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Imams of Yemen

January 21, 2023

The Imams of Yemen, later also titled the Kings of Yemen, were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam. They established a blend of religious and temporal-political rule in parts of Yemen from 897. Their imamate endured under varying circumstances until the end of the North Yemen Civil War in 1970, following the republican revolution in 1962. Zaidiyyah theology differed from Isma'ilism or Twelver Shi’ism by stressing the presence of an active and visible imam as leader. The imam was expected to be knowledgeable in religious scholarship, and to prove himself a worthy headman of the community, even in battle if this was necessary. A claimant of the imamate would proclaim a "call" (dawah), and there were not infrequently more than one claimant.[1]

Monarch of Yemen
Details
First monarchal-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
Last monarchMuhammad al-Badr
Formationc. 897
Abolition1 December 1970
ResidenceDar al-Hajar, Sanaa, Yemen
Pretender(s)Ageel bin Muhammad al-Badr

History

Establishment

 
Gold dinar of al-Hadi, minted at Saada in 910/11 CE

The imams based their legitimacy on descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, mostly via al-Qasim ar-Rassi (d. 860). After him, the medieval imams are sometimes known as the Rassids. The first of the ruling line, his grandson al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, was born in Medina. His fame as an intellectual as well as a leader of note, led to his invitation to Yemen. He was summoned to govern the highland tribes in 893 and again in 896–97. Al-Hadi introduced a multitude of policies and practices that evolved into the particular Yemenite Zaidiyyah brand. The efforts of al-Hadi eventually became the basic guidelines for the religious as well as political characteristics of Yemeni Zaydism. Al-Hadi, however, was not able to consolidate his rule in all of Yemen. He could not even create an enduring state in the highlands, due to the strong localism persisting in the region. There were revolts as well as segments of the population that did not accept his and his successors' pretensions to religio-political rule.[2]

Although he did not succeed in establishing any permanent administrative infrastructure, al-Hadi's descendants, and other Alid clans who arrived in his company, became the local aristocracy of the northern highlands.[3] It is from among them that the imams of Yemen were selected for the next one thousand years. The imams were usually chosen from the offspring of al-Qasim ar-Rassi and more specifically of al-Hadi, but on at least eight occasions they were picked from other lines descending from Muhammad's grandsons Hasan and Husain.[4]

Yemen throughout most of that period was only rarely a unified political entity; in fact, what has included within its frontiers varied widely, and it has not been governed consistently or uniformly by any single set of rulers except for brief periods. It existed as a part of a number of different political systems/ruling dynasties between the ninth and sixteenth centuries, after which it became a part of the Ottoman Empire.

Rivalries with other dynasties

After Imam al-Hadi's death in 911, his sons took over the imamate in turn, although it was not hereditary but rather elective among the descendants of Muhammad. From the eleventh to the early seventeenth centuries, however, the imams were usually not chosen from the sons of the former imam, but the title rather circulated among the various Rassid branches. Meanwhile, a multitude of smaller dynasties and families established themselves in the highlands, as well as in the Tihamah (the low coastal plain) where the imams rarely gained influence. Among the better known of these are the Yu'firids (847–997), the Najahids (1021–1158), the Sulayhids (1047–1138), the Zuray'ids (1080–1174), and the Hatimids (1098–1174).[5] It was during this period, when the Fatimid Caliphate was influential, that a portion of the population was converted to Isma'ilism.

Beginning with the conquest of Yemen by the family of Salah ad-Din ibn Ayyub (Saladin) in 1174, a series of dynasties exercised a modicum of control and administration in Yemen for roughly the next 400 years; these are, in chronological sequence, the Ayyubids, from 1174 to 1229; the Rasulids, from 1229 to 1454; the Tahirids, from 1454 to 1517; and the Mamluks, from 1517 to 1538, when the Ottoman Empire took the Tihamah.[6]

During most of this period, the dynasties and their rulers were primarily engaged in familial, regional, and occasionally sectarian disputes. Ironically, the Sunni Rasulids, who eventually concentrated their rule in southern Yemen for precisely that reason, were the dynasty under which the region experienced the greatest economic growth and political stability.[7]

For part of the medieval era the Zaydiyyah imams were eclipsed by the lowland dynasties, and for long periods there would be no imam at all (especially in 1066–1138 and 1171–1187). From the end of the thirteenth century the political fortunes of the Zaydiyya imams revived somewhat. They were able to hold their own against the Rasulids and Tahirids and sometimes expand their territory. Often however, and especially after 1436, the imamate was split between several contenders.

Comparatively little is known about the medieval Zaydi imams and their efforts to establish themselves and develop some form of administration (including tax collection), or their success in promoting Zaydi goals during this period. From the available evidence, there was very little continuity and a great deal of competition among the Zaydi families and clans. For example, in a presumably representative two-hundred-year period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries, there appear to have been more than twenty different candidates for the imamate, representing more than ten distinct clans.[8]

The Qasimid state

Eventually, the Europeans entered the Middle East, specifically the Portuguese and then others, in the effort to control the Red Sea trade. For the Zaydiyya imams, however, the Ottomans constituted the greater external threat. Ottoman expeditions managed to defeat the highland tribesmen in the mid decades of the sixteenth century. From the early seventeenth century al-Mansur al-Qasim, belonging to one of the Rassid branches (later known as the Qasimids or Yemeni Zaidi State), raised the standard of rebellion. His son al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad managed to gather the entire Yemen under his authority, expel the Turks, and establish an independent political entity. For a time, the imams ruled a comprehensive territory, including South Yemen and areas even further to the east. Their economic base was strengthened by the coffee trade of the coastal entrepot Mocha. Unlike in the previous practice, the Qasimids or Yemeni Zaidi State ruled as a hereditary dynasty.[9]

The power of the Yemeni Zaidi State or Imamate declined in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially in the wake of the Wahhabi invasions after 1800.[10] The territory controlled by the imams shrank successively after 1681, and the lucrative coffee trade declined with new producers in other parts of the world. The Qasimid state or Yemeni Zaidi State has been characterized as a "quasi-state" with an inherent tension between tribes and government, and between tribal culture and learned Islamic morality. The imams themselves adopted the style of Middle East monarchies, becoming increasingly distant figures. As a result, they eventually lost their charismatic and spiritual position among the tribes of Yemen.[11] The imamate was further eclipsed by the second coming of the Turks to lowland Yemen in 1848, and to the highlands in 1872. However, the Ottoman troops were never able to entirely quell resistance against Ottoman rule. The occupants were eventually driven out by 1918, by a Qasimid side-branch which inaugurated the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.

Modern history

For the next 44 years North Yemen was ruled by two powerful imams. Yahya bin Muhammad Hamid ad-Din and his son Ahmad bin Yahya created a kingdom there much as the kings of England and France had done centuries earlier. The two imams strengthened the state and secured its borders. They used the imamate to insulate Yemen and revitalize its Islamic culture and society at a time when traditional societies around the world were declining under imperial rule. While Yemen under the two imams seemed almost frozen in time, a small but increasing number of Yemenis became aware of the contrast between an autocratic society they saw as stagnant and the political and economic modernization occurring in other parts of the world. This produced an important chain of events: the birth of the nationalist Free Yemeni Movement in the mid-1940s, an aborted 1948 revolution in which Imam Yahya was killed, a failed 1955 coup against Imam Ahmad, and finally, the 1962 revolution in which the recently enthroned imam Muhammad al-Badr was deposed by a group of nationalist officers and the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) was proclaimed under the leadership of Abdullah al-Sallal.[12]

The first five years of President Al-Sallal's rule, from 1962 to 1967, comprised the first chapter in the history of North Yemen. Marked by the revolution that began it, this period witnessed a lengthy civil war between Yemeni republican forces, based in the cities and supported by Egypt, and the royalist supporters of the deposed imam, backed by Saudi Arabia and Jordan. In 1965 Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser met with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia to consider a possible settlement to the civil war. The meeting resulted in an agreement whereby both countries pledged to end their involvement and allow the people of North Yemen to choose their own government. Subsequent peace conferences were ineffectual, however, and fighting flared up again in 1966.[13]

By 1967 the war had reached a stalemate, and the republicans had split into opposing factions concerning relations with Egypt and Saudi Arabia. In late 1967 Al-Sallal's government was overthrown and he was replaced as president by Abdul Rahman al-Iryani. Fighting continued until 1970, when Saudi Arabia halted its aid to royalists and established diplomatic ties with North Yemen. Al-Iryani effected the long-sought truce between republican and royalist forces, and presided over the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1970. Imam Muhammad al-Badr, greatly disappointed by the Saudi recognition of the republic, emigrated to London where he died in 1996.[14]

In June 1974 military officers led by Colonel Ibrahim al-Hamdi staged a bloodless coup, claiming that the government of Al-Iryani had become ineffective. The constitution was suspended, and executive power was vested in a command council, dominated by the military. Al-Hamdi chaired the council and attempted to strengthen and restructure politics in North Yemen. Al-Hamdi was assassinated in 1977, and his successor, former Chief of Staff Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi, was killed in June 1978.[15] The lengthy tenure of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who ruled North Yemen from 1978 until it merged with South Yemen in 1990, proved more stable. Saleh strengthened the political system, while an influx of foreign aid and the discovery of oil in North Yemen held out the prospect of economic expansion and development.

List of imams

There is no uncontroversial list of imams of Yemen, since many imams were not universally recognized, and sometimes eclipsed by the rule of lowland dynasties or by the Turks. The following list is fairly inclusive.[16][17][18][19]

For continuation of leadership after 1962, see President of Yemen Arab Republic.

Beliefs

Unlike many of the Imamis (Twelver and Isma'ili branches of the Shi'a denomination), the Zaidis do not ascribe divine or superhuman attributes to their Imams.[20]

See also

References

General
  • Harris, Walter B. (1893). A Journey Through the Yemen and Some General Remarks Upon That Country. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 374–375. OCLC 5044217.
  • Imam Zaid bin Ali Cultural Foundation, (in Arabic).
Specific
  1. ^ Jane Hathaway, A Tale of Two Factions; Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. New York 2003, pp. 79–81.
  2. ^ Cornelis van Arendonk, Les débuts de l'imamat zaidite au Yemen. Leiden 1960
  3. ^ D. Thomas Gochenour, "Towards a sociology of the Islamization of Yemen", in B.R. Pridham (ed.), Contemporary Yemen: Politics and historical background, Beckenham 1984, pp. 8–9.
  4. ^ Enzyklopädie des Islam, Vol. III, Leiden 1936, p. 1216
  5. ^ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history. London 1892, https://archive.org/stream/yamanitsearlymed00umaruoft/yamanitsearlymed00umaruoft_djvu.txt
  6. ^ For the chronology of these, see Peter Truhart, Regents of nations, Vol. 3, München 2003, pp. 1090–1.
  7. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VIII, Leiden 1995, pp. 455–7.
  8. ^ Robert W. Stookey, Yemen: The politics of the Yemen Arab Republic, Boulder 1978, p. 125.
  9. ^ For their genealogy, see Robert W. Stookey, Yemen: The politics of the Yemen Arab Republic, Boulder 1978, p. 144.
  10. ^ Robert L. Playfair, A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen. Bombay 1859, pp. 127–34.
  11. ^ Vincent Steven Wilhite, Guerilla war, counterinsurgency, and state formation in Ottoman Yemen, PhD Thesis, Ohio State University 2003, p. 130.
  12. ^ Paul Dresch, A history of modern Yemen, pp. 28–95, http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/00029266.pdf
  13. ^ "North Yemen Civil War (1962-1970)".
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011.
  15. ^ Robert W. Stookey, Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder 1978, gives a general outline of the history up to the late 1970s.
  16. ^ Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid, Masadir ta'rikh al-Yaman fial 'asr al-islami. al Qahira 1974, pp. 404–16
  17. ^ R.B. Serjeant & Ronald Lewcock (eds.), San'a': An Arabic Islamic City. London 1983, pp. 72–95
  18. ^ الأئمة الزيديون في اليمن (in Arabic)
  19. ^ الأئمة الزيدية من 898 م إلى 1962م (in Arabic)
  20. ^ Francis Robinson, Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500, pg. 47. New York: Facts on File, 1984. ISBN 0871966298

Further reading

  • A.M.H.J. Stokvis, Manuel d'histoire, de généalogie et de chronologie de tous les états du globe, Vol I-III. Leiden 1888–93.
  • Peter Truhart, Regents of Nations. München 2003
  • E. de Zambaur, Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie de l'histoire de l'islam. Hannover 1927.

January 21, 2023
imams, yemen, later, also, titled, kings, yemen, were, religiously, consecrated, leaders, belonging, zaidiyyah, branch, shia, islam, they, established, blend, religious, temporal, political, rule, parts, yemen, from, their, imamate, endured, under, varying, ci. The Imams of Yemen later also titled the Kings of Yemen were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam They established a blend of religious and temporal political rule in parts of Yemen from 897 Their imamate endured under varying circumstances until the end of the North Yemen Civil War in 1970 following the republican revolution in 1962 Zaidiyyah theology differed from Isma ilism or Twelver Shi ism by stressing the presence of an active and visible imam as leader The imam was expected to be knowledgeable in religious scholarship and to prove himself a worthy headman of the community even in battle if this was necessary A claimant of the imamate would proclaim a call dawah and there were not infrequently more than one claimant 1 Monarch of YemenCoat of arms of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of YemenDetailsFirst monarchal Hadi ila l Haqq YahyaLast monarchMuhammad al BadrFormationc 897Abolition1 December 1970ResidenceDar al Hajar Sanaa YemenPretender s Ageel bin Muhammad al Badr Contents 1 History 1 1 Establishment 1 2 Rivalries with other dynasties 1 3 The Qasimid state 1 4 Modern history 2 List of imams 3 Beliefs 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingHistory EditEstablishment Edit Gold dinar of al Hadi minted at Saada in 910 11 CE The imams based their legitimacy on descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad mostly via al Qasim ar Rassi d 860 After him the medieval imams are sometimes known as the Rassids The first of the ruling line his grandson al Hadi ila l Haqq Yahya was born in Medina His fame as an intellectual as well as a leader of note led to his invitation to Yemen He was summoned to govern the highland tribes in 893 and again in 896 97 Al Hadi introduced a multitude of policies and practices that evolved into the particular Yemenite Zaidiyyah brand The efforts of al Hadi eventually became the basic guidelines for the religious as well as political characteristics of Yemeni Zaydism Al Hadi however was not able to consolidate his rule in all of Yemen He could not even create an enduring state in the highlands due to the strong localism persisting in the region There were revolts as well as segments of the population that did not accept his and his successors pretensions to religio political rule 2 Although he did not succeed in establishing any permanent administrative infrastructure al Hadi s descendants and other Alid clans who arrived in his company became the local aristocracy of the northern highlands 3 It is from among them that the imams of Yemen were selected for the next one thousand years The imams were usually chosen from the offspring of al Qasim ar Rassi and more specifically of al Hadi but on at least eight occasions they were picked from other lines descending from Muhammad s grandsons Hasan and Husain 4 Yemen throughout most of that period was only rarely a unified political entity in fact what has included within its frontiers varied widely and it has not been governed consistently or uniformly by any single set of rulers except for brief periods It existed as a part of a number of different political systems ruling dynasties between the ninth and sixteenth centuries after which it became a part of the Ottoman Empire Rivalries with other dynasties Edit After Imam al Hadi s death in 911 his sons took over the imamate in turn although it was not hereditary but rather elective among the descendants of Muhammad From the eleventh to the early seventeenth centuries however the imams were usually not chosen from the sons of the former imam but the title rather circulated among the various Rassid branches Meanwhile a multitude of smaller dynasties and families established themselves in the highlands as well as in the Tihamah the low coastal plain where the imams rarely gained influence Among the better known of these are the Yu firids 847 997 the Najahids 1021 1158 the Sulayhids 1047 1138 the Zuray ids 1080 1174 and the Hatimids 1098 1174 5 It was during this period when the Fatimid Caliphate was influential that a portion of the population was converted to Isma ilism Beginning with the conquest of Yemen by the family of Salah ad Din ibn Ayyub Saladin in 1174 a series of dynasties exercised a modicum of control and administration in Yemen for roughly the next 400 years these are in chronological sequence the Ayyubids from 1174 to 1229 the Rasulids from 1229 to 1454 the Tahirids from 1454 to 1517 and the Mamluks from 1517 to 1538 when the Ottoman Empire took the Tihamah 6 During most of this period the dynasties and their rulers were primarily engaged in familial regional and occasionally sectarian disputes Ironically the Sunni Rasulids who eventually concentrated their rule in southern Yemen for precisely that reason were the dynasty under which the region experienced the greatest economic growth and political stability 7 For part of the medieval era the Zaydiyyah imams were eclipsed by the lowland dynasties and for long periods there would be no imam at all especially in 1066 1138 and 1171 1187 From the end of the thirteenth century the political fortunes of the Zaydiyya imams revived somewhat They were able to hold their own against the Rasulids and Tahirids and sometimes expand their territory Often however and especially after 1436 the imamate was split between several contenders Comparatively little is known about the medieval Zaydi imams and their efforts to establish themselves and develop some form of administration including tax collection or their success in promoting Zaydi goals during this period From the available evidence there was very little continuity and a great deal of competition among the Zaydi families and clans For example in a presumably representative two hundred year period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries there appear to have been more than twenty different candidates for the imamate representing more than ten distinct clans 8 The Qasimid state Edit Eventually the Europeans entered the Middle East specifically the Portuguese and then others in the effort to control the Red Sea trade For the Zaydiyya imams however the Ottomans constituted the greater external threat Ottoman expeditions managed to defeat the highland tribesmen in the mid decades of the sixteenth century From the early seventeenth century al Mansur al Qasim belonging to one of the Rassid branches later known as the Qasimids or Yemeni Zaidi State raised the standard of rebellion His son al Mu ayyad Muhammad managed to gather the entire Yemen under his authority expel the Turks and establish an independent political entity For a time the imams ruled a comprehensive territory including South Yemen and areas even further to the east Their economic base was strengthened by the coffee trade of the coastal entrepot Mocha Unlike in the previous practice the Qasimids or Yemeni Zaidi State ruled as a hereditary dynasty 9 The power of the Yemeni Zaidi State or Imamate declined in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries especially in the wake of the Wahhabi invasions after 1800 10 The territory controlled by the imams shrank successively after 1681 and the lucrative coffee trade declined with new producers in other parts of the world The Qasimid state or Yemeni Zaidi State has been characterized as a quasi state with an inherent tension between tribes and government and between tribal culture and learned Islamic morality The imams themselves adopted the style of Middle East monarchies becoming increasingly distant figures As a result they eventually lost their charismatic and spiritual position among the tribes of Yemen 11 The imamate was further eclipsed by the second coming of the Turks to lowland Yemen in 1848 and to the highlands in 1872 However the Ottoman troops were never able to entirely quell resistance against Ottoman rule The occupants were eventually driven out by 1918 by a Qasimid side branch which inaugurated the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Modern history Edit For the next 44 years North Yemen was ruled by two powerful imams Yahya bin Muhammad Hamid ad Din and his son Ahmad bin Yahya created a kingdom there much as the kings of England and France had done centuries earlier The two imams strengthened the state and secured its borders They used the imamate to insulate Yemen and revitalize its Islamic culture and society at a time when traditional societies around the world were declining under imperial rule While Yemen under the two imams seemed almost frozen in time a small but increasing number of Yemenis became aware of the contrast between an autocratic society they saw as stagnant and the political and economic modernization occurring in other parts of the world This produced an important chain of events the birth of the nationalist Free Yemeni Movement in the mid 1940s an aborted 1948 revolution in which Imam Yahya was killed a failed 1955 coup against Imam Ahmad and finally the 1962 revolution in which the recently enthroned imam Muhammad al Badr was deposed by a group of nationalist officers and the Yemen Arab Republic YAR was proclaimed under the leadership of Abdullah al Sallal 12 The first five years of President Al Sallal s rule from 1962 to 1967 comprised the first chapter in the history of North Yemen Marked by the revolution that began it this period witnessed a lengthy civil war between Yemeni republican forces based in the cities and supported by Egypt and the royalist supporters of the deposed imam backed by Saudi Arabia and Jordan In 1965 Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser met with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia to consider a possible settlement to the civil war The meeting resulted in an agreement whereby both countries pledged to end their involvement and allow the people of North Yemen to choose their own government Subsequent peace conferences were ineffectual however and fighting flared up again in 1966 13 By 1967 the war had reached a stalemate and the republicans had split into opposing factions concerning relations with Egypt and Saudi Arabia In late 1967 Al Sallal s government was overthrown and he was replaced as president by Abdul Rahman al Iryani Fighting continued until 1970 when Saudi Arabia halted its aid to royalists and established diplomatic ties with North Yemen Al Iryani effected the long sought truce between republican and royalist forces and presided over the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1970 Imam Muhammad al Badr greatly disappointed by the Saudi recognition of the republic emigrated to London where he died in 1996 14 In June 1974 military officers led by Colonel Ibrahim al Hamdi staged a bloodless coup claiming that the government of Al Iryani had become ineffective The constitution was suspended and executive power was vested in a command council dominated by the military Al Hamdi chaired the council and attempted to strengthen and restructure politics in North Yemen Al Hamdi was assassinated in 1977 and his successor former Chief of Staff Ahmed Hussein al Ghashmi was killed in June 1978 15 The lengthy tenure of President Ali Abdullah Saleh who ruled North Yemen from 1978 until it merged with South Yemen in 1990 proved more stable Saleh strengthened the political system while an influx of foreign aid and the discovery of oil in North Yemen held out the prospect of economic expansion and development List of imams EditThere is no uncontroversial list of imams of Yemen since many imams were not universally recognized and sometimes eclipsed by the rule of lowland dynasties or by the Turks The following list is fairly inclusive 16 17 18 19 al Hadi ila l Haqq Yahya bin al Husayn bin al Qasim ar Rassi 897 911 al Murtada Muhammad 911 913 d 922 son an Nasir Ahmad 913 934 or 937 brother al Muntakhab al Hasan 934 936 or 939 son al Mukhtar al Qasim 936 956 brother al Mansur Yahya 934 976 brother ad Da i Yusuf 977 999 son al Mansur al Qasim al Iyyani bin Ali 999 1002 ad Da i Yusuf 1002 1012 second term al Mahdi al Husayn 1003 1013 son of al Mansur al Qasim al Mu ayyad Ahmad bin al Husayn 1013 1020 Abu Talib Yahya 1020 1033 al Mu id li Din Illah 1027 1030 Abu Hashim al Hasan 1031 1040 Abu l Fath an Nasir ad Dailami bin al Husayn 1038 1053 al Muhtasib al Mujahid Hamzah 1060 1067 son of Abu Hashim al Hasan al Mutawakkil Ahmad bin Sulayman 1138 1171 descended from an Nasir Ahmad al Mansur Abdallah bin Hamzah 1187 1217 descended from al Muhtasib al Mujahid Hamzah an Nasir Muhammad 1217 1226 son al Hadi Yahya bin Muhsin 1217 1239 al Mahdi Ahmad bin al Husayn 1248 1258 al Hasan bin Wahhas 1258 1260 d 1285 Yahya bin Muhammad as Siraji 1261 1262 d 1296 al Mansur al Hasan bin Badr ad Din 1262 1271 son of a cousin of al Hadi Yahya al Mahdi Ibrahim bin Ahmad Taj ad Din 1272 1276 d 1284 nephew al Mutawakkil al Mutahhar bin Yahya bin al Murtada 1276 1298 al Mahdi Muhammad 1301 1328 son al Mu ayyad Yahya bin Hamzah 1328 1346 an Nasir Ali bin Salah 1328 1329 grandson of al Mahdi Ibrahim Ahmad bin Ali al Fathi 1329 1349 al Wathiq al Mutahhar 1349 son of al Mahdi Muhammad al Mahdi Ali bin Muhammad 1349 1372 al Nasir Muhammad Salah al Din 1372 1391 son al Mansur Ali 1391 1436 son al Mahdi Ahmad bin Yahya bin al Murtada 1391 1392 d 1436 al Hadi Ali bin al Muayyad 1393 1432 al Mahdi Salah ad Din bin Ali 1436 1445 al Mansur an Nasir bin Muhammad 1436 1462 great great grandson of al Mutawakkil al Mutahhar bin Yahya al Mutawakkil al Mutahhar bin Muhammad 1436 1474 al Mu ayyad Muhammad 1462 1503 son of al Mansur an Nasir an Nasir Muhammad bin Yusuf 1474 1488 al Hadi Izz ad Din bin al Hasan 1474 1495 grandson of al Hadi Ali al Mansur Muhammad bin Ali al Washali 1475 1504 an Nasir al Hasan 1495 1523 son of al Hadi Izz ad Din al Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad Din bin Shams ad Din 1506 1555 grandson of al Mahdi Ahmad al Mutahhar 1547 1572 son an Nasir al Hasan bin Ali 1579 1585 al Mansur al Qasim bin Muhammad 1597 1620 al Mu ayyad Muhammad I 1620 1644 son al Mutawakkil Isma il 1644 1676 brother al Mahdi Ahmad bin al Hasan 1676 1681 nephew al Mu ayyad Muhammad II 1681 1686 son of al Mutawakkil Isma il al Mahdi Muhammad 1687 1718 son of al Mahdi Ahmad al Mansur al Husayn I bin al Qasim 1716 1720 grandson of al Mu ayyad Muhammad I al Mutawakkil al Qasim bin al Hasan 1716 1727 grandson of al Mahdi Ahmad An Nasir Muhammad Zaidi imam bin Ishaq 1723 d 1754 grandson of al Mahdi Ahmad al Mansur al Husayn II 1727 1748 son of al Mutawakkil al Qasim al Mahdi Abbas 1748 1775 son al Mansur Ali I 1775 1809 son al Mutawakkil Ahmad 1809 1816 son al Mahdi Abdallah 1816 1835 son al Mansur Ali II 1835 1837 d 1871 son an Nasir Abdallah bin al Hasan bin Ahmad 1837 1840 great grandson of al Mahdi Abbas al Hadi Muhammad 1840 1844 son of al Mutawakkil Ahmad al Mansur Ali II 1844 1845 second term al Mutawakkil Muhammad bin Yahya 1845 1849 grandson of al Mansur Ali I al Mansur Ali II 1849 1850 third term al Mansur Ahmad bin Hashim 1849 1853 al Mu ayyad Abbas bin Abd ar Rahman 1850 al Mansur Ali II 1851 fourth term al Hadi Ghalib 1851 1852 d 1885 son of al Mutawakkil Muhammad al Mansur Muhammad bin Abdallah 1853 1890 al Mutawakkil al Muhsin bin Ahmad 1855 1878 al Hadi Ghalib 1858 1872 second term al Mansur al Husayn III bin Muhammad bin al Hadi 1859 1863 d 1888 al Hadi Sharaf ad Din bin Muhammad bin Abd ar Rahman 1878 1890 al Mansur Muhammad bin Yahya Hamid ad Din 1890 1904 al Mutawakkil Yahya Muhammad Hamid ad Din 1904 1948 son an Nasir Ahmad bin Yahya 1948 1962 son of al Mutawakkil Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed Din al Mansur Muhammad al Badr 1962 d 1996 son For continuation of leadership after 1962 see President of Yemen Arab Republic Beliefs EditUnlike many of the Imamis Twelver and Isma ili branches of the Shi a denomination the Zaidis do not ascribe divine or superhuman attributes to their Imams 20 See also EditAbolished monarchy President of Yemen Arab Republic Prime Minister of Yemen Arab Republic List of leaders of South Yemen List of Shia dynasties Islamic history of Yemen Yemeni Zaidi StateReferences EditGeneralHarris Walter B 1893 A Journey Through the Yemen and Some General Remarks Upon That Country Edinburgh and London William Blackwood and Sons pp 374 375 OCLC 5044217 Imam Zaid bin Ali Cultural Foundation مؤسسة الإمام زيد بن علي الثقافية استعراض الكتاب in Arabic Specific Jane Hathaway A Tale of Two Factions Myth Memory and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen New York 2003 pp 79 81 Cornelis van Arendonk Les debuts de l imamat zaidite au Yemen Leiden 1960 D Thomas Gochenour Towards a sociology of the Islamization of Yemen in B R Pridham ed Contemporary Yemen Politics and historical background Beckenham 1984 pp 8 9 Enzyklopadie des Islam Vol III Leiden 1936 p 1216 H C Kay Yaman Its early medieval history London 1892 https archive org stream yamanitsearlymed00umaruoft yamanitsearlymed00umaruoft djvu txt For the chronology of these see Peter Truhart Regents of nations Vol 3 Munchen 2003 pp 1090 1 Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol VIII Leiden 1995 pp 455 7 Robert W Stookey Yemen The politics of the Yemen Arab Republic Boulder 1978 p 125 For their genealogy see Robert W Stookey Yemen The politics of the Yemen Arab Republic Boulder 1978 p 144 Robert L Playfair A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen Bombay 1859 pp 127 34 Vincent Steven Wilhite Guerilla war counterinsurgency and state formation in Ottoman Yemen PhD Thesis Ohio State University 2003 p 130 Paul Dresch A history of modern Yemen pp 28 95 http catdir loc gov catdir samples cam031 00029266 pdf North Yemen Civil War 1962 1970 History of Yemen Key Figures in Yemen s history Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 Robert W Stookey Yemen The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic Boulder 1978 gives a general outline of the history up to the late 1970s Ayman Fu ad Sayyid Masadir ta rikh al Yaman fial asr al islami al Qahira 1974 pp 404 16 R B Serjeant amp Ronald Lewcock eds San a An Arabic Islamic City London 1983 pp 72 95 الأئمة الزيديون في اليمن in Arabic الأئمة الزيدية من 898 م إلى 1962م in Arabic Francis Robinson Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500 pg 47 New York Facts on File 1984 ISBN 0871966298Further reading EditA M H J Stokvis Manuel d histoire de genealogie et de chronologie de tous les etats du globe Vol I III Leiden 1888 93 Peter Truhart Regents of Nations Munchen 2003 E de Zambaur Manuel de genealogie et de chronologie de l histoire de l islam Hannover 1927 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Imams of Yemen amp oldid 1127746764, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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