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Shrub

October 15, 2023

This article is about the plant. For other uses, see Shrub (disambiguation).
"Bushes" redirects here. For the American political family, see Bush family. For other uses, see Bush (disambiguation).

A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple stems and shorter height, less than 6–10 m (20–33 ft) tall.[1][2] Small shrubs, less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall are sometimes termed as subshrubs. Many botanical groups have species that are shrubs, and others that are trees and herbaceous plants instead.

A broom shrub in flower
A rhododendron shrubbery in Sheringham Park

Some define a shrub as less than 6 m (20 ft) and a tree as over 6 m. Others use 10 m (33 ft) as the cutoff point for classification.[2] Many trees do not reach this mature height because of hostile less than ideal growing conditions, and resemble shrub-sized plants. Others in such species have the potential to grow taller in ideal conditions. For longevity, most shrubs are classified between perennials and trees. Some only last about five years in good conditions. Others, usually larger and more woody, live beyond 70. On average, they die after eight years.[3]

Shrubland is the natural landscape dominated by various shrubs; there are many distinct types around the world, including fynbos, maquis, shrub-steppe, shrub swamp and moorland. In gardens and parks, an area largely dedicated to shrubs (now somewhat less fashionable than a century ago) is called a shrubbery, shrub border or shrub garden. There are many garden cultivars of shrubs, bred for flowering, for example rhododendrons, and sometimes even leaf colour or shape.

Compared to trees and herbaceous plants, perhaps a relatively small number of shrubs have agricultural or commercial uses. Apart from the several berry-bearing species (using the culinary rather than botanical definition), few are eaten directly, and they are generally too small for much timber use unlike trees.[4] Those that are used include several perfumed species such as lavender and rose, and a wide range of plants with medicinal uses. Tea and coffee are on the tree-shrub boundary;[5] they are normally harvested from shrub-sized plants, but these would be large enough to become small trees if left to grow instead.

Definition Edit

Shrubs are perennial woody plants, and therefore have persistent woody stems above ground (compare with succulent stems of herbaceous plants).[2] Usually, shrubs are distinguished from trees by their height and multiple stems. Some shrubs are deciduous (e.g. hawthorn) and others evergreen (e.g. holly).[2] Ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus divided the plant world into trees, shrubs and herbs.[6]

Small, low shrubs, generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as lavender, periwinkle and most small garden varieties of rose, are often termed as subshrubs.[7][8]

Most definitions characterize shrubs as possessing multiple stems with no main trunk below.[2] This is because the stems have branched below ground level. There are exceptions to this, with some shrubs having main trunks, but these tend to be very short and divide into multiple stems close to ground level without a reasonable length beforehand. Many trees can grow in multiple stemmed forms also while being tall enough to be trees, such as oak or ash.[2]

Use in gardens and parks Edit

An area of cultivated shrubs in a park or a garden is known as a shrubbery.[9] When clipped as topiary, suitable species or varieties of shrubs develop dense foliage and many small leafy branches growing close together.[10] Many shrubs respond well to renewal pruning, in which hard cutting back to a "stool", removes everything but vital parts of the plant, resulting in long new stems known as "canes".[11] Other shrubs respond better to selective pruning to dead or unhealthy, or otherwise unattractive parts to reveal their structure and character.[12]

Shrubs in common garden practice are generally considered broad-leaved plants, though some smaller conifers such as mountain pine and common juniper are also shrubby in structure. Species that grow into a shrubby habit may be either deciduous or evergreen.[13]

Botanical structure Edit

See also: Shrubland
 
Shrub vegetation (with some cactus) in Webb County, Texas.
 
Blackthorn shrub (Prunus spinosa) in the Vogelsberg
 
Hydrangea macrophylla
 
Winter-flowering Witch-hazel (Hamamelis)
 
Senecio angulatus, a scrambling shrub by the sea (yellow-flowered).

In botany and ecology, a shrub is more specifically used to describe the particular physical canopy structure or plant life-form of woody plants which are less than 8 metres (26 ft) high and usually multiple stems arising at or near the surface of the ground. For example, a descriptive system widely adopted in Australia is based on structural characteristics based on life-form, plus the height and amount of foliage cover of the tallest layer or dominant species.[14]

For shrubs that are 2–8 metres (6.6–26.2 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized:

  • dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-shrubs
  • mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-shrubs
  • sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — tall shrubland
  • very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — tall open shrubland

For shrubs less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized:

  • dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-heath or closed low shrubland—(North America)
  • mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-heath or mid-dense low shrubland—(North America)
  • sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — low shrubland
  • very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — low open shrubland

List Edit

Those marked with * can also develop into tree form if in ideal conditions.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
  • Ulex (Gorse)
  • Ulmus pumila celer (Turkestan elm – Wonder Hedge)
  • Ungnadia (Mexican Buckeye)
V
W
X
Y
Z

References Edit

  1. ^ Lawrence, Anna; Hawthorne, William (2006). Plant Identification: Creating User-friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management. Routledge. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-1-84407-079-4.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Allaby, Michael (2019). A dictionary of plant sciences. Oxford Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198833338. OCLC 1097073225.
  3. ^ "Life Spans of Small Trees and Shrubs". McCabe's Landscape Construction. 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  4. ^ Rosewood does not come from roses.
  5. ^ Clayton, Liz. "Is The Coffee Plant A Tree, Bush, Or Shrub?". sprudge.com. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  6. ^ Bremness, Lesley (1994). The complete book of herbs. Viking Studio Books. p. 8. ISBN 9780140238020.
  7. ^ Fischer, Peggy (1990). Essential shrubs: the 100 best for design and cultivation. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-56799-319-6. ... Examples of subshrubs include candytuft, lavender, and rosemary. These broad definitions are ...
  8. ^ "What is a Subshrub?". World of Flowering Plants. 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  9. ^ Whitefield, Patrick (2002). How to Make a Forest Garden. Permanent Publications. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-1-85623-008-7.
  10. ^ Varkulevicius, Jane (17 May 2010). Pruning for Flowers and Fruit. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643101975. Retrieved 19 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ "Rejuvenation or Renewal Pruning to Restore Overgrown Shrubs". Organic Plant Care LLC | Organic Lawn & Plant Health Service in Hunterdon, Morris, Somerset & Union Counties, NJ and Bucks County, PA. 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  12. ^ Turpin, Jason (2018-08-29). "What is Selective Tree and Shrub Pruning-How to Prune Correctly!". Turpin Landscape Design/Build. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  13. ^ Elliott, Franklin Reuben (1 November 2008). Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. Applewood Books. ISBN 9781429012904. Retrieved 19 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ Costermans, L. F. (1993) Native trees and shrubs of South-Eastern Australia. rev. ed. ISBN 0-947116-76-1

October 15, 2023
shrub, this, article, about, plant, other, uses, disambiguation, bushes, redirects, here, american, political, family, bush, family, other, uses, bush, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, arti. This article is about the plant For other uses see Shrub disambiguation Bushes redirects here For the American political family see Bush family For other uses see Bush disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Shrub news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message A shrub often also called a bush is a small to medium sized perennial woody plant Unlike herbaceous plants shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen They are distinguished from trees by their multiple stems and shorter height less than 6 10 m 20 33 ft tall 1 2 Small shrubs less than 2 m 6 6 ft tall are sometimes termed as subshrubs Many botanical groups have species that are shrubs and others that are trees and herbaceous plants instead A broom shrub in flowerA rhododendron shrubbery in Sheringham ParkSome define a shrub as less than 6 m 20 ft and a tree as over 6 m Others use 10 m 33 ft as the cutoff point for classification 2 Many trees do not reach this mature height because of hostile less than ideal growing conditions and resemble shrub sized plants Others in such species have the potential to grow taller in ideal conditions For longevity most shrubs are classified between perennials and trees Some only last about five years in good conditions Others usually larger and more woody live beyond 70 On average they die after eight years 3 Shrubland is the natural landscape dominated by various shrubs there are many distinct types around the world including fynbos maquis shrub steppe shrub swamp and moorland In gardens and parks an area largely dedicated to shrubs now somewhat less fashionable than a century ago is called a shrubbery shrub border or shrub garden There are many garden cultivars of shrubs bred for flowering for example rhododendrons and sometimes even leaf colour or shape Compared to trees and herbaceous plants perhaps a relatively small number of shrubs have agricultural or commercial uses Apart from the several berry bearing species using the culinary rather than botanical definition few are eaten directly and they are generally too small for much timber use unlike trees 4 Those that are used include several perfumed species such as lavender and rose and a wide range of plants with medicinal uses Tea and coffee are on the tree shrub boundary 5 they are normally harvested from shrub sized plants but these would be large enough to become small trees if left to grow instead Contents 1 Definition 2 Use in gardens and parks 3 Botanical structure 4 List 5 ReferencesDefinition EditShrubs are perennial woody plants and therefore have persistent woody stems above ground compare with succulent stems of herbaceous plants 2 Usually shrubs are distinguished from trees by their height and multiple stems Some shrubs are deciduous e g hawthorn and others evergreen e g holly 2 Ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus divided the plant world into trees shrubs and herbs 6 Small low shrubs generally less than 2 m 6 6 ft tall such as lavender periwinkle and most small garden varieties of rose are often termed as subshrubs 7 8 Most definitions characterize shrubs as possessing multiple stems with no main trunk below 2 This is because the stems have branched below ground level There are exceptions to this with some shrubs having main trunks but these tend to be very short and divide into multiple stems close to ground level without a reasonable length beforehand Many trees can grow in multiple stemmed forms also while being tall enough to be trees such as oak or ash 2 Use in gardens and parks EditAn area of cultivated shrubs in a park or a garden is known as a shrubbery 9 When clipped as topiary suitable species or varieties of shrubs develop dense foliage and many small leafy branches growing close together 10 Many shrubs respond well to renewal pruning in which hard cutting back to a stool removes everything but vital parts of the plant resulting in long new stems known as canes 11 Other shrubs respond better to selective pruning to dead or unhealthy or otherwise unattractive parts to reveal their structure and character 12 Shrubs in common garden practice are generally considered broad leaved plants though some smaller conifers such as mountain pine and common juniper are also shrubby in structure Species that grow into a shrubby habit may be either deciduous or evergreen 13 Botanical structure EditSee also Shrubland nbsp Shrub vegetation with some cactus in Webb County Texas nbsp Blackthorn shrub Prunus spinosa in the Vogelsberg nbsp Hydrangea macrophylla nbsp Winter flowering Witch hazel Hamamelis nbsp Senecio angulatus a scrambling shrub by the sea yellow flowered In botany and ecology a shrub is more specifically used to describe the particular physical canopy structure or plant life form of woody plants which are less than 8 metres 26 ft high and usually multiple stems arising at or near the surface of the ground For example a descriptive system widely adopted in Australia is based on structural characteristics based on life form plus the height and amount of foliage cover of the tallest layer or dominant species 14 For shrubs that are 2 8 metres 6 6 26 2 ft high the following structural forms are categorized dense foliage cover 70 100 closed shrubs mid dense foliage cover 30 70 open shrubs sparse foliage cover 10 30 tall shrubland very sparse foliage cover lt 10 tall open shrublandFor shrubs less than 2 metres 6 6 ft high the following structural forms are categorized dense foliage cover 70 100 closed heath or closed low shrubland North America mid dense foliage cover 30 70 open heath or mid dense low shrubland North America sparse foliage cover 10 30 low shrubland very sparse foliage cover lt 10 low open shrublandList EditThose marked with can also develop into tree form if in ideal conditions AAbelia Abelia Acer Maple Actinidia Actinidia Aloe Aloe Aralia Angelica Tree Hercules Club Arctostaphylos Bearberry Manzanita Aronia Chokeberry Artemisia Sagebrush Aucuba Aucuba BBerberis Barberry Bougainvillea Bougainvillea Brugmansia Angel s trumpet Buddleja Butterfly bush Buxus Box CCalia Mescalbean Callicarpa Beautyberry Callistemon Bottlebrush Calluna Heather Calycanthus Sweetshrub Camellia Camellia Tea Caragana Pea tree Carpenteria Carpenteria Caryopteris Blue Spiraea Cassiope Moss heather Ceanothus Ceanothus Celastrus Staff vine Ceratostigma Hardy Plumbago Cercocarpus Mountain mahogany Chaenomeles Japanese Quince Chamaebatiaria Fernbush Chamaedaphne Leatherleaf Chimonanthus Wintersweet Chionanthus Fringe tree Choisya Mexican orange Blossom Cistus Rockrose Clerodendrum Clerodendrum Clethra Summersweet Pepperbush Clianthus Glory Pea Colletia Colletia Colutea Bladder Senna Comptonia Sweetfern Cornus Dogwood Corylopsis Winter hazel Cotinus Smoketree Cotoneaster Cotoneaster Cowania Cliffrose Crataegus Hawthorn Crinodendron Crinodendron Cytisus and allied genera Broom DDaboecia Heath Danae Alexandrian laurel Daphne Daphne Decaisnea Decaisnea Dasiphora Shrubby Cinquefoil Dendromecon Tree poppy Desfontainea Desfontainea Deutzia Deutzia Diervilla Bush honeysuckle Dipelta Dipelta Dirca Leatherwood Dracaena Dragon tree Drimys Winter s Bark Dryas Mountain Avens EEdgeworthia Paper Bush Elaeagnus Elaeagnus Embothrium Chilean Firebush Empetrum Crowberry Enkianthus Pagoda Bush Ephedra Ephedra Epigaea Trailing Arbutus Erica Heath Eriobotrya Loquat Escallonia Escallonia Eucryphia Eucryphia Euonymus Spindle Exochorda Pearl Bush FFabiana Fabiana Fallugia Apache Plume Fatsia Fatsia Forsythia Forsythia Fothergilla Fothergilla Franklinia Franklinia Fremontodendron Flannelbush Fuchsia Fuchsia GGarrya Silk tassel Gaultheria Salal Gaylussacia Huckleberry Genista Broom Gordonia Loblolly bay Grevillea Grevillea Griselinia Griselinia HHakea Hakea Halesia Silverbell Halimium Rockrose Hamamelis Witch hazel Hebe Hebe Hedera Ivy Helianthemum Rockrose Hibiscus Hibiscus Hippophae Sea buckthorn Hoheria Lacebark Holodiscus Creambush Hudsonia Hudsonia Hydrangea Hydrangea Hypericum Rose of Sharon Hyssopus Hyssop IIlex Holly Illicium Star Anise Indigofera Indigo Itea Sweetspire JJamesia Cliffbush Jasminum Jasmine Juniperus Juniper KKalmia Mountain laurel Kerria Kerria Kolkwitzia Beauty bush LLagerstroemia Crape myrtle Lapageria Copihue Lantana Lantana Lavandula Lavender Lavatera Tree Mallow Ledum Ledum Leitneria Corkwood Lespedeza Bush Clover Leptospermum Manuka Leucothoe Doghobble Leycesteria Leycesteria Ligustrum Privet Lindera Spicebush Linnaea Twinflower Lonicera Honeysuckle Lupinus Tree Lupin Lycium Boxthorn MMagnolia Magnolia Mahonia Mahonia Malpighia Acerola Menispermum Moonseed Menziesia Menziesia Mespilus Medlar Microcachrys Microcachrys Myrica Bayberry Myricaria Myricaria Myrtus and allied genera Myrtle NNeillia Neillia Nerium Oleander OOlearia Daisy bush Osmanthus Osmanthus PPachysandra Pachysandra Paeonia Tree peony Persoonia Geebungs Philadelphus Mock orange Phlomis Jerusalem Sage Photinia Photinia Physocarpus Ninebark Pieris Pieris Pistacia Pistachio Mastic Pittosporum Pittosporum Plumbago Leadwort Polygala Milkwort Poncirus Prunus Cherry Purshia Antelope Bush Pyracantha Firethorn QQuassia Quassia Quercus Oak Quillaja Quillay Quintinia Tawheowheo RRhamnus Buckthorn Rhododendron Rhododendron Azalea Rhus Sumac Ribes Currant Gooseberry Romneya Tree poppy Rosa Rose Rosmarinus Rosemary Rubus Bramble Raspberry Salmonberry Wineberry Ruta Rue SSabia Salix Willow Salvia Sage Salvia subg Perovskia Russian Sage Sambucus Elder Santolina Lavender Cotton Sapindus Soapberry Senecio Senecio Simmondsia Jojoba Skimmia Skimmia Smilax Smilax Sophora Kowhai Sorbaria Sorbaria Spartium Spanish Broom Spiraea Spiraea Staphylea Bladdernut Stephanandra Stephanandra Styrax Symphoricarpos Snowberry Syringa Lilac TTamarix Tamarix Taxus Yew Telopea Waratah Thuja cvs Arborvitae Thymelaea Thymus Thyme Trochodendron UUlex Gorse Ulmus pumila celer Turkestan elm Wonder Hedge Ungnadia Mexican Buckeye VVaccinium Bilberry Blueberry Cranberry Verbesina centroboyacana Verbena Vervain Viburnum Viburnum Vinca Periwinkle Viscum Mistletoe WWeigela Weigela XXanthoceras Xanthorhiza Yellowroot XylosmaYYucca Yucca Joshua tree ZZanthoxylum Zauschneria Zenobia Ziziphus References Edit Lawrence Anna Hawthorne William 2006 Plant Identification Creating User friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management Routledge pp 138 ISBN 978 1 84407 079 4 a b c d e f Allaby Michael 2019 A dictionary of plant sciences Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780198833338 OCLC 1097073225 Life Spans of Small Trees and Shrubs McCabe s Landscape Construction 2014 02 27 Retrieved 2022 04 29 Rosewood does not come from roses Clayton Liz Is The Coffee Plant A Tree Bush Or Shrub sprudge com Retrieved 2022 04 29 Bremness Lesley 1994 The complete book of herbs Viking Studio Books p 8 ISBN 9780140238020 Fischer Peggy 1990 Essential shrubs the 100 best for design and cultivation Friedman Fairfax Publishers pp 9 ISBN 978 1 56799 319 6 Examples of subshrubs include candytuft lavender and rosemary These broad definitions are What is a Subshrub World of Flowering Plants 2017 05 15 Retrieved 2022 04 29 Whitefield Patrick 2002 How to Make a Forest Garden Permanent Publications pp 113 ISBN 978 1 85623 008 7 Varkulevicius Jane 17 May 2010 Pruning for Flowers and Fruit Csiro Publishing ISBN 9780643101975 Retrieved 19 December 2017 via Google Books Rejuvenation or Renewal Pruning to Restore Overgrown Shrubs Organic Plant Care LLC Organic Lawn amp Plant Health Service in Hunterdon Morris Somerset amp Union Counties NJ and Bucks County PA 2019 02 21 Retrieved 2022 04 29 Turpin Jason 2018 08 29 What is Selective Tree and Shrub Pruning How to Prune Correctly Turpin Landscape Design Build Retrieved 2022 04 29 Elliott Franklin Reuben 1 November 2008 Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs Applewood Books ISBN 9781429012904 Retrieved 19 December 2017 via Google Books Costermans L F 1993 Native trees and shrubs of South Eastern Australia rev ed ISBN 0 947116 76 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shrub amp oldid 1172720845, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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