They were charged with 329 counts of first-degree murder in the deaths of the people on board Air India Flight 182, conspiracy to commit murder, the attempted murder of passengers and crew on the Canadian Pacific flight at Japan's New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport), and two counts of murder of the baggage handlers at New Tokyo International Airport.[119][120] It became known as the "Air India Trial".[121]

On 6 June 2001, RCMP arrested Reyat, who was about to finish his earlier 10-year-sentence, on charges of murder, attempted murder, and conspiracy in the Air India bombing.[citation needed] On 10 February 2003, Reyat pleaded guilty to one count of manslaughter for aiding in the construction of a bomb. He was sentenced to five years in prison.[122] The court claimed Reyat was guilty of helping make of the bomb, but that he lacked any knowledge of how it would be used and lacked an intent to kill. He was expected to provide testimony in the trial of Malik and Bagri, but prosecutors were vague.[123]

The trial of Malik and Bagri proceeded between April 2003 and December 2004 in Courtroom 20,[124] more commonly known as "the Air India courtroom". At a cost of $7.2 million, (~$10.4 million in 2022) the high-security courtroom was specially built for the trial in the Vancouver Law Courts.[125] On 16 March 2005, Justice Ian Josephson found the two accused not guilty on all counts because the evidence was inadequate:

I began by describing the horrific nature of these cruel acts of terrorism, acts which cry out for justice. Justice is not achieved, however, if persons are convicted on anything less than the requisite standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Despite what appear to have been the best and most earnest of efforts by the police and the Crown, the evidence has fallen markedly short of that standard.[126]

In a letter to the Attorney General of British Columbia, Malik demanded compensation from the Canadian government for wrongful prosecution in his arrest and trial. Malik owes the government $6.4 million and Bagri owes $9.7 million in legal fees.[127][128] On July 14, 2022, Ripudaman Singh Malik, one of the men acquitted in the 1985 Air India terrorist bombings, was shot to death in Surrey, B.C.[129]

Reyat's perjury trial edit

In February 2006, Inderjit Singh Reyat was charged with perjury with regard to his testimony in the trial.[130] The indictment was filed in the Supreme Court of British Columbia and lists 27 instances in which Reyat allegedly misled the court during his testimony. Reyat had pleaded guilty to constructing the bomb, but denied under oath that he knew anything about the conspiracy.

In the verdict, Justice Josephson said:

I find him to be an unmitigated liar under oath. Even the most sympathetic of listeners could only conclude, as do I, that his evidence was patently and pathetically fabricated in an attempt to minimise his involvement in his crime to an extreme degree, while refusing to reveal relevant information he clearly possesses."[131]

On 3 July 2007, with perjury proceedings still pending, Reyat was denied parole by the National Parole Board, which concluded he was a continued risk to the public. The decision meant Reyat had to serve his full five-year sentence, which ended 9 February 2008.[132]

Reyat's perjury trial began in March 2010 in Vancouver, but was abruptly dismissed on 8 March 2010. The jury was dismissed after "biased" remarks were made about Reyat by a woman juror.[133]

A new jury was chosen. In September 2010, according to the Lethbridge Herald newspaper, jurors were told Reyat had lied 19 times under oath.[134] On 19 September 2010, Reyat was convicted of perjury.[135]

On 7 January 2011, he was sentenced to 9 years in prison by Justice Mark McEwan, who remarked that Reyat "behaved nothing like a remorseful man unwittingly implicated in mass murder," adding that, "[i]n the witness box, Mr. Reyat behaved like a man still committed to a cause which treated hundreds of men, women and children [as] expendable."[135][136] In February 2011, Reyat filed an appeal stating that the judge "erred in law, misdirected the jury and failed to tell jurors there was no evidence to support portions of the Crown's closing address," and called it "harsh and excessive," asking for a new trial.[137]

In January 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada rejected Reyat's bid to appeal his perjury conviction. The country's top court did not disclose its reasons as per customary practice.[138]

In March 2014, the British Columbia Court of Appeal dismissed Reyat's appeal that the 9-year length of the sentence, the country's longest sentence for perjury, was unfit. The court ruled the gravity of the perjury in such a case was without comparison.[139]

Parole edit

On 28 January 2016, Inderjit Singh Reyat was released on parole. He was released from a halfway house less than 13 months later, on 14 February 2017, with restrictions.[140][136]

Mistakes and missed opportunities edit

Previous warning edit

The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian R&AW about the possibility of terrorist bombs aboard Air India flights in Canada, and over two weeks before the crash, CSIS reported to the RCMP that the potential threat to Air India as well as Indian missions in Canada was high.[47]

In June 1985, there was an Air India telex message that suggested planes could be targeted by "time delay devices." Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario James Bartleman also testified that, as a senior intelligence official in the federal Department of External Affairs, he saw a security "intercept" with a specific warning of a threat against the airline on the weekend of the bombing.[136]

Destroyed evidence edit

In his verdict, Justice Ian Josephson cited "unacceptable negligence" by CSIS when hundreds of wiretaps of the suspects and other informants were destroyed.[141][142] Of the 210 wiretaps that were recorded during the months before and after the bombing, 156 were erased. These tapes continued to be erased even after the terrorists had become the primary suspects in the bombing.[143]

Because the original wiretap records were erased, they were inadmissible as evidence in court.[144] CSIS claimed the wiretap recordings contained no relevant information, but an RCMP memo states that "There is a strong likelihood that had CSIS retained the tapes between March and August 1985, that a successful prosecution of at least some of principals in both bombings could have been undertaken."[145] "The CSIS investigation was so badly bungled that there was a near mutiny by CSIS officers involved in the probe," said the agent who destroyed the tapes once he had been granted anonymity in January 2000 by Globe and Mail journalists.[142] One agent "said he felt compelled to destroy the tapes (that were in his possession) because he was morally obliged to do everything in his power to protect the safety of his sources. '[I] decided it was a moral issue... If their identity had become known in the Sikh community, they would have been killed. There is no doubt in my mind about that.''[142]

Murdered witnesses edit

Tara Singh Hayer, the publisher of the Indo-Canadian Times and a member of the Order of British Columbia,[146] provided an affidavit to the RCMP in 1995 claiming that he was present during a conversation in which Bagri admitted his involvement in the bombings.[147] While at the London offices of fellow Sikh newspaper publisher Tarsem Singh Purewal, Hayer claimed he overheard a meeting between Purewal and Bagri in which Bagri stated that "if everything had gone as planned the plane would have blown up at Heathrow airport with no passengers on it. But because the plane was a half-hour to three quarters of an hour late, it blew up over the ocean."[citation needed] On 24 January that same year, Purewal was killed near the offices of the Des Pardes newspaper in Southall, England, leaving Hayer as the only other witness.[148]

On 18 November 1998, Hayer was shot dead while getting out of his car in the garage of his home in Surrey, British Columbia.[149] Hayer had survived an earlier attempt on his life in 1988, but was paralysed and used a wheelchair.[149] As a consequence of his murder, the affidavit was inadmissible as evidence.[150] This was later cited as a reason why the suspects in the bombing were eventually acquitted in 2005[citation needed].

CSIS connection edit

During an interview with Bagri on 28 October 2000, RCMP agents described Surjan Singh Gill as an agent for CSIS, saying the reason that he resigned from the Babbar Khalsa was because his CSIS handlers told him to pull out.[151]

After the subsequent failure of CSIS to stop the bombing of Flight 182, the head of CSIS was replaced by Reid Morden. In an interview for CBC Television's news program The National, Morden claimed that CSIS "dropped the ball" in its handling of the case. A Security Intelligence Review Committee cleared CSIS of any wrongdoing. However, that report remains secret to this day. As of June 2003, the Canadian government continued to insist that there was no mole involved.[152][153]

Public inquiry edit

On 1 May 2006, the Crown-in-Council, on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper,[154] announced the launch of a full public inquiry into the bombing, headed by retired Supreme Court Justice John Major, to find investigate the events surrounding the bombing and the subsequent investigation, as well as to identify gaps in Canada's security and intelligence system.[136][155][156]

Initiated later in June, the Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 was to examine how Canadian law restricted funding terrorist groups,[157] how well witness protection is provided in terrorist cases, if Canada needed to upgrade its airport security, and if issues of co-operation between the RCMP, CSIS, and other law enforcement agencies had been resolved. It was to also provide a forum wherein families of the victims could testify on the impact of the bombing and would not repeat any criminal trials.[158]

The inquiry's findings were published on 17 June 2010 in its final report, Air India Flight 182: A Canadian Tragedy.[159] The report was 4,000 pages long, with 5 volumes and 64 recommendations.[136][156] Major concluded that a "cascading series of errors" by Crown ministries, the RCMP, and CSIS allowed the terrorist attack to take place.[15][160][161] He called for the Canadian government's National Security Advisor to be given responsibility for preventing conflict between agencies, as well as calling for a national director of terrorism prosecutions, a new coordinator of witness protection for terrorism cases, and broad changes to close the gaps in airport security.[136]

As per recommendation of the inquiry, Stephen Harper announced in the media, a week after the report and on the 25th anniversary of the disaster, that he would "acknowledge the catastrophic failures of intelligence, policing and air security that led to the bombing, and the prosecutorial lapses that followed" and deliver an apology on behalf of the sitting Cabinet of Canada.[154]

Legacy edit

"A Canadian tragedy" edit

 
Air India Flight 182 memorial in Toronto, Ontario
 
Monument and playground in Stanley Park, Vancouver, commemorating victims of Flight 182, dedicated July 2007

On 23 June 2005, 20 years after the downing of Air India Flight 182, Prime Minister Paul Martin attended a memorial service in Ahakista, West Cork, Ireland, with victims' families to grieve. This would be the first time a Canadian Prime Minister had visited the Irish memorial, which was built after the bombing.[136] Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, on the advice of Martin, declared the anniversary a national day of mourning. During the anniversary observances, Martin said that the bombing was a Canadian problem, not a foreign problem, saying,

Make no mistake: The flight may have been Air India's, it may have taken place off the coast of Ireland, but this is a Canadian tragedy.[162]

Ujjal Dosanjh, the moderate Sikh who had been attacked in a prelude to the Air India bombing, was by this time a member of Martin's cabinet as federal Minister of Health, and had previously in the interim been Premier of British Columbia.

On the morning of July 14, 2022 Ripudaman Singh Malik was shot several times and died outside his family business, Papillon Eastern Imports, on 128 Street in Surrey, British Columbia.

Memorials edit

Memorials were erected in Canada and elsewhere to commemorate the victims. In 1986, a monument was unveiled in Ahakista, Ireland, on the first anniversary of the bombing.[163][164]

Subsequently, a groundbreaking occurred on 11 August 2006 at a playground that would form part of a memorial in Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia.[165]

Another memorial was unveiled on 22 June 2007 in Humber Bay Park East, Toronto, Ontario; many of the bombing victims had lived in Toronto. The memorial features a sundial, the base of which consists of stones from all provinces and territories of Canada, as well as the countries of the other victims, and a wall, oriented toward Ireland and bearing the names of the dead.[166]

A third Canadian memorial opened in Ottawa in 2014.[167] A fourth memorial was unveiled in Lachine, Montreal on the 26th anniversary of the tragedy.[168] There are no memorials in India as of yet.[168]

Public memory edit

2007 edit

In May 2007, Angus Reid Strategies released the results of public opinion polling of whether Canadians viewed the Air India bombing as a Canadian or Indian tragedy and whom they blamed: 48% of respondents considered the bombing as a Canadian event, while 22% thought it was a mostly Indian affair; 34% of those asked felt both CSIS and airport security personnel deserved a great deal of the blame in addition to 27% who believed the RCMP were largely to blame; 18% mentioned Transport Canada.[169]

Ken MacQueen and John Geddes of Maclean's said that the Air India bombing has been referred to as "Canada's 9/11." They disagreed, however, stating the following:

In truth, it was never close to that. The date, 23 June 1985, is not seared into the nation's soul. The events of that day snuffed out hundreds of innocent lives and altered the destinies of thousands more, but it neither shook the foundations of government, nor transformed its policies. It was not, in the main, even officially acknowledged as an act of terrorism.[170]

2023 edit

In 2023, 38 years after the attack, an Angus Reid Institute study discovered that nine out of ten Canadians had little to no knowledge of the attack, and only one in every five Canadians correctly classified the bombing as one of the worst acts of mass murder in Canadian history.[171]

In the study, participants were questioned about their familiarity with the bombs planted by separatist Sikh extremists advocating for a separate Sikh state in Punjab, India. The results indicated that 61% of respondents claimed to have limited knowledge on the matter, while 28% admitted to having no knowledge at all.[171]

According to the study, it appears that the recent attack has had minimal influence on individuals who were born after the Air India bombings. The research reveals that 58% of people aged 35 and younger were unaware of the terrorist attack altogether. This suggests that only a small portion, around one in 10 respondents, possessed a substantial understanding of the events and their consequences. Among those who were aware, merely 34% correctly acknowledged that the culprits behind the attack were not convicted of murder in a court of law.[171]

Recognition in media edit

In film and television:

Many journalists have commented on the bombing throughout the decades since it occurred.

  • In 2006, International bestselling author Anita Rau Badami published Can you hear the nightbird call?, a fiction novel that explored the lives and events leading up to the Air India bombing, which incorporated factual details of the tragedy.[176]
  • Eight months after the bombing, The Province newspaper reporter Salim Jiwa published Death of Air India Flight 182.[177]
  • Loss of Faith: How the Air-India Bombers Got Away With Murder was published by the Vancouver Sun reporter Kim Bolan in May 2005.[178]
  • Jiwa and fellow reporter Don Hauka published Margin of Terror: A reporter's twenty-year odyssey covering the tragedies of the Air India bombing in May 2007.
  • In her short story, "The Management of Grief," Indian-born American writer Bharati Mukherjee uses fiction to explore the enduring grief of relatives of Air India 182 victims. "The Management of Grief" was originally published in the fiction collection The Middleman and Other Stories.[179] Mukherjee also co-authored The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy (1987) with her husband, Clark Blaise.[180]
  • Inspired by mainstream Canada's cultural denial of the Air India tragedy, Neil Bissoondath wrote The Soul of All Great Designs.[181]
  • In 2013, Canadian poet Renée Sarojini Saklikar created a collection of memorial and response poems, Children of Air India: Un/authorized Exhibits and Interjections.[182]
  • The Air India bombing is central to the plot of the novel All Inclusive by Toronto-based author Farzana Doctor.
  • Dr. Chandra Sankurathri, husband and father of Air India victims, wrote an autobiography called Ray of Hope.[183]
  • In 2021, former CBC reporter, Terry Milewski authored, "Blood for Blood: Fifty Years of the Global Khalistan Project", where he extensively examines the worldwide Khalistan movement, its strong desire for retribution, and the inadequate support provided by India's allies in the West. He also outlines the progression and decline of diaspora militants such as Talwinder Singh Parmar, who founded the Babbar Khalsa International terrorist organization in Vancouver and was also responsible for orchestrating the deadly 'Kanishka' bomb plot in 1985, resulting in the loss of 329 lives aboard Air India Flight 182.

Other recognition edit

The Pada memorial awards at Laurentian University were established in honour of victim Vishnu Pada, the husband of Lata Pada, Indian-born Canadian choreographer and Bharatanatyam dancer.[184]

The University of Manitoba created the Donald George Lougheed Memorial Scholarship in honour of Air India victim Donald George Lougheed. It is awarded to computer engineering students.[185]

Laxminarayan and Padmini Turlapati, the parents of victims Sanjay and Deepak Turlapati, created the Sanjay Deepak Children Trust.[88]

Sankurathri Foundation was established by Dr. Chandra Sekhar Sankurathri[186] in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh in memory of his wife Manjari, son Sri Kiran and daughter Sarada, victims of the Air India Flight 182. SF implements educational programs through Sarada Vidyalayam, health care programs through Sri Kiran Institute of Ophthalmology and disaster relief programs through Spandana.

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Bell, Stewart (2014). "Leadership and the Toronto 18". In Bruce Hoffman; Fernando Reinares (eds.). The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden's Death. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-231-16898-4.
  2. ^ Additional references:
    • Weston, Keith (2012). "Counter-Terrorism Policing and the Rule of Law: The Best of Friends". In Ana Salinas de Frías; Katja Samuel; Nigel White (eds.). Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0199608928.
    • Flight 182 (Canada), Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India; Major, John Charles (2010). Air India Flight 182: A Canadian Tragedy. Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182. p. 21. ISBN 978-0660199269.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    • Laqueur, Walter (1999). The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-514064-4.
    • Owens, John E.; Pelizzo, Riccardo (2010). The War on Terror" and the Growth of Executive Power?": A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-136-95694-2.
    • O'Kane, Rosemary H. T. (6 June 2014). Terrorism. Routledge. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-317-86057-0.
    • "Suspects in the Air India Bombing". ABC News.
    • "Investigation into the Kanishka Bombing 1985".
    • "Lessons to be learned". 21 December 2018.
  3. ^
    • Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada. (PDF). publications.gc.ca. p. 151. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
    • Anand, Anita I. (2011). "Combating Terrorist Financing: Is Canada's Legal Regime Effective?". The University of Toronto Law Journal. 61 (1): 61. ISSN 0042-0220. JSTOR 23018689.
    • "Amritsar terrorist attack: Pakistan's desperation to revive militancy in Punjab, India". www.efsas.org. from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
    • Johnston, Ingrid; Mangat, Jyoti (2012), Johnston, Ingrid; Mangat, Jyoti (eds.), Spaces of Impact, Reading Practices, Postcolonial Literature, and Cultural Mediation in the Classroom, Rotterdam: SensePublishers, pp. 1–13, doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-705-9_1, ISBN 978-94-6091-705-9, retrieved 21 September 2023
    • Goldman, Zachary K.; Rascoff, Samuel J. (2016). Global Intelligence Oversight: Governing Security in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-045809-6.
    • Hamilton, Dwight (1 February 2007). Inside Canadian Intelligence: Exposing the New Realities of Espionage and International Terrorism. Dundurn. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-55002-729-7.
    • Caldwell, Dan; Jr, Robert E. Williams (2011). Seeking Security in an Insecure World. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-0805-6.
    • Rubin, Barry; Rubin, Judith Colp (2015). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. Routledge. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-317-47465-4.
    • Martin, Gus (2011). The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. p. 544. ISBN 978-1-4522-6638-1.
    • Gurski, Phil (2015). The Threat From Within: Recognizing Al Qaeda-Inspired Radicalization and Terrorism in the West. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4422-5562-3.
  4. ^ a b . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 March 2005. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010. ()
  5. ^ Goldman, Zachary K.; Rascoff, Samuel J. (2016). Global Intelligence Oversight: Governing Security in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0190458089.
  6. ^ "Man Convicted for 1985 Air India Bombing Now Free". Time. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  7. ^ "Inderjit Singh Reyat, only person convicted in Air India bombing, released from halfway house – BC". GlobalNews.ca. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  8. ^ "Canada sets free 1985 Air India flight Kanishka bomber Inderjit Singh Reyat". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  9. ^ "Men acquitted in Air India bombings". www.nbcnews.com. 16 March 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  10. ^ Roach, Kent (2011). "The Air India Report and the Regulation of Charities and Terrorism Financing". The University of Toronto Law Journal. 61 (1): 46. doi:10.3138/utlj.61.1.045. ISSN 0042-0220. JSTOR 23018688.
  11. ^ Bolan, Kim (9 February 2008). "Air India bombmaker sent to holding centre". Ottawa Citizen. from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  12. ^ Dowd, Allan (18 September 2010). ""Canadian convicted of lying in Air India bomb case", Reuters Sept 18, 2010". Reuters. from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
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Sources edit

  • Honourable Mr. Justice B. N. Kirpal (Judge, High Court of Delhi). Indian Government Report of the Court Investigating the accident of Air India Boeing 747 Aircraft VT-EFO, "Kanishka" on 23 June 1985 (PDF) (Archive ). 26 February 1986.

Further reading edit

  • Somani, Alia Rehana. "Broken Passages and Broken Promises: Reconstructing the Komagata Maru and Air India Cases" (PhD thesis) (). School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Western Ontario, 2012.
  • – Canadian and Indian technical reports.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air India Flight 182.
External images
  Photos of VT-EFO at Airliners.net
  • 2010 Final Report Air India Commission – Government of Canada
  • The Verdict – Reasons for Judgment, R. v Malik and Bagri
  • Background on Air India bombing – CBC.ca
  • – www.Canada.com Air India archives
  • CBC Digital Archives – The Air India Investigation
  • Criminal Occurrence description at the Aviation Safety Network

Passenger lists

  •  — Does not indicate locations or distinguish crew from passengers
  • "Passengers and Crew Aboard Air-India Jetliner." Associated Press at The New York Times. 24 June 1985 — Preliminary list with crew members indicated and locations of U.S. passengers indicated, Alternate version

February 16, 2024
india, flight, 2008, canadian, documentary, film, india, film, confused, with, pacific, southwest, airlines, flight, passenger, flight, operating, montreal, london, delhi, bombay, route, that, june, 1985, disintegrated, over, atlantic, ocean, result, explosion. For the 2008 Canadian documentary film see Air India 182 film Not to be confused with Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182 Air India Flight 182 was a passenger flight operating on the Montreal London Delhi Bombay route that on 23 June 1985 disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean as a result of an explosion from a bomb planted by Canadian Sikh terrorists 1 2 3 It was operated using a Boeing 747 237B registered VT EFO The incident happened en route from Montreal to London at an altitude of 31 000 feet 9 400 m The remnants of the aircraft fell into the sea approximately 190 kilometres 120 miles off the coast of Ireland killing all 329 people on board including 268 Canadian citizens 27 British citizens and 24 Indian citizens 4 The bombing of Air India Flight 182 is the worst terrorist attack in Canadian history the deadliest aviation incident in the history of Air India and was the world s deadliest act of aviation terrorism until the September 11 attacks in 2001 1 5 6 The mastermind behind the bombing was believed to be Inderjit Singh Reyat a dual British Canadian national who pleaded guilty in 2003 7 8 and Talwinder Singh Parmar a Canadian Sikh separatist leader who was one of the key individuals associated with the militant group Babbar Khalsa 9 Air India Flight 182The aircraft involved VT EFO seen landing at London Heathrow Airport on 10 June 1985 less than two weeks before the bombingBombingDate23 June 1985 1985 06 23 SummaryBombing by the Babbar KhalsaSiteAtlantic Ocean 190 km 120 mi WSW of Waterville Ireland 51 4 N 12 49 W 51 067 N 12 817 W 51 067 12 817AircraftAircraft typeBoeing 747 237BAircraft nameEmperor KanishkaOperatorAir IndiaIATA flight No AI182ICAO flight No AIC182Call signAIR INDIA 182RegistrationVT EFOFlight originToronto as Flight 181 Montreal Mirabel Int l Airport Mirabel Quebec Canada1st stopoverLondon Heathrow Airport London United Kingdom2nd stopoverPalam International Airport Delhi IndiaDestinationSahar International Airport Bombay IndiaOccupants329Passengers307Crew22Fatalities329Survivors0 fullscreen map Location of the explosion The plan s execution had transnational consequences and involved citizens and governments from five nation states Babbar Khalsa a Sikh terrorist and Khalistani separatist group was implicated in the bombing 10 Although a handful of people were arrested and tried for the Air India bombing the only person convicted was Inderjit Singh Reyat who pleaded guilty in 2003 to manslaughter 11 12 He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for assembling the bombs that exploded on board Air India Flight 182 and at Narita 13 14 The subsequent investigation and prosecution lasted almost twenty years This was the most expensive trial in Canadian history costing nearly C 130 million The two accused Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri were both acquitted and found not guilty The Governor General in Council in 2006 appointed the former Supreme Court Justice John C Major to conduct a commission of inquiry His report which was completed and released on 17 June 2010 concluded that a cascading series of errors by the Government of Canada the Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCMP and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service CSIS had allowed the terrorist attack to take place 15 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Preparation 2 Plot preparations 2 1 Explosives and clocks 2 2 Bomb tests 2 3 Tickets 3 Aircraft 4 Bombings 5 Recovery of wreckage and bodies 5 1 Victims 6 Investigations 6 1 Suspects 6 2 Trials 6 3 Reyat s perjury trial 6 3 1 Parole 7 Mistakes and missed opportunities 7 1 Previous warning 7 2 Destroyed evidence 7 3 Murdered witnesses 7 4 CSIS connection 8 Public inquiry 9 Legacy 9 1 A Canadian tragedy 9 1 1 Memorials 10 Public memory 10 1 2007 10 2 2023 10 3 Recognition in media 10 4 Other recognition 11 See also 12 References 12 1 Citations 12 2 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External linksBackground edit nbsp Air India 182 memorial Toronto nbsp Memorial in AhakistaDuring the 1970s many Sikhs emigrated to western Canada These included men who later became leaders and members of the Babbar Khalsa including Talwinder Singh Parmar Ajaib Singh Bagri Ripudaman Singh Malik and Inderjit Singh Reyat By the 1980s the area around Vancouver British Columbia had become the largest centre of Sikh population outside India 16 In India on 13 April 1978 a convention organised by the Sant Nirankari Mission took place at the time of the important Sikh festival of Vaisakhi a celebration of the birth of Khalsa The convention was led by Gurbachan Singh leader of the Sant Nirankari Mission and was organized in Amritsar with permission from the Akali Dal state government The practices of the Sant Nirankari were considered heresy by the school of orthodox Sikhism expounded by Bhindranwale 17 A procession of about 200 Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and Fauja Singh of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha AKJ left the Golden Temple heading towards the Nirankari Convention 18 In the ensuing violence several people were killed two of Bhindranwale s followers eleven members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and three Nirankaris 19 A criminal case was filed against 62 Nirankaris who were charged by the Akali led government in Punjab with the murder of 13 Sikhs The case was heard in the neighbouring Haryana state and all the accused were acquitted 20 on the basis that they acted in self defence The Punjab government decided not to appeal the decision 21 As a result of the Nirankaris receiving positive attention in the media some orthodox Sikhs claimed this to be a conspiracy to defame the Sikh religion 20 Bhindranwale increased his rhetoric against the perceived enemies of Sikhs A letter of authority was issued by Akal Takht to ostracize the Sant Nirankaris and created an environment where some of his followers felt justified to kill the perceived enemies of Sikhism 22 The chief proponents of this attitude were the Babbar Khalsa founded by the widow Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the attack on the convention the Dal Khalsa formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state and the All India Sikh Students Federation which was banned by the government The founders of this Panthan group sect in Vancouver vowed to avenge the deaths of Sikhs Talwinder Singh Parmar led the militant wing of AKJ which became the Babbar Khalsa to attack the Nirankaris On 24 April 1980 Gurbachan Singh the Baba head of the Nirankaris was killed A member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha Ranjit Singh surrendered and admitted to the assassination three years later and was sentenced to serve thirteen years at the Tihar Jail in Delhi 23 24 On 19 November 1981 Parmar was among the alleged terrorists who escaped from a shootout in which two Punjab Police officers were gunned down outside the house of Amarjit Singh Nihang in Ludhiana district This added to the notoriety of Babbar Khalsa and its leader He went to Canada 25 In 1982 India issued a warrant for Parmar s arrest for six charges of murder stemming from the killing of the police officers 26 India notified Canada that Parmar was a wanted terrorist in 1981 and asked for his extradition in 1982 Canada denied the request in July 1982 27 After an Interpol alert Parmar was arrested while attempting to enter West Germany West Germany chose to handle the case locally rather than transfer him over to India Parmar went on a hunger strike to win his religious right to wear a turban and have vegetarian meals in the Dusseldorf jail After India received information that Parmar had made assassination threats against Indira Gandhi they found that Germany had decided that the evidence was weak 28 In 1983 rebels led by Damdami Taksal Jathedar leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale occupied Akal Takht of Golden Temple and amassed weapons in the Sikh temple They passed the Anandpur Sahib Resolution which demanded that the state be given more powers from the Central government and greater autonomy by changes to the Indian constitution 29 30 The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1 180 people were injured 31 The Central government rejected the secessionist demands and on 3 6 June 1984 Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi ordered Operation Blue Star to remove the militants from the Golden Temple 32 Sikhs protested against the operation worldwide On 31 October 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards In retaliation the 1984 anti Sikh riots guided by certain Indian National Congress members killed thousands of Sikhs in India 33 Preparation edit Parmar visited Inderjit Singh Reyat a car mechanic and electrician who lived in Duncan British Columbia a small community north of Victoria on Vancouver Island He asked him to construct a bomb Reyat later claimed he had no idea for what it would be used Reyat asked various people in the community about dynamite saying he wanted to remove tree stumps on his property 34 Reyat also discussed explosives with a co worker while expressing anger at the Indian government and Indira Gandhi in particular 35 Later that year Ajaib Singh Bagri accompanied Parmar as his right hand man in the militancy against the Indian government Bagri worked as a forklift driver at a sawmill near the town of Kamloops He was known as a powerful preacher in the Indo Canadian community 36 The pair travelled across Canada to incite Sikhs against the Indian government for conducting Operation Blue Star They used the meetings as fundraisers for Babbar Khalsa A former head priest in Hamilton testified that Bagri said The Indian Government is our enemy the same way the Hindu society is our enemy 37 Bagri told a congregation Get your weapons ready so we can take revenge against the Indian Government 37 Plot preparations editSee also Timeline of the Air India Flight 182 affair In late 1984 at least two informers reported to authorities on the first abortive plot to bomb Air India Flight 182 which then flew out of Montreal s Mirabel International Airport In August 1984 the known criminal Gerry Boudreault claimed that Talwinder Parmar showed him a suitcase stuffed with 200 000 479 091 in 2022 payment if he would plant a bomb on a plane He decided I had done some bad things in my time done my time in jail but putting a bomb on a plane not me I went to the police 38 In September in an attempt to get his sentence for theft and fraud reduced Harmail Singh Grewal of Vancouver told the Canadian Security Intelligence Service CSIS and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCMP of the plot to bomb the flight from Montreal Both reports were dismissed as unreliable In June 1985 Paul Besso an RCMP informant claimed he had recorded Sikh militants on Vancouver Island discussing plans to bomb an Air India flight Using an RCMP provided body pack and his wired van Besso intended to record Sikh drug dealers but quickly realized they were militants Besso claimed during a CBC interview that the entire meeting was recorded by Besso and provided to the RCMP a week before the bombing happened with transcripts even stating that Air India was the target for the Sikh militants 39 38 The moderate Sikh Ujjal Dosanjh had spoken out against violence by Sikh extremists He was attacked in February 1985 by an assailant wielding an iron bar His skull was broken and he required 80 stitches in his head On 5 March 1985 three months before the bombing the CSIS obtained a court order to place Parmar under surveillance for one year Although the Babbar Khalsa had not yet been officially banned the affidavit for surveillance stated it is a Sikh terrorist group now established in Canada it has claimed responsibility for more than forty assassinations of moderate Sikhs and other persons in the Punjab and penned its name to threatening letters addressed to high officials in India 27 40 The affidavit said that on 15 July 1984 Parmar urged the Coach Temple congregation of Calgary Alberta to unite fight and kill to avenge the attack on the Golden Temple 27 40 Explosives and clocks edit In April 1985 a Canadian familiar with explosives was asked by Reyat how much dynamite it would take to blow up a tree stump Reyat asked numerous people in Duncan about explosives and expressed the need for revenge Reyat sought cases of dynamite and appeared willing to pay three times the normal price He eventually confided to one acquaintance that it was not about stumps but trouble in the old country that he needed explosives to help my countrymen 41 One friend declined to get him dynamite but did lend him a 400 page manual on mining with explosives 41 On 8 May 1985 Reyat bought a Micronta digital automobile clock at the RadioShack store in Duncan 42 Designed for a 12 volt automobile electrical system it could also be powered by a 12 volt lantern battery The 24 hour alarm activated a buzzer Reyat returned to the store a week later to buy an electrical relay after asking how to get the buzzer signal to power another device Wiretappers recorded nine telephone calls in one month between Reyat and Parmar s residence in Vancouver Reyat called either from his residence or workplace on Vancouver Island As a result of this activity the government added Reyat to the list of persons being monitored for terrorist activities 43 The Canadian government would later accuse Reyat of lying in 2003 when at first he said he did not know for what the three clocks he had bought could be used He later said Parmar needed an explosive device to blow up a bridge or something large in India and that he needed timers for an explosive device The relay could be used to trigger the detonator circuit for a blasting cap which would provide the initial shock needed to detonate larger explosives such as dynamite 34 35 Reyat later visited a television repair shop seeking help for a partially disassembled car clock wired to a lantern battery He claimed that he needed help so that the buzzer stayed on rather than intermittently beeping so that it would turn on a light in his camper to wake him up The repairman knew his friend did not own a camper Justice J Raymond Paris said at Reyat s 1991 trial that this was an odd use for a timer 44 Bomb tests edit By mid May Reyat had gone into the woods to test a device with a 12 volt battery cardboard cylinder gunpowder and some dynamite but the device failed to work 45 The wooded area was in proximity to Duncan and Paldi Later Reyat acquired between six and eight sticks of dynamite to blow up unidentified stumps if need be in the future from a Duncan well driller after visiting his house to fix a truck He also obtained a few blasting caps days later On 31 May 1985 Reyat brought his timer attached to a boombox into his shop so that his fellow employee at Duncan Auto Marine Electric could help him fix it for a friend but he returned the radio after it did not work properly On 4 June CSIS agents Larry Lowe and Lynn Macadams followed Parmar and a youthful man 46 identified only as Mr X Third Man or Unknown Male as they went from Parmar s house to the Horseshoe Bay Ferry Terminal rode the Nanaimo bound ferry and visited Reyat at his home and shop at Auto Marine Electric The three drove to a deserted bush area where Reyat was observed taking an object into the woods Staying out of sight the agents who did not bring a camera only heard a bang which sounded like a loud gunshot citation needed Later tests showed it could also have been an explosion and later searches turned up remnants of an aluminium electrical blasting cap 47 J S Warren director general of counter terrorism at CSIS would later ask on 16 July 1986 why they did not ask the police to stop and question the suspects or search the vehicle which might have deterred the bombing plot Warren also placed blame on the Royal Canadian Mounted Police stating they also had the option to question the suspects but declined to do so for an unknown reason 39 The next day Reyat purchased a large Sanyo component tuner model FMT 611 K at Woolworths and left his name and telephone number on the charge slip which was later found in a search of his home Reyat also bought smokeless gunpowder from a sporting goods store signing I Reyat on the explosives log Study of debris from the Narita explosion would eventually show the bomb had been housed inside a Sanyo tuner with a serial number matching a model sold only in British Columbia and used a Micronta clock as a timer which powered a relay with an Eveready 12 volt battery to trigger blasting caps to set off a high explosive consistent with sticks of dynamite 43 all matching items purchased by Reyat This would lead to his eventual conviction 43 As late as 2010 Reyat admitted only to buying and assembling some parts but denied he ever made a bomb knew what the bomb was to be used for who was behind any plot or that he ever asked or knew the name of the man who he said stayed in his house for a week completing construction of the explosive device after his device failed 48 On 9 June 1985 a police informer in Hamilton reported that Parmar and Bagri had visited the Malton Sikh Temple warning the faithful that it would be unsafe to fly Air India 49 Vancouver police also monitored militants 11 days before the bombing A leader of the International Sikh Youth Federation complained that no Indian consuls or ambassadors had yet been killed but was given the response of You will see Something will be done in two weeks 50 Tickets edit The suspects in the bombing used pay phones and talked in code Translators notes of wiretapped conversations include the following exchange between Talwinder Parmar and a follower named Hardial Singh Johal on 20 June 1985 the day the tickets were purchased Parmar Did you write the story Johal No I didn t Parmar Do that work first 51 This conversation appears to be an order from Parmar to book the airline tickets 52 It is believed that writing the story referred to purchasing the tickets afterward Johal phoned Parmar back and asked if he could come over and read the story he asked for to which Parmar agreed 53 Moments after the wiretapped conversation at 01 00 UTC a man calling himself Mr Singh made reservations for two flights on 22 June one for Jaswant Singh to fly from Vancouver to Toronto on Canadian Pacific Air Lines CP Flight 086 and one for Mohinderbel Singh to fly from Vancouver to Tokyo on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 and connect to Air India Flight 301 to Bangkok At 02 20 UTC on the same day another call changed the reservation in the name of Jaswant Singh from CP 086 to CP 060 also flying from Vancouver to Toronto The caller further requested to be put on the waiting list for AI 181 from Toronto to Montreal and AI 182 from Montreal to Bombay The next day at 19 10 UTC a man wearing a turban paid for the two tickets with 3 005 in cash at a CP ticket office in Vancouver The names on the reservations were changed Jaswant Singh became M Singh and Mohinderbel Singh became L Singh The reservation and purchase of these tickets together would be used as evidence to link the two flights to one plot One telephone number left as a contact was Vancouver s Ross Street Sikh temple The other number became one of the first leads tracked by investigators and was traced to Hardial Singh Johal a janitor at a Vancouver high school 54 55 Johal was an avid follower of Talwinder Singh Parmar and thus closely scrutinised in the investigation following the Air India bombing He was alleged to have stored the suitcase explosives in the basement of a Vancouver school and to have purchased the tickets for the flights on which the bombs were placed Mandip Singh Grewal recounted how he saw and recognised Johal as his school s janitor when he said goodbye to his father one of the Flight 182 victims at the airport on the day of the bombing 56 Reyat went to work on 21 June Phone records show he called Johal at 7 17 p m A witness whose name was protected testified that Bagri asked to borrow her car the night before the bombing to take some suitcases to the airport though he would not be flying with them 57 Aircraft edit nbsp The wreckage of VT EFO being used to reconstruct the entire plane after the bombing The aircraft operating the flight was a Boeing 747 237B registered VT EFO and named Emperor Kanishka The aircraft flew its maiden flight on 19 June 1978 and was delivered to Air India in July 1978 58 Bombings editOn 22 June 1985 at 13 30 UTC 6 30 a m PDT a man calling himself Manjit Singh checked in as M Singh called to confirm his reservations on Air India Flight 181 182 He was told he was still wait listed and was offered alternative arrangements which he declined At 15 50 UTC 8 50 a m M Singh checked into a busy line of 30 people for the CP flight from Vancouver to Toronto which was scheduled to leave at 9 18 a m He asked agent Jeannie Adams to check his dark brown hard sided Samsonite suitcase and have it transferred to Air India Flight 181 and then to Flight 182 to India The agent initially refused his request to inter line the baggage since his seat from Toronto to Montreal and from Montreal to Bombay was unconfirmed He insisted but the agent again rebuffed him telling him Your ticket doesn t read that you re confirmed and we re not supposed to check your baggage through The man said Wait I ll get my brother for you As he started to walk away she relented and agreed to accept the bag but told him he would have to check in again with Air India in Toronto After the mass murders Adams would realise this deception got the bag on its way to Flight 182 The anxious man was never identified 59 60 At 16 18 UTC 9 18 a m 61 Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 to Toronto Pearson International Airport departed without Singh 62 Reyat would later testify that he travelled by ferry from Duncan to Vancouver that morning to work on his brother s truck Phone records show someone called from his residence in Duncan to Johal s number at 10 50 a m and 4 00 p m later that day Reyat was seen in the company of another East Indian man at the Auto Marine Electric store in Burnaby near Parmar s house between 10 00 a m and 11 30 a m citation needed He bought two 12 volt batteries similar to the one used in the explosive device tested in the woods and they were to fit into a special metal bracket he had brought with him 63 Constable Clark Marlowe later believed there was ample time for Inderjit Singh Reyat to obtain the batteries at the Auto Marine Electric limited store in Burnaby incorporate the batteries in the assembly of an explosive device and then have the device transported in a suitcase to the Vancouver airport citation needed At 20 22 UTC 4 22 p m EDT Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 arrived in Toronto twelve minutes late Some of the passengers and baggage including the bag M Singh had checked in were transferred to Air India Flight 182 In response to threats from Sikh activists Air India had requested extra security leading Canada to assign extra policemen in terminals in Toronto and Montreal and all baggage was to be checked by X ray or by hand 64 But after the x ray machine broke down that day inspectors used a portable PDD 4 explosive sniffer An Air India security officer had demonstrated that it made a loud scream when a lit match was held an inch away and showed that it should be used around the edge of the bag being tested Between 5 15 and 6 00 the sniffer was heard to beep at a soft sided maroon suitcase with a zipper going all around it beeped in a low volume near the zipper lock But Air India was not informed since checkers were not instructed on how to react to only a short beep so they allowed the bag to pass on its way Later investigation would determine that the two containers that could have contained M Singh s bag were placed close to the sensitive electronic bay of the aircraft 65 66 At 00 15 UTC 8 15 p m 22 June on 23 June Air India Flight 181 a Boeing 747 237B named Emperor Kanishka departed Toronto Pearson International Airport for Montreal Mirabel International Airport The aircraft was an hour and 40 minutes late because a fifth pod a spare engine was installed under the aircraft below the left wing to be flown to India for repairs Some of the parts had to be stored in the rear cargo compartment The 5th pod engine was a serviceable spare engine that had been on lease to Air Canada after one of their Boeing 747s suffered an engine failure on the way to India That engine received a post lease inspection and was declared serviceable by Air Canada personnel The plane arrived in Montreal Mirabel International Airport at 01 00 UTC 9 00 p m 22 June There it became Flight 182 67 31 68 Flight 182 departed for London Heathrow Airport en route to Palam International Airport Delhi and Sahar International Airport Bombay Three hundred and twenty nine people were on board 307 passengers and 22 crew Captain Hanse Singh Narendra 56 served as the captain 69 with Captain Satwinder Singh Bhinder 41 as the first officer 70 and Dara Dumasia 57 as the flight engineer 71 Many of the passengers were going to visit family and friends 65 At 07 09 58 GMT 8 09 58 a m Irish time the crew of the Boeing 747 squawked 2005 72 a routine activation of its aviation transponder as requested by Shannon Airport Air Traffic Control ATC then disappeared from the radar screens five minutes later At 07 14 01 GMT 8 14 01 a m Irish time a bomb hidden in a Sanyo tuner 73 in a suitcase in the forward cargo hold exploded while the plane was at 31 000 feet 9 400 m at 51 3 6 N 12 49 W 51 0600 N 12 817 W 51 0600 12 817 67 It caused explosive decompression and the break up of the aircraft in mid air The wreckage settled in 6 700 feet 2 000 m deep water off the south west Irish coast 120 miles 190 km offshore of County Cork No mayday call was received by Shannon ATC ATC asked aircraft in the area to try to contact Air India to no avail By 07 30 00 GMT ATC had declared an emergency and requested nearby cargo ships and the Irish Naval Service vessel LE Aisling to look out for the aircraft Meanwhile sometime before 20 22 UTC 1 22 p m PDT L Singh also never identified checked in for the 1 37 p m CP Air Flight 003 to Tokyo with one piece of luggage which was to be transferred to Air India Flight 301 to Bangkok 74 However L Singh did not board the flight 62 The second bag checked in by L Singh went on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 from Vancouver to Tokyo There were no x ray inspections of luggage on this flight 65 Its target was Air India Flight 301 due to leave with 177 passengers and crew bound for Bangkok Don Mueang but 55 minutes before the Flight 182 bombing it exploded at the terminal in Narita International Airport Two Japanese baggage handlers were killed and four other people were injured It appears the conspirators meant for both bombings to occur simultaneously but they neglected to take into account that Japan does not observe daylight saving time as Canada does 75 Recovery of wreckage and bodies edit nbsp Irish Naval Service recovering bodies from the Air India Flight 182 disasterBy 09 13 UTC the cargo ship Laurentian Forest discovered wreckage of the aircraft and many bodies floating in the water India s civil aviation minister announced the possibility that the plane had been destroyed by a bomb and the cause was probably some sort of explosion 76 Previous 747s had been damaged or destroyed on the ground but this was the first jumbo jet downed by a bomb on board though Korean Air Lines Flight 007 had been shot down by fighter jets 77 The bomb killed all 22 crew and 307 passengers Of those 132 bodies were recovered 197 were lost at sea Eight bodies exhibited flail pattern injuries indicating that they had exited the aircraft before it hit the water This was a sign that the aircraft had broken up in mid air Twenty six bodies showed signs of hypoxia lack of oxygen Twenty five mostly victims who were seated near windows showed signs of explosive decompression Twenty three had signs of injuries from a vertical force Twenty one passengers were found with little or no clothing 78 One official quoted in the report stated All victims have been stated in the PM reports to have died of multiple injuries Two of the dead one infant and one child are reported to have died of asphyxia There is no doubt about the asphyxial death of the infant In the case of the other child Body No 93 there was some doubt because the findings could also be caused due to the child undergoing tumbling or spinning with the anchor point at the ankles Three other victims undoubtedly died of drowning 79 Two of these drowning victims a pregnant woman in her second trimester and her unborn son were described by John Hogan in testimony given at a coroner s inquest convened in Cork on 17 September 1985 The other significant findings were large amounts of frothy fluid in her mouth and nostrils and all of the air passages and the lungs were water logged and extremely heavy There was water in the stomach and the uterine The uterus contained a normal male fetus of approximately five months The foetus was not traumatized and in my opinion death was due to drowning 80 nbsp Gardline LocaterAdditional evidence to support a bombing was retrieved from the broken up aircraft which lay on the sea bed at a depth of 6 700 feet 2 000 m 81 The British vessel Gardline Locater equipped with sophisticated sonar and the French cable laying vessel Leon Thevenin with its remotely operated underwater vehicle Scarab 1 were dispatched to locate the flight data recorder FDR and cockpit voice recorder CVR boxes The boxes would be difficult to find and it was imperative that the search commence quickly By 4 July Gardline Locator detected signals on the sea bed On 9 July Scarab 1 pinpointed the CVR and raised it to the surface The next day the FDR was also located and recovered In 1985 the Canadian Coast Guard Ship CCGS John Cabot participated in the investigations mapping the underwater wreckage of the aircraft 82 Victims edit Nationality Passengers Crew TotalCanada 268 268United Kingdom 27 27India 22 22Undetermined 12 12Total 307 22 329A casualty list was provided by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 83 4 The victims included 268 Canadians 27 Britons 22 Indians and 12 people of undetermined nationality 84 Canadians of Indian descent made up the majority of the passengers 85 Between 82 and 86 passengers were children including six infants 86 87 88 There were 29 entire families on the plane Two children not on board had both parents on board resulting in them becoming orphaned There were six sets of children of their entire families There were 32 people not on the aircraft who had the remaining members of their families on board 87 Most of the victims resided in southern Ontario and were Hindus Some of the victims were Sikhs 89 around 35 passengers were Sikhs from Greater Montreal 90 In terms of metropolitan areas the Greater Toronto Area was the home of the majority of the passengers with Greater Montreal also having the next largest number of passengers 91 Some passengers originated from British Columbia 92 Forty five passengers were employees of Air India or relatives of Air India employees 85 Notable passengers and crew included Inder Thakur an Air India purser and former actor along with his wife and son and Yelavarthy Nayudamma a scientist and chemical engineer One hundred five passengers boarded the flight at Mirabel Airport while 202 passengers who travelled on Flight 182 had boarded at Toronto Pearson Airport 93 The report stated that interlining passengers boarding Flight 181 in Toronto who became passengers on Flight 182 included ten passengers connecting from Vancouver five passengers from Winnipeg four passengers from Edmonton and two passengers from Saskatoon It stated that all of these passengers had taken flights on Air Canada 68 67 31 and no interlining passengers boarded Flight 182 in Montreal 67 39 In the documentary Air India 182 Renee Sarojini Saklikar stated that her aunt and uncle had taken a Canadian Pacific Air Lines flight from Vancouver to connect to Air India 182 the two were on AI182 while it was in Montreal 94 95 The flight crew and cabin crew of Flight 182 had boarded in Toronto and commanded the segment of Flight 181 from Toronto to Montreal 67 33 There were 68 persons who cleared customs in Toronto and were scheduled to re board Flight 181 so they could travel to their final destination Montreal There was a practice of passengers who intended to fly to Toronto actually buying tickets to Montreal because tickets to Montreal had a lower cost than tickets to Toronto On the flights going to Canada such passengers simply disembarked in Toronto and chose not to re board the flight to Montreal Three passengers scheduled to go onward to Montreal never re boarded Flight 181 and so there were 65 passengers destined for Montreal who flew the Toronto to Montreal segment 67 33 Investigations edit nbsp A commemorative plaque presented to the citizens of Bantry Ireland by the government of Canada for the residents kindness and compassion to the families of the victims of Air India Flight 182Within hours Canada s Indian community was a focus of attention as victims and among hints that officials were investigating connections to the Sikh separatists who had threatened and committed acts of violence in retaliation against Hindus 96 In the subsequent worldwide investigations over six years many threads of the plot were uncovered Based on recovery of wreckage and bodies from the surface it was decided to retrieve wreckage and recorders from the bottom of the sea That voice and flight recorders were cut out at the same time and damage to parts recovered from the forward cargo bay consistent with a blast established that it was probably a bomb near the forward cargo hold that brought the plane down suddenly The flight was also soon linked to the earlier bombing in Japan which had also originated from Vancouver tickets for both flights had been purchased by the same person and in both cases the planes were carrying bags without the passenger who checked them in 97 One of the problems the investigators thought may have been the reason of the supposed crash was that the aircraft was carrying a spare engine Therefore there would have been more weight on one side This reason was ruled out as the flight recorders relayed information of the rudder position which assists in the carrying of a 5th engine Carrying a 5th engine helped airlines carry broken engines back to be maintained No bomb parts were recovered from the ocean but investigations of the blast at Tokyo established that the bomb had been placed in a Sanyo stereo tuner of a series that had been shipped to Vancouver in Canada The RCMP assigned no less than 135 officers to check every store that could have sold Sanyo tuners leading to the discovery of a recent sale to mechanic Inderjit Singh Reyat in his hometown of Duncan British Columbia RCMP contacted the CSIS and found they were already investigating the Sikh activists RCMP learned that CSIS already had wiretaps and had observed Reyat and Parmar at the test blast near Duncan and had recovered blasting cap shunts and a paper bundle wrapper from a blasting cap 98 A search recovered the receipt for a Sanyo Tuner Model FMT 611K with invoice with his name and phone number along with sales of other bomb components 99 It was not until January 1986 that Canadian investigators at the Canadian Aviation Safety Board concluded that a bomb explosion in the forward cargo hold had downed the airliner 100 On 26 February 1986 Supreme Court Judge Kirpal of India presented an inquiry report based on investigation conducted by H S Khola the Khola Report The report also concluded that a bomb originating in Canada brought down the Air India flight 67 Based on observations wiretaps searches and arrests of persons believed to be participants the bombing was determined to be the joint project of at least two Sikh terrorist groups with extensive membership in Canada the United States Britain and India Militant Sikhs were angered by the destruction of the Golden Temple and deaths of Sikhs during India s ground assault on separatists 46 as well as the 1984 anti Sikh riots 101 102 Suspects edit The multiple suspects in the bombing were members of a Khalistani group called the Babbar Khalsa banned in Europe and the United States as a proscribed terrorist group and other related groups who were at the time agitating for a separate Sikh state called Khalistan in Punjab India 103 Talwinder Singh Parmar 26 February 1944 15 October 1992 a Canadian citizen born in Punjab and living in British Columbia was a high ranking official in the Babbar Khalsa His phone was tapped by CSIS for three months before the bombing 27 He was originally believed to have been killed during a gunfight between officers of the Punjab Police and six Sikh militants According to the First information report by the Punjab Police Parmar was killed by AK 47 fire from a rooftop at 5 30a m on October 15 1992 However this account is disputed by post mortem report suggesting he was killed between 12a m and 2a m However the investigative newsmagazine Tehelka alleged that Parmar was executed without trial after 4 days of interrogation and torture by the Punjab Police on October 15 1992 Tehelka also stated that Parmar believed he was framed for the attack alleging Lakhbir Singh Rode planned the Air India 182 bombing Contrary to what Tehelkha suggested in the same article the RCMP did not believe Rode had any role in the bombing and established Parmar as one of the masterminds behind the bombing 104 Inderjit Singh Reyat born 11 March 1952 was born in India but moved to the United Kingdom with his family in 1965 and later to Canada in 1974 and holds dual British and Canadian citizenship He worked as an auto mechanic and electrician in Duncan British Columbia on Vancouver Island Investigation of the bombing in Tokyo led to discovery that he had bought a Sanyo radio clocks and other parts found after the blast He was convicted of manslaughter for constructing the bomb As part of a deal he was to testify against others but as he declined to implicate others he would be the only suspect convicted in the case 105 Reyat was released to halfway house in 2016 106 and now fully released with some restrictions since early 2017 to his family s home in BC 107 Inderjit Singh Reyat is I said to have no remorse for his acts Ajaib Singh Bagri born 4 October 1949 a mill worker living in Kamloops During the founding convention of the World Sikh Organization in New York in 1984 Bagri gave a speech in which he proclaimed that until we kill 50 000 Hindus we will not rest 108 Ripudaman Singh Malik 4 February 1947 14 July 2022 A Vancouver businessman who was involved with opening Khalsa Credit Union and Khalsa Schools He was charged in 2000 but acquitted in 2005 109 In July 2022 Malik was murdered in Surrey British Columbia The RCMP arrested two individuals in his murder They were hired hitmen Surjan Singh Gill born 19 October 1942 was living in Vancouver as the self proclaimed consul general of Khalistan Some RCMP testimony claimed he was a mole who left the plot just days before its execution because he was told to pull out but the Canadian government denied that report He later fled Canada and was believed in August 2003 to be hiding in London England 110 Hardial Singh Johal born 20 November 1946 15 November 2002 a follower of Parmar who was active in the Gurdwaras where Parmar preached On 15 November 2002 Johal died of natural causes at age 55 His phone number was left when ordering the airline tickets he was seen at the airport the day the luggage was loaded and he had allegedly stored the suitcases containing the bombs in the basement of a Vancouver school but was never charged in the case 111 Daljit Sandhu named by a Crown witness as the man who picked up the tickets During the trial the Crown played a video from January 1989 in which Sandhu congratulated the families of Indira Gandhi s assassins 112 and stated that she deserved that and she invited that and that s why she got it citation needed Sandhu was cleared by Judge Ian Josephson in a 16 March judgment Lakhbir Singh Rode the leader of the Sikh separatist organisation International Sikh Youth Federation In September 2007 the commission investigated reports initially disclosed in the Indian investigative news magazine Tehelka 113 that Parmar had allegedly confessed and named the hitherto unnamed Lakhbir Singh Rode as the mastermind behind the explosions 114 This claim appears to be inconsistent with other evidence known to the RCMP 115 On 17 August 1985 Reyat became a third suspect once the receipt for the tuner was found with his name On 6 November 1985 the RCMP raided the homes of Parmar Reyat Gill and Johal citation needed In a 4 1 2 hour interview Reyat denied all knowledge of the test blast or even Parmar After he was told the CSIS had seen both of them he changed his story that Parmar really wanted to build a device powerful enough so that he could take the device back to India to destroy a bridge He explained that the gunpowder in the test was a failure as the device fizzled The search of Reyat s house produced a carton with an unusual green tape also found in the Narita blast and a can of Liquid Fire brand starting fluid matching fragments found at the blast site along with blasting caps and dynamite including a pound of dynamite in a bag taken out its original tube casing though none was consistent with blast residue Reyat insisted only the clock relays and tuner had been purchased for other than benign purposes There was insufficient evidence to hold Parmar as charges were dropped days later Bagri would later state before his later trial that he knew he was probably a suspect by October 1985 but insisted he would have faced charges if there were any evidence he had anything to do with the bombing 116 It was established by November that it was a man with a Sikh name who probably checked the bag in Vancouver that caused the crash 100 Parmar was not seen in Canada after sometime in late 1986 Authorities believed him to be living in Pakistan where he continued operations against India Trials edit Authorities initially lacked evidence to link Inderjit Singh Reyat directly to either the Narita or Air India blasts and pursue a conspiracy to commit murder charge Instead Reyat pleaded guilty on 29 April 1986 to possession of an explosive substance and possession of an unregistered firearm His sentence was a light 2 000 fine Just three months later Reyat moved his family from Canada to Coventry near Birmingham in the UK Reyat was soon hired at a Jaguar factory where he worked for nearly two years 117 Mounties working with prosecutor Jardine and RCMP and Japanese experts eventually determined the components of the bomb from fragments and matched them with items that Reyat possessed or had purchased Prosecutor Jardine visited Tokyo five times to meet with Japanese authorities and Canada formally asked that evidence to be sent to Canada Still lacking sufficient evidence for a murder charge Jardine recommended two manslaughter charges and five explosives related counts resulting in a request to Britain to extradite Reyat who was arrested on 5 February 1988 as he was driving to the Jaguar car plant After lengthy proceedings to extradite him from Britain Reyat was flown to Vancouver on 13 December 1989 and his trial began 18 September 1990 On 10 May 1991 he was convicted of two counts of manslaughter and four explosives charges relating to the Narita Airport bombing He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment 118 Fifteen years after the bombing on 27 October 2000 RCMP arrested Malik and Bagri They were charged with 329 counts of first degree murder in the deaths of the people on board Air India Flight 182 conspiracy to commit murder the attempted murder of passengers and crew on the Canadian Pacific flight at Japan s New Tokyo International Airport now Narita International Airport and two counts of murder of the baggage handlers at New Tokyo International Airport 119 120 It became known as the Air India Trial 121 On 6 June 2001 RCMP arrested Reyat who was about to finish his earlier 10 year sentence on charges of murder attempted murder and conspiracy in the Air India bombing citation needed On 10 February 2003 Reyat pleaded guilty to one count of manslaughter for aiding in the construction of a bomb He was sentenced to five years in prison 122 The court claimed Reyat was guilty of helping make of the bomb but that he lacked any knowledge of how it would be used and lacked an intent to kill He was expected to provide testimony in the trial of Malik and Bagri but prosecutors were vague 123 The trial of Malik and Bagri proceeded between April 2003 and December 2004 in Courtroom 20 124 more commonly known as the Air India courtroom At a cost of 7 2 million 10 4 million in 2022 the high security courtroom was specially built for the trial in the Vancouver Law Courts 125 On 16 March 2005 Justice Ian Josephson found the two accused not guilty on all counts because the evidence was inadequate I began by describing the horrific nature of these cruel acts of terrorism acts which cry out for justice Justice is not achieved however if persons are convicted on anything less than the requisite standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt Despite what appear to have been the best and most earnest of efforts by the police and the Crown the evidence has fallen markedly short of that standard 126 In a letter to the Attorney General of British Columbia Malik demanded compensation from the Canadian government for wrongful prosecution in his arrest and trial Malik owes the government 6 4 million and Bagri owes 9 7 million in legal fees 127 128 On July 14 2022 Ripudaman Singh Malik one of the men acquitted in the 1985 Air India terrorist bombings was shot to death in Surrey B C 129 Reyat s perjury trial edit In February 2006 Inderjit Singh Reyat was charged with perjury with regard to his testimony in the trial 130 The indictment was filed in the Supreme Court of British Columbia and lists 27 instances in which Reyat allegedly misled the court during his testimony Reyat had pleaded guilty to constructing the bomb but denied under oath that he knew anything about the conspiracy In the verdict Justice Josephson said I find him to be an unmitigated liar under oath Even the most sympathetic of listeners could only conclude as do I that his evidence was patently and pathetically fabricated in an attempt to minimise his involvement in his crime to an extreme degree while refusing to reveal relevant information he clearly possesses 131 On 3 July 2007 with perjury proceedings still pending Reyat was denied parole by the National Parole Board which concluded he was a continued risk to the public The decision meant Reyat had to serve his full five year sentence which ended 9 February 2008 132 Reyat s perjury trial began in March 2010 in Vancouver but was abruptly dismissed on 8 March 2010 The jury was dismissed after biased remarks were made about Reyat by a woman juror 133 A new jury was chosen In September 2010 according to the Lethbridge Herald newspaper jurors were told Reyat had lied 19 times under oath 134 On 19 September 2010 Reyat was convicted of perjury 135 On 7 January 2011 he was sentenced to 9 years in prison by Justice Mark McEwan who remarked that Reyat behaved nothing like a remorseful man unwittingly implicated in mass murder adding that i n the witness box Mr Reyat behaved like a man still committed to a cause which treated hundreds of men women and children as expendable 135 136 In February 2011 Reyat filed an appeal stating that the judge erred in law misdirected the jury and failed to tell jurors there was no evidence to support portions of the Crown s closing address and called it harsh and excessive asking for a new trial 137 In January 2013 the Supreme Court of Canada rejected Reyat s bid to appeal his perjury conviction The country s top court did not disclose its reasons as per customary practice 138 In March 2014 the British Columbia Court of Appeal dismissed Reyat s appeal that the 9 year length of the sentence the country s longest sentence for perjury was unfit The court ruled the gravity of the perjury in such a case was without comparison 139 Parole edit On 28 January 2016 Inderjit Singh Reyat was released on parole He was released from a halfway house less than 13 months later on 14 February 2017 with restrictions 140 136 Mistakes and missed opportunities editPrevious warning edit The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian R amp AW about the possibility of terrorist bombs aboard Air India flights in Canada and over two weeks before the crash CSIS reported to the RCMP that the potential threat to Air India as well as Indian missions in Canada was high 47 In June 1985 there was an Air India telex message that suggested planes could be targeted by time delay devices Lieutenant Governor of Ontario James Bartleman also testified that as a senior intelligence official in the federal Department of External Affairs he saw a security intercept with a specific warning of a threat against the airline on the weekend of the bombing 136 Destroyed evidence edit In his verdict Justice Ian Josephson cited unacceptable negligence by CSIS when hundreds of wiretaps of the suspects and other informants were destroyed 141 142 Of the 210 wiretaps that were recorded during the months before and after the bombing 156 were erased These tapes continued to be erased even after the terrorists had become the primary suspects in the bombing 143 Because the original wiretap records were erased they were inadmissible as evidence in court 144 CSIS claimed the wiretap recordings contained no relevant information but an RCMP memo states that There is a strong likelihood that had CSIS retained the tapes between March and August 1985 that a successful prosecution of at least some of principals in both bombings could have been undertaken 145 The CSIS investigation was so badly bungled that there was a near mutiny by CSIS officers involved in the probe said the agent who destroyed the tapes once he had been granted anonymity in January 2000 by Globe and Mail journalists 142 One agent said he felt compelled to destroy the tapes that were in his possession because he was morally obliged to do everything in his power to protect the safety of his sources I decided it was a moral issue If their identity had become known in the Sikh community they would have been killed There is no doubt in my mind about that 142 Murdered witnesses edit Tara Singh Hayer the publisher of the Indo Canadian Times and a member of the Order of British Columbia 146 provided an affidavit to the RCMP in 1995 claiming that he was present during a conversation in which Bagri admitted his involvement in the bombings 147 While at the London offices of fellow Sikh newspaper publisher Tarsem Singh Purewal Hayer claimed he overheard a meeting between Purewal and Bagri in which Bagri stated that if everything had gone as planned the plane would have blown up at Heathrow airport with no passengers on it But because the plane was a half hour to three quarters of an hour late it blew up over the ocean citation needed On 24 January that same year Purewal was killed near the offices of the Des Pardes newspaper in Southall England leaving Hayer as the only other witness 148 On 18 November 1998 Hayer was shot dead while getting out of his car in the garage of his home in Surrey British Columbia 149 Hayer had survived an earlier attempt on his life in 1988 but was paralysed and used a wheelchair 149 As a consequence of his murder the affidavit was inadmissible as evidence 150 This was later cited as a reason why the suspects in the bombing were eventually acquitted in 2005 citation needed CSIS connection edit During an interview with Bagri on 28 October 2000 RCMP agents described Surjan Singh Gill as an agent for CSIS saying the reason that he resigned from the Babbar Khalsa was because his CSIS handlers told him to pull out 151 After the subsequent failure of CSIS to stop the bombing of Flight 182 the head of CSIS was replaced by Reid Morden In an interview for CBC Television s news program The National Morden claimed that CSIS dropped the ball in its handling of the case A Security Intelligence Review Committee cleared CSIS of any wrongdoing However that report remains secret to this day As of June 2003 the Canadian government continued to insist that there was no mole involved 152 153 Public inquiry editOn 1 May 2006 the Crown in Council on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper 154 announced the launch of a full public inquiry into the bombing headed by retired Supreme Court Justice John Major to find investigate the events surrounding the bombing and the subsequent investigation as well as to identify gaps in Canada s security and intelligence system 136 155 156 Initiated later in June the Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 was to examine how Canadian law restricted funding terrorist groups 157 how well witness protection is provided in terrorist cases if Canada needed to upgrade its airport security and if issues of co operation between the RCMP CSIS and other law enforcement agencies had been resolved It was to also provide a forum wherein families of the victims could testify on the impact of the bombing and would not repeat any criminal trials 158 The inquiry s findings were published on 17 June 2010 in its final report Air India Flight 182 A Canadian Tragedy 159 The report was 4 000 pages long with 5 volumes and 64 recommendations 136 156 Major concluded that a cascading series of errors by Crown ministries the RCMP and CSIS allowed the terrorist attack to take place 15 160 161 He called for the Canadian government s National Security Advisor to be given responsibility for preventing conflict between agencies as well as calling for a national director of terrorism prosecutions a new coordinator of witness protection for terrorism cases and broad changes to close the gaps in airport security 136 As per recommendation of the inquiry Stephen Harper announced in the media a week after the report and on the 25th anniversary of the disaster that he would acknowledge the catastrophic failures of intelligence policing and air security that led to the bombing and the prosecutorial lapses that followed and deliver an apology on behalf of the sitting Cabinet of Canada 154 Legacy edit A Canadian tragedy edit nbsp Air India Flight 182 memorial in Toronto Ontario nbsp Monument and playground in Stanley Park Vancouver commemorating victims of Flight 182 dedicated July 2007On 23 June 2005 20 years after the downing of Air India Flight 182 Prime Minister Paul Martin attended a memorial service in Ahakista West Cork Ireland with victims families to grieve This would be the first time a Canadian Prime Minister had visited the Irish memorial which was built after the bombing 136 Governor General Adrienne Clarkson on the advice of Martin declared the anniversary a national day of mourning During the anniversary observances Martin said that the bombing was a Canadian problem not a foreign problem saying Make no mistake The flight may have been Air India s it may have taken place off the coast of Ireland but this is a Canadian tragedy 162 Ujjal Dosanjh the moderate Sikh who had been attacked in a prelude to the Air India bombing was by this time a member of Martin s cabinet as federal Minister of Health and had previously in the interim been Premier of British Columbia On the morning of July 14 2022 Ripudaman Singh Malik was shot several times and died outside his family business Papillon Eastern Imports on 128 Street in Surrey British Columbia Memorials edit Memorials were erected in Canada and elsewhere to commemorate the victims In 1986 a monument was unveiled in Ahakista Ireland on the first anniversary of the bombing 163 164 Subsequently a groundbreaking occurred on 11 August 2006 at a playground that would form part of a memorial in Stanley Park Vancouver British Columbia 165 Another memorial was unveiled on 22 June 2007 in Humber Bay Park East Toronto Ontario many of the bombing victims had lived in Toronto The memorial features a sundial the base of which consists of stones from all provinces and territories of Canada as well as the countries of the other victims and a wall oriented toward Ireland and bearing the names of the dead 166 A third Canadian memorial opened in Ottawa in 2014 167 A fourth memorial was unveiled in Lachine Montreal on the 26th anniversary of the tragedy 168 There are no memorials in India as of yet 168 Public memory edit2007 edit In May 2007 Angus Reid Strategies released the results of public opinion polling of whether Canadians viewed the Air India bombing as a Canadian or Indian tragedy and whom they blamed 48 of respondents considered the bombing as a Canadian event while 22 thought it was a mostly Indian affair 34 of those asked felt both CSIS and airport security personnel deserved a great deal of the blame in addition to 27 who believed the RCMP were largely to blame 18 mentioned Transport Canada 169 Ken MacQueen and John Geddes of Maclean s said that the Air India bombing has been referred to as Canada s 9 11 They disagreed however stating the following In truth it was never close to that The date 23 June 1985 is not seared into the nation s soul The events of that day snuffed out hundreds of innocent lives and altered the destinies of thousands more but it neither shook the foundations of government nor transformed its policies It was not in the main even officially acknowledged as an act of terrorism 170 2023 edit In 2023 38 years after the attack an Angus Reid Institute study discovered that nine out of ten Canadians had little to no knowledge of the attack and only one in every five Canadians correctly classified the bombing as one of the worst acts of mass murder in Canadian history 171 In the study participants were questioned about their familiarity with the bombs planted by separatist Sikh extremists advocating for a separate Sikh state in Punjab India The results indicated that 61 of respondents claimed to have limited knowledge on the matter while 28 admitted to having no knowledge at all 171 According to the study it appears that the recent attack has had minimal influence on individuals who were born after the Air India bombings The research reveals that 58 of people aged 35 and younger were unaware of the terrorist attack altogether This suggests that only a small portion around one in 10 respondents possessed a substantial understanding of the events and their consequences Among those who were aware merely 34 correctly acknowledged that the culprits behind the attack were not convicted of murder in a court of law 171 Recognition in media edit In film and television CBC Television announced the start of filming for Flight 182 a documentary about the tragedy directed by Sturla Gunnarsson 172 173 Its title was changed to Air India 182 before premiering at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto in April 2008 It subsequently premiered on CBC Television in June 174 The crash was featured in season 5 of the Canadian made internationally distributed documentary series Mayday on the episode Air India Explosive Evidence 175 Many journalists have commented on the bombing throughout the decades since it occurred In 2006 International bestselling author Anita Rau Badami published Can you hear the nightbird call a fiction novel that explored the lives and events leading up to the Air India bombing which incorporated factual details of the tragedy 176 Eight months after the bombing The Province newspaper reporter Salim Jiwa published Death of Air India Flight 182 177 Loss of Faith How the Air India Bombers Got Away With Murder was published by the Vancouver Sun reporter Kim Bolan in May 2005 178 Jiwa and fellow reporter Don Hauka published Margin of Terror A reporter s twenty year odyssey covering the tragedies of the Air India bombing in May 2007 In her short story The Management of Grief Indian born American writer Bharati Mukherjee uses fiction to explore the enduring grief of relatives of Air India 182 victims The Management of Grief was originally published in the fiction collection The Middleman and Other Stories 179 Mukherjee also co authored The Sorrow and the Terror The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy 1987 with her husband Clark Blaise 180 Inspired by mainstream Canada s cultural denial of the Air India tragedy Neil Bissoondath wrote The Soul of All Great Designs 181 In 2013 Canadian poet Renee Sarojini Saklikar created a collection of memorial and response poems Children of Air India Un authorized Exhibits and Interjections 182 The Air India bombing is central to the plot of the novel All Inclusive by Toronto based author Farzana Doctor Dr Chandra Sankurathri husband and father of Air India victims wrote an autobiography called Ray of Hope 183 In 2021 former CBC reporter Terry Milewski authored Blood for Blood Fifty Years of the Global Khalistan Project where he extensively examines the worldwide Khalistan movement its strong desire for retribution and the inadequate support provided by India s allies in the West He also outlines the progression and decline of diaspora militants such as Talwinder Singh Parmar who founded the Babbar Khalsa International terrorist organization in Vancouver and was also responsible for orchestrating the deadly Kanishka bomb plot in 1985 resulting in the loss of 329 lives aboard Air India Flight 182 Other recognition edit The Pada memorial awards at Laurentian University were established in honour of victim Vishnu Pada the husband of Lata Pada Indian born Canadian choreographer and Bharatanatyam dancer 184 The University of Manitoba created the Donald George Lougheed Memorial Scholarship in honour of Air India victim Donald George Lougheed It is awarded to computer engineering students 185 Laxminarayan and Padmini Turlapati the parents of victims Sanjay and Deepak Turlapati created the Sanjay Deepak Children Trust 88 Sankurathri Foundation was established by Dr Chandra Sekhar Sankurathri 186 in Kakinada Andhra Pradesh in memory of his wife Manjari son Sri Kiran and daughter Sarada victims of the Air India Flight 182 SF implements educational programs through Sarada Vidyalayam health care programs through Sri Kiran Institute of Ophthalmology and disaster relief programs through Spandana See also editTimeline of the Air India Flight 182 affair 1984 anti Sikh riots Air India Flight 112 alleged bomb plot Avianca Flight 203 Eisha Marjara Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking Iraqi Airways Flight 163 Itavia Flight 870 Japan Air Lines Flight 123 Lata Pada List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft Metrojet Flight 9268 Narita Airport Bombing a bombing that occurred on the same day at Tokyo Narita Airport Operation Blue Star Pan Am Flight 103 Sikhism in Canada Terrorism in Canada Timeline of airliner bombing attacks Cubana Flight 455 1933 United Airlines Boeing 247 mid air explosion the first case of an aircraft being bombed References editCitations edit a b Bell Stewart 2014 Leadership and the Toronto 18 In Bruce Hoffman Fernando Reinares eds The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat From 9 11 to Osama bin Laden s Death New York Columbia University Press p 144 ISBN 978 0 231 16898 4 Additional references Weston Keith 2012 Counter Terrorism Policing and the Rule of Law The Best of Friends In Ana Salinas 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killing 325 The Guardian UK Two held for 85 Kanishka crash The Tribune India Associated Press 28 October 2000 Archived from the original on 27 June 2008 Retrieved 28 April 2008 Special Report Air India Flight 182 Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 Retrieved 16 September 2009 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link CVR transcript Air India Flight 182 23 JUN 1985 Aviation Safety Network Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 Retrieved 21 July 2008 Vancouver The 9 September 2007 Portrait of a bomber Canada com Archived from the original on 29 July 2009 Retrieved 18 June 2010 CBC News Online March 15 2005 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 Retrieved 19 February 2011 Key witness was spurred to get information defence The Tribune India 26 November 2003 Archived from the original on 29 July 2010 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Times R W Apple Jr and Special To the New York 24 June 1985 329 Lost on 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York Times Associated Press Following is a list of people aboard Air India Flight 182 which crashed into the sea off the Irish coast yesterday The list was made public by the airline and relatives provided additional information Parents and children are sometimes listed as one passenger and the number does not add up to 329 although Air India in London said there were 307 passengers and 22 crew members aboard the flight Shah Sabir Terror incidents claiming more than 150 lives each in last 100 years thenews com pk The News 19 October 2013 Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 Retrieved 20 July 2021 a b Air India s Boeing 747 Kanishka plunges into watery grave with 329 passengers on board Cover Story India Today 26 June 2014 Retrieved 20 July 2021 Shyla Aurora remembering Juju Archived from the original on 18 March 2005 Retrieved 13 November 2014 a b Children shouldn t die in front of their parents Rediff com 11 December 2014 Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 Retrieved 20 July 2021 He said the victims included 86 children 29 families were completely wiped out both spouses and all children killed 32 persons were left alone their spouse and all children were killed six couples lost all their children two children lost both parents a b Dreams that died with the bombing canada com 8 January 2015 Archived from the original on 8 January 2015 Retrieved 20 July 2021 Smith Charlie Terror of Air India Flight 182 comes to small screen Archive The Georgia Straight 18 June 2008 Retrieved on 29 October 2014 However the authors emphasized that the vast majority of the victims were Hindus from southern Ontario whereas the perpetrators were extremist Sikhs from British Columbia Sikhs mourn Air India victims Montreal Gazette Wednesday 26 June 1985 p A1 Retrieved on Google News p 1 111 on 22 October 2014 Toronto reveals Air India memorial Archive Canwest News Service 23 June 2007 Retrieved on 28 October 2014 Most of the 329 people killed aboard the flight were from the Toronto area Oct 28 2000 Friday s charges came after a 15 year probe Archived 12 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Vancouver Sun 30 July 2007 Retrieved on 5 December 2014 While several B C families struggled with their grief the majority of those who perished came from Toronto and Montreal Final Report Volume 2 Part 1 Pre Bombing Chapter 5 The Day of the Bombing p 560 PDF p 14 40 In fact 202 passengers boarded at Pearson for the flight to India with the remaining 105 joining at Mirabel pp 36 43 09 flv interview footage of Renee Sarojini Saklikar Archive Air India 182 Official website Retrieved on 23 November 2014 They weren t originally booked on that connecting CP flight to make Flight 182 The footage takes place during the segment covering passengers who originated in Vancouver and boarded flights connecting to AI182 and the loading of the bomb onto the Canadian Pacific Air Lines flight Lederman Marsha Poet s new book communes with the ghosts of the Air India bombing Archived 30 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Globe and Mail Retrieved on 22 November 2014 They flew out of Montreal in the early hours UTC of 23 June 1985 on Air India Flight 182 Times Douglas Martin and Special To the New York 26 June 1985 As Indians Ranks in Canada Grow Old Conflicts are Also Transplanted The New York Times Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 Retrieved 24 March 2018 Save BIG with 9 99 COMs from GoDaddy Go Daddy Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 Retrieved 24 March 2018 Portrait of a bomber The Vancouver Sun 5 11 1991 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine 618省钱卡 充6元得36元 膨胀6倍 限时抢 BOB官网 BOB电竞首页 BOB综合平台 bcjustice com Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 a b India The New York Times 24 March 2018 Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 Retrieved 24 March 2018 March 19 Maclean s 19 March 2018 A reader s guide to the Air India bombing and the bloody conflict that preceded it Macleans Retrieved 5 February 2021 still the 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News 8 June 2004 Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Vikram Jit Singh 4 August 2007 Operation Silence Tehelka Archived from the original on 12 September 2012 Retrieved 27 July 2007 Air India inquiry will hear of alleged Parmar confession CBC News 23 September 2007 Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 Retrieved 25 September 2007 Kim Bolan 25 September 2007 Confession had false details inquiry told RCMP fully checked out alleged Parmar confession inspector tells commissioner Vancouver Sun Canada Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 Key Characters CBC Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 Retrieved 24 March 2018 Canada Com Homepage Canada Com ocanada Archived from the original on 23 August 2012 Fraser Keith 10 August 2009 Reyat s Air India perjury trial delayed to post Olympics The Province Retrieved 24 June 2010 dead link Malik Bagri not guilty in Air India bombings CTV News 16 March 2005 Archived from the original on 3 October 2006 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Fong Petti 24 June 2010 Air India families wait for answers 25 years later Toronto Star Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 Retrieved 25 June 2010 Saklikar Renee 23 June 2010 The lesson from Air India Flight 182 Curiosity can save us The Georgia Straight Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Bolan Kim 9 March 2010 Jury dismissed at Reyat perjury trial Vancouver Sun Canada via Times Colonist p A1 Man Gets 5 Years in Air India Bombing AP NEWS Retrieved 9 September 2022 Courtroom 20 Archived 25 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine Air India trial gets 7 2M high tech courtroom The Canadian Press via CP24 16 August 2002 Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Supreme Court of British Columbia Her Majesty the Queen Against Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri Courts gov bc ca Archived from the original on 20 September 2010 Retrieved 10 August 2009 Malik Bagri asked to pay Air India legal fees CBC News 25 November 2005 Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 Retrieved 24 June 2010 McQueen Ken 7 April 2008 Air India Trial Ends in Acquittal Historica Canada The Canadian Encyclopedia Shakil Ismail 15 July 2022 Canadian police confirm high profile killing of Sikh businessman Malik Reuters Retrieved 16 July 2022 Ward Doug 12 March 2010 New jury for Inderjit Singh Reyat perjury case on 17 May Vancouver Sun Canada via Calgary Herald Archived from the original on 25 April 2010 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Bolan Kim 9 July 2008 Released Air India bomber rejoins family National Post Canada Retrieved 24 June 2010 permanent dead link Air India bomb maker denied parole Archived 22 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine CBC News with files from Canadian Press 3 July 2007 Air India bomber s perjury trial stalled as jury dismissed Thaindian com Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 Retrieved 18 June 2010 Bains Camille 19 September 2010 Air India bomb maker guilty of perjury Lethbridge Herald p A2 a b 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March 2009 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Mayday Explosive Evidence Discovery Channel Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Badami Anita Rau 2006 Can you hear the nightbird call 1st ed Toronto A A Knopf Canada ISBN 0676976042 OCLC 58728737 Salim Jiwa Don Hauka 1986 The Death of Air India Flight 182 Star ISBN 978 0 352 31952 4 Bolan Kim August 2006 Loss of Faith How the Air India Bombers Got Away with Murder McClelland amp Stewart ISBN 978 0 7710 1131 3 Jiwa Salim Hauka Donald J 2006 Margin of Terror A Reporter s Twenty Years Odyssey Covering the Tragedies of the Air India Bombing Key Porter Books ISBN 978 1 55263 772 2 American Author Bharati Mukherjee in Istanbul United States Department of State Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 Retrieved 24 June 2010 ISBN 978 1 897151 32 7 The Soul of All Great Designs at Cormorant Books Cormorantbooks com Archived from the original on 12 August 2009 Retrieved 10 August 2009 Saklikar Renee Sarojini 2013 Children of Air India Un authorized Exhibits and Interjections Nightwood Editions ISBN 0 88971 287 5 Ray of Hope Air India bombing victim s memoir released in Canada Indo Canadian Voice 25 June 2018 Retrieved 9 July 2020 entrance awards Laurentian University Retrieved on 23 February 2012 Donald George Lougheed Memorial Scholarship Archive University of Manitoba Retrieved on 12 November 2014 2010 Heroes Archived from the original on 15 April 2021 Retrieved 30 January 2014 Sources edit Honourable Mr Justice B N Kirpal Judge High Court of Delhi Indian Government Report of the Court Investigating the accident of Air India Boeing 747 Aircraft VT EFO Kanishka on 23 June 1985 PDF Archive Archive 2 26 February 1986 Further reading editSomani Alia Rehana Broken Passages and Broken Promises Reconstructing the Komagata Maru and Air India Cases PhD thesis Archive School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Western Ontario 2012 Air India Flight 182 Accident Report Canadian and India Canadian and Indian technical reports External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air India Flight 182 External images nbsp Photos of VT EFO at Airliners net2010 Final Report Air India Commission Government of Canada The Verdict Reasons for Judgment R v Malik and Bagri Background on Air India bombing CBC ca Aftermath of Air India www Canada com Air India archives CBC Digital Archives The Air India Investigation Criminal Occurrence description at the Aviation Safety NetworkPassenger lists Final passenger and crew list Does not indicate locations or distinguish crew from passengers Passengers and Crew Aboard Air India Jetliner Associated Press at The New York Times 24 June 1985 Preliminary list with crew members indicated and locations of U S passengers indicated Alternate versionPortals nbsp Canada nbsp India nbsp Ireland nbsp Aviation nbsp 1980s Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Air India Flight 182 amp oldid 1207871143, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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