Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Maktum (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱبْن إسْماعِيل ٱلْمَكتُوم, romanized: Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Maktūm; c. 740–813) was the eldest son of Isma'il al-Mubarak and the seventh imam in Isma'ilism. When Isma'il died, his son Muhammad continued to live in Medina under the care of his grandfather Ja'far al-Sadiq until the latter's death in 148/765. After the death of Abd Allah al-Aftah, Muhammad was the senior most member of this Fatimid branch of al-Husayn's descendants. However, due to the rival group that recognized Musa al-Kazim and the Abbasid persecution of all Fatimids, Muhammad fled Medina with his sons for the east. For this reason, he was known as al-Maktum (lit.'the hidden one'). He had two sons when living in Medina and then four more sons after his emigration, among whom was his successor Ahmad al-Wafi. Muhammad's descendants became the Fatimid caliphs of Egypt.
Muhammad was the eldest son of Isma'il ibn Ja'far. His mother was a slave-wife (umm al-walad) called Umm Farwa.[a] He was also the eldest grandson of Ja'far al-Sadiq and, according to the records of Idris Imad al-Din (d. 1468), he was twenty-six years old when al-Sadiq died, which means that his birth date was 122/740.[1] The Dastūr al-Munajjimīn, in fact, places his birth in Dhu al-Hijja 121/November 739. Muhammad passed his early life with his grandfather for 24 years and 10 years with his family in Medina.[2]
He was the Imam of the Mubarakiyya and the eldest male member of al-Sadiq's family, after the death of his uncle Abd Allah al-Aftah; furthermore, all sources agree that he was older than his uncle Musa al-Kazim by about eight years.[3] As such, he enjoyed a certain degree of esteem and seniority in this Fatimid branch of the Alid family.[3] However, after the recognition of the Imamate of Musa al-Kazim by the majority of al-Sadiq's followers, Muhammad's position became untenable in his native Hejaz where his uncle and chief rival Musa also lived.[3][4] It was probably then, not long after al-Sadiq's death, that Muhammad left Medina for the east and went into hiding, henceforth acquiring the epithet al-Maktum (lit.'the hidden one').[3]
The Sunni historian al-Tabari (d. 923) refers to Muhammad as a rāwī, a title he must have earned before his concealment.[2][5]
He was in Medina when he rose to the protection of the religion of God, despatched his da'is, spread his doctrine, and ordered his missionaries to scarch for the 'land of refuge' (dar hijra) in which to seek safety.[5]
— Idrid Imad al-Din, ʿUyūn al-Akhbār
Juvayni (d. 1283) records that, during the Abbasid persecution carried out against Isma'il ibn Ja'far, Muhammad and his brother Ali were in hiding in Medina.[1] Muhammad left Medina to escape Abbasid espionage and thereafter lived incognito, his whereabouts being known to only a few of his most responsible followers.[5] Different sources mention various localities and regions as his final destination, but it is certain that he first went to southern Iraq and then to Persia.[3][6] According to the later Isma'ilis, this emigration marks the beginning of the period of concealment (dawr al-satr) in early Isma'ilism, the concealment ending with the establishment of the Fatimid caliphate (r. 909–1171).[7]
Muhammad ibn Isma'il seems to have spent the latter part of his life in Khuzestan, in southwestern Persia, where he had a certain number of supporters and from where he despatched his own da'is to adjoining areas.[8]
Deathedit
The exact date of Muhammad's death remains unknown. But it is almost certain that he died during the caliphate of the celebrated Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), perhaps soon after 179/795–796, the year in which al-Rashid, continuing the anti-Alid policy of his predecessors, arrested Musa al-Kazim in Medina and banished him to Iraq as a prisoner. The Twelver sources, which are hostile to Muhammad ibn Isma'il, maintain that it was he who betrayed Musa to the Abbasids, though they also relate the story of a reconciliation between these two Fatimids prior to Muhammad's departure for Iraq.[8]
Familyedit
Muhammad had two sons who were apparently born to him before his migration to the East,—Isma'il and Ja'far.[9][8] They seem to be quite historical, left large posterity, are very rarely referred to in Isma'ili works, and apparently played no part in sectarian life.[9] After his emigration, he had four more sons, including Abdullah, who, according to the later Isma'ilis, was his rightful successor.[8][10]
muhammad, maktum, muhammad, isma, maktum, arabic, ٱب, إس, ماع, يل, ٱل, كت, وم, romanized, muḥammad, ismāʿīl, maktūm, eldest, isma, mubarak, seventh, imam, isma, ilism, when, isma, died, muhammad, continued, live, medina, under, care, grandfather, sadiq, until,. Muhammad ibn Isma il al Maktum Arabic م ح م د ٱب ن إس ماع يل ٱل م كت وم romanized Muḥammad ibn Ismaʿil al Maktum c 740 813 was the eldest son of Isma il al Mubarak and the seventh imam in Isma ilism When Isma il died his son Muhammad continued to live in Medina under the care of his grandfather Ja far al Sadiq until the latter s death in 148 765 After the death of Abd Allah al Aftah Muhammad was the senior most member of this Fatimid branch of al Husayn s descendants However due to the rival group that recognized Musa al Kazim and the Abbasid persecution of all Fatimids Muhammad fled Medina with his sons for the east For this reason he was known as al Maktum lit the hidden one He had two sons when living in Medina and then four more sons after his emigration among whom was his successor Ahmad al Wafi Muhammad s descendants became the Fatimid caliphs of Egypt Muhammad al Maktumم ح م د ٱل م كت ومSeventh Imam of Isma ilism7th Isma ili ImamIn office 775 813 CEPreceded byIsma il al MubarakSucceeded byAhmad al WafiTitleal Maktum lit the hidden one al Shakir lit the grateful one PersonalBorn122 AH 740 ADMedinaDied197 AH 813 ADSalamiyahReligionShia IslamChildrenList of children Ahmad al Wafi Ja far Isma il Ali Husayn Abdullah Yahya AhmadParentsIsma il al Mubarak father Umm Farwa mother Contents 1 Life 2 Death 3 Family 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 SourcesLife editMuhammad was the eldest son of Isma il ibn Ja far His mother was a slave wife umm al walad called Umm Farwa a He was also the eldest grandson of Ja far al Sadiq and according to the records of Idris Imad al Din d 1468 he was twenty six years old when al Sadiq died which means that his birth date was 122 740 1 The Dastur al Munajjimin in fact places his birth in Dhu al Hijja 121 November 739 Muhammad passed his early life with his grandfather for 24 years and 10 years with his family in Medina 2 He was the Imam of the Mubarakiyya and the eldest male member of al Sadiq s family after the death of his uncle Abd Allah al Aftah furthermore all sources agree that he was older than his uncle Musa al Kazim by about eight years 3 As such he enjoyed a certain degree of esteem and seniority in this Fatimid branch of the Alid family 3 However after the recognition of the Imamate of Musa al Kazim by the majority of al Sadiq s followers Muhammad s position became untenable in his native Hejaz where his uncle and chief rival Musa also lived 3 4 It was probably then not long after al Sadiq s death that Muhammad left Medina for the east and went into hiding henceforth acquiring the epithet al Maktum lit the hidden one 3 The Sunni historian al Tabari d 923 refers to Muhammad as a rawi a title he must have earned before his concealment 2 5 He was in Medina when he rose to the protection of the religion of God despatched his da is spread his doctrine and ordered his missionaries to scarch for the land of refuge dar hijra in which to seek safety 5 Idrid Imad al Din ʿUyun al Akhbar Juvayni d 1283 records that during the Abbasid persecution carried out against Isma il ibn Ja far Muhammad and his brother Ali were in hiding in Medina 1 Muhammad left Medina to escape Abbasid espionage and thereafter lived incognito his whereabouts being known to only a few of his most responsible followers 5 Different sources mention various localities and regions as his final destination but it is certain that he first went to southern Iraq and then to Persia 3 6 According to the later Isma ilis this emigration marks the beginning of the period of concealment dawr al satr in early Isma ilism the concealment ending with the establishment of the Fatimid caliphate r 909 1171 7 Muhammad ibn Isma il seems to have spent the latter part of his life in Khuzestan in southwestern Persia where he had a certain number of supporters and from where he despatched his own da is to adjoining areas 8 Death editThe exact date of Muhammad s death remains unknown But it is almost certain that he died during the caliphate of the celebrated Harun al Rashid r 786 809 perhaps soon after 179 795 796 the year in which al Rashid continuing the anti Alid policy of his predecessors arrested Musa al Kazim in Medina and banished him to Iraq as a prisoner The Twelver sources which are hostile to Muhammad ibn Isma il maintain that it was he who betrayed Musa to the Abbasids though they also relate the story of a reconciliation between these two Fatimids prior to Muhammad s departure for Iraq 8 Family editMuhammad had two sons who were apparently born to him before his migration to the East Isma il and Ja far 9 8 They seem to be quite historical left large posterity are very rarely referred to in Isma ili works and apparently played no part in sectarian life 9 After his emigration he had four more sons including Abdullah who according to the later Isma ilis was his rightful successor 8 10 See also edit nbsp Shia Islam portal nbsp Islam portal Family tree of Muhammad List of Isma ili imams Imamate in Nizari doctrineFootnotes edit al Mufid records an Umm Farwa as the full sister of Isma il ibn Ja far So there might be a possibility of confusion in Idris record 1 References edit a b c Buyukkara 1997 p 63 a b Tajddin 2009 p 25 a b c d e Daftary 2007 p 95 Buyukkara 1997 pp 63 64 a b c Hollister 1953 p 205 Buyukkara 1997 p 64 Daftary 2007 pp 95 96 a b c d Daftary 2007 p 96 a b Ivanow 1942 p 38 Tajddin 2009 pp 26 28 Sources editDaftary Farhad 2007 The Ismaʿi li s Their History and Doctrines Second ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 61636 2 Tajddin Mumtaz Ali 2009 Brief history of the Shia Ismaili Imams Karachi a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Ivanow Vladimir 1942 Ismaili Tradition Concerning the Rise of the Fatimids Islamic Research Association ISBN 978 0 598 52924 4 Hollister John Norman 1953 The Shi a of India Luzac ISBN 978 8170691068 Buyukkara Mehmet Ali 1997 The Imami Shi i movement in the time of Musa al Kaẓim and Ali al Riḍa Edinburgh University Press Muhammad al Maktumof the Ahl al BaytBanu HashimClan of the QurayshBorn 122 AH 740 AD Died 197 AH 813 AD Shia Islam titles Preceded byIsma il al Mubarak 7th Imam of Isma ilism775 813 Succeeded byAhmad al Wafi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muhammad al Maktum amp oldid 1221505497, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
