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A governorate, gubernia, province, or government (Russian: губе́рния (pre-1918: губе́рнія), IPA: [ɡʊˈbʲɛrnʲɪjə], also romanizedguberniia, guberniya; Ukrainian: губе́рнія, romanized: huberniia), was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire. After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, governorates remained as subdivisions in Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, and in the Soviet Union from its formation until 1929. The term is also translated as government, governorate, or province. A governorate was headed by a governor (губернатор, gubernator), a word borrowed from Latin gubernator, in turn from Greek κυβερνήτης.
Division of Russia into eight governorates in 1708
This subdivision type was created by the edict (ukase) of Peter the Great on December 18, 1708 "On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them", which divided Russia into eight governorates.
Second reform
In 1719, governorates were further subdivided into provinces (провинции, provintsii). Later the number of governorates was increased to 23.
By the reform of 1775, subdivision into governorates and further into uezds (уезды), was based on population size, and the term guberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin: namestnichestvo (наместничество), sometimes translated as "viceroyalty". The term guberniya, however, still remained in use. These viceroyalties were governed by namestniki (наместник) (literal translation: "deputy") or "governors general" (генерал-губернатор, general-gubernator). Correspondingly, the term "governorate general" (генерал-губернаторство, general-gubernatorstvo) was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed. The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor. Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates.
By the ukase of the Russian Senate of December 31, 1796, the office of governorate general was demoted to the previous level of governorate, and Russia was again divided into governorates, which were subdivided into uezds, further subdivided into volosts (волость); nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
The Russian Empire had acquired much of the territory inhabited by Ukrainians by the early 19th century, which was organized into nine Ukrainian governorates: Chernigov (Chernihiv in Ukrainian), Yekaterinoslav (Katerynoslav), Kiev (Kyiv), Kharkov (Kharkiv), Kherson, Podolia (Podillia), Poltava, Volhynia (Volyn), and the mainland part of Taurida (or Tavriia, without the Crimean peninsula). Additional lands annexed from Poland in 1815 were organized into the Kholm governorate in 1912.[1]
After the events of 1917, which saw Ukraine attempt to secede from the Russian SFSR, these governorates became subdivisions of the Ukrainian People's Republic, which also annexed Ukrainian-inhabited parts of Mahilioŭ, Kursk, Voronezh, and Minsk governorates in 1918.[1][2] By the end of the Soviet-Ukrainian war in 1920, the Russians had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR.[2] Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into twelve governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922 upon the Soviet Union's founding, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925.[1]
Actual subdivisions of the Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes, especially during the 1918–1929 period. Because of the Soviet Union's electrification program under the GOELRO plan, Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteen European and eight Asiaticoblasts, using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights".[3] Eventually, in 1929, the subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast, okrug, and raion. Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution, although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land.
In post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine, the term Guberniya is considered obsolete, yet the word gubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to a governor of an oblast or a krai.
Other uses
There is another meaning of the word as it denoted a type of estate in Lithuania of the until 1917.
^ abcKohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2005). "Administrative Divisions of Ukraine". Historical dictionary of Ukraine. Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN0-8108-5387-6. OCLC 57002343.
^ abZadorozhnii, Oleksandr (2016). International law in the relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Kyiv: Ukrainian Association of International Law. pp. 54, 60. ISBN978-617-684-146-3. OCLC 973559701.
(in Russian) Ignatov, V.G. "History of state administration of Russia" (История государственного управления России) 2019-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
(in Russian)Иванов В. В. Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов. Том I. История. Книга I. — М., 2019. — 600 с.
(in Russian)Иванов В. В. Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов. Том I. История. Книга II. — М., 2019. — 624 с.
April 25, 2023
governorate, russia, also, list, governorates, russian, empire, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, relies, largely, entirely, single, source. See also List of governorates of the Russian Empire This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Governorate Russia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2012 This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian January 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Russian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 2 795 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Guberniya see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Guberniya to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Ukrainian January 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Ukrainian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 641 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Ukrainian Wikipedia article at uk Guberniya see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated uk Guberniya to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Learn how and when to remove this template message A governorate gubernia province or government Russian gube rniya pre 1918 gube rniya IPA ɡʊˈbʲɛrnʲɪje also romanized guberniia guberniya Ukrainian gube rniya romanized huberniia was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 governorates remained as subdivisions in Belarus Russia Ukraine and in the Soviet Union from its formation until 1929 The term is also translated as government governorate or province A governorate was headed by a governor gubernator gubernator a word borrowed from Latin gubernator in turn from Greek kybernhths Governorates of the Russian EmpireCategorySubdivision of a unitary stateLocationRussian EmpireCreated by On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them CreatedDecember 18 1708AbolishedOctober 1 1929Number117 8 initially as of 1914 Subdivisionsprovinces later uezds counties Selected governorates were united under an assigned governor general such as the Grand Duchy of Finland Congress Poland Russian Turkestan and others There also were military governors such as Kronstadt Vladivostok and others Aside from governorates other types of divisions were oblasts region and okrugs district Contents 1 First reform 2 Second reform 3 Changes from 1775 Namestnichestvo Vice royalty 4 Governorates in Poland and Finland 5 Governorates in Ukraine 6 Post revolutionary changes 7 Other uses 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksFirst reform Edit Division of Russia into eight governorates in 1708 This subdivision type was created by the edict ukase of Peter the Great on December 18 1708 On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them which divided Russia into eight governorates Second reform EditIn 1719 governorates were further subdivided into provinces provincii provintsii Later the number of governorates was increased to 23 Governorates of the Russian Empire 1708 1726 1708 1710 Kazan Ingermanland Azov Smolensk 1710 1713 Saint Petersburg1713 1714 Moscow Riga1714 1717 Nizhny Novgorod1717 1719 Astrakhan 1719 1725 Nizhny Novgorod Reval1725 1726 Voronezh1726 Smolensk The Governorates of Archangelgorod Kiev and Siberia remained constant between 1708 and 1726 Changes from 1775 Namestnichestvo Vice royalty Edit Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914 By the reform of 1775 subdivision into governorates and further into uezds uezdy was based on population size and the term guberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin namestnichestvo namestnichestvo sometimes translated as viceroyalty The term guberniya however still remained in use These viceroyalties were governed by namestniki namestnik literal translation deputy or governors general general gubernator general gubernator Correspondingly the term governorate general general gubernatorstvo general gubernatorstvo was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates By the ukase of the Russian Senate of December 31 1796 the office of governorate general was demoted to the previous level of governorate and Russia was again divided into governorates which were subdivided into uezds further subdivided into volosts volost nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until the Russian Revolution of 1917 Governorates in Poland and Finland EditMain articles Governorates of the Grand Principality of Finland and Subdivisions of Congress Poland The governorate Russian gube rniya Polish gubernia Swedish lan Finnish laani system was also applied to subdivisions of the Kingdom of Poland Russian Poland and the Grand Duchy of Finland Governorates in Ukraine EditMain article Administrative divisions of Ukraine 1918 1925 The Russian Empire had acquired much of the territory inhabited by Ukrainians by the early 19th century which was organized into nine Ukrainian governorates Chernigov Chernihiv in Ukrainian Yekaterinoslav Katerynoslav Kiev Kyiv Kharkov Kharkiv Kherson Podolia Podillia Poltava Volhynia Volyn and the mainland part of Taurida or Tavriia without the Crimean peninsula Additional lands annexed from Poland in 1815 were organized into the Kholm governorate in 1912 1 After the events of 1917 which saw Ukraine attempt to secede from the Russian SFSR these governorates became subdivisions of the Ukrainian People s Republic which also annexed Ukrainian inhabited parts of Mahilioŭ Kursk Voronezh and Minsk governorates in 1918 1 2 By the end of the Soviet Ukrainian war in 1920 the Russians had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR 2 Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into twelve governorates which were reduced to nine in 1922 upon the Soviet Union s founding and then replaced with okruhas in 1925 1 Post revolutionary changes EditAfter the February Revolution the Russian Provisional Government renamed governors into governorate commissars The October Revolution left the subdivision in place but the governing apparatus was replaced by governorate soviets gubernskij sovet Actual subdivisions of the Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes especially during the 1918 1929 period Because of the Soviet Union s electrification program under the GOELRO plan Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts using rational economic planning rather than the vestiges of lost sovereign rights 3 Eventually in 1929 the subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast okrug and raion Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land In post Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine the term Guberniya is considered obsolete yet the word gubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to a governor of an oblast or a krai Other uses EditThere is another meaning of the word as it denoted a type of estate in Lithuania of the until 1917 See also EditHistory of the administrative division of Russia List of governorates of the Russian Empire Governorate General Russian Empire References Edit a b c Kohut Zenon E Nebesio Bohdan Y Yurkevich Myroslav 2005 Administrative Divisions of Ukraine Historical dictionary of Ukraine Bohdan Y Nebesio Myroslav Yurkevich Lanham Md Scarecrow Press ISBN 0 8108 5387 6 OCLC 57002343 a b Zadorozhnii Oleksandr 2016 International law in the relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation Kyiv Ukrainian Association of International Law pp 54 60 ISBN 978 617 684 146 3 OCLC 973559701 Ekonomicheskoe raionirovanie Rossii Gosplan Moscow 1921External links Edit in Russian Ignatov V G History of state administration of Russia Istoriya gosudarstvennogo upravleniya Rossii Archived 2019 12 23 at the Wayback Machine in Russian Ivanov V V Glava subekta Rossijskoj Federacii Istoriya gubernatorov Tom I Istoriya Kniga I M 2019 600 s in Russian Ivanov V V Glava subekta Rossijskoj Federacii Istoriya gubernatorov Tom I Istoriya Kniga II M 2019 624 s Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Governorate Russia amp oldid 1151508853, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
