Alids
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The Alids are those who claim descent from the family of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; c. 600–661 CE), the fourth rāshidūn caliph (r. 656–661) and the first Imam of Islam—cousin, son-in-law, and companion (ṣaḥāba) of Muhammad[1][2][3]—through all his wives. The main branches are the Ashrāfites (including the Ḥasanids, Ḥusaynids, and Zaynabids) and the Alawids.[4]: 31
| Alids | |
|---|---|
| Ahl al-Bayt of Banu Hashim of the Quraysh of the Adnaniyyun of Banu Ismail | |
Medallion bearing the name of ʿAlī inscribed with Islamic calligraphy in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. | |
| Nisba | al-Alawi |
| Location | Arabia (majority) Middle East North Africa Central Asia Horn of Africa South Asia Southeast Asia |
| Descended from | Ali ibn Abi Talib (Ahl al-Bayt) |
| Branches |
|
| Religion | Islam |
History
Primarily Sunnī Muslims in the Arab world reserve the term sharīf or sherīf for the descendants of Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī, while the term sayyid is used for the descendants of Ḥasan's brother, Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī. Both Ḥasan and Ḥusayn were grandchildren of Muhammad, through the marriage of his cousin ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and his daughter Fāṭimah. Ever since the post- Hashemite era began, the term sayyid has been used to denote descendants from both Ḥasan and Ḥusayn. Arab Shīʿa Muslims use the terms sayyid and habib to denote descendants from both Ḥasan and Ḥusayn; see ashrāf.
Lines
There are several dynasties of Alid origin in the Muslim world. All of them exist under two main branches, the Ashrāfites and Alawids:
- ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib:
- Ashrāfites/Sayyids, descendants of Muhammad through the marriage of his cousin ʿAlī and his daughter Fāṭimah:
- Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī and Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, grandsons of Muhammad
- Zayd ibn Ḥasan
- Ḥasan ibn Zayd of the Zaydid dynasty of Tabaristan (Alavids)
- Ḥasan al-Muthanna ibn Ḥasan
- Abdullah al-Kamil ibn Ḥasan al-Muthanna
- Musa al-Jawn ibn Abdullah al-Kamil
- Abdullah II
- ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī, founder of the Qadri Sufi Order
- Nazim Al-Haqqani, founder of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order (Osmanli Dergah)
- ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī, founder of the Qadri Sufi Order
- Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Jawn
- Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaidhir ibn Ibrahim of the Ukhaydhirite dynasty of al-Yamama
- Abdullah al-Salih ibn Musa al-Jawn
- Musa al-Thani ibn Abdullah al-Salih
- Sulayman ibn Abdullah al-Salih of the Sulaymānid Sharifs of Mecca and Jizan
- Abdullah II
- Ja'far ibn Abdullah al-Kamil of the Sharifs of Sousse, Tunisia
- Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya ibn Abdullah al-Kamil of the Alawite dynasty of Morocco
- Saadid dynasty of Morocco
- Idris al-Akbar ibn Abdullah al-Kamil of the Idrisid dynasty of Morocco
- Hammudid dynasty of Algeciras, Málaga, Seville, and the Emirate of Granada
- Senussids of Libya
- Sulayman ibn Abdullah al-Kamil of the Sulaymānid dynasty of Tlemcen, Archgoul, Ténès (Western Algeria)[5]
- Musa al-Jawn ibn Abdullah al-Kamil
- Da'wud ibn Hasan al-Muthanna
- Sulayman ibn Da'wud of the Sulaymanid dynasty
- Ibrahim al-Ghamr ibn Hasan al-Muthanna
- Isma'il ibn Ibrahim al-Ghamr
- Ibrahim Tabataba ibn Isma'il
- Isma'il ibn Ibrahim al-Ghamr
- Abdullah al-Kamil ibn Ḥasan al-Muthanna
- Zayd ibn Ḥasan
- Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī:
- Shīʿīte Imams in Ismāʿīlīsm
- Fatimid dynasty (claimed descent)
- Bukhari Sayyids of Bukhara
- Baha' al-Din Naqshband, founder of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order
- Hazrat Ishaan, leader of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order
- Baha' al-Din Naqshband, founder of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order
- The Tolje'lo and Guled dynasties of the Isaaq Sultanate as well as the Ainanshe dynasty of the Habr Yunis Sultanate through Ishaaq bin Ahmed, founder and forefather of the Isaaq clan-family[6][7][8]
- The Safavid dynasty claims descent from Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, sharing the first five original rulers with the Fatimids.[9] Many scholars have cast doubt on this claim, and there seems to be consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Persian Kurdistan.[10][11]
- Al-Qasimi (Qawasim) dynasty of the Emirates of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah, claims descent from the 10th Shīʿīte Imam, Ali al-Hadi.
- Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī and Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, grandsons of Muhammad
- Alawids, the descendants of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib through his other wives after Fāṭimah:
- Saltukids
- Ashrāfites/Sayyids, descendants of Muhammad through the marriage of his cousin ʿAlī and his daughter Fāṭimah:
Genealogical trees
This is a table of the interrelationships between the different parts of the Alid dynasties:[12]
Below is a simplified family tree of Hasan and Husayn ibn Ali. For the ancestors of ibn Ali see the family tree of Muhammad and the family tree of Ali. People in italics are considered by the majority of Sunni and Shia Muslims to be Ahl al-Bayt (People of the House). The Twelver Shia also see the 4th to 12th Imamah as Ahl al-Bayt.
Family tree of Hasan ibn Ali
The Hashemites of Sharifate of Mecca, Kings of Jordan, Syria and Iraq are descended from Hasan ibn Ali:[dubious ]
The Alaouites, Kings of Morocco, are also descended from Hasan ibn Ali through Al-Hassan Ad-Dakhil[dubious ]:
Genealogoical chart of the descent from Muhammad of the Idrisid dynasty, rulers of Fez and Morocco, Kings of Tunis, and the Senussi dynasty, founders and heads of the Libyan Senussi Order and Kings of Libya are also descended from Hasan ibn Ali through Idris al-Azhar.
Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali
The kin which ruled over Medina were descended from the other brother Husayn ibn Ali.
| Muhammad (Islamic prophet and messenger) | Khadijah bint Khuwaylid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fatimah | Ali (4th Sunni Rashidun Caliph) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhsin ibn Ali | Hasan ibn Ali (5th Sunni Rashidun Caliph) | Husayn ibn Ali | Umm Kulthum bint Ali | Zaynab bint Ali | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shahrbanu | Rubab bint Imra al-Qais | Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi | Umm Ishaq bint Talhah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fatima Sughra | Sakinah bint Husayn | Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn | Sukayna bint Husayn | Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn | Fatimah bint Husayn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother of ‘Umar | Ali ibn Husayn 4th Twelver/Zaidi and 3rd Musta'li/Nizari Imam | Fatimah bint al-Hasan | Jayda al-Sindhi | Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ‘Umar al-Ashraf | Muhammad al-Baqir 5th Twelver and 4th Musta'li/Nizari Imam | Farwah bint al-Qasim (Umm Farwa) | Zayd ibn Ali 5th Zaidi Imam | Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ‘Alī | Hamidah Khatun | Ja'far al-Sadiq 6th Twelver and 5th Musta'li/Nizari Imam | Fatima bint al-Hussain'l-Athram bin al-Hasan bin Ali | Zaynab bint Husayn | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| al-Ḥasan | Musa al-Kadhim 7th Twelver Imam | Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq | Isma'il ibn Jafar 6th Musta'li/Nizari Imam | Unknown | Umm Kulthum bint Husayn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ‘Alī | Ummul Banīn Najmah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| al-Nāṣir al-Kabīr | Ali ar-Ridha 8th Twelver Imam | Sabīkah a.k.a. Khayzurān | Muhammad ibn Ismail 7th Sevener/Musta'li/Nizari Imam | Fatima | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sumānah | Muhammad al-Taqi 9th Twelver Imam | Unknown | Ahmad al-Wafi 8th Musta'li/Nizari Imam | Other issue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ali al-Hadi 10th Twelver Imam | Hâdise (Hadīthah) / Suzan (Sūsan) / Sevil (Savīl) | Other issue | Muhammad at-Taqi 9th Musta'li/Nizari Imam | Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hasan al-Askari 11th Twelver Imam | Narjis | Rabi Abdullah 10th Musta'li/Nizari Imam | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad al-Mahdi 12th Twelver Imam in Shia, Sunni reject his existence, instead considered Mahdi to Muhammad ibn Abdullah the Hasanid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
References
- ^ Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
- ^ Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.
- ^ Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-691-11553-2.
- ^ Parwej, Mohammad Khalid (2015). 365 days with Sahabah. Goodword Books. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
- ^ Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères, 2003, Berti, Alger.
- ^ الاسحاقي الصومالي, عبدالرحمن. كتاب تحفة المشتاق لنسب السيد اسحاق.
- ^ يحيى, بن نصر الله الهرري. مناقب الشيخ أبادر- متحف الشريف عبد الله في هرر.
- ^ Zaylaʻī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Shaykh Maḥmūd; زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ محمود. (2018). al-Ṣūmāl ʻurūbatuhā wa-ḥaḍāratuhā al-Islāmīyah = Somalia's Arabism and Islamic civilization (al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá ed.). Dubayy. ISBN 978-9948-39-903-2. OCLC 1100055464.
- ^ Kathryn Babayan, Mystics, Monarchs and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran, Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London : Harvard University Press, 2002. p. 143: "It is true that during their revolutionary phase (1447-1501), Safavi guides had played on their descent from the family of the Prophet. The hagiography of the founder of the Safavi order, Shaykh Safi al-Din Safvat al-Safa written by Ibn Bazzaz in 1350-was tampered with during this very phase. An initial stage of revisions saw the transformation of Safavi identity as Sunni Kurds into Arab blood descendants of Muhammad."
- ^ R.M. Savory, "Safavid Persia" in: Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton, Peter Malcolm Holt, Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge University Press, 1977. p. 394: "They (Safavids after the establishment of the Safavid state) fabricated evidence to prove that the Safavids were Sayyids."
- ^ RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.
- ^ Daftary, Farhad. "ʿAlids." Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Brill Online, 2014.
- ^ Al-Yasin, Shaykh Radi. "1". Sulh al-Hasan. Jasim al-Rasheed. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. p. 4.
- ^ Madelung, "Al-Ukhaydir," p. 792
- ^ The Hashemites: Jordan's Royal Family
- ^ Stitt, George (1948). A Prince of Arabia, the Amir Shereef Ali Haider. George Allen & Unwin, London.
- ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press.
- ^ Antonius, George (1946). The Arab Awakening. Capricorn Books, New York.
- ^ The Hashemites, 1827-present
- ^ . Usa-morocco.org. Archived from the original on 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
- ^ a b Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World: Africa & the Middle East. Burke's Peerage.
External links
- Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Dynastie des Alides, in French):
- Moroccan branch of the Alids (among which the members of the (royal) Alaouite dynasty of Morocco):
- Idrisid branch of the Alids (among which the members of the (royal) Idrissid dynasty of Morocco):
- Fatimid branch