The Muhammad Ali dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th century. It is named after its progenitor, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
Muhammad Ali was a commander of Albanian origin in the Ottoman army that was sent to drive Napoleon's forces out of Egypt. However, after Bonaparte's withdrawal, he aligned himself with Omar Makram, the leader of Egyptian resistance against the French, seized power himself, and forced the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II to recognise him as Wāli (Governor) of Egypt in 1805. Demonstrating his grander ambitions, he took the far higher title of Khedive, an honorific used by the Sultan himself. His sons and successors as Egypt's ruler, Ibrahim Pasha, Abbas I, and Sa'id Pasha, would all follow his example in using the title, however, this was not sanctioned by the Sublime Porte until the reign of his grandson Isma'il the Magnificent in 1867.
He traced his ancestry back to Ibrahim Aga, an Albanian who lived in Kavala, Greece.[1][2][3]
Through his reforms, and military campaigns, Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt into a regional power which he saw as the natural successor to the decaying Ottoman Empire. He constructed a military state with around four percent of the populace serving the army to raise Egypt to a powerful positioning in the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali summarised his vision for Egypt in this way:
I am well aware that the [Ottoman] Empire is heading by the day toward destruction. ... On her ruins I will build a vast kingdom ... up to the Euphrates and the Tigris.
— Georges Douin, ed., Une Mission militaire française auprès de Mohamed Aly, correspondance des Généraux Belliard et Boyer (Cairo: Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte, 1923), p.50
Muhammad Ali conquered Sudan in the first half of his reign, establishing the foundations of what would eventually become the modern Sudanese state. Egyptian control in Sudan would be consolidated and expanded under his successors, most notably Ibrahim Pasha's son, Isma'il the Magnificent.
At the height of his power, the military strength of Muhammad Ali and Ibrahim Pasha did indeed threaten the very existence of the Ottoman Empire, as he sought to supplant the Osman Dynasty with his own. Ultimately, however, the intervention of the Great Powers in the Oriental Crisis of 1840 prevented Egyptian forces from marching on Constantinople, and compelled Muhammad Ali to reconcile himself with the Ottoman Sultan. Henceforth, with Egypt's eastern frontier fixed at the boundary between Sinai and Ottoman Palestine, his dynasty's territorial expansion would be restricted to Africa.
Though Muhammad Ali and his descendants used the title of Khedive (Viceroy) in preference to the lesser Wāli, this was not recognized by the Porte until 1867 when Sultan Abdulaziz officially sanctioned its use by Isma'il Pasha and his successors. In contrast to his grandfather's policy of war against the Porte, Isma'il sought to strengthen the position of Egypt and Sudan and his dynasty using less confrontational means, and through a mixture of flattery and bribery, Isma'il secured official Ottoman recognition of Egypt and Sudan's virtual independence. This freedom was severely undermined in 1879 when the Sultan colluded with the Great Powers to depose Isma'il in favor of his son Tewfik. Three years later, Egypt and Sudan's freedom became little more than symbolic when the United Kingdominvaded and occupied the country, ostensibly to support Khedive Tewfik against his opponents in Ahmed Orabi's nationalist government. While the Khedive would continue to rule over Egypt and Sudan in name, in reality, ultimate power resided with the British High Commissioner.
Khedive Isma'il
In defiance of the Egyptians, the British proclaimed Sudan to be an Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, a territory under joint British and Egyptian rule rather than an integral part of Egypt. This was continually rejected by Egyptians, both in government and in the public at large, who insisted on the "unity of the Nile Valley", and would remain an issue of controversy and enmity between Egypt and Britain until Sudan's independence in 1956.
In 1914, Khedive Abbas II sided with the Ottoman Empire which had joined the Central Powers in the World War I, and was promptly deposed by the British in favor of his uncle Hussein Kamel. The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt and Sudan, which had for all intents and purposes ended in 1805, was officially terminated, Hussein Kamel was declared Sultan of Egypt and Sudan, and the country became a British Protectorate. With nationalist sentiment rising, as evidenced by the revolution of 1919, Britain formally recognized Egyptian independence in 1922, and Hussein Kamel's successor, Sultan Fuad I, substituted the title of King for Sultan. However, British occupation and interference in Egyptian and Sudanese affairs persisted. Of particular concern to Egypt was Britain's continual efforts to divest Egypt of all control in Sudan. To both the King and the nationalist movement, this was intolerable, and the Egyptian Government made a point of stressing that Fuad and his son King Farouk I were "King of Egypt and Sudan".
DissolutionEdit
The reign of Farouk was characterised by ever increasing nationalist discontent over the continuing British occupation, royal corruption and incompetence, and the disastrous Palestine War of 1948–1949. All these factors served to terminally undermine Farouk's position, and paved the way for the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Farouk was forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son Ahmed Fuad, who became King Fuad II, while administration of the country passed to the Free Officers Movement under Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. The infant king's reign lasted less than a year, and on 18 June 1953, the revolutionaries abolished the monarchy, and declared Egypt a republic, ending a century and a half of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty's rule.
^Kia, Mehrdad (2017). The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN9781610693899.
^Elsie, Robert (2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. p. 303. ISBN9781780764313.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Ali dynasty.
at Genealogical Gleanings
. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
(in German). Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
October 23, 2023
muhammad, dynasty, ruling, dynasty, egypt, sudan, from, 19th, 20th, century, named, after, progenitor, muhammad, egypt, regarded, founder, modern, egypt, countryegypt, sudanfounded1805, muhammad, seizure, power, foundermuhammad, pashafinal, rulerfuad, iititles. The Muhammad Ali dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid 20th century It is named after its progenitor Muhammad Ali of Egypt regarded as the founder of modern Egypt Muhammad Ali dynastyCountryEgypt and SudanFounded1805 Muhammad Ali s seizure of power FounderMuhammad Ali PashaFinal rulerFuad IITitlesWali unrecognised Khedive of Egypt 1805 1867 Khedive of Egypt 1867 1914 Sultan of Egypt 1914 1922 King of Egypt 1922 1951 King of Egypt and the Sudan 1951 1953 Estate s Egypt Sudan and South SudanDeposition1953 abolition of monarchy following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 Map of Egypt under Muhammad Ali s dynasty Contents 1 Introduction 2 Khedivate and British occupation 3 Sultanate and Kingdom 4 Dissolution 5 Reigning members 1805 1952 6 Non ruling members 7 Family tree 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 External linksIntroduction EditMuhammad Ali was a commander of Albanian origin in the Ottoman army that was sent to drive Napoleon s forces out of Egypt However after Bonaparte s withdrawal he aligned himself with Omar Makram the leader of Egyptian resistance against the French seized power himself and forced the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II to recognise him as Wali Governor of Egypt in 1805 Demonstrating his grander ambitions he took the far higher title of Khedive an honorific used by the Sultan himself His sons and successors as Egypt s ruler Ibrahim Pasha Abbas I and Sa id Pasha would all follow his example in using the title however this was not sanctioned by the Sublime Porte until the reign of his grandson Isma il the Magnificent in 1867 He traced his ancestry back to Ibrahim Aga an Albanian who lived in Kavala Greece 1 2 3 Through his reforms and military campaigns Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt into a regional power which he saw as the natural successor to the decaying Ottoman Empire He constructed a military state with around four percent of the populace serving the army to raise Egypt to a powerful positioning in the Ottoman Empire Muhammad Ali summarised his vision for Egypt in this way I am well aware that the Ottoman Empire is heading by the day toward destruction On her ruins I will build a vast kingdom up to the Euphrates and the Tigris Georges Douin ed Une Mission militaire francaise aupres de Mohamed Aly correspondance des Generaux Belliard et Boyer Cairo Societe Royale de Geographie d Egypte 1923 p 50Muhammad Ali conquered Sudan in the first half of his reign establishing the foundations of what would eventually become the modern Sudanese state Egyptian control in Sudan would be consolidated and expanded under his successors most notably Ibrahim Pasha s son Isma il the Magnificent At the height of his power the military strength of Muhammad Ali and Ibrahim Pasha did indeed threaten the very existence of the Ottoman Empire as he sought to supplant the Osman Dynasty with his own Ultimately however the intervention of the Great Powers in the Oriental Crisis of 1840 prevented Egyptian forces from marching on Constantinople and compelled Muhammad Ali to reconcile himself with the Ottoman Sultan Henceforth with Egypt s eastern frontier fixed at the boundary between Sinai and Ottoman Palestine his dynasty s territorial expansion would be restricted to Africa Khedivate and British occupation EditFurther information Khedivate of Egypt Though Muhammad Ali and his descendants used the title of Khedive Viceroy in preference to the lesser Wali this was not recognized by the Porte until 1867 when Sultan Abdulaziz officially sanctioned its use by Isma il Pasha and his successors In contrast to his grandfather s policy of war against the Porte Isma il sought to strengthen the position of Egypt and Sudan and his dynasty using less confrontational means and through a mixture of flattery and bribery Isma il secured official Ottoman recognition of Egypt and Sudan s virtual independence This freedom was severely undermined in 1879 when the Sultan colluded with the Great Powers to depose Isma il in favor of his son Tewfik Three years later Egypt and Sudan s freedom became little more than symbolic when the United Kingdom invaded and occupied the country ostensibly to support Khedive Tewfik against his opponents in Ahmed Orabi s nationalist government While the Khedive would continue to rule over Egypt and Sudan in name in reality ultimate power resided with the British High Commissioner nbsp Khedive Isma ilIn defiance of the Egyptians the British proclaimed Sudan to be an Anglo Egyptian Condominium a territory under joint British and Egyptian rule rather than an integral part of Egypt This was continually rejected by Egyptians both in government and in the public at large who insisted on the unity of the Nile Valley and would remain an issue of controversy and enmity between Egypt and Britain until Sudan s independence in 1956 Sultanate and Kingdom EditFurther information Sultanate of Egypt and Kingdom of Egypt In 1914 Khedive Abbas II sided with the Ottoman Empire which had joined the Central Powers in the World War I and was promptly deposed by the British in favor of his uncle Hussein Kamel The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt and Sudan which had for all intents and purposes ended in 1805 was officially terminated Hussein Kamel was declared Sultan of Egypt and Sudan and the country became a British Protectorate With nationalist sentiment rising as evidenced by the revolution of 1919 Britain formally recognized Egyptian independence in 1922 and Hussein Kamel s successor Sultan Fuad I substituted the title of King for Sultan However British occupation and interference in Egyptian and Sudanese affairs persisted Of particular concern to Egypt was Britain s continual efforts to divest Egypt of all control in Sudan To both the King and the nationalist movement this was intolerable and the Egyptian Government made a point of stressing that Fuad and his son King Farouk I were King of Egypt and Sudan Dissolution EditThe reign of Farouk was characterised by ever increasing nationalist discontent over the continuing British occupation royal corruption and incompetence and the disastrous Palestine War of 1948 1949 All these factors served to terminally undermine Farouk s position and paved the way for the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 Farouk was forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son Ahmed Fuad who became King Fuad II while administration of the country passed to the Free Officers Movement under Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser The infant king s reign lasted less than a year and on 18 June 1953 the revolutionaries abolished the monarchy and declared Egypt a republic ending a century and a half of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty s rule Reigning members 1805 1952 Edit nbsp King Farouk IWalis self declared as Khedives 1805 1867 Muhammad Ali 9 July 1805 1 September 1849 Ibrahim reigned as Wali briefly during his father s incapacity 1 September 1849 10 November 1849 Abbas I 10 November 1849 13 July 1854 Sa id 13 July 1854 18 January 1863 Isma il 18 January 1863 8 June 1867 Khedives 1867 1914 Isma il 8 June 1867 26 June 1879 Tewfik 26 June 1879 7 January 1892 Abbas II 8 January 1892 19 December 1914 Sultans 1914 1922 Hussein Kamel 19 December 1914 9 October 1917 Fuad I 9 October 1917 16 March 1922 Kings 1922 1952 Fuad I 16 March 1922 28 April 1936 Farouk 28 April 1936 26 July 1952 Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik Chairman Council of Regency during Farouk I s minority 28 April 1936 29 July 1937 Fuad II 26 July 1952 18 June 1953 Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim Chairman Council of Regency during Fuad II s minority 26 July 1952 18 June 1953 Non ruling members EditPrince Mustafa Fazil Pasha Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim Princess Nazli Fazil Princess Fawzia Fuad Muhammad Ali Prince of the Sa id Narriman Sadek Nazli Sabri Mahmud Dramali PashaFamily tree Edit nbsp Muhammad Ali1769 1849wali viceroy 1805 1848Tusun Pasha1794 1816 nbsp Ibrahim1789 1848wali viceroy 1848 nbsp Said1822 1863wali viceroy 1854 1863 nbsp Abbas I1813 1854wali viceroy 1848 1854 nbsp Ismail1830 1895wali viceroy 1863 1867khedive viceroy 1867 1879 nbsp Tawfik1852 1892khedive viceroy 1879 1892 nbsp Hussein Kamil1853 1917sultan 1914 1917 nbsp Fuad I1868 1936sultan 1917 1922king 1922 1936 nbsp Abbas II1874 1944khedive viceroy 1892 1914Muhammad Ali Tawfik1875 1955regent 1936 1937 nbsp Faruk1920 1965king 1936 1952Muhammad Abdel Moneim1899 1979regent 1952 1953 nbsp Fuad II1952 king 1952 1953See also EditAlbanians in Egypt Muhammad Ali dynasty family tree List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty History of Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors List of Sunni dynasties Onsi SawirisBibliography EditHassan H 2000 In the House of Muhammad Ali A Family Album 1805 1952 American University in Cairo Press ISBN 978 977 424 554 1 OCLC 45016821 References Edit Aksan Virginia 2013 2007 Ottoman Wars 1700 1860 An Empire Besieged Routledge pp 306 307 ISBN 978 0 582 30807 7 Kia Mehrdad 2017 The Ottoman Empire A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes ABC CLIO p 87 ISBN 9781610693899 Elsie Robert 2012 A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History I B Tauris p 303 ISBN 9781780764313 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Ali dynasty The Genealogy of the Egyptian Royal family at Genealogical Gleanings The Royal House of Mehmet Ali Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 Retrieved 19 August 2008 Family tree of the House of Mohammed Aly Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 Retrieved 19 August 2008 The Royal Order of the Crown of Egypt in German Archived from the original on 20 August 2008 Retrieved 19 August 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muhammad Ali dynasty amp oldid 1181029040, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
