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Andrew of Hungary, Prince of Halych

Andrew of Hungary (Hungarian: András, Ukrainian: Андрій Андрійович; c. 1210 – January 1234) was Prince of Halych–Volhynia between 1227 and 1230, and between 1231 and 1234, and Prince of Zvenyhorod in 1226.[1][2]

Andrew
Prince of Halych–Volhynia
Reign1227–1230
1231–1234
PredecessorMstislav Mstislavich
Danylo Romanovych
SuccessorDanylo Romanovych
Bornc. 1210
DiedJanuary 1234
Halych, Principality of Halych
SpouseElena (Maria) Mstislavna
DynastyÁrpád
FatherAndrew II of Hungary
MotherGertrude of Merania

Early life edit

Andrew was the youngest (third) son of King Andrew II of Hungary and his wife, Gertrude of Merania.[3] He was born around 1210, according to historian Gyula Kristó.[3] Mór Wertner placed the date of his birth in the period between 1210 and 1212. He was infant, when his mother was assassinated in the autumn of 1213.[4] His name is first mentioned by a letter of Pope Honorius III in February 1217.[5] The infant Andrew's nanny was Alice of French origin, a lady-in-waiting of Queen Yolanda of Courtenay, his father's second spouse.[4]

His betrothal to Isabella, a daughter of Leo I, King of Cilicia was decided by their parents during his father's return from the Holy Land in early 1218.[6][7] Andrew II and Leo I intended them to become joint heirs to the Armenian (Cilician) throne. Pope Honorius confirmed their engagement in 1219.[4] However, their betrothal was later broken in favor of a more advantageous marriage between Isabella and Philip of Antioch for her bridegroom.[6]

Following his older brother Coloman was captured after Mstislav Mstislavich and his Cuman allies defeated the Hungarians near Halych in August 1221, Andrew II entered into negotiations with Mstislav and they reached a compromise in late 1221 or early 1222. The Hungarian king renounced Halych and arranged a marriage alliance between his youngest son, Andrew, and Mstislav's daughter Elena (also known as Maria) in order to secure Coloman's release. Coloman also had to abandon all claim on Halych in favor of the approximately eleven-year-old Andrew. Their father tried to obtain a papal exemption from these conditions and asked for the transfer of the royal title of Coloman to Andrew, but Pope Honorius refused the request.[8]

Prince of Halych edit

After 1222, Andrew disappears from contemporary records in Hungary. His subsequent role in Halych as puppet ruler of his father is narrated only by the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. Therefore, some Hungarian historians questioned the narration of the Old Ruthenian work, considering the young Andrew died in 1224 at the latest and his betrothal with Mstislav's daughter never took effect. Mór Wertner proved that a charter of Coloman implicitly suggests that Andrew was still alive around 1230 or 1231.[9]

First reign edit

Danylo Romanovych – son-in-law of Mstislav – refused the agreement between Mstislav and the Hungarians. He sought assistance from the dukes of Poland to enforce his aspirations to the Galician throne. Following the Battle of the Kalka River (1223), Mstislav's influence and authority had declined in the southern part of Rus'. Pro-Hungarian boyars demanded a Hungarian military intervention against Mstislav. Under duress, Mstislav was forced to transfer power to prince Andrew over Przemyśl in 1224 or 1225.[10] Andrew II launched a campaign against Mstislav Mstislavich in late 1226 because the latter refused to grant Halych to Andrew's youngest son despite their previous compromise. The Hungarians besieged and captured Przemyśl, Terebovl, and other fortresses in Halych. However, – after Danylo and Vasylko Romanovych decided to support Mstislav – his troops were routed at Kremenets and Zvenigorod, forcing him to withdraw. Despite his victories, Mstislav ceded Halych to Andrew's namesake son in early 1227, following diplomatic negotiations. A leading pro-Hungarian boyar Sudislav administered the province on behalf of the young Andrew.[11]

Both Leszek the White and Mstislav died by 1228, leaving Danylo to face the Hungarian rule in Halych alone.[12] Sudislav convinced Vladimir IV Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev and Mikhail Vsevolodovich, Prince of Chernigov to acknowledge Andrew's rule in Halych–Volhynia.[13] His reign was supposed to prepare the incorporation of the Orthodox Church in Halych to the Hungarian ecclesiastical organization, but no steps were taken in this direction due to political instability.[14] By 1230, the Romanovych brothers took control over whole Volhynia. Consolidating his rule and foreign relations, Danylo launched a military campaign against Andrew's territory in 1230 (the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle incorrectly put the year of attack to 1229). Besieging and capturing the capital Halych, Danylo seized the province by March 1230. Andrew was captured and taken prisoner, but Danylo soon released him and the young prince fled to Hungary, accompanied by Sudislav.[12][15]

Sometime before 1232, there was a brief skirmish between Andrew and Coloman because of their conflicting interest in Halych. After 1221, Coloman never gave up his claim over the principality and remained in the neighboring Szepesség (today Spiš, Slovakia) for years. Only a single reference in a charter of Duke Coloman from 1232 mentions their conflict in passing. The document claims that Andrew had attacked the "realm" of Coloman led by false advisers. It is unlikely that Andrew invaded Slavonia, which Coloman governed after 1226, because of the geographical distance and Andrew's constantly difficult situation in Halych. As Slovak historian Nataša Procházková considered Andrew invaded Coloman's lands in Szepesség sometime between 1222 and 1226, and only a brief skirmish occurred between them.[16] Historian Attila Zsoldos considered the confrontation took place in the first half of 1231, after Andrew was driven from Halych (see below). Zsoldos argued the skirmish was part of wider conflict between Andrew II and his elder sons, Béla and Coloman, who strongly opposed his economic reforms and internal policy. Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom mediated the peace in the dynastic conflict.[17]

Second reign edit

Only a smaller faction of the local boyars supported Danylo's realm in Halych, several conspiracies and assassination attempts took place against him within a year. The eldest brother Béla decided to help Andrew to regain his throne. He crossed the Carpathian Mountains and laid siege to Halych together with his Cuman allies led by Bortz in 1230 (or 1229, if GVC is correct), but he could not seize the town and withdrew his troops.[18] Duke Andrew and Sudislav departed for Hungary again. In the second half of 1231, Andrew II and Béla jointly invaded Halych in order to restore his youngest son, Andrew, to the Galician throne. The Hungarian army captured the forts of Yaroslavl (present-day Jarosław, Poland) and Halych. Leader of the Hungarian army, a certain Martinis was killed during the conflict. Andrew II concluded a peace with Danylo at Volodymyr (Vladimir); the young Andrew was restored to the Galician throne.[12][19]

"[As] Danilo and Vasilko [stubbornly] advanced upon Halych, most of the inhabitants of the city came out to meet them [...]. Upon his arrival, Danilo pitched camp on the [opposite] bank of the Dniester, [where] he welcomed the Galician people. He distributed towns to his boyars and voyevodas, and they all had an abundance of food, while the king's son [Andrew], Dijaniš [Denis Türje], and Sudislav were dying of hunger in [Halych]. [...] In a short while the king's son died [...]"
Galician–Volhynian Chronicle (1233–1234)[20]

A significant number of Hungarian military force remained in Rus' to support and consolidate Andrew's instabil rule. Andrew plausibly formed an alliance with Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov in order to attack Vladimir IV Rurikovich, but the latter routed them at Beloberezhye along the river Sluch in the winter of 1232–1233, according to Ukrainian historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky. Thereafter, Vladimir Rurikovich laid siege to Halych in the spring of 1233. Andrew requested reinforcements from Hungary; a considerable army led by Denis Türje arrived to the province in the autumn of 1233.[21] Despite the internal conflicts with the church, Andrew II also prepared to departure for Halych too but had to continue his negotiations which led to the oath of Bereg.[22] However, the Hungarians were defeated by Vladimir Rurikovich and his Cuman allies led by Köten near Peremil in Volhynia. Andrew lost the support of boyars completely. Taking advantage of the situation, Danylo Romanovych seized all of Halych–Volhynia, excluding the capital Halych, which remained under Hungarian control. During a nine-week siege, the defenders were starved out and skirmishes with Frederick the Quarrelsome along the Austrian border hindered Andrew II to send subsequent relief army. According to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle, Duke Andrew starved to death at the very beginning of 1234, which closed the conflict and King Andrew II's series of attempts to seize Halych–Volhynia for the Hungarian Crown.[21]

Grave edit

Among the mixed remains of bones found in an ossuary at the site of the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár in 2022, researchers at the University of Szeged, using archaeogenetic methods, used a DNA sample from King Béla III to identify the remains of his grandson Prince Andrew.[23]

References edit

  1. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 138–141, 144.
  2. ^ Dimnik 2003, p. 327.
  3. ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 232, Appendix 4.
  4. ^ a b c Wertner 1892, p. 453.
  5. ^ Wertner 1892, p. 452.
  6. ^ a b Van Cleve 1969, p. 393.
  7. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 133.
  8. ^ Font & Barabás 2019, pp. 55–56.
  9. ^ Wertner 1892, p. 455.
  10. ^ Font 2021, pp. 191–192.
  11. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 138.
  12. ^ a b c Zsoldos 2022, p. 385.
  13. ^ Font 2021, p. 193.
  14. ^ Font 2021, p. 194.
  15. ^ Font 2021, p. 195.
  16. ^ Font & Barabás 2019, pp. 107–109.
  17. ^ Zsoldos 2022, pp. 326–327.
  18. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 252.
  19. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 141.
  20. ^ The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (Autumn 1233 [1234]), p. 42.
  21. ^ a b Font 2021, pp. 197–198.
  22. ^ Zsoldos 2022, p. 386.
  23. ^ Hanula 2020.

Sources edit

Primary sources edit

  • The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (An annotated translation by George A. Perfecky) (1973). Wilhelm Fink Verlag. LCCN 72-79463.

Secondary sources edit

  • Dimnik, Martin (2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03981-9.
  • Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 [The Monarchy of the Árpáds, 1000–1301]". In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.
  • Font, Márta; Barabás, Gábor (2019). Coloman, King of Galicia and Duke of Slavonia (1208–1241): Medieval Central Europe and Hungarian Power. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-164-1890-24-3.
  • Font, Márta (2021). The Kings of the House of Árpád and the Rurikid Princes. Cooperation and conflict in medieval Hungary and Kievan Rus'. Arpadiana VIII., Research Centre for the Humanities. ISBN 978-963-416-278-0.
  • Hanula, Zsolt (2020-08-09). "Azonosították Szent László király földi maradványait". telex.hu. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  • Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
  • Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). "The Fifth Crusade". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 377–428. ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
  • Wertner, Mór (1892). Az Árpádok családi története [Family History of the Árpáds] (in Hungarian). Szabó Ferencz N.-eleméri plébános & Pleitz Fer. Pál Könyvnyomdája.
  • Zsoldos, Attila (2022). Az Aranybulla királya [The King of the Golden Bull] (in Hungarian). Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet. ISBN 978-963-8406-26-2.
Andrew
Born: c. 1210 Died: January 1234
Regnal titles
Preceded by Prince of Halych
1227–1230
Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Halych
1231–1234

andrew, hungary, prince, halych, andrew, hungary, hungarian, andrás, ukrainian, Андрій, Андрійович, 1210, january, 1234, prince, halych, volhynia, between, 1227, 1230, between, 1231, 1234, prince, zvenyhorod, 1226, andrewprince, halych, volhyniareign1227, 1230. Andrew of Hungary Hungarian Andras Ukrainian Andrij Andrijovich c 1210 January 1234 was Prince of Halych Volhynia between 1227 and 1230 and between 1231 and 1234 and Prince of Zvenyhorod in 1226 1 2 AndrewPrince of Halych VolhyniaReign1227 12301231 1234PredecessorMstislav MstislavichDanylo RomanovychSuccessorDanylo RomanovychBornc 1210DiedJanuary 1234Halych Principality of HalychSpouseElena Maria MstislavnaDynastyArpadFatherAndrew II of HungaryMotherGertrude of Merania Contents 1 Early life 2 Prince of Halych 2 1 First reign 2 2 Second reign 3 Grave 4 References 5 Sources 5 1 Primary sources 5 2 Secondary sourcesEarly life editAndrew was the youngest third son of King Andrew II of Hungary and his wife Gertrude of Merania 3 He was born around 1210 according to historian Gyula Kristo 3 Mor Wertner placed the date of his birth in the period between 1210 and 1212 He was infant when his mother was assassinated in the autumn of 1213 4 His name is first mentioned by a letter of Pope Honorius III in February 1217 5 The infant Andrew s nanny was Alice of French origin a lady in waiting of Queen Yolanda of Courtenay his father s second spouse 4 His betrothal to Isabella a daughter of Leo I King of Cilicia was decided by their parents during his father s return from the Holy Land in early 1218 6 7 Andrew II and Leo I intended them to become joint heirs to the Armenian Cilician throne Pope Honorius confirmed their engagement in 1219 4 However their betrothal was later broken in favor of a more advantageous marriage between Isabella and Philip of Antioch for her bridegroom 6 Following his older brother Coloman was captured after Mstislav Mstislavich and his Cuman allies defeated the Hungarians near Halych in August 1221 Andrew II entered into negotiations with Mstislav and they reached a compromise in late 1221 or early 1222 The Hungarian king renounced Halych and arranged a marriage alliance between his youngest son Andrew and Mstislav s daughter Elena also known as Maria in order to secure Coloman s release Coloman also had to abandon all claim on Halych in favor of the approximately eleven year old Andrew Their father tried to obtain a papal exemption from these conditions and asked for the transfer of the royal title of Coloman to Andrew but Pope Honorius refused the request 8 Prince of Halych editAfter 1222 Andrew disappears from contemporary records in Hungary His subsequent role in Halych as puppet ruler of his father is narrated only by the Galician Volhynian Chronicle Therefore some Hungarian historians questioned the narration of the Old Ruthenian work considering the young Andrew died in 1224 at the latest and his betrothal with Mstislav s daughter never took effect Mor Wertner proved that a charter of Coloman implicitly suggests that Andrew was still alive around 1230 or 1231 9 First reign edit Danylo Romanovych son in law of Mstislav refused the agreement between Mstislav and the Hungarians He sought assistance from the dukes of Poland to enforce his aspirations to the Galician throne Following the Battle of the Kalka River 1223 Mstislav s influence and authority had declined in the southern part of Rus Pro Hungarian boyars demanded a Hungarian military intervention against Mstislav Under duress Mstislav was forced to transfer power to prince Andrew over Przemysl in 1224 or 1225 10 Andrew II launched a campaign against Mstislav Mstislavich in late 1226 because the latter refused to grant Halych to Andrew s youngest son despite their previous compromise The Hungarians besieged and captured Przemysl Terebovl and other fortresses in Halych However after Danylo and Vasylko Romanovych decided to support Mstislav his troops were routed at Kremenets and Zvenigorod forcing him to withdraw Despite his victories Mstislav ceded Halych to Andrew s namesake son in early 1227 following diplomatic negotiations A leading pro Hungarian boyar Sudislav administered the province on behalf of the young Andrew 11 Both Leszek the White and Mstislav died by 1228 leaving Danylo to face the Hungarian rule in Halych alone 12 Sudislav convinced Vladimir IV Rurikovich Grand Prince of Kiev and Mikhail Vsevolodovich Prince of Chernigov to acknowledge Andrew s rule in Halych Volhynia 13 His reign was supposed to prepare the incorporation of the Orthodox Church in Halych to the Hungarian ecclesiastical organization but no steps were taken in this direction due to political instability 14 By 1230 the Romanovych brothers took control over whole Volhynia Consolidating his rule and foreign relations Danylo launched a military campaign against Andrew s territory in 1230 the Galician Volhynian Chronicle incorrectly put the year of attack to 1229 Besieging and capturing the capital Halych Danylo seized the province by March 1230 Andrew was captured and taken prisoner but Danylo soon released him and the young prince fled to Hungary accompanied by Sudislav 12 15 Sometime before 1232 there was a brief skirmish between Andrew and Coloman because of their conflicting interest in Halych After 1221 Coloman never gave up his claim over the principality and remained in the neighboring Szepesseg today Spis Slovakia for years Only a single reference in a charter of Duke Coloman from 1232 mentions their conflict in passing The document claims that Andrew had attacked the realm of Coloman led by false advisers It is unlikely that Andrew invaded Slavonia which Coloman governed after 1226 because of the geographical distance and Andrew s constantly difficult situation in Halych As Slovak historian Natasa Prochazkova considered Andrew invaded Coloman s lands in Szepesseg sometime between 1222 and 1226 and only a brief skirmish occurred between them 16 Historian Attila Zsoldos considered the confrontation took place in the first half of 1231 after Andrew was driven from Halych see below Zsoldos argued the skirmish was part of wider conflict between Andrew II and his elder sons Bela and Coloman who strongly opposed his economic reforms and internal policy Robert Archbishop of Esztergom mediated the peace in the dynastic conflict 17 Second reign edit Only a smaller faction of the local boyars supported Danylo s realm in Halych several conspiracies and assassination attempts took place against him within a year The eldest brother Bela decided to help Andrew to regain his throne He crossed the Carpathian Mountains and laid siege to Halych together with his Cuman allies led by Bortz in 1230 or 1229 if GVC is correct but he could not seize the town and withdrew his troops 18 Duke Andrew and Sudislav departed for Hungary again In the second half of 1231 Andrew II and Bela jointly invaded Halych in order to restore his youngest son Andrew to the Galician throne The Hungarian army captured the forts of Yaroslavl present day Jaroslaw Poland and Halych Leader of the Hungarian army a certain Martinis was killed during the conflict Andrew II concluded a peace with Danylo at Volodymyr Vladimir the young Andrew was restored to the Galician throne 12 19 As Danilo and Vasilko stubbornly advanced upon Halych most of the inhabitants of the city came out to meet them Upon his arrival Danilo pitched camp on the opposite bank of the Dniester where he welcomed the Galician people He distributed towns to his boyars and voyevodas and they all had an abundance of food while the king s son Andrew Dijanis Denis Turje and Sudislav were dying of hunger in Halych In a short while the king s son died Galician Volhynian Chronicle 1233 1234 20 A significant number of Hungarian military force remained in Rus to support and consolidate Andrew s instabil rule Andrew plausibly formed an alliance with Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov in order to attack Vladimir IV Rurikovich but the latter routed them at Beloberezhye along the river Sluch in the winter of 1232 1233 according to Ukrainian historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky Thereafter Vladimir Rurikovich laid siege to Halych in the spring of 1233 Andrew requested reinforcements from Hungary a considerable army led by Denis Turje arrived to the province in the autumn of 1233 21 Despite the internal conflicts with the church Andrew II also prepared to departure for Halych too but had to continue his negotiations which led to the oath of Bereg 22 However the Hungarians were defeated by Vladimir Rurikovich and his Cuman allies led by Koten near Peremil in Volhynia Andrew lost the support of boyars completely Taking advantage of the situation Danylo Romanovych seized all of Halych Volhynia excluding the capital Halych which remained under Hungarian control During a nine week siege the defenders were starved out and skirmishes with Frederick the Quarrelsome along the Austrian border hindered Andrew II to send subsequent relief army According to the Galician Volhynian Chronicle Duke Andrew starved to death at the very beginning of 1234 which closed the conflict and King Andrew II s series of attempts to seize Halych Volhynia for the Hungarian Crown 21 Grave editAmong the mixed remains of bones found in an ossuary at the site of the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Szekesfehervar in 2022 researchers at the University of Szeged using archaeogenetic methods used a DNA sample from King Bela III to identify the remains of his grandson Prince Andrew 23 References edit Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 pp 138 141 144 Dimnik 2003 p 327 a b Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 232 Appendix 4 a b c Wertner 1892 p 453 Wertner 1892 p 452 a b Van Cleve 1969 p 393 Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 133 Font amp Barabas 2019 pp 55 56 Wertner 1892 p 455 Font 2021 pp 191 192 Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 138 a b c Zsoldos 2022 p 385 Font 2021 p 193 Font 2021 p 194 Font 2021 p 195 Font amp Barabas 2019 pp 107 109 Zsoldos 2022 pp 326 327 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 252 Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 141 The Hypatian Codex II The Galician Volynian Chronicle Autumn 1233 1234 p 42 a b Font 2021 pp 197 198 Zsoldos 2022 p 386 Hanula 2020 Sources editPrimary sources edit The Hypatian Codex II The Galician Volynian Chronicle An annotated translation by George A Perfecky 1973 Wilhelm Fink Verlag LCCN 72 79463 Secondary sources edit Dimnik Martin 2003 The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146 1246 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 03981 9 Erszegi Geza Solymosi Laszlo 1981 Az Arpadok kiralysaga 1000 1301 The Monarchy of the Arpads 1000 1301 In Solymosi Laszlo ed Magyarorszag torteneti kronologiaja I a kezdetektol 1526 ig Historical Chronology of Hungary Volume I From the Beginning to 1526 in Hungarian Akademiai Kiado pp 79 187 ISBN 963 05 2661 1 Font Marta Barabas Gabor 2019 Coloman King of Galicia and Duke of Slavonia 1208 1241 Medieval Central Europe and Hungarian Power Amsterdam University Press ISBN 978 164 1890 24 3 Font Marta 2021 The Kings of the House of Arpad and the Rurikid Princes Cooperation and conflict in medieval Hungary and Kievan Rus Arpadiana VIII Research Centre for the Humanities ISBN 978 963 416 278 0 Hanula Zsolt 2020 08 09 Azonositottak Szent Laszlo kiraly foldi maradvanyait telex hu Retrieved 2024 02 21 Kristo Gyula Makk Ferenc 1996 Az Arpad haz uralkodoi Rulers of the House of Arpad in Hungarian I P C Konyvek ISBN 963 7930 97 3 Van Cleve Thomas C 1969 The Fifth Crusade In Setton Kenneth M Wolff Robert Lee Hazard Harry eds A History of the Crusades Volume II The Later Crusades 1189 1311 The University of Wisconsin Press pp 377 428 ISBN 0 299 04844 6 Wertner Mor 1892 Az Arpadok csaladi tortenete Family History of the Arpads in Hungarian Szabo Ferencz N elemeri plebanos amp Pleitz Fer Pal Konyvnyomdaja Zsoldos Attila 2022 Az Aranybulla kiralya The King of the Golden Bull in Hungarian Varosi Leveltar es Kutatointezet ISBN 978 963 8406 26 2 AndrewArpad dynastyBorn c 1210 Died January 1234 Regnal titles Preceded byMstislav Mstislavich Prince of Halych1227 1230 Succeeded byDanylo Romanovych Preceded byDanylo Romanovych Prince of Halych1231 1234 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Andrew of Hungary Prince of Halych amp oldid 1209598828, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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