Camellia

For other uses, see Camellia (disambiguation).

Camellia (pronounced /kəˈmɛliə/^[2] or /kəˈmiːliə/^[3]) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae.^[1] They are found in tropical and subtropical areas in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia. There are more than 220 described species.^[1] Camellias are popular ornamental, tea and woody-oil plants that have been cultivated throughout the world for centuries. To date, over 26,000 cultivars, with more than 51,000 cultivar names including synonyms, have been registered or published.^[4][5]

Camellia
Camellia sasanqua is used as a garden plant, its leaves are used for tea, and its seeds for oil
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Theaceae
Genus:	Camellia L.
Species
About 187, see text
Synonyms^[1]
Calpandria Blume (1825) Camelliastrum Nakai (1940) Dankia Gagnep. (1939) Desmitus Raf. (1838) Drupifera Raf. (1838) Piquetia Hallier f. (1921) Salceda Blanco (1845) Sasanqua Nees (1834) Stereocarpus Hallier f. (1921) Thea L. (1753) Theaphylla Raf. (1830), nom. superfl. Theopsis Nakai (1940) Tsia Adans. (1763), nom. superfl. Tsubaki Adans. (1763), nom. superfl. Yunnanea Hu (1956)

Of economic importance in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, leaves of C. sinensis are processed to create the popular beverage tea. The ornamental C. japonica, C. sasanqua and their hybrids are the source of hundreds of garden cultivars. C. oleifera produces tea seed oil, used in cooking and cosmetics.

Taxonomy

The genus was named by Linnaeus after the Jesuit botanist Georg Joseph Kamel, who worked in the Philippines and described one of its species (although Linnaeus did not refer to Kamel's account when discussing the genus).^{[6]: 246, 255}

Botany

 

Leaves of Camellia sinensis, the tea plant

Camellias are evergreen shrubs or small trees up to 20 m (66 ft) tall. Their leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, and usually glossy.

Flowers and fruit

Their flowers are usually large and conspicuous, one to 12 cm in diameter, with five to nine petals in naturally occurring species of camellias. The colors of the flowers vary from white through pink colors to red; truly yellow flowers are found only in South China and Vietnam. Tea varieties are always white-flowered. Camellia flowers throughout the genus are characterized by a dense bouquet of conspicuous yellow stamens, often contrasting with the petal colors.^[7][8]

The fruit of camellia plants is a dry capsule, sometimes subdivided in up to five compartments, each compartment containing up to eight seeds.

Growth

The various species of camellia plants are generally well-adapted to acid soils rich in humus, and most species do not grow well on chalky soil or other calcium-rich soils. Most species of camellias also require a large amount of water, either from natural rainfall or from irrigation, and the plants will not tolerate droughts. However, some of the more unusual camellias – typically species from karst soils in Vietnam – can grow without too much water.

Camellia plants usually have a rapid growth rate. Typically they will grow about 30 cm per year until mature – though this does vary depending on their variety and geographical location.

Ecology

Camellia plants are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species. Leaves of Camellia japonica are susceptible to the fungal parasite Mycelia sterile (see below for the significance), mycelia sterile PF1022 produces a metabolite named PF1022A that is used to produce emodepside, an anthelmintic drug.^[9]

Mainly due to habitat destruction, several camellias have become quite rare in their natural range. One of these is the aforementioned C. reticulata, grown commercially in thousands for horticulture and oil production, but rare enough in its natural range to be considered a threatened species.

Use by humans

 

Camellia reticulata is rare in the wild but has been cultivated for hundreds of years.

Camellia sinensis, the tea plant, is of major commercial importance because tea is made from its leaves. The species C. sinensis is the product of many generations of selective breeding in order to bring out qualities considered desirable for tea. However, many other camellias can be used to produce a similar beverage. For example, in some parts of Japan, tea made from C. sasanqua leaves is popular.

Tea oil is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of C. oleifera, C. japonica, and to a lesser extent other species such as C. crapnelliana, C. reticulata, C. sasanqua and C. sinensis. Relatively little-known outside East Asia, it is the most important cooking oil for hundreds of millions of people, particularly in southern China.

Camellia oil is commonly used to clean and protect the blades of cutting instruments.

Camellia oil pressed from seeds of C. japonica, also called tsubaki oil or tsubaki-abura (椿油) in Japanese, has been traditionally used in Japan for hair care.^[10] C. japonica plant is used to prepare traditional antiinflammatory medicines.^[11]

History

Fossil record

The earliest fossil record of Camellia are the leaves of †C. abensis from the upper Eocene of Japan, †C. abchasica from the lower Oligocene of Bulgaria and †C. multiforma from the lower Oligocene of Washington, United States.^[12]

Garden history

Camellias were cultivated in the gardens of China and Japan for centuries before they were seen in Europe. The German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer reported^[13] that the "Japan Rose", as he called it, grew wild in woodland and hedgerow, but that many superior varieties had been selected for gardens. He was told that the plant had 900 names in Japanese. Europeans' earliest views of camellias must have been their representations in Chinese painted wallpapers, where they were often represented growing in porcelain pots.

The first living camellias seen in England were a single red and a single white, grown and flowered in his garden at Thorndon Hall, Essex, by Robert James, Lord Petre, among the keenest gardeners of his generation, in 1739. His gardener James Gordon was the first to introduce camellias to commerce, from the nurseries he established after Lord Petre's untimely death in 1743, at Mile End, Essex, near London.^[14]

With the expansion of the tea trade in the later 18th century, new varieties began to be seen in England, imported through the British East India Company. The Company's John Slater was responsible for the first of the new camellias, double ones, in white and a striped red, imported in 1792. Further camellias imported in the East Indiamen were associated with the patrons whose gardeners grew them: a double red for Sir Robert Preston in 1794 and the pale pink named "Lady Hume's Blush" for Amelia, the lady of Sir Abraham Hume of Wormleybury, Hertfordshire (1806). The camellia was imported from England to America in 1797 when Colonel John Stevens brought the flower as part of an effort to grow attractions within Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey.^[15] By 1819, twenty-five camellias had bloomed in England; that year the first monograph appeared, Samuel Curtis's, A Monograph on the Genus Camellia, whose five handsome folio colored illustrations have usually been removed from the slender text and framed. Camellias that set seed, though they did not flower for more than a decade, rewarded their growers with a wealth of new varieties. By the 1840s, the camellia was at the height of its fashion as the luxury flower. The Parisian courtesan Marie Duplessis, who died young in 1847, inspired Dumas' La Dame aux camélias and Verdi's La Traviata.

The fashionable imbricated formality of prized camellias was an element in their decline, replaced by the new hothouse orchid. Their revival after World War I as woodland shrubs for mild climates has been paralleled by the rise in popularity of Camellia sasanqua.

Modern cultivars

The tea camellia, C. sinensis, has many commercial cultivars selected for the taste of their leaves once processed into tea leaves.

Today camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000 cultivars and hybrids have been selected, many with double or semi-double flowers. C. japonica is the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars. Next are C. reticulata with over 400 named cultivars, and C. sasanqua with over 300 named cultivars. Popular hybrids include C. × hiemalis (C. japonica × C. sasanqua) and C. × williamsii (C. japonica × C. saluenensis). Some varieties can grow to a considerable size, up to 100 m², though more compact cultivars are available. They are frequently planted in woodland settings, alongside other calcifuges such as rhododendrons, and are particularly associated with areas of high soil acidity, such as Cornwall and Devon in the UK. They are highly valued for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. Late frosts can damage the flower buds, resulting in misshapen flowers.^[16]

There is great variety of flower forms:

• single (flat, bowl- or cup-shaped)
• semi-double (rows of large outer petals, with the centre comprising mixed petals and stamens)
• double:
  • paeony form (convex mass of irregular petals and petaloids with hidden stamens)
  • anemone form (one or more rows of outer petals, with mixed petaloids and stamens in the centre)
  • rose form (overlapping petals showing stamens in a concave centre when open)
  • formal double (rows of overlapping petals with hidden stamens)

AGM cultivars

Main article: List of Award of Garden Merit camellias

The following hybrid cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

Name	Parentage	Height	Spread	Flower colour	Flower type	Ref.
Cornish Snow	cuspidata × saluenensis	2.5	1.5	white	single	^[17]
Cornish Spring	cuspidata × japonica	2.5	1.5	pink	single	^[18]
Francie L		8.0	8.0	rose-pink	double	^[19]
Freedom Bell	× williamsii	2.5	2.5	red	semi-double	^[20]
Inspiration	reticulata × saluenensis	4.0	2.5	rose-pink	semi-double	^[21]
Leonard Messel	reticulata × × williamsii	4.0	4.0	rose-pink	semi-double	^[22]
Royalty	japonica × reticulata	1.0	1.0	light red	semi-double	^[23]
Spring Festival	× williamsii, cuspidata	4.0	2.5	pink	semi-double	^[24]
Tom Knudsen	japonica × reticulata	2.5	2.5	deep red	double paeony	^[25]
Tristrem Carlyon	reticulata	4.0	2.5	rose pink	double paeony	^[26]

•  

  Simple-flowered Camellia × williamsii cv. 'Brigadoon'

•  

  Semi-double-flowered camellia cultivar

•  

  Double-flowered camellia cultivar

•  

  Double-flowered hybrid cv. 'Jury's Yellow'

Species

 

Camellia fraterna

 

Flower buds of an unspecified camellia

 

Fruits of an unspecified camellia

 

Camellia japonica - MHNT

 

Camellia azalea

 

Camellia petelotii

Plants of the World Online currently includes:^[1]

1. Camellia albata Orel & Curry
2. Camellia amplexicaulis (Pit.) Cohen-Stuart
3. Camellia amplexifolia Merr. & Chun
4. Camellia anlungensis Hung T.Chang
5. Camellia assimiloides Sealy
6. Camellia aurea Hung T.Chang
7. Camellia azalea C.F.Wei
8. Camellia brevistyla (Hayata) Cohen-Stuart
9. Camellia bugiamapensis Orel, Curry, Luu & Q.D.Nguyen
10. Camellia campanulata Orel, Curry & Luu
11. Camellia candida Hung T.Chang
12. Camellia capitata Orel, Curry & Luu
13. Camellia cattienensis Orel
14. Camellia caudata Wall.
15. Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu
16. Camellia cherryana Orel
17. Camellia chinmeiae S.L.Lee & T.Y.A.Yang
18. Camellia chrysanthoides Hung T.Chang
19. Camellia concinna Orel & Curry
20. Camellia connata (Craib) Craib
21. Camellia corallina (Gagnep.) Sealy
22. Camellia cordifolia (F.P.Metcalf) Nakai
23. Camellia costata S.Y.Hu & S.Y.Liang
24. Camellia costei H.Lév.
25. Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher – Crapnell's camellia
26. Camellia crassicolumna Hung T.Chang
27. Camellia crassipes Sealy
28. Camellia crassiphylla Ninh & Hakoda
29. Camellia cuongiana Orel & Curry
30. Camellia cupiformis T.L.Ming
31. Camellia curryana Orel & Luu
32. Camellia cuspidata (Kochs) Bean
33. Camellia dalatensis V.D.Luong, Ninh & Hakoda
34. Camellia debaoensis R.C.Hu & Y.Q.Liufu
35. Camellia decora Orel, Curry & Luu
36. Camellia dilinhensis Ninh & V.D.Luong
37. Camellia dongnaicensis Orel
38. Camellia dormoyana (Pierre ex Laness.) Sealy
39. Camellia drupifera Lour.
40. Camellia duyana Orel, Curry & Luu
41. Camellia edithae Hance
42. Camellia elizabethae Orel & Curry
43. Camellia elongata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Rehder
44. Camellia erubescens Orel & Curry
45. Camellia euphlebia Merr. ex Sealy
46. Camellia euryoides Lindl.
47. Camellia fangchengensis S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
48. Camellia fansipanensis J.M.H.Shaw, Wynn-Jones & V.D.Nguyen
49. Camellia fascicularis Hung T.Chang
50. Camellia flava (Pit.) Sealy
51. Camellia flavida Hung T.Chang
52. Camellia fleuryi (A.Chev.) Sealy
53. Camellia fluviatilis Hand.-Mazz.
54. Camellia forrestii (Diels) Cohen-Stuart
55. Camellia fraterna Hance
56. Camellia furfuracea (Merr.) Cohen-Stuart
57. Camellia gaudichaudii (Gagnep.) Sealy
58. Camellia gilbertii (A.Chev.) Sealy
59. Camellia glabricostata T.L.Ming
60. Camellia gracilipes Merr. ex Sealy
61. Camellia grandibracteata Hung T.Chang, Y.J.Tan, F.L.Yu & P.S.Wang
62. Camellia granthamiana Sealy – Grantham's camellia
63. Camellia grijsii Hance
64. Camellia gymnogyna Hung T.Chang
65. Camellia harlandii Orel & Curry
66. Camellia hatinhensis V.D.Luong, Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
67. Camellia hekouensis C.J.Wang & G.S.Fan
68. Camellia hiemalis Nakai
69. Camellia honbaensis Luu, Q.D.Nguyen & G.Tran
70. Camellia hongiaoensis Orel & Curry
71. Camellia hongkongensis Seem.
72. Camellia hsinpeiensis S.S.Ying
73. Camellia huana T.L.Ming & W.J.Zhang
74. Camellia ilicifolia Y.K.Li
75. Camellia impressinervis Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
76. Camellia indochinensis Merr.
77. Camellia ingens Orel & Curry
78. Camellia insularis Orel & Curry
79. Camellia × intermedia (Tuyama) Nagam.
80. Camellia inusitata Orel, Curry & Luu
81. Camellia japonica L. – East Asian camellia
    synonym Camellia rusticana – snow camellia
82. Camellia kissii Wall.
83. Camellia krempfii (Gagnep.) Sealy
84. Camellia kwangsiensis Hung T.Chang
85. Camellia lanceolata (Blume) Seem.
86. Camellia langbianensis (Gagnep.) P.H.Hô
87. Camellia laotica (Gagnep.) T.L.Ming
88. Camellia lawii Sealy
89. Camellia leptophylla S.Ye Liang ex Hung T.Chang
90. Camellia ligustrina Orel, Curry & Luu
91. Camellia longicalyx Hung T.Chang
92. Camellia longii Orel & Luu
93. Camellia longipedicellata (Hu) Hung T.Chang & D.Fang
94. Camellia longissima Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
95. Camellia lucii Orel & Curry
96. Camellia lutchuensis T.Itô
97. Camellia luteocerata Orel
98. Camellia luteoflora Y.K.Li ex Hung T.Chang & F.A.Zeng
99. Camellia luteopallida V.D.Luong, T.Q.T.Nguyen & Luu
100. Camellia luuana Orel & Curry
101. Camellia maiana Orel
102. Camellia mairei (H.Lév.) Melch.
103. Camellia maoniushanensis J.L.Liu & Q.Luo
104. Camellia megasepala Hung T.Chang & Trin Ninh
105. Camellia melliana Hand.-Mazz.
106. Camellia micrantha S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
107. Camellia mileensis T.L.Ming
108. Camellia mingii S.X.Yang
109. Camellia minima Orel & Curry
110. Camellia mollis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
111. Camellia montana (Blanco) Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
112. Camellia murauchii Ninh & Hakoda
113. Camellia namkadingensis Soulad. & Tagane
114. Camellia nematodea (Gagnep.) Sealy
115. Camellia nervosa (Gagnep.) Hung T.Chang
116. Camellia oconoriana Orel, Curry & Luu
117. Camellia oleifera C.Abel – oil-seed camellia, tea oil camellia
118. Camellia pachyandra Hu
119. Camellia parviflora Merr. & Chun ex Sealy
120. Camellia parvimuricata Hung T.Chang
121. Camellia paucipunctata (Merr. & Chun) Chun
122. Camellia petelotii (Merr.) Sealy synonyms:
     C. chrysantha, C. nitidissima – yellow camellia
123. Camellia philippinensis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
124. Camellia pilosperma S.Yun Liang
125. Camellia pingguoensis D.Fang
126. Camellia piquetiana (Pierre) Sealy
127. Camellia pitardii Cohen-Stuart
128. Camellia pleurocarpa (Gagnep.) Sealy
129. Camellia polyodonta F.C.How ex Hu
130. Camellia psilocarpa X.G.Shi & C.X.Ye
131. Camellia ptilophylla Hung T.Chang
132. Camellia pubicosta Merr.
133. Camellia pubifurfuracea Y.C.Zhong
134. Camellia pubipetala Y.Wan & S.Z.Huang
135. Camellia pukhangensis N.D.Do, V.D.Luong, S.T.Hoang & T.H.Lê
136. Camellia punctata (Kochs) Cohen-Stuart
137. Camellia pyriparva Orel & Curry
138. Camellia pyxidiacea Z.R.Xu, F.P.Chen & C.Y.Deng
139. Camellia quangcuongii L.V.Dung, S.T. Hoang & Nhan
140. Camellia reflexa Orel & Curry
141. Camellia renshanxiangiae C.X.Ye & X.Q.Zheng
142. Camellia reticulata Lindl.
143. Camellia rhytidocarpa Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
144. Camellia rosacea Tagane, Soulad. & Yahara
145. Camellia rosiflora Hook.
146. Camellia rosmannii Ninh
147. Camellia rosthorniana Hand.-Mazz.
148. Camellia rubriflora Ninh & Hakoda
149. Camellia salicifolia Champ.
150. Camellia saluenensis Stapf ex Bean
151. Camellia sasanqua Thunb.
152. Camellia scabrosa Orel & Curry
153. Camellia sealyana T.L.Ming
154. Camellia semiserrata C.W.Chi
155. Camellia septempetala Hung T.Chang & L.L.Qi
156. Camellia siangensis T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar
157. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze – tea plant
158. Camellia sonthaiensis Luu, V.D.Luong, Q.D.Nguyen & T.Q.T.Nguyen
159. Camellia stuartiana Sealy
160. Camellia subintegra P.C.Huang
161. Camellia synaptica Sealy
162. Camellia szechuanensis C.W.Chi
163. Camellia szemaoensis Hung T.Chang
164. Camellia tachangensis F.S.Zhang
165. Camellia tadungensis Orel, Curry & Luu
166. Camellia taliensis (W.W.Sm.) Melch. – also used to make tea like C. sinensis
167. Camellia tenii Sealy
168. Camellia thailandica Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
169. Camellia thanxaensa Hakoda & Kirino
170. Camellia tienyenensis Orel & Curry
171. Camellia tomentosa Orel & Curry
172. Camellia tonkinensis (Pit.) Cohen-Stuart
173. Camellia transarisanensis (Hayata) Cohen-Stuart
174. Camellia trichoclada (Rehder) S.S.Chien
175. Camellia tsaii Hu
176. Camellia tsingpienensis Hu
177. Camellia tuberculata S.S.Chien
178. Camellia tuyenquangensis V.D.Luong, Le & Ninh
179. Camellia uraku Kitam.
180. Camellia villicarpa S.S.Chien
181. Camellia viridicalyx Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
182. Camellia viscosa Orel & Curry
183. Camellia vuquangensis V.D.Luong, Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
184. Camellia wardii Kobuski
185. Camellia xanthochroma K.M.Feng & L.S.Xie
186. Camellia yokdonensis Dung bis & Hakoda
187. Camellia yunkiangica Hung T.Chang, H.S.Wang & B.H.Chen
188. Camellia yunnanensis (Pit. ex Diels) Cohen-Stuart

Cultural significance

 

Portrait of a New Zealand suffragette, c. 1880. The sitter wears a white camellia, symbolic of support for advancing women's rights.

The Camellia family of plants in popular culture.

• The following cities are nicknamed the "Camellia City" of each state: Greenville, Alabama; Sacramento, California; Fort Walton Beach, Florida; Slidell, Louisiana; McComb, Mississippi; Newberg, Oregon; and, Thomson, Georgia is nicknamed the "Camellia City of the South".
• The camellia is the state flower of Alabama.^[27]
• The Camellia Bowl is a post-season college football game played in Montgomery, Alabama, hosted by the NCAA.
• Alexandre Dumas fils wrote the novel and stage adaptation The Lady of the Camellias, wherein the flower is a symbol of a courtesan's sexual availability.
• Augusta National Golf Club's 10th hole is named "Camellia", one of many references to the plant nursery originally on the site of the course.
• Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem entitled "Camellia" about a youth's longing for a young woman he sees on the train.
• In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem destroys Mrs. Dubose's camellia bushes after she insults his family, yet he later receives a camellia bud from the dying woman.
• A white camellia flower is an iconic symbol of Chanel haute couture, a tradition started by Coco Chanel herself who identified with the heroine of Dumas' work.
• Camellias have major significance in the Akira Kurosawa film Sanjuro, likely due to their association with the concept of "a noble death" in samurai culture.
• White camellias became a symbol of the women's suffrage movement in New Zealand and appears on the country's ten-dollar note.
• The Knights of the White Camelia was an organization similar to the Ku Klux Klan.
• Temple City, California's slogan since 1944 has been "Temple City, Home of Camellias", and the city has become well-known for its Camellia Festival.
• In Brazil, the camellia was a symbol of abolitionist movement during the Imperial Age. It was common practice for abolitionists to plant camellias in a show of solidarity.^[28]
• An Argentinian military march is called "Avenida de las Camelias".
• Camellia flowers are featured on the cover of The Silent Circus, the second studio album by American progressive metal band Between the Buried and Me.

See also

•  Alabama portal

• List of Award of Garden Merit camellias

References

1. "Camellia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
2. "camellia". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
3. "camellia". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
4. Wang, Yanan; Zhuang, Huifu; Shen, Yunguang; Wang, Yuhua; Wang, Zhonglang (2021-01-19). "The Dataset of Camellia Cultivars Names in the World". Biodiversity Data Journal. 9: e61646. doi:10.3897/BDJ.9.e61646. ISSN 1314-2828. PMC 7838149. PMID 33519266.
5. "International Camellia Register-Camellia, Cultivars, Species, Photos". camellia.iflora.cn. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
6. Kroupa, Sebestian (November 2015). "Ex epistulis Philippinensibus: Georg Joseph Kamel SJ (1661–1706) and His Correspondence Network". Centaurus. 57 (4): 229–259. doi:10.1111/1600-0498.12099. ISSN 1600-0498.
7. Mair and Hoh (2009).
8. The International Camellia Society. Flowers of Camellias.
9. Harder et al. (2005)
10. How to Use Japanese Camellia (Tsubaki) Oil. [1].
11. Majumder, Soumya; Ghosh, Arindam; Bhattacharya, Malay (2020-08-27). "Natural anti-inflammatory terpenoids in Camellia japonica leaf and probable biosynthesis pathways of the metabolome". Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 44 (1): 141. doi:10.1186/s42269-020-00397-7. ISSN 2522-8307.
12. Journal of Plant Research, September 2016, Volume 129, Issue 5, pp 823–831, Camellia nanningensis sp. nov.: the earliest fossil wood record of the genus Camellia (Theaceae) from East Asia by Lu-Liang Huang, Jian-Hua Jin, Cheng Quan and Alexei A.
13. Kaemfer, Amoenitates exoticae, 1712, noted by Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Camellia".
14. Coats (1964) 1992.
15. The New York Botanical Garden, Curtis' Botanical Magazine, Volume X Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden, 1797
16. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
17. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Cornish Snow' (cuspidata × saluenensis) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
18. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Cornish Spring' (cuspidata × japonica) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
19. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Francie L' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
20. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Freedom Bell' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
21. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Inspiration' (reticulata × saluenensis) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
22. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Leonard Messel' (reticulata × williamsii) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
23. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Royalty' (japonica × reticulata) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
24. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Spring Festival' (cuspidata hybrid) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
25. "RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Tom Knudsen' (japonica × reticulata) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
26. "Camellia 'Tristrem Carlyon'". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
27. "State Flower of Alabama". Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. February 6, 2014. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
28. Toni Boornazian (November 23, 2020). "Camellia: The "Winter's Rose"". Stuyvesant Park Neighborhood Association. Retrieved 2022-08-10.

Further reading

• Harder, A.; Holden–Dye, L.; Walker, R. & Wunderlich, F. (2005): Mechanisms of action of emodepside. Parasitology Research 97(Supplement 1): S1-S10. doi:10.1007/s00436-005-1438-z (HTML abstract)
• Mair, V.; Hoh, E. (2009): The True History of Tea. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-25146-1.
• F. Camangi, A. Stefani, T. Bracci, A. Minnocci, L. Sebastiani, A. Lippi, G. Cattolica, A.M. Santoro: Antiche camelie della Lucchesia (Storia, Botanico, Cultura, agronomia novità scientifiche e curiosità; Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca). Edition ETS; Lucca, 2012. Italian.

External links

 

Wikispecies has information related to Camellia.

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camellia.

• The International Camellia Society
• The American Camellia Society
• First Public Camellia Show historical marker
• Camellia House, Wollaton Park