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Shahrbanu

January 20, 2023

Shahrbānū (or Shehr Bano) (Persian: شهربانو; "Lady of the Land")[1] was allegedly one of the wives of Husayn ibn Ali, the third Shia Imam and grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as the mother of his successor, Ali ibn Husayn.[2] She was reportedly a Sassanid princess, a daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid emperor of Persia.[3] Shahrbanu has also been referred to with several other names by different writers, such as: Shaharbānawayh,[4] Shahzanān,[5] Shahjahan,[6] Jahanshah,[7] Salāma,[8] Salāfa,[9] Ghazāla,[10] and Sādira.[11]

Shahrbanu
شهربانو
Born
Persia
(Sasanian Empire)
Died
Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine
(disputed)
NationalityIranian
Other namesShaharbānawayh
Shahzanān
Shahjahan
Jahanshah
Salāma
Salāfa
Ghazāla
Sādira
SpouseHusayn ibn Ali
ChildrenAli ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
Parent

Islamic legends state that Shahrbanu was captured during the Muslim conquest of Persia. When presented before the Arab nobility and offered a choice in husband, she requested to be given in marriage to Husayn.[1] The majority of Shia sources state that Shahrbanu subsequently died shortly after giving birth to her son Ali[12][13] and was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi, alongside other members of Muhammad's family. Some traditions however, indicate to the Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine in Rey being her resting place.[1]

Shahrbanu is viewed as a saintly figure by the Shia denominations and is especially revered in Iran, her importance being partly tied to the link she provides between pre-Islamic Persia and modern Shi'ism. However, her historicity is uncertain. Islamic writers, such as al-Mubarrad, Ya'qubi and al-Kulayni, began alluding to Shahrbanu and her imperial Persian background from the 9th century onward. However, the earliest sources make no mention of the mother of Ali ibn Husayn, nor do they ascribe him with maternal royal ancestry. The first references were from Ibn Sa'd and Ibn Qutaybah, also in the 9th century, who instead describe her as being a slave from Sindh. This leads the Encyclopædia Iranica to consider that Shahrbanu was "undeniably legendary".[1]

Family background

Islamic histories regarding Shahrbanu generally state that she was a daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid emperor of Persia.[3] However, other identifications for her parentage have also been given. Muhammad ibn Ahmad Naysaburi cites a tradition that she was the daughter of Yazdegerd's father Prince Shahriyar, son of Khosrow II. Ibn Shahr Ashub relates that her father was the nushijan, a Persian ruler whose identity has not yet been further clarified. These are minority views however, with the belief of her being the daughter of Yazdegerd being the most prevalent.[14]

Accounts are silent regarding Shahrbanu's mother. Yazdegerd is recorded to have had several wives and concubines,[15] with Al-Tabari and Ibn Khaldun making specific references to a marriage he had made to a woman in Merv.[16][17] However, Zameer Naqvi believes Shahrbanu's mother to have been a Sindhi princess named Mah Talat or Maha Talat. She may have been a member of the Buddhist Rai dynasty, with who the Sassanid emperors had maintained good relations. The present city of Matli, where her marriage to Yazdegerd supposedly took place, may have been named after her.[18][19]

In addition to Shahrbanu, the historian Al-Masudi provides the names of four other children of Yazdegerd III; two sons, namely Peroz and Bahram, and two daughters, Adrag and Mardawand.[20] While it was historically recorded that her brothers had escaped to the Tang emperor of China,[20] Islamic traditions state that Shahrbanu's sisters were captured alongside her. One allegedly married Abdullah, son of the Caliph Umar, and became the mother of his son Salim, while another married Muhammad, son of the Caliph Abu Bakr, and became the mother of his son Qasim.[21] Further alleged siblings have also been attributed to Shahrbanu, including Ghayanbanu, who was her full sister,[19] Izdundad, who married the Jewish exilarch Bostanai,[22] and Mihrbanu, who married Chandragupta, the Indian king of Ujjain.[23]

Capture and marriage

Accounts of Shahrbanu's capture generally state that she was taken during the Muslim conquest of Khorasan, either by Abdallah ibn Amir or Hurayth ibn Jabir.[24][14] The princess (possibly alongside her sisters)[21] was subsequently brought as a slave to Medina, where she was presented to the Caliph, who al-Kulayni identifies as being Umar ibn al-Khattab.[24] A hadith reported by as-Saffar al-Qummi in the Basa'ir ad-Darajat gives the following account of Shahrbanu's arrival at Umar's court:[7]

When they sought to take the daughter of Yazdegerd to Umar, she came to Medina; young girls climbed higher to see her and the Prophet's mosque was illuminated by her radiant face. Once she caught sight of Umar inside the mosque, she covered her face and sighed: "Ah piruz badha hormoz" (Persian: May Hormuz be victorious). Umar became angry and said: "She is insulting me." At this point, the Commander of the Faithful (Ali ibn Abi Talib) intervened and said to Umar: "Do not meddle, leave her alone! Let her choose a man among the Muslims and he will pay her price from the spoils he earned." Umar then said to the girl: "Choose!" She stepped forward and placed her hand on Husayn ibn Ali's head. The Commander of the Faithful asked her: "What is your name?" "Jahan Shah" she answered. And Ali added: "Shahrbanu also."[note 1] He then turned to Husayn and said to him: "Husayn! She will be the mother of your son who shall be the best of those living in the world."

There is disagreement between various accounts regarding the details of the story. In al-Kulayni's Kitab al-Kafi, it was Umar's decision for Shahrbanu to choose her own husband, as opposed to Ali's. Keikavus' Qabusnama includes the involvement of Salman the Persian.[26] The Uyun Akhbar al-Ridha by Ibn Babawayh reports that the caliph in question was not actually Umar, but his successor, Uthman. In relation to this, historian Mary Boyce states that al-Qummi's account ignores that the conquest of Khorasan took place during the latter's reign, as well as the fact that Shahrbanu's supposed son, Ali, was not born until over a decade after Umar's death.[24]

Death

 
Shrine of Shahrbanu in Rey, Iran

The earliest sources regarding Sharbanu make no mention of her ultimate fate, instead primarily focusing on the events of her capture and marriage.[24] Later accounts added further details to the story, with multiple variations emerging regarding her death. Literary traditions state that she died upon giving birth to her son, Ali ibn Husayn in 659 CE.[1] She was allegedly buried in the Jannat al-Baqī in Medina, her grave being beside that of her brother-in-law Hasan ibn Ali.[24]

Another account narrates that Shahrbanu lived to see the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE. Having witnessed the massacre of her family during the battle, the princess drowned herself in the Euphrates to avoid the humiliation of captivity by the Umayyads.[27]

A third version, as with the previous account, states that Shahbanu was alive during Karbala, but includes a miraculous aspect to the story. It states that prior to his death, Husayn gave Shahrbanu his horse and bid her to escape back to her homeland in Persia. She was closely pursued by Yazid's soldiers and as she approached the mountains surrounding Rey, she tried to call out to God in desperation. However, in her exhaustion she misspoke and rather than saying "Yallahu!" (Oh God!), she said "Ya kuh!" (Oh mountain!). The mountain then miraculously opened and she rode into it, leaving behind only a piece of her veil which had gotten caught as the chasm closed behind her. This became an object of veneration, with the area becoming a shrine as well as a popular pilgrimage site.[28][1]

Mary Boyce believed that the latter story was a 10th-century invention, considering it to be probable that the shrine was previously dedicated to the Zoroastrian goddess Anahid. She states that as Zoroastrianism and the worship of Anahid became less predominant in the region, a link was probably formed between the site and Shahrbanu in order for the veneration of the Persian princess to take its place. It is also notable that the word "Banu" (Lady) is strongly associated with Anahid, making it likely that "Shahrbanu" (Lady of the land) was the title originally used to dedicate the old shrine.[29]

Historicity

The historicity of Shahrbanu is highly debatable, with no source available which can truly confirm or deny her existence.[30] While it was certainly within the influence of Husayn's father, Ali ibn Abi Talib, to have had him married to a captive daughter of Yazdegerd III,[31] contemporary sources make no mention of such an event. Early histories regarding the invasion of Persia by authors such as Ibn Abd Rabbih and al-Tabari, often written with great attention to detail, do not establish any relationship between the Sassanid royal family and a wife of Husayn. The same is true for a wide range of sources, such as the Hanafi judge Abu Yusuf in his treatise on taxation, the Kitab al-Kharaj, nor Ferdowsi in his epic, the Shahnameh.[1]

The first mentions of the mother of Ali ibn Husayn come two hundred years later from Ibn Sa'd and Ibn Qutaybah in the 9th century, who both describe her as a slave from Sindh named Gazala or Solafa. They go on to claim that after the death of his father, Ali freed his mother and gave her in marriage to a client of Husayn's named Zuyaid, to whom she bore a son, Abdullah.[1][32] Ya'qubi, who wrote around the same time as Ibn Qutaybah, was the first to suggest that Ali's mother was an enslaved daughter of Yazdegerd, stating that she was nicknamed Gazala by Husayn. The Tarikh-i Qum and the Firaq al-Shi'a, both written around the 10th century, give a similar story, but state that she was originally called either Shahrbanu or Jahanshah and was later renamed Solafa.[33]

There is therefore a consistency between the early sources that the mother of Ali was named Gazala or Solafa, and that she was an eastern slave belonging to Husayn. The dispute only arises regarding her original identity and subsequent fate. Ibn Babawayh however, also writing in the 10th century, records a Shia tradition which combines the two stories. It states that Ali was the son of a daughter of Yazdegerd who died in childbirth. He was subsequently raised by a concubine of Husayn's, who was publicly assumed to be his mother. When Ali later arranged for the concubine to be married, he was mocked due to the belief that he had given his own mother away. This tradition acts to support the earlier accounts whilst also providing an explanation for the contradictions. Based on the various testimonies, Mary Boyce surmised that Ali's mother was a Sindhi concubine, who he later freed and arranged to be married. The Shahrbanu story subsequently emerged to explain away the aspects which may have been viewed as unpalatable.[24]

It is also thought that the legend of Shahrbanu was used to provide a link between pre-Islamic Persia and Shi'ism, something which is thought to be an extremely important aspect for the Persian converts of the period. Through Shahrbanu, the Shia Imams would have possessed legitimacy in two forms: through their paternal descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, and their maternal descent from the ancient Persian kings.[34] Later incarnations of the story may have magnified the Persian aspect with this in mind, with increasing emphasis being put on the princess's royalty. Ali ibn Abi Talib plays an important role in this, with he and Shahrbanu conversing in Persian, him insisting on her freedom and nobility of rank as well as predicting the birth of the future Imam.[1] It is also notable that for several centuries, the writers who reported the story had almost exclusively been Persians or Persianized Shias, such as al-Kulayni, Ibn Babawayh and Ibn Shahr Ashub.[35] Subsequently, it appears that Shahrbanu served as a factor in the convergence between the persecuted Shias and the conquered Persians.[34] A similar effort was attempted several centuries later to connect the mother of the twelfth Imam to the Byzantine emperors and the Apostle Simon, thereby linking the Imams to Shi'ism, Mandaeism, and Christianity, though this proved less successful.[35]

Iranian scholar and politician Morteza Motahhari argued against this reasoning, stating that the Shia Imams' potential Sassanid ancestry would not have especially attracted Persians to Shi'ism. Noting that the mother of the Yazid III is believed to be a daughter of Peroz III,[36] Motahhari added that the Persians had no equivalent inclination towards the Umayyad dynasty. Similarly, the Umayyad general Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad is also not especially esteemed based on his maternal Persian heritage. In addition to this, Motahhari asserted that Shahrbanu is not venerated in Iran above the mothers of the other Imams, who came from a multitude of ethnic backgrounds, such as Narjis, who is believed to have been a Roman concubine.[37]

Notes

  1. ^ It is uncertain whether Ali was merely mentioning another name that the princess was known by, or if he was conferring upon her an entirely new name.[25]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (July 20, 2005). "ŠAHRBĀNU". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  2. ^ Michael Curtis, Religion and Politics in the Middle East (1982), p. 132
  3. ^ a b Mehrdad Kia, The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. I (2016), p. 6
  4. ^ (1)Roudat al-Wa'zin, vol. 1, p. 237. (2) 'Uyyun al-Mu'jizat, p. 31.(3) Ghayat al-Ikhtisar, p. 155.
  5. ^ Al-Shiblanji, Nur al-Abbsar, p. 126.
  6. ^ Boyce, Mary (December 15, 1989). "BĪBĪ ŠAHRBĀNŪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  7. ^ a b Amir- Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (31 January 2011). The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Beliefs and Practices. I.B.Tauris. p. 50. ISBN 9780857719652. Retrieved 23 April 2018 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ (1) 'Usul al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 466. (2) Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala', vol, 14, p. 237 (3) Kalifa Khayyat, al-Tabaqat, p. 238.(4) Al-Nisaburi, al-Asami wa al-Kuna.
  9. ^ (1) Al-Dhahabi, Tarikh al-Islam, vol. 2, p. 46.(2)Al-Imama fi al-Islam, p. 116. (3) Ansab al-Ashraf, p. 102. (4) AlBustani, Da'irat al-Ma'arif, vol. 9, p. 355.(5) Nur al-Abbsar, p. 136. (6) Al-Kamil, vol. 2, p. 464.
  10. ^ (1)Safwat al-Safwa, vol. 2, p. 25. (2) Shadharat al-Dhahab, vol. 1, p. 104.(3) Sir al-Si;sila al-'Alawiya, p. 31. (4) Nihayat al-Irab, vol. 21 p. 324. (5) Kulasat al-Dhahab al-Masbuk, p. 8.
  11. ^ Al-Ithaf bi Hub al-Ashraf, p. 49.
  12. ^ (1) Al-Mas'udi, Ithabat al-Wasiya, p. 143. Imam Zayn 'al-Abidin, p. 18
  13. ^ Baqir Sharif al-Qarashi. The life of Imam Zayn al-Abideen a.s. p20-21
  14. ^ a b Moshe Gil, The Babylonian encounter and the Exilarchic House in the light of Cairo Geniza documents and parallel Arab sources, Judaeo Arabic Studies, (2013), p. 162 [1]
  15. ^ Irving, Washington. Mahomet and His Successors (1872 ed.). Philadelphia. p. 279.
  16. ^ Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqui (Devband), Syed Muhammad Ibrahim Nadvi. Tareekh-e-Tabri by Nafees Academy (in Urdu). Karachi Pakistan. pp. 331–332 Vol–III.
  17. ^ Illabadi, Hakeem Ahmed Hussain. Tareekh-e-Ibn Khaldun by Nafees Academy (in Urdu) (2003 ed.). Karachi Pakistan. p. 337.
  18. ^ Syed Zameer Akhtar Naqvi, Allama Dr. (2010). Princess of Persia – Hazrat Shahar Bano (in Urdu). Karachi, Pakistan: Markz-e-Uloom-e-Islamia (Center for Islamic Studies). p. 290 (Chapter-VIII).
  19. ^ a b Afsar, Mirza Imam Ali Baig. Sindh and Ahle Bayt (in Urdu). Tando Agha Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan: Mohsin Mirza Publication. pp. 34–36.
  20. ^ a b Matteo Compareti (July 20, 2009). "Chinese-Iranian Relations xv the Last Sassanians in China". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  21. ^ a b Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi Shams al-Din, The Authenticity of Shi'ism, Shi'ite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions (2001), p. 49 [2]
  22. ^ Peter Crawford, The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam (2013), p. 207 [3]
  23. ^ Carla Bellamy, The Powerful Ephemeral: Everyday Healing in an Ambiguously Islamic Place (2011), p. 209 [4]
  24. ^ a b c d e f Boyce, Mary (1967). "Bībī Shahrbānū and the Lady of Pārs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 30 (1): 30–44. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00099080. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 611813. S2CID 162849583.
  25. ^ Amir-Moezzi (2011, p. 52)
  26. ^ Boyce (1967, p. 61)
  27. ^ Amir-Moezzi (2011, p. 62)
  28. ^ Boyce (1967, p. 33)
  29. ^ Boyce (1967, pp. 35–8)
  30. ^ D. Pinault, Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India (2016), p. 71
  31. ^ Salo Wittmayer Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews - Volume 1 (1957), p. 270
  32. ^ Boyce (1967, pp. 33–4)
  33. ^ Boyce (1967, p. 34)
  34. ^ a b Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, Christian Jambet, What is Shi'i Islam?: An Introduction (2018), ch. 2
  35. ^ a b Amir-Moezzi (2011, pp. 99–100)
  36. ^ Patricia Crone, The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism (2012), p. 5
  37. ^ Ayatullah Murtada Mutahhari (Translated from the Persian by Dr. Wahid Akhtar) (1989). "Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services – Part 2". Al-Tawhid (A Journal of Islamic Thought and Culture ). Retrieved July 2, 2016.

Further reading

  • Alizadeh, Mahbanoo; Zand, Roxane (2013). "Bībī Shahrbānū". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
  • Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2005). "ŠAHRBĀNU". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • Amir-Moezzi, Muhammad Ali (2011). The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Beliefs and Practices. London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Boyce, Mary (1989). "BĪBĪ ŠAHRBĀNŪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 2. p. 198.

External links

 
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January 20, 2023
shahrbanu, shahrbānū, shehr, bano, persian, شهربانو, lady, land, allegedly, wives, husayn, third, shia, imam, grandson, islamic, prophet, muhammad, well, mother, successor, husayn, reportedly, sassanid, princess, daughter, yazdegerd, last, sassanid, emperor, p. Shahrbanu or Shehr Bano Persian شهربانو Lady of the Land 1 was allegedly one of the wives of Husayn ibn Ali the third Shia Imam and grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as well as the mother of his successor Ali ibn Husayn 2 She was reportedly a Sassanid princess a daughter of Yazdegerd III the last Sassanid emperor of Persia 3 Shahrbanu has also been referred to with several other names by different writers such as Shaharbanawayh 4 Shahzanan 5 Shahjahan 6 Jahanshah 7 Salama 8 Salafa 9 Ghazala 10 and Sadira 11 ShahrbanuشهربانوBornPersia Sasanian Empire DiedBibi Shahr Banu Shrine disputed NationalityIranianOther namesShaharbanawayhShahzananShahjahanJahanshahSalamaSalafaGhazalaSadiraSpouseHusayn ibn AliChildrenAli ibn Husayn Zayn al AbidinParentYazdegerd III father Islamic legends state that Shahrbanu was captured during the Muslim conquest of Persia When presented before the Arab nobility and offered a choice in husband she requested to be given in marriage to Husayn 1 The majority of Shia sources state that Shahrbanu subsequently died shortly after giving birth to her son Ali 12 13 and was buried in the Jannat al Baqi alongside other members of Muhammad s family Some traditions however indicate to the Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine in Rey being her resting place 1 Shahrbanu is viewed as a saintly figure by the Shia denominations and is especially revered in Iran her importance being partly tied to the link she provides between pre Islamic Persia and modern Shi ism However her historicity is uncertain Islamic writers such as al Mubarrad Ya qubi and al Kulayni began alluding to Shahrbanu and her imperial Persian background from the 9th century onward However the earliest sources make no mention of the mother of Ali ibn Husayn nor do they ascribe him with maternal royal ancestry The first references were from Ibn Sa d and Ibn Qutaybah also in the 9th century who instead describe her as being a slave from Sindh This leads the Encyclopaedia Iranica to consider that Shahrbanu was undeniably legendary 1 Contents 1 Family background 2 Capture and marriage 3 Death 4 Historicity 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksFamily background EditIslamic histories regarding Shahrbanu generally state that she was a daughter of Yazdegerd III the last Sassanid emperor of Persia 3 However other identifications for her parentage have also been given Muhammad ibn Ahmad Naysaburi cites a tradition that she was the daughter of Yazdegerd s father Prince Shahriyar son of Khosrow II Ibn Shahr Ashub relates that her father was the nushijan a Persian ruler whose identity has not yet been further clarified These are minority views however with the belief of her being the daughter of Yazdegerd being the most prevalent 14 Accounts are silent regarding Shahrbanu s mother Yazdegerd is recorded to have had several wives and concubines 15 with Al Tabari and Ibn Khaldun making specific references to a marriage he had made to a woman in Merv 16 17 However Zameer Naqvi believes Shahrbanu s mother to have been a Sindhi princess named Mah Talat or Maha Talat She may have been a member of the Buddhist Rai dynasty with who the Sassanid emperors had maintained good relations The present city of Matli where her marriage to Yazdegerd supposedly took place may have been named after her 18 19 In addition to Shahrbanu the historian Al Masudi provides the names of four other children of Yazdegerd III two sons namely Peroz and Bahram and two daughters Adrag and Mardawand 20 While it was historically recorded that her brothers had escaped to the Tang emperor of China 20 Islamic traditions state that Shahrbanu s sisters were captured alongside her One allegedly married Abdullah son of the Caliph Umar and became the mother of his son Salim while another married Muhammad son of the Caliph Abu Bakr and became the mother of his son Qasim 21 Further alleged siblings have also been attributed to Shahrbanu including Ghayanbanu who was her full sister 19 Izdundad who married the Jewish exilarch Bostanai 22 and Mihrbanu who married Chandragupta the Indian king of Ujjain 23 Capture and marriage EditAccounts of Shahrbanu s capture generally state that she was taken during the Muslim conquest of Khorasan either by Abdallah ibn Amir or Hurayth ibn Jabir 24 14 The princess possibly alongside her sisters 21 was subsequently brought as a slave to Medina where she was presented to the Caliph who al Kulayni identifies as being Umar ibn al Khattab 24 A hadith reported by as Saffar al Qummi in the Basa ir ad Darajat gives the following account of Shahrbanu s arrival at Umar s court 7 When they sought to take the daughter of Yazdegerd to Umar she came to Medina young girls climbed higher to see her and the Prophet s mosque was illuminated by her radiant face Once she caught sight of Umar inside the mosque she covered her face and sighed Ah piruz badha hormoz Persian May Hormuz be victorious Umar became angry and said She is insulting me At this point the Commander of the Faithful Ali ibn Abi Talib intervened and said to Umar Do not meddle leave her alone Let her choose a man among the Muslims and he will pay her price from the spoils he earned Umar then said to the girl Choose She stepped forward and placed her hand on Husayn ibn Ali s head The Commander of the Faithful asked her What is your name Jahan Shah she answered And Ali added Shahrbanu also note 1 He then turned to Husayn and said to him Husayn She will be the mother of your son who shall be the best of those living in the world There is disagreement between various accounts regarding the details of the story In al Kulayni s Kitab al Kafi it was Umar s decision for Shahrbanu to choose her own husband as opposed to Ali s Keikavus Qabusnama includes the involvement of Salman the Persian 26 The Uyun Akhbar al Ridha by Ibn Babawayh reports that the caliph in question was not actually Umar but his successor Uthman In relation to this historian Mary Boyce states that al Qummi s account ignores that the conquest of Khorasan took place during the latter s reign as well as the fact that Shahrbanu s supposed son Ali was not born until over a decade after Umar s death 24 Death Edit Shrine of Shahrbanu in Rey Iran The earliest sources regarding Sharbanu make no mention of her ultimate fate instead primarily focusing on the events of her capture and marriage 24 Later accounts added further details to the story with multiple variations emerging regarding her death Literary traditions state that she died upon giving birth to her son Ali ibn Husayn in 659 CE 1 She was allegedly buried in the Jannat al Baqi in Medina her grave being beside that of her brother in law Hasan ibn Ali 24 Another account narrates that Shahrbanu lived to see the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE Having witnessed the massacre of her family during the battle the princess drowned herself in the Euphrates to avoid the humiliation of captivity by the Umayyads 27 A third version as with the previous account states that Shahbanu was alive during Karbala but includes a miraculous aspect to the story It states that prior to his death Husayn gave Shahrbanu his horse and bid her to escape back to her homeland in Persia She was closely pursued by Yazid s soldiers and as she approached the mountains surrounding Rey she tried to call out to God in desperation However in her exhaustion she misspoke and rather than saying Yallahu Oh God she said Ya kuh Oh mountain The mountain then miraculously opened and she rode into it leaving behind only a piece of her veil which had gotten caught as the chasm closed behind her This became an object of veneration with the area becoming a shrine as well as a popular pilgrimage site 28 1 Mary Boyce believed that the latter story was a 10th century invention considering it to be probable that the shrine was previously dedicated to the Zoroastrian goddess Anahid She states that as Zoroastrianism and the worship of Anahid became less predominant in the region a link was probably formed between the site and Shahrbanu in order for the veneration of the Persian princess to take its place It is also notable that the word Banu Lady is strongly associated with Anahid making it likely that Shahrbanu Lady of the land was the title originally used to dedicate the old shrine 29 Historicity EditThe historicity of Shahrbanu is highly debatable with no source available which can truly confirm or deny her existence 30 While it was certainly within the influence of Husayn s father Ali ibn Abi Talib to have had him married to a captive daughter of Yazdegerd III 31 contemporary sources make no mention of such an event Early histories regarding the invasion of Persia by authors such as Ibn Abd Rabbih and al Tabari often written with great attention to detail do not establish any relationship between the Sassanid royal family and a wife of Husayn The same is true for a wide range of sources such as the Hanafi judge Abu Yusuf in his treatise on taxation the Kitab al Kharaj nor Ferdowsi in his epic the Shahnameh 1 The first mentions of the mother of Ali ibn Husayn come two hundred years later from Ibn Sa d and Ibn Qutaybah in the 9th century who both describe her as a slave from Sindh named Gazala or Solafa They go on to claim that after the death of his father Ali freed his mother and gave her in marriage to a client of Husayn s named Zuyaid to whom she bore a son Abdullah 1 32 Ya qubi who wrote around the same time as Ibn Qutaybah was the first to suggest that Ali s mother was an enslaved daughter of Yazdegerd stating that she was nicknamed Gazala by Husayn The Tarikh i Qum and the Firaq al Shi a both written around the 10th century give a similar story but state that she was originally called either Shahrbanu or Jahanshah and was later renamed Solafa 33 There is therefore a consistency between the early sources that the mother of Ali was named Gazala or Solafa and that she was an eastern slave belonging to Husayn The dispute only arises regarding her original identity and subsequent fate Ibn Babawayh however also writing in the 10th century records a Shia tradition which combines the two stories It states that Ali was the son of a daughter of Yazdegerd who died in childbirth He was subsequently raised by a concubine of Husayn s who was publicly assumed to be his mother When Ali later arranged for the concubine to be married he was mocked due to the belief that he had given his own mother away This tradition acts to support the earlier accounts whilst also providing an explanation for the contradictions Based on the various testimonies Mary Boyce surmised that Ali s mother was a Sindhi concubine who he later freed and arranged to be married The Shahrbanu story subsequently emerged to explain away the aspects which may have been viewed as unpalatable 24 It is also thought that the legend of Shahrbanu was used to provide a link between pre Islamic Persia and Shi ism something which is thought to be an extremely important aspect for the Persian converts of the period Through Shahrbanu the Shia Imams would have possessed legitimacy in two forms through their paternal descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima daughter of Muhammad and their maternal descent from the ancient Persian kings 34 Later incarnations of the story may have magnified the Persian aspect with this in mind with increasing emphasis being put on the princess s royalty Ali ibn Abi Talib plays an important role in this with he and Shahrbanu conversing in Persian him insisting on her freedom and nobility of rank as well as predicting the birth of the future Imam 1 It is also notable that for several centuries the writers who reported the story had almost exclusively been Persians or Persianized Shias such as al Kulayni Ibn Babawayh and Ibn Shahr Ashub 35 Subsequently it appears that Shahrbanu served as a factor in the convergence between the persecuted Shias and the conquered Persians 34 A similar effort was attempted several centuries later to connect the mother of the twelfth Imam to the Byzantine emperors and the Apostle Simon thereby linking the Imams to Shi ism Mandaeism and Christianity though this proved less successful 35 Iranian scholar and politician Morteza Motahhari argued against this reasoning stating that the Shia Imams potential Sassanid ancestry would not have especially attracted Persians to Shi ism Noting that the mother of the Yazid III is believed to be a daughter of Peroz III 36 Motahhari added that the Persians had no equivalent inclination towards the Umayyad dynasty Similarly the Umayyad general Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad is also not especially esteemed based on his maternal Persian heritage In addition to this Motahhari asserted that Shahrbanu is not venerated in Iran above the mothers of the other Imams who came from a multitude of ethnic backgrounds such as Narjis who is believed to have been a Roman concubine 37 Notes Edit It is uncertain whether Ali was merely mentioning another name that the princess was known by or if he was conferring upon her an entirely new name 25 References Edit a b c d e f g h i Amir Moezzi Mohammad Ali July 20 2005 SAHRBANU Encyclopaedia Iranica Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Retrieved May 11 2019 Michael Curtis Religion and Politics in the Middle East 1982 p 132 a b Mehrdad Kia The Persian Empire A Historical Encyclopedia Vol I 2016 p 6 1 Roudat al Wa zin vol 1 p 237 2 Uyyun al Mu jizat p 31 3 Ghayat al Ikhtisar p 155 Al Shiblanji Nur al Abbsar p 126 Boyce Mary December 15 1989 BiBi SAHRBANu Encyclopaedia Iranica Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Retrieved May 13 2019 a b Amir Moezzi Mohammad Ali 31 January 2011 The Spirituality of Shi i Islam Beliefs and Practices I B Tauris p 50 ISBN 9780857719652 Retrieved 23 April 2018 via Google Books 1 Usul al Kafi vol 1 p 466 2 Siyar Alam al Nubala vol 14 p 237 3 Kalifa Khayyat al Tabaqat p 238 4 Al Nisaburi al Asami wa al Kuna 1 Al Dhahabi Tarikh al Islam vol 2 p 46 2 Al Imama fi al Islam p 116 3 Ansab al Ashraf p 102 4 AlBustani Da irat al Ma arif vol 9 p 355 5 Nur al Abbsar p 136 6 Al Kamil vol 2 p 464 1 Safwat al Safwa vol 2 p 25 2 Shadharat al Dhahab vol 1 p 104 3 Sir al Si sila al Alawiya p 31 4 Nihayat al Irab vol 21 p 324 5 Kulasat al Dhahab al Masbuk p 8 Al Ithaf bi Hub al Ashraf p 49 1 Al Mas udi Ithabat al Wasiya p 143 Imam Zayn al Abidin p 18 Baqir Sharif al Qarashi The life of Imam Zayn al Abideen a s p20 21 a b Moshe Gil The Babylonian encounter and the Exilarchic House in the light of Cairo Geniza documents and parallel Arab sources Judaeo Arabic Studies 2013 p 162 1 Irving Washington Mahomet and His Successors 1872 ed Philadelphia p 279 Habib ur Rehman Siddiqui Devband Syed Muhammad Ibrahim Nadvi Tareekh e Tabri by Nafees Academy in Urdu Karachi Pakistan pp 331 332 Vol III Illabadi Hakeem Ahmed Hussain Tareekh e Ibn Khaldun by Nafees Academy in Urdu 2003 ed Karachi Pakistan p 337 Syed Zameer Akhtar Naqvi Allama Dr 2010 Princess of Persia Hazrat Shahar Bano in Urdu Karachi Pakistan Markz e Uloom e Islamia Center for Islamic Studies p 290 Chapter VIII a b Afsar Mirza Imam Ali Baig Sindh and Ahle Bayt in Urdu Tando Agha Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan Mohsin Mirza Publication pp 34 36 a b Matteo Compareti July 20 2009 Chinese Iranian Relations xv the Last Sassanians in China Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved September 14 2015 a b Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi Shams al Din The Authenticity of Shi ism Shi ite Heritage Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions 2001 p 49 2 Peter Crawford The War of the Three Gods Romans Persians and the Rise of Islam 2013 p 207 3 Carla Bellamy The Powerful Ephemeral Everyday Healing in an Ambiguously Islamic Place 2011 p 209 4 a b c d e f Boyce Mary 1967 Bibi Shahrbanu and the Lady of Pars Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 30 1 30 44 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00099080 ISSN 0041 977X JSTOR 611813 S2CID 162849583 Amir Moezzi 2011 p 52 Boyce 1967 p 61 Amir Moezzi 2011 p 62 Boyce 1967 p 33 Boyce 1967 pp 35 8 D Pinault Horse of Karbala Muslim Devotional Life in India 2016 p 71 Salo Wittmayer Baron A Social and Religious History of the Jews Volume 1 1957 p 270 Boyce 1967 pp 33 4 Boyce 1967 p 34 a b Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi Christian Jambet What is Shi i Islam An Introduction 2018 ch 2 a b Amir Moezzi 2011 pp 99 100 Patricia Crone The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism 2012 p 5 Ayatullah Murtada Mutahhari Translated from the Persian by Dr Wahid Akhtar 1989 Islam and Iran A Historical Study of Mutual Services Part 2 Al Tawhid A Journal of Islamic Thought and Culture Retrieved July 2 2016 Further reading EditAlizadeh Mahbanoo Zand Roxane 2013 Bibi Shahrbanu In Madelung Wilferd Daftary Farhad eds Encyclopaedia Islamica Online Brill Online ISSN 1875 9831 Amir Moezzi Mohammad Ali 2005 SAHRBANU Encyclopaedia Iranica Amir Moezzi Muhammad Ali 2011 The Spirituality of Shi i Islam Beliefs and Practices London I B Tauris Boyce Mary 1989 BiBi SAHRBANu Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol IV Fasc 2 p 198 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shahrbanu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shahrbanu amp oldid 1114780011, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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