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Children of Muhammad

May 04, 2024

The common view is that the Islamic prophet Muhammad had three sons, named Abd Allah, Ibrahim, and Qasim, and four daughters, named Fatima, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zaynab. The children of Muhammad are said to have been born to his first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except his son Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya. None of Muhammad's sons reached adulthood, but he had an adult foster son, Zayd ibn Harithah. Daughters of Muhammad all reached adulthood but only Fatima survived her father. Citing, among others, the advanced age of Khadija, some Shia sources contend that Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad, as she is known to have enjoyed a close relationship with Muhammad, unlike Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zaynab. That Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad appears to be the mainstream view among Shia Muslims.

Muhammad's children
أولاد محمد
Children
Children of Muhammad Birth–Death
Qasim598–601
Zainab599–629
Ruqayyah601–624
Umm Kulthum603–630
Fatima605/15–632
Abdullah611–615
Ibrahim630–632
FamilyBanu Hashim

Sunni view edit

In chronological order, most Sunni sources list the children of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as

The Sunni view is that they were all born to Muhammad's first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya.[2]

Shia view edit

It is improbable that the elderly Khadija could have given birth to so many children.[2] Some Shia sources therefore contend that Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zainab were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother Hala, who was Khadija's sister,[3][4] or that the three were daughters of Khadija from an earlier marriage.[5] Before successively marrying the early Muslim Uthman ibn Affan, Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum were initially married to polytheists, something which Muhammad likely would have not permitted for his biological daughters, Shia authors argue.[5] They also cite the absence of historical evidence for a close relationship between Muhammad and Ruqayya, Zainab, or Umm Kulthum, unlike Fatima.[5] That Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter may indeed be the mainstream view in Shia Islam,[3] or at least in Twelver Shi'ism, the main branch of Shia Islam.[4] In particular, this belief seems to be prevalent among the Shias of South Asia.[6]

Descendants edit

Muhammad's sons all died in childhood,[7][8] although he also had an adult foster son, Zayd ibn Harithah.[9][8] Some have suggested that the early deaths of his sons were detrimental to a hereditary-based system of succession to Muhammad.[8] The alternative view is that the descendants of the past prophets become the spiritual and material heirs to them in the Quran, and that the succession to the past prophets is a matter settled by divine selection in the Quran and not by the faithful.[10][11]

Muhammad's daughters reached adulthood but they all died relatively young,[8] such that none survived him except Fatima.[2] Fatima married Muhammad's cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib. It is through her that Muhammad's progeny has spread throughout the Muslim world.[1] The descendants of Fatima are given the honorific titles sayyid (lit. 'lord, sir') or sharif (lit. 'noble'), and are respected in the Muslim community.[1][4][12] Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum married Uthman ibn Affan one after another, and Zainab married Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi, another companion of Muhammad. Umm Kulthum remained childless whereas Ruqayya gave birth to a boy Abd Allah, who died in childhood.[13][14] Zaynab gave birth to a son, named Ali, who also died in childhood, and a daughter Umama, whom Ali ibn Abi Talib married sometime after the death of Fatima in 632 CE.[15] Muhammad's attitude and treatment towards his children, enshrined in the hadith literature, is viewed by Muslims as an exemplar to be imitated.[16]

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ a b c Buehler 2014.
  2. ^ a b c Ali 2008, p. 17.
  3. ^ a b Abbas 2021, p. 33.
  4. ^ a b c Fedele 2018, p. 56.
  5. ^ a b c Keaney 2021, p. 135.
  6. ^ Hyder 2006, p. 75.
  7. ^ Hughes 1885, p. 869.
  8. ^ a b c d Peterson 2001, p. 497.
  9. ^ Hazleton 2013, pp. 67, 68.
  10. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 9, 17.
  11. ^ Jafri 1979, pp. 14–16.
  12. ^ Kazuo 2012, p. 2.
  13. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 364.
  14. ^ Ahmed 2011, p. 50.
  15. ^ Haylamaz 2007, p. 83.
  16. ^ Yust 2006, p. 72.

Sources edit

  • Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057.
  • Ahmed, A.Q. (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Occasional Publications UPR. ISBN 9781900934138.
  • Ali, K. (2008). Smith, B.G. (ed.). Khadijah. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780 195148909.
  • Buehler, A.F. (2014). "Fatima (d. 632)". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. ISBN 9781610691789.
  • Fedele, V. (2018). "Fatima (605/15–632 CE)". In de-Gaia, S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781440848506.
  • Haylamaz, R. (2007). Khadija: The First Muslim and the Wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Tughra Books. ISBN 9781597841214.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • Hazleton, L. (2013). The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad. Atlantic Books Ltd. ISBN 9781782392316.
  • Hughes, T.P. (1885). Dictionary of Islam. W.H. Allen.
  • Hyder, S.A. (2006). Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195373028.
  • Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman.
  • Kazuo, M. (2012). "How to Behave Toward sayyids and sharīfs: A Trans-Sectarian Tradition of Dream Accounts". In Kazuo, M. (ed.). Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim societies: The Living Links to the Prophet. Routledge. ISBN 9780415519175.
  • Keaney, H.N. (2021). 'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability?. Oneworld Academic. ISBN 9781786076977.
  • Khetia, V. (2013). Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
  • Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521561815.
  • Peterson, D.C. (2001). "Muhammad". In Freedman, D.N.; McClymond, M.J. (eds.). The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 457–612. ISBN 0802845401.
  • Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
  • Yust, K.M., ed. (2006). Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742544635.

Further reading edit

  • M.J. Kister. "The Sons of Khadija" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2015.

May 04, 2024
children, muhammad, common, view, that, islamic, prophet, muhammad, three, sons, named, allah, ibrahim, qasim, four, daughters, named, fatima, ruqayya, kulthum, zaynab, children, muhammad, said, have, been, born, first, wife, khadija, bint, khuwaylid, except, . The common view is that the Islamic prophet Muhammad had three sons named Abd Allah Ibrahim and Qasim and four daughters named Fatima Ruqayya Umm Kulthum and Zaynab The children of Muhammad are said to have been born to his first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid except his son Ibrahim who was born to Maria al Qibtiyya None of Muhammad s sons reached adulthood but he had an adult foster son Zayd ibn Harithah Daughters of Muhammad all reached adulthood but only Fatima survived her father Citing among others the advanced age of Khadija some Shia sources contend that Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad as she is known to have enjoyed a close relationship with Muhammad unlike Ruqayya Umm Kulthum and Zaynab That Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad appears to be the mainstream view among Shia Muslims Muhammad s childrenأولاد محمدChildrenChildren of MuhammadBirth DeathQasim598 601Zainab599 629Ruqayyah601 624Umm Kulthum603 630Fatima605 15 632Abdullah611 615Ibrahim630 632FamilyBanu Hashim Contents 1 Sunni view 2 Shia view 3 Descendants 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 Sources 7 Further readingSunni view editIn chronological order most Sunni sources list the children of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as Qasim 598 601 Zainab 599 629 Ruqayya 601 624 Umm Kulthum 603 630 Fatima 605 632 1 Abd Allah 611 615 Ibrahim 630 632 The Sunni view is that they were all born to Muhammad s first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid except Ibrahim who was born to Maria al Qibtiyya 2 Shia view editIt is improbable that the elderly Khadija could have given birth to so many children 2 Some Shia sources therefore contend that Ruqayya Umm Kulthum and Zainab were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother Hala who was Khadija s sister 3 4 or that the three were daughters of Khadija from an earlier marriage 5 Before successively marrying the early Muslim Uthman ibn Affan Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum were initially married to polytheists something which Muhammad likely would have not permitted for his biological daughters Shia authors argue 5 They also cite the absence of historical evidence for a close relationship between Muhammad and Ruqayya Zainab or Umm Kulthum unlike Fatima 5 That Fatima was Muhammad s only biological daughter may indeed be the mainstream view in Shia Islam 3 or at least in Twelver Shi ism the main branch of Shia Islam 4 In particular this belief seems to be prevalent among the Shias of South Asia 6 Descendants editMuhammad s sons all died in childhood 7 8 although he also had an adult foster son Zayd ibn Harithah 9 8 Some have suggested that the early deaths of his sons were detrimental to a hereditary based system of succession to Muhammad 8 The alternative view is that the descendants of the past prophets become the spiritual and material heirs to them in the Quran and that the succession to the past prophets is a matter settled by divine selection in the Quran and not by the faithful 10 11 Muhammad s daughters reached adulthood but they all died relatively young 8 such that none survived him except Fatima 2 Fatima married Muhammad s cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib It is through her that Muhammad s progeny has spread throughout the Muslim world 1 The descendants of Fatima are given the honorific titles sayyid lit lord sir or sharif lit noble and are respected in the Muslim community 1 4 12 Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum married Uthman ibn Affan one after another and Zainab married Abu al As ibn al Rabi another companion of Muhammad Umm Kulthum remained childless whereas Ruqayya gave birth to a boy Abd Allah who died in childhood 13 14 Zaynab gave birth to a son named Ali who also died in childhood and a daughter Umama whom Ali ibn Abi Talib married sometime after the death of Fatima in 632 CE 15 Muhammad s attitude and treatment towards his children enshrined in the hadith literature is viewed by Muslims as an exemplar to be imitated 16 See also editMuhammad s wives Companions of the Prophet Islam and children SayyidFootnotes edit a b c Buehler 2014 a b c Ali 2008 p 17 a b Abbas 2021 p 33 a b c Fedele 2018 p 56 a b c Keaney 2021 p 135 Hyder 2006 p 75 Hughes 1885 p 869 a b c d Peterson 2001 p 497 Hazleton 2013 pp 67 68 Madelung 1997 pp 9 17 Jafri 1979 pp 14 16 Kazuo 2012 p 2 Madelung 1997 pp 364 Ahmed 2011 p 50 Haylamaz 2007 p 83 Yust 2006 p 72 Sources editAbbas H 2021 The Prophet s Heir The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib Yale University Press ISBN 9780300252057 Ahmed A Q 2011 The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijaz Five Prosopographical Case Studies Occasional Publications UPR ISBN 9781900934138 Ali K 2008 Smith B G ed Khadijah Vol 3 Oxford University Press pp 17 18 ISBN 9780 195148909 Buehler A F 2014 Fatima d 632 In Fitzpatrick Coeli Walker A H eds Muhammad in History Thought and Culture An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God Vol 1 ABC CLIO pp 182 187 ISBN 9781610691789 Fedele V 2018 Fatima 605 15 632 CE In de Gaia S ed Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions ABC CLIO p 56 ISBN 9781440848506 Haylamaz R 2007 Khadija The First Muslim and the Wife of the Prophet Muhammad Tughra Books ISBN 9781597841214 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Hazleton L 2013 The First Muslim The Story of Muhammad Atlantic Books Ltd ISBN 9781782392316 Hughes T P 1885 Dictionary of Islam W H Allen Hyder S A 2006 Reliving Karbala Martyrdom in South Asian Memory Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195373028 Jafri S H M 1979 Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam London Longman Kazuo M 2012 How to Behave Toward sayyids and sharifs A Trans Sectarian Tradition of Dream Accounts In Kazuo M ed Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim societies The Living Links to the Prophet Routledge ISBN 9780415519175 Keaney H N 2021 Uthman ibn Affan Legend or Liability Oneworld Academic ISBN 9781786076977 Khetia V 2013 Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources Thesis Concordia University Madelung W 1997 The Succession to Muhammad A Study of the Early Caliphate Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521561815 Peterson D C 2001 Muhammad In Freedman D N McClymond M J eds The Rivers of Paradise Moses Buddha Confucius Jesus and Muhammad as Religious Founders William B Eerdmans Publishing Company pp 457 612 ISBN 0802845401 Soufi D L 1997 The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought PhD thesis Princeton University ProQuest 304390529 Yust K M ed 2006 Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality Perspectives from the World s Religious Traditions Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 9780742544635 Further reading editM J Kister The Sons of Khadija PDF Retrieved 22 February 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Children of Muhammad amp oldid 1221843828, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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