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Al Qasimi

February 16, 2024

The Al Qasimi (Arabic: القواسم, spelled sometimes as Al Qassimi or Al Qassemi; plural: Al Qawasem Arabic: القواسم and, archaically, Joasmee) is an Arab dynasty in the Persian Gulf that rules Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, today forming two of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. They are one of the longest reigning royal families in the Arabian peninsula.

Al Qasimi
Royal house
Al Qassimi dynasty flag and emblems representing the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah (top) and Sharjah (bottom)
CountryUnited Arab Emirates
Founded1722; 302 years ago (1722)
FounderSheikh Rahma bin Matar Al-Qasimi
Current head
TitlesEmir
Sheikh
Style(s)His/Her Highness

Historically, the "Qawasim" were a confederation of Sunni tribes in south eastern Gulf region surrounding the cities of Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah; and faced strong rivalry with the Omani empire for naval domination along the Persian Gulf. Due to their allegiance to the Wahhabi Emirate of Dir'iyah, the British Empire branded them as "pirates" and fought two major military campaigns against them in 1809 and 1819.[1]

Origin edit

 
Flag of the Al Qawasim prior to 1820. Flown after 1820 during war time only. The motto reads "A victory from Allah and an imminent conquest".

The dynasty claims to be descended from the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[2][3] During the 18th century, Arabian Peninsula witnessed a revolutionary socio-political and religious transformation under the reformers of the Muwahhidun (Unitarian) movement led by Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, often referred as "Wahhabis". Embracing his ideals, Qasimis robustly championed the doctrines of the Muwahhidun in the Gulf region and became a close ally of the Emirate of Diriyah.[4][5]

By the early 19th century, Emirate of Dir'iyah had begun appointing Qasimi governors to implement Wahhabi religious doctrines and defend their interests. Thus, while Dir'iyah directly sought to consolidate their Arabian territories and its economic sovereignty, Qawasim acted as Wahhabi privateers for safeguarding the maritime interests of Dir'iyah in the Persian Gulf. With the help of Wahhabis; the Qawasim emerged as a maritime power based both in Ras Al Khaimah on the Southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Qishm, Bandar Abbas and Lingeh on the Persian shore in the 19th century.[6]

Maritime power edit

Further information: Piracy in the Persian Gulf
See also: British campaign in the Gulf (1809) and British campaign in the Gulf (1819)
 
British naval fleet attack on Ras Al Khaimah in 13 November 1809

With military and financial aid from the Emirate of Dir'iyah, Qasimis began spreading Wahhabi doctrines across the Gulf region. They had a powerful naval force and sought to end the rising European colonial infiltration on their trade and commercial routes.[7]

The British-allied Omani Empire, also a rival of the Emirate of Dir'iyah, had been the traditional enemy of the Qawasim over issues related to border disputes, religious differences and naval dominance in the Gulf. Al Qasimi's control of trade in the Persian Gulf area led to wars with Oman and eventually with Oman's ally, Britain, and to the Al Qasimi being labelled by the British as pirates. This led to the identification of the southern shore of the Persian Gulf as the 'Pirate Coast', although following the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 and the 1853 Perpetual Maritime Peace, the various coastal emirates in the area became known as the Trucial States.[8]

 
Dhayah Fort at the hill top. In 1819 it was the last Al-Qasimi stronghold to fall in the Persian Gulf campaign of 1819. The fall of Dhayah was to pave the way for the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820.

Beginning from 1804, there emerged a spike in Wahhabi-Qasimi naval attacks on British fleet and trading ships.[9] Following decades of incidents where British shipping had fallen foul of the aggressive Al Qasimi, a first British expeditionary force embarked for Ras Al Khaimah in 1809, the Persian Gulf campaign of 1809. This campaign led to the signing of a peace treaty between the British and Hussan Bin Rahmah, the Al Qasimi leader.[10] This treaty broke down in 1815 and, in 1819, the British mounted a second, altogether more successful, punitive campaign against the Al Qasimi in Ras Al Khaimah[11] under William Keir Grant.

The case against the Al Qasimi has been contested by the historian, author and current Ruler of Sharjah, Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi in his book The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf, in which he argues that the charges amount to a 'casus belli' by the East India Company, which sought to limit or eliminate the 'informal' Arab trade with India, and presents a number of internal communications between the Bombay Government and its officials, which shed doubt on many of the key charges made by British historian J.G. Lorimer in his seminal history of the affair.[12]

At the time, the Chief Secretary of the Government of Bombay, F. Warden, presented a minute which laid blame for the piracy on the Wahhabi influence on the Al Qasimi and the interference of the East India Company in native affairs. Warden also successfully argued against a proposal to install the Sultan of Muscat as Ruler of the whole peninsula. Warden's arguments and proposals likely influenced the shape of the eventual treaty concluded with the Sheikhs of the Gulf coast.[13]

That 1820 treaty asserted, 'There shall be a cessation of plunder and piracy by land and sea on the part of the Arabs, who are parties to this contract, for ever.' It then goes on to define piracy as being any attack that is not an action of 'acknowledged war'. The 'pacificated Arabs' agreed, on land and sea, to carry a flag being a red rectangle contained within a white border of equal width to the contained rectangle, 'with or without letters on it, at their option'. This flag was to be a symbol of peace with the British government and each other.

The treaty having been signed by Keir Grant and all of the Trucial Rulers, the Government in Bombay made clear that while it was happy with Grant's management of the military expedition, it was most dissatisfied with his leniency over the coastal tribes and desired, 'if it were not too late, to introduce some conditions of greater stringency'. Grant's response was spirited, pointing out that to have enforced extreme measures would have meant pursuing the chiefs into the interior rather than accepting their voluntary submission. This would have contravened Grant's instructions. In the end, Bombay allowed the treaty to stand.[14]

Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman the Qawasem were active both militarily and economically in the Gulf of Aden and as far west as the Mocha on the Red Sea.[15] They had numerous commercial ties with the Somalis, leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and the Persian Gulf to regularly attend trade fairs in the large ports of Berbera and Zeila.[16] In the 1830s the Isaaq Sultan Farah Guled and Haji Ali penned a letter to Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British.[17]

The Al Qasimi rulers of Ras Al Khaimah (capital to 1819) and Sharjah (capital from 1820) edit

 
The map shows the territories under the Qawasem rule during the late 18th and early 19th century.
  1. Sheikh Rahma bin Matar Al Qasimi (1722–1760)
  2. Sheikh Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi (1760–1777)
  3. Sheikh Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi (1777–1803)
  4. Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi (1803–1808)
  5. Sheikh Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi (1814–1820)
  6. Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi (1820–1866)
  7. Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi (1866-1867)

List of Ras Al Khaimah rulers edit

 

  1. Sheikh Ibrahim bin Sultan Al Qasimi (1866 – May 1867)
  2. Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi (May 1867 – 14 April 1868)
  3. Sheikh Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi (14 April 1868 – 1869)
  4. Sheikh Humaid bin Abdullah Al Qasimi (1869 – August 1900)
  5. Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi (1914–1921)
  6. Sheikh Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi (19 July 1921 – February 1948)
  7. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad Al Qassimi (February 1948 – 27 October 2010)
  8. Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi (27 October 2010 – present)

List of Sharjah rulers edit

 

  1. Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi (1803-1866)
  2. Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi (1866 – 14 April 1868)
  3. Sheikh Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi (14 April 1868 – March 1883)
  4. Sheikh Ibrahim bin Sultan Al Qasimi (1869 – 1871)
  5. Sheikh Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi (March 1883 – 1914)
  6. Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi (13 April 1914 – 21 November 1924)
  7. Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II (21 November 1924 – 1951)
  8. Sheikh Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi (May 1951 – 24 June 1965) - first time ruling
  9. Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi (24 June 1965 – 24 January 1972)
  10. Sheikh Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi (25 January 1972 – 1972) - second time ruling
  11. Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi (1972 – 17 June 1987) - first time ruling
  12. Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Mohammed Al Qasimi (17–23 June 1987) removed previous sheikh during coup in Sharjah
  13. Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi (23 June 1987 – present) - second time ruling after being restored

Family tree edit

[18]

Current Al Qasimi rulers edit

Historical flags edit

  •  
    Flag of the Al Qawasim prior to 1820. Flown after 1820 during war time only. The motto reads "A victory from Allah and an imminent conquest".
  •  
    Flag of the Al Qawasim proceeding the General Maritime Treaty of 1820.

See also edit

External links edit

  • Photo of current Al Qasimi rulers

References edit

  1. ^ Peterson, J. E. (2016). The Emergence of the Gulf States: Studies in Modern History. 50 Bedford Square, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-4411-3160-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ . 12 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12.
  3. ^ Lorimer, John (1915). Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf Vol II. British Government, Bombay. p. 1547.
  4. ^ Kamrava, Mehran; James Fromherz, Allen (2020). "3: The Persian Gulf in the Pre-Protectorate Period: 1790-1853". Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-367-19373-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ Peterson, J. E. (2016). The Emergence of the Gulf States: Studies in Modern History. 50 Bedford Square, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56, 169. ISBN 978-1-4411-3160-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  6. ^ Peterson, J. E. (2016). The Emergence of the Gulf States: Studies in Modern History. 50 Bedford Square, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56, 169. ISBN 978-1-4411-3160-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  7. ^ Peterson, J. E. (2016). The Emergence of the Gulf States: Studies in Modern History. 50 Bedford Square, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-4411-3160-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. ^ Peterson, J. E. (2016). The Emergence of the Gulf States: Studies in Modern History. 50 Bedford Square, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 33, 103, 169. ISBN 978-1-4411-3160-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. ^ Peterson, J. E. (2016). The Emergence of the Gulf States: Studies in Modern History. 50 Bedford Square, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4411-3160-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  10. ^ "'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [653] (796/1782)". qdl.qa. Retrieved 13 January 2014. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ "Al-Qawāsim | Arabian dynasty". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  12. ^ al-Qāsimī, Sulṭān ibn Muḥammad (1986). The myth of Arab piracy in the Gulf. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 0709921063. OCLC 12583612.
  13. ^ Lorimer, John (1915). Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Government of Bombay. pp. 659–660.
  14. ^ Lorimer, John (1915). Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. British Government, Bombay. pp. 673–4.
  15. ^ Davies, Charles E. (1997). The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797-1820. University of Exeter Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780859895095.
  16. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1965). "The Trade of the Gulf of Aden Ports of Africa in the Early Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 3 (1): 36–81. JSTOR 41965718.
  17. ^ Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996). رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي (in Arabic). p. ١٧.
  18. ^ Williamson, David (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World: Volume II Africa & the Middle East. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. pp. 115–116.
  19. ^ "Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah dies".

February 16, 2024
qasimi, arabic, القواسم, spelled, sometimes, qassimi, qassemi, plural, qawasem, arabic, القواسم, archaically, joasmee, arab, dynasty, persian, gulf, that, rules, sharjah, khaimah, today, forming, seven, emirates, united, arab, emirates, they, longest, reigning. The Al Qasimi Arabic القواسم spelled sometimes as Al Qassimi or Al Qassemi plural Al Qawasem Arabic القواسم and archaically Joasmee is an Arab dynasty in the Persian Gulf that rules Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah today forming two of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates They are one of the longest reigning royal families in the Arabian peninsula Al QasimiRoyal houseAl Qassimi dynasty flag and emblems representing the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah top and Sharjah bottom CountryUnited Arab EmiratesFounded1722 302 years ago 1722 FounderSheikh Rahma bin Matar Al QasimiCurrent headSharjah Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi Ras Al Khaimah Saud bin Saqr Al QasimiTitlesEmirSheikhStyle s His Her HighnessHistorically the Qawasim were a confederation of Sunni tribes in south eastern Gulf region surrounding the cities of Ras al Khaimah and Sharjah and faced strong rivalry with the Omani empire for naval domination along the Persian Gulf Due to their allegiance to the Wahhabi Emirate of Dir iyah the British Empire branded them as pirates and fought two major military campaigns against them in 1809 and 1819 1 Contents 1 Origin 1 1 Maritime power 2 The Al Qasimi rulers of Ras Al Khaimah capital to 1819 and Sharjah capital from 1820 2 1 List of Ras Al Khaimah rulers 2 2 List of Sharjah rulers 2 3 Family tree 3 Current Al Qasimi rulers 4 Historical flags 5 See also 6 External links 7 ReferencesOrigin edit nbsp Flag of the Al Qawasim prior to 1820 Flown after 1820 during war time only The motto reads A victory from Allah and an imminent conquest The dynasty claims to be descended from the Islamic prophet Muhammad 2 3 During the 18th century Arabian Peninsula witnessed a revolutionary socio political and religious transformation under the reformers of the Muwahhidun Unitarian movement led by Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab often referred as Wahhabis Embracing his ideals Qasimis robustly championed the doctrines of the Muwahhidun in the Gulf region and became a close ally of the Emirate of Diriyah 4 5 By the early 19th century Emirate of Dir iyah had begun appointing Qasimi governors to implement Wahhabi religious doctrines and defend their interests Thus while Dir iyah directly sought to consolidate their Arabian territories and its economic sovereignty Qawasim acted as Wahhabi privateers for safeguarding the maritime interests of Dir iyah in the Persian Gulf With the help of Wahhabis the Qawasim emerged as a maritime power based both in Ras Al Khaimah on the Southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Qishm Bandar Abbas and Lingeh on the Persian shore in the 19th century 6 Maritime power edit Further information Piracy in the Persian GulfSee also British campaign in the Gulf 1809 and British campaign in the Gulf 1819 nbsp British naval fleet attack on Ras Al Khaimah in 13 November 1809With military and financial aid from the Emirate of Dir iyah Qasimis began spreading Wahhabi doctrines across the Gulf region They had a powerful naval force and sought to end the rising European colonial infiltration on their trade and commercial routes 7 The British allied Omani Empire also a rival of the Emirate of Dir iyah had been the traditional enemy of the Qawasim over issues related to border disputes religious differences and naval dominance in the Gulf Al Qasimi s control of trade in the Persian Gulf area led to wars with Oman and eventually with Oman s ally Britain and to the Al Qasimi being labelled by the British as pirates This led to the identification of the southern shore of the Persian Gulf as the Pirate Coast although following the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 and the 1853 Perpetual Maritime Peace the various coastal emirates in the area became known as the Trucial States 8 nbsp Dhayah Fort at the hill top In 1819 it was the last Al Qasimi stronghold to fall in the Persian Gulf campaign of 1819 The fall of Dhayah was to pave the way for the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 Beginning from 1804 there emerged a spike in Wahhabi Qasimi naval attacks on British fleet and trading ships 9 Following decades of incidents where British shipping had fallen foul of the aggressive Al Qasimi a first British expeditionary force embarked for Ras Al Khaimah in 1809 the Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 This campaign led to the signing of a peace treaty between the British and Hussan Bin Rahmah the Al Qasimi leader 10 This treaty broke down in 1815 and in 1819 the British mounted a second altogether more successful punitive campaign against the Al Qasimi in Ras Al Khaimah 11 under William Keir Grant The case against the Al Qasimi has been contested by the historian author and current Ruler of Sharjah Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi in his book The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf in which he argues that the charges amount to a casus belli by the East India Company which sought to limit or eliminate the informal Arab trade with India and presents a number of internal communications between the Bombay Government and its officials which shed doubt on many of the key charges made by British historian J G Lorimer in his seminal history of the affair 12 At the time the Chief Secretary of the Government of Bombay F Warden presented a minute which laid blame for the piracy on the Wahhabi influence on the Al Qasimi and the interference of the East India Company in native affairs Warden also successfully argued against a proposal to install the Sultan of Muscat as Ruler of the whole peninsula Warden s arguments and proposals likely influenced the shape of the eventual treaty concluded with the Sheikhs of the Gulf coast 13 That 1820 treaty asserted There shall be a cessation of plunder and piracy by land and sea on the part of the Arabs who are parties to this contract for ever It then goes on to define piracy as being any attack that is not an action of acknowledged war The pacificated Arabs agreed on land and sea to carry a flag being a red rectangle contained within a white border of equal width to the contained rectangle with or without letters on it at their option This flag was to be a symbol of peace with the British government and each other The treaty having been signed by Keir Grant and all of the Trucial Rulers the Government in Bombay made clear that while it was happy with Grant s management of the military expedition it was most dissatisfied with his leniency over the coastal tribes and desired if it were not too late to introduce some conditions of greater stringency Grant s response was spirited pointing out that to have enforced extreme measures would have meant pursuing the chiefs into the interior rather than accepting their voluntary submission This would have contravened Grant s instructions In the end Bombay allowed the treaty to stand 14 Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf amp Gulf of Oman the Qawasem were active both militarily and economically in the Gulf of Aden and as far west as the Mocha on the Red Sea 15 They had numerous commercial ties with the Somalis leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and the Persian Gulf to regularly attend trade fairs in the large ports of Berbera and Zeila 16 In the 1830s the Isaaq Sultan Farah Guled and Haji Ali penned a letter to Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British 17 The Al Qasimi rulers of Ras Al Khaimah capital to 1819 and Sharjah capital from 1820 edit nbsp The map shows the territories under the Qawasem rule during the late 18th and early 19th century Sheikh Rahma bin Matar Al Qasimi 1722 1760 Sheikh Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi 1760 1777 Sheikh Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi 1777 1803 Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi 1803 1808 Sheikh Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi 1814 1820 Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi 1820 1866 Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi 1866 1867 List of Ras Al Khaimah rulers edit nbsp Sheikh Ibrahim bin Sultan Al Qasimi 1866 May 1867 Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi May 1867 14 April 1868 Sheikh Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi 14 April 1868 1869 Sheikh Humaid bin Abdullah Al Qasimi 1869 August 1900 Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi 1914 1921 Sheikh Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi 19 July 1921 February 1948 Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad Al Qassimi February 1948 27 October 2010 Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi 27 October 2010 present List of Sharjah rulers edit nbsp Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi 1803 1866 Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi 1866 14 April 1868 Sheikh Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi 14 April 1868 March 1883 Sheikh Ibrahim bin Sultan Al Qasimi 1869 1871 Sheikh Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi March 1883 1914 Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi 13 April 1914 21 November 1924 Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II 21 November 1924 1951 Sheikh Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi May 1951 24 June 1965 first time ruling Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi 24 June 1965 24 January 1972 Sheikh Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi 25 January 1972 1972 second time ruling Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi 1972 17 June 1987 first time ruling Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Mohammed Al Qasimi 17 23 June 1987 removed previous sheikh during coup in Sharjah Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi 23 June 1987 present second time ruling after being restoredFamily tree edit 18 Rahma bin Matar Al QasimiRashid bin Matar Al QasimiHassan bin Rahma Al QasimiSaqr bin Rashid Al QasimiSultan bin Saqr Al QasimiAhmad bin Sultan Al QasimiIbrahim bin Sultan Al QasimiAbdullah bin Sultan Al QasimiKhalid bin Sultan Al QasimiSalim bin Sultan Al QasimiKhalid bin Ahmad Al QasimiHumaid bin Abdullah Al QasimiSaqr bin Khalid Al QasimiMuhammad bin Salim Al QasimiSultan bin Salim Al QasimiSultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi IIMuhammad bin Saqr Al QasimiSaqr bin Mohammad Al QassimiFaisal bin Sultan Al QassimiFaham bin Sultan Al QassimSaqr bin Sultan Al QasimiKhalid bin Mohammed Al QasimiAbdulaziz bin Mohammed Al QasimiSultan bin Muhammad Al QasimiSaud bin Saqr Al QasimiCurrent Al Qasimi rulers editSultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi ruler of the emirate of Sharjah UAE Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi 19 ruler of the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah UAEHistorical flags edit nbsp Flag of the Al Qawasim prior to 1820 Flown after 1820 during war time only The motto reads A victory from Allah and an imminent conquest nbsp Flag of the Al Qawasim proceeding the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 See also editList of Sunni Muslim dynasties History of Ras Al Khaimah History of Sharjah Piracy in the Persian GulfExternal links editAl Qasimi Family Tree Photo of current Al Qasimi rulersReferences edit Peterson J E 2016 The Emergence of the Gulf States Studies in Modern History 50 Bedford Square UK Bloomsbury Academic p 103 ISBN 978 1 4411 3160 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link HH Sheikha Jawaher Bint Mohammed Bin Sultan Al Qassimi Family 12 May 2014 Archived from the original on 2014 05 12 Lorimer John 1915 Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf Vol II British Government Bombay p 1547 Kamrava Mehran James Fromherz Allen 2020 3 The Persian Gulf in the Pre Protectorate Period 1790 1853 Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics 2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge p 21 ISBN 978 0 367 19373 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Peterson J E 2016 The Emergence of the Gulf States Studies in Modern History 50 Bedford Square UK Bloomsbury Academic pp 56 169 ISBN 978 1 4411 3160 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Peterson J E 2016 The Emergence of the Gulf States Studies in Modern History 50 Bedford Square UK Bloomsbury Academic pp 56 169 ISBN 978 1 4411 3160 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Peterson J E 2016 The Emergence of the Gulf States Studies in Modern History 50 Bedford Square UK Bloomsbury Academic p 248 ISBN 978 1 4411 3160 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Peterson J E 2016 The Emergence of the Gulf States Studies in Modern History 50 Bedford Square UK Bloomsbury Academic pp 33 103 169 ISBN 978 1 4411 3160 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Peterson J E 2016 The Emergence of the Gulf States Studies in Modern History 50 Bedford Square UK Bloomsbury Academic p 34 ISBN 978 1 4411 3160 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf Vol I Historical Part IA amp IB J G Lorimer 1915 653 796 1782 qdl qa Retrieved 13 January 2014 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Al Qawasim Arabian dynasty Britannica com Retrieved 2018 12 05 al Qasimi Sulṭan ibn Muḥammad 1986 The myth of Arab piracy in the Gulf London Croom Helm ISBN 0709921063 OCLC 12583612 Lorimer John 1915 Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf Government of Bombay pp 659 660 Lorimer John 1915 Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf British Government Bombay pp 673 4 Davies Charles E 1997 The Blood red Arab Flag An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy 1797 1820 University of Exeter Press p 167 ISBN 9780859895095 Pankhurst Richard 1965 The Trade of the Gulf of Aden Ports of Africa in the Early Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Journal of Ethiopian Studies 3 1 36 81 JSTOR 41965718 Al Qasimi Sultan bin Muhammad 1996 رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي in Arabic p ١٧ Williamson David 1980 Burke s Royal Families of the World Volume II Africa amp the Middle East London Burke s Peerage Ltd pp 115 116 Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah dies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Al Qasimi amp oldid 1205277569, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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