fbpx
Wikipedia

African Americans in New York City

March 03, 2023

African Americans constitute one of the longer-running ethnic presences in New York City, home to the largest urban African American population, and the world's largest Black population of any city outside Africa, by a significant margin.[5]

Black New Yorkers
African American Day Parade in Harlem in 2017
Total population
2.1 million alone (25%), 2.2 million including partial African ancestry (27%)[citation needed] (2019)
Regions with significant populations
Central Harlem, the north Bronx, central Brooklyn, and southeast Queens[1]
Languages
African American Vernacular English, New York City English, American English, Caribbean English, Jamaican Patois,[2] New York Latino English, Spanish, Dominican Spanish
Religion
Christianity (Mainly Historically Black Protestant and Catholicism), Judaism, Islam, irreligious,[3] Rastafarianism
Related ethnic groups
Caribbeans in New York City (especially Jamaican Americans in the city), Black Jews in New York City, Puerto Ricans in New York City, Dominicans in New York City, African immigrants in New York City
Band rehearsal on 125th Street in Harlem, the historical epicenter of African American culture. New York City is home by a significant margin to the world's largest Black population of any city outside Africa, at over 2.2 million. African immigration is now driving the growth of the Black population in New York City.[4]

Population

According to the 2010 Census, New York City had the largest population of black residents of any U.S. city, with over 2 million within the city's boundaries, although this number has decreased since 2000.[6] New York City had more black people than did the entire state of California until the 1980 Census. The black community consists of immigrants and their descendants from Africa and the Caribbean as well as native-born African-Americans. Many of the city's black residents live in Brooklyn, Queens, Harlem, and The Bronx. Several of the city's neighborhoods are historical birthplaces of urban black culture in America, among them the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford–Stuyvesant and Manhattan's Harlem and various sections of Eastern Queens and The Bronx. Bedford-Stuyvesant is considered to have the highest concentration of black residents in the United States. New York City has the largest population of black immigrants (at 686,814) and descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean (especially from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Guyana, Belize, Grenada, and Haiti), Latin America (Afro-Latinos), and of sub-Saharan Africans. African immigration is now driving the growth of the Black population in New York City.[4]

History

 
The Apollo Theater on 125th Street in Harlem is the historic nexus of African American culture.

After abolition

Following the final abolition of slavery in New York in 1827, New York City emerged as one of the largest pre-Civil War metropolitan concentrations of free African-Americans, and many institutions were established to advance the community in the antebellum period. It was the site of the first African-American periodical journal Freedom's Journal, which lasted for two years and renamed The Rights of All for a third year before fading to obsolescence; the newspaper served as both a powerful voice for the abolition lobby in the United States as well as a voice of information for the African population of New York City and other metropolitan areas. The African Dorcas Association was also established to provide educational and clothing aid to Black youth in the city.[citation needed]

However, New York residents were less willing to give blacks equal voting rights. By the constitution of 1777, voting was restricted to free men who could satisfy certain property requirements for value of real estate. This property requirement disfranchised poor men among both blacks and whites. The reformed Constitution of 1821 conditioned suffrage for black men by maintaining the property requirement, which most could not meet, so effectively disfranchised them. The same constitution eliminated the property requirement for white men and expanded their franchise.[7] No women yet had the vote in New York. "As late as 1869, a majority of the state's voters cast ballots in favor of retaining property qualifications that kept New York's polls closed to many blacks. African-American men did not obtain equal voting rights in New York until ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870."[7]

The emancipated African-Americans established communities in the New York City area, including Seneca Village in what is now Central Park of Manhattan and Sandy Ground on Staten Island, and Weeksville in Brooklyn. These communities were among the earliest.[citation needed]

The city was a nerve center for the abolitionist movement in the United States.[citation needed]

After the Civil War

Harlem and Great Migration

Main articles: Harlem and Harlem Renaissance
 
Philip A. Payton, Jr.

The violent rise of Jim Crow in the Deep and Upper South led to the mass migration of African Americans, including ex-slaves and their free-born children, from those regions to northern metropolitan areas, including New York City. Their mass arrival coincided with the transition of the center of African-American power and demography in the city from other districts of the city to Harlem.[citation needed][8]

The tipping point occurred on June 15, 1904, when up-and-coming real estate entrepreneur Philip A. Payton, Jr. established the Afro-American Realty Company, which began to aggressively buy and lease houses in the ethnically mixed but predominantly-white Harlem following the housing crashes of 1904 and 1905. In addition to an influx of long-time African-American residents from other neighborhoods,[9] the Tenderloin, San Juan Hill (now the site of Lincoln Center), Little Africa around Minetta Lane in Greenwich Village and Hell's Kitchen in the west 40s and 50s.[10][11] The move to northern Manhattan was driven in part by fears that anti-black riots such as those that had occurred in the Tenderloin in 1900[12] and in San Juan Hill in 1905[13] might recur. In addition, a number of tenements that had been occupied by blacks in the west 30s were destroyed at this time to make way for the construction of the original Penn Station.

Caribbean immigration

Main article: Caribbean immigration to New York City

The Great Depression and demographic shift

Harlem's decline as the center of the Afro-American population in New York City began with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. In the early 1930s, 25% of Harlemites were out of work, and employment prospects for Harlemites stayed bad for decades. Employment among black New Yorkers fell as some traditionally black businesses, including domestic service and some types of manual labor, were taken over by other ethnic groups. Major industries left New York City altogether, especially after 1950. Several riots happened in this period, including in 1935 and 1943. Following the construction of the IND Fulton Street Line[14] in 1936, African Americans left an overcrowded Harlem for greater housing availability in Bedford–Stuyvesant. migrants from the American South brought the neighborhood's black population to around 30,000, making it the second largest Black community in the city at the time. During World War II, the Brooklyn Navy Yard attracted many blacks to the neighborhood as an opportunity for employment, while the relatively prosperous war economy enabled many of the resident Jews and Italians to move to Queens and Long Island. By 1950, the number of blacks in Bedford–Stuyvesant had risen to 155,000, comprising about 55 percent of the population of Bedford–Stuyvesant.[15] In the 1950s, real estate agents and speculators employed blockbusting to turn a profit. As a result, formerly middle class white homes were being turned over to poorer black families. By 1960, eighty-five percent of the population was black.[15]

African-Americans and the COVID-19 pandemic

 
During the initial the outbreak of the COVID-19, mortuary trucks like these were used by hospitals and morgues across the city to house the dead.[16]

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionally affected African Americans, or Black Americans living inside the United States.[17] Black Americans are more likely to contract COVID-19, more likely to be hospitalized, and more likely to die from COVID-19 than White, non-Hispanic Americans.[18] Many Black Americans work jobs without health insurance coverage, leading to an inability to seek proper medical care when faced with a severe COVID-19 case.[17] Furthermore, Black Americans were overrepresented in jobs labeled essential when governments began reacting to the pandemic, such as grocery store workers, transit workers, and civil jobs. This meant Black Americans continued to work jobs that posed higher risk to exposure to COVID-19.[19]

The unique combination of stressors faced by Black people in America under the COVID-19 Pandemic has put many Black social systems and crisis-meeting resources under stress. The Black Church has historically been a place of community support, recognition, and social connections for African-American communities, a community that provides access to the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs that many Black Americans face systematic difficulty in attaining.[20] The policy of Social Distancing as recommended for the sake of public health in COVID-19 has contributed to the hardships faced by all humans, but has affected Black Americans and their social systems especially.[20] Black Americans that live within the poor and underserviced neighborhoods rely on complex social and religious organizations, including the Black Church, to meet their physical and emotional needs.[21] Social Distancing has led to an increased difficulty in maintaining these essential social relationships, resulting in increased social isolation throughout Black communities.[21]

Within New York City, these issues are present or intensified. The COVID-19 Pandemic has revealed the long-standing systemic racism present throughout New York City's healthcare system, especially in terms of access to critical healthcare resources in underserviced, and often predominantly black communities.[22] This inability to properly treat affected Black residents of certain New York City zip-codes is especially harsh when contrasted by the abundance of empty hospital beds and available resources of the hospitals in more affluent and well off communities.[22] The racial inequality between zip codes is further highlighted when examining COVID-19 testing rates, where zip-codes of predominantly Black New Yorkers are at a significantly higher risk of testing positive for COVID-19.[23] Of the ten zip codes in New York City with highest COVID-19 death rates, eight of them are Black or Hispanic.[24]

Notable Black New Yorkers

18th and 19th-centuries

20th and 21st-centuries

James Baldwin

Accomplishments

 
James McCune Smith, first African American to run a pharmacy in the United States
  • Adam Clayton Powell Jr. - first person of African-American descent to be elected from New York to Congress; previously, first person of African-American descent to be elected to New York City Council
  • Alonzo Smythe Yerby - first black chairman of a department at the public health school, and the first black to be New York City Hospitals Commissioner, heading the city's hospitals department, namesake of the Harvard Chan Yerby Fellowship Program at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.[32]
  • Arthur Mitchell - First African-American male dancer in a major ballet company: (New York City Ballet); also first African-American principal dancer of a major ballet company (NYCB), 1956
  • Brigette A. Bryant - first woman of African-American descent to serve as Vice Chancellor of the City University of New York
  • David Dinkins - first African-American mayor of New York City (1990)
  • Dr. James McCune Smith - First formally trained African-American Medical Doctor
  • Letitia James - first woman of African-American descent to be elected to citywide office (New York City Public Advocate)
  • Mary Pinkett, first woman of African-American descent to be elected to New York City Council
  • Robert O. Lowery - First African-American fire commissioner of the New York City Fire Department and of any major U.S. City's fire department
  • Samuel J. Battle - First African-American police officer in the New York Police Department following consolidation of the boroughs (1911). Also the NYPD's first African-American sergeant (1926), lieutenant (1935), and parole commissioner (1941).
  • Shirley Chisholm - first black woman elected to the U.S. Congress and first black candidate, male or female, for a major party's nomination for President of the United States.
  • Todd Duncan - first African-American member of the New York City Opera
  • Wesley Augustus Williams - first African-American officer in the New York Fire Department
  • William Grant Still's Troubled Island as performed by the New York City Opera - first black-composed opera to be performed by a major U.S. company
  • Willie Overton - First African-American police officer in present-day New York City (1891)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Where New Yorkers Live".
  2. ^ Bloomquist, Jennifer; Green, Lisa J.; Lanehart, Sonja L.; Blake, Renée A.; Shousterman, Cara; Newlin-Lukowicz, Luiza (2015). "African American Language in New York City". The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.013.37. ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0.
  3. ^ "Religious Landscape Study".
  4. ^ a b Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura (January 13, 2023). "African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
  5. ^ https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/
  6. ^ a b "African American Voting Rights" 2010-11-09 at the Wayback Machine, New York State Archives, accessed 11 February 2012
  7. ^ History.com Editors. (2010, March 4). The Great Migration. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/great-migration.
  8. ^ "The Making of Harlem," 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine James Weldon Johnson, The Survey Graphic, March 1925
  9. ^ "Negro Districts in Manhattan", The New York Times, November 17, 1901.
  10. ^ "Negroes Move Into Harlem", New York Herald, December 24, 1905.
  11. ^ Alphonso Pinkney & Roger Woock, Poverty and Politics in Harlem, College & University Press Services, Inc., 1970, p. 26.
  12. ^ "Harlem, the Village That Became a Ghetto", Martin Duberman, in New York, N.Y.: An American Heritage History of the Nation's Greatest City, 1968
  13. ^ Echanove, Matias. "Bed-Stuy on the Move" 2017-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. Master thesis. Urban Planning Program. Columbia University. Urbanology.org. 2003.
  14. ^ a b Newfield, Jack (1988). Robert Kennedy: A Memoir (reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Group. pp. 87–109. ISBN 0-452-26064-7.
  15. ^ Ochs, Caitlin; Cherelus, Gina (27 May 2020). "Opinion | 'Dead Inside': The Morgue Trucks of New York City". The New York Times.
  16. ^ a b "2020 State of Black America". online.flowpaper.com. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  17. ^ CDC (2020-02-11). "Cases, Data, and Surveillance". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  18. ^ "Who are essential workers?: A comprehensive look at their wages, demographics, and unionization rates". Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  19. ^ a b Chaney, Cassandra (October 2020). "Family Stress and Coping Among African Americans in the Age of COVID-19". Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 51 (3–4): 254–273. doi:10.3138/jcfs.51.3-4.003. S2CID 226357674.
  20. ^ a b Davis, Dannielle Joy; Chaney, Cassandra; BeLue, Rhonda (October 2020). "Why 'We Can't Breathe' During COVID-19". Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 51 (3–4): 417–428. doi:10.3138/jcfs.51.3-4.015. S2CID 226377965.
  21. ^ a b Douglas, Jason A.; Subica, Andrew M. (December 2020). "COVID-19 treatment resource disparities and social disadvantage in New York City". Preventive Medicine. 141: 106282. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106282. PMC 7536513. PMID 33035550.
  22. ^ DiMaggio, Charles; Klein, Michael; Berry, Cherisse; Frangos, Spiros (November 2020). "Black/African American Communities are at highest risk of COVID-19: spatial modeling of New York City ZIP Code–level testing results". Annals of Epidemiology. 51: 7–13. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.012. PMC 7438213. PMID 32827672.
  23. ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Cook, Lindsey Rogers (19 May 2020). "These N.Y.C. Neighborhoods Have the Highest Rates of Virus Deaths". The New York Times.
  24. ^ Washington, S. A. M. (1910). George Thomas Downing; sketch of his life and times. Duke University Libraries. Newport, R.I., Milne Printery.
  25. ^ "James W. C. Pennington, 1807-1870: Summary of The Fugitive Blacksmith; or, Events in the History of James W. C. Pennington, Pastor of a Presbyterian Church, New York, Formerly a Slave in the State of Maryland, United States". Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  26. ^ Work, M. N. (1919). "The Life of Charles B. Ray". The Journal of Negro History. Association for the Study of African-American Life and History, Inc. 4 (4): 361–371. doi:10.2307/2713446. JSTOR 2713446.
  27. ^ a b Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015-03-26). The Underground Railroad: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations. Routledge. p. 675. ISBN 978-1-317-45416-8.
  28. ^ Morgan, Thomas M (July 2003). "The education and medical practice of Dr. James McCune Smith (1813-1865), first black American to hold a medical degree". Journal of the National Medical Association. 95 (7): 603–14. PMC 2594637. PMID 12911258. Note: Glasgow University's matriculation album for 1832 lists Smith as "the first natural son of Samuel, merchant, New York" (translated from Latin)
  29. ^ "Edwin Garrison Walker". The Fight for Black Mobility: Traveling to Mid-Century Conventions, Colored Conventions Project. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  30. ^ Bowens, Lisa (2021-10-14). "Biographical Reflection: Theodore Sedgwick Wright". Princeton Theological Seminary. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  31. ^ Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue; Ma 02115 +1495‑1000. "Harvard Chan Yerby Fellowship Program". Harvard Chan Yerby Fellowship Program. Retrieved 2020-06-26.

External links

March 03, 2023
african, americans, york, city, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, js. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources African Americans in New York City news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message African Americans constitute one of the longer running ethnic presences in New York City home to the largest urban African American population and the world s largest Black population of any city outside Africa by a significant margin 5 Black New YorkersAfrican American Day Parade in Harlem in 2017Total population2 1 million alone 25 2 2 million including partial African ancestry 27 citation needed 2019 Regions with significant populationsCentral Harlem the north Bronx central Brooklyn and southeast Queens 1 LanguagesAfrican American Vernacular English New York City English American English Caribbean English Jamaican Patois 2 New York Latino English Spanish Dominican SpanishReligionChristianity Mainly Historically Black Protestant and Catholicism Judaism Islam irreligious 3 RastafarianismRelated ethnic groupsCaribbeans in New York City especially Jamaican Americans in the city Black Jews in New York City Puerto Ricans in New York City Dominicans in New York City African immigrants in New York CityBand rehearsal on 125th Street in Harlem the historical epicenter of African American culture New York City is home by a significant margin to the world s largest Black population of any city outside Africa at over 2 2 million African immigration is now driving the growth of the Black population in New York City 4 Contents 1 Population 2 History 2 1 After abolition 2 2 After the Civil War 2 3 Harlem and Great Migration 2 4 Caribbean immigration 2 5 The Great Depression and demographic shift 2 6 African Americans and the COVID 19 pandemic 3 Notable Black New Yorkers 3 1 18th and 19th centuries 3 2 20th and 21st centuries 4 Accomplishments 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksPopulation EditAccording to the 2010 Census New York City had the largest population of black residents of any U S city with over 2 million within the city s boundaries although this number has decreased since 2000 6 New York City had more black people than did the entire state of California until the 1980 Census The black community consists of immigrants and their descendants from Africa and the Caribbean as well as native born African Americans Many of the city s black residents live in Brooklyn Queens Harlem and The Bronx Several of the city s neighborhoods are historical birthplaces of urban black culture in America among them the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford Stuyvesant and Manhattan s Harlem and various sections of Eastern Queens and The Bronx Bedford Stuyvesant is considered to have the highest concentration of black residents in the United States New York City has the largest population of black immigrants at 686 814 and descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean especially from Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Barbados Guyana Belize Grenada and Haiti Latin America Afro Latinos and of sub Saharan Africans African immigration is now driving the growth of the Black population in New York City 4 History Edit The Apollo Theater on 125th Street in Harlem is the historic nexus of African American culture After abolition Edit Following the final abolition of slavery in New York in 1827 New York City emerged as one of the largest pre Civil War metropolitan concentrations of free African Americans and many institutions were established to advance the community in the antebellum period It was the site of the first African American periodical journal Freedom s Journal which lasted for two years and renamed The Rights of All for a third year before fading to obsolescence the newspaper served as both a powerful voice for the abolition lobby in the United States as well as a voice of information for the African population of New York City and other metropolitan areas The African Dorcas Association was also established to provide educational and clothing aid to Black youth in the city citation needed However New York residents were less willing to give blacks equal voting rights By the constitution of 1777 voting was restricted to free men who could satisfy certain property requirements for value of real estate This property requirement disfranchised poor men among both blacks and whites The reformed Constitution of 1821 conditioned suffrage for black men by maintaining the property requirement which most could not meet so effectively disfranchised them The same constitution eliminated the property requirement for white men and expanded their franchise 7 No women yet had the vote in New York As late as 1869 a majority of the state s voters cast ballots in favor of retaining property qualifications that kept New York s polls closed to many blacks African American men did not obtain equal voting rights in New York until ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 7 The emancipated African Americans established communities in the New York City area including Seneca Village in what is now Central Park of Manhattan and Sandy Ground on Staten Island and Weeksville in Brooklyn These communities were among the earliest citation needed The city was a nerve center for the abolitionist movement in the United States citation needed After the Civil War Edit Harlem and Great Migration Edit Main articles Harlem and Harlem Renaissance Philip A Payton Jr The violent rise of Jim Crow in the Deep and Upper South led to the mass migration of African Americans including ex slaves and their free born children from those regions to northern metropolitan areas including New York City Their mass arrival coincided with the transition of the center of African American power and demography in the city from other districts of the city to Harlem citation needed 8 The tipping point occurred on June 15 1904 when up and coming real estate entrepreneur Philip A Payton Jr established the Afro American Realty Company which began to aggressively buy and lease houses in the ethnically mixed but predominantly white Harlem following the housing crashes of 1904 and 1905 In addition to an influx of long time African American residents from other neighborhoods 9 the Tenderloin San Juan Hill now the site of Lincoln Center Little Africa around Minetta Lane in Greenwich Village and Hell s Kitchen in the west 40s and 50s 10 11 The move to northern Manhattan was driven in part by fears that anti black riots such as those that had occurred in the Tenderloin in 1900 12 and in San Juan Hill in 1905 13 might recur In addition a number of tenements that had been occupied by blacks in the west 30s were destroyed at this time to make way for the construction of the original Penn Station Caribbean immigration Edit Main article Caribbean immigration to New York City The Great Depression and demographic shift Edit Harlem s decline as the center of the Afro American population in New York City began with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 In the early 1930s 25 of Harlemites were out of work and employment prospects for Harlemites stayed bad for decades Employment among black New Yorkers fell as some traditionally black businesses including domestic service and some types of manual labor were taken over by other ethnic groups Major industries left New York City altogether especially after 1950 Several riots happened in this period including in 1935 and 1943 Following the construction of the IND Fulton Street Line 14 in 1936 African Americans left an overcrowded Harlem for greater housing availability in Bedford Stuyvesant migrants from the American South brought the neighborhood s black population to around 30 000 making it the second largest Black community in the city at the time During World War II the Brooklyn Navy Yard attracted many blacks to the neighborhood as an opportunity for employment while the relatively prosperous war economy enabled many of the resident Jews and Italians to move to Queens and Long Island By 1950 the number of blacks in Bedford Stuyvesant had risen to 155 000 comprising about 55 percent of the population of Bedford Stuyvesant 15 In the 1950s real estate agents and speculators employed blockbusting to turn a profit As a result formerly middle class white homes were being turned over to poorer black families By 1960 eighty five percent of the population was black 15 African Americans and the COVID 19 pandemic Edit During the initial the outbreak of the COVID 19 mortuary trucks like these were used by hospitals and morgues across the city to house the dead 16 The COVID 19 pandemic has disproportionally affected African Americans or Black Americans living inside the United States 17 Black Americans are more likely to contract COVID 19 more likely to be hospitalized and more likely to die from COVID 19 than White non Hispanic Americans 18 Many Black Americans work jobs without health insurance coverage leading to an inability to seek proper medical care when faced with a severe COVID 19 case 17 Furthermore Black Americans were overrepresented in jobs labeled essential when governments began reacting to the pandemic such as grocery store workers transit workers and civil jobs This meant Black Americans continued to work jobs that posed higher risk to exposure to COVID 19 19 The unique combination of stressors faced by Black people in America under the COVID 19 Pandemic has put many Black social systems and crisis meeting resources under stress The Black Church has historically been a place of community support recognition and social connections for African American communities a community that provides access to the physical emotional and spiritual needs that many Black Americans face systematic difficulty in attaining 20 The policy of Social Distancing as recommended for the sake of public health in COVID 19 has contributed to the hardships faced by all humans but has affected Black Americans and their social systems especially 20 Black Americans that live within the poor and underserviced neighborhoods rely on complex social and religious organizations including the Black Church to meet their physical and emotional needs 21 Social Distancing has led to an increased difficulty in maintaining these essential social relationships resulting in increased social isolation throughout Black communities 21 Within New York City these issues are present or intensified The COVID 19 Pandemic has revealed the long standing systemic racism present throughout New York City s healthcare system especially in terms of access to critical healthcare resources in underserviced and often predominantly black communities 22 This inability to properly treat affected Black residents of certain New York City zip codes is especially harsh when contrasted by the abundance of empty hospital beds and available resources of the hospitals in more affluent and well off communities 22 The racial inequality between zip codes is further highlighted when examining COVID 19 testing rates where zip codes of predominantly Black New Yorkers are at a significantly higher risk of testing positive for COVID 19 23 Of the ten zip codes in New York City with highest COVID 19 death rates eight of them are Black or Hispanic 24 Notable Black New Yorkers Edit18th and 19th centuries Edit William Alexander Brown playwright Thomas Commeraw potter and businessman George T Downing abolitionist and activist 25 James W C Pennington orator minister writer and abolitionist 26 Charles Bennett Ray minister abolitionist newspaper editor 27 Charlotte B Ray pastor suffragist and abolitionist 28 Henrietta Cordelia Ray poet and teacher 28 Mary Simpson former slave of George Washington James McCune Smith physician apothecary abolitionist and author 29 Edward G Walker politician lawyer and leatherworker 30 Theodore S Wright abolitionist and minister 31 20th and 21st centuries Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources African Americans in New York City news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message 50 Cent Kareem Abdul Jabbar Eric Adams Ashanti ASAP Rocky Essence Atkins Angela Bassett Mary J Blige Foxy Brown Mariah Carey Diahann Carroll Mos Def DMX Whoopi Goldberg Cuba Gooding Jr James Newton Gloucester Ja Rule Jay Z Alicia Keys Sanaa Lathan Nicki Minaj Tracy Morgan Eddie Murphy Nas Reverend Al Sharpton Gabourey Sidibe Cicely Tyson Mike Tyson Denzel Washington Marlon Wayans Vanessa Williams Wu Tang ClanJames BaldwinAccomplishments EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources African Americans in New York City news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message James McCune Smith first African American to run a pharmacy in the United States Adam Clayton Powell Jr first person of African American descent to be elected from New York to Congress previously first person of African American descent to be elected to New York City Council Alonzo Smythe Yerby first black chairman of a department at the public health school and the first black to be New York City Hospitals Commissioner heading the city s hospitals department namesake of the Harvard Chan Yerby Fellowship Program at the Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health 32 Arthur Mitchell First African American male dancer in a major ballet company New York City Ballet also first African American principal dancer of a major ballet company NYCB 1956 Brigette A Bryant first woman of African American descent to serve as Vice Chancellor of the City University of New York David Dinkins first African American mayor of New York City 1990 Dr James McCune Smith First formally trained African American Medical Doctor Letitia James first woman of African American descent to be elected to citywide office New York City Public Advocate Mary Pinkett first woman of African American descent to be elected to New York City Council Robert O Lowery First African American fire commissioner of the New York City Fire Department and of any major U S City s fire department Samuel J Battle First African American police officer in the New York Police Department following consolidation of the boroughs 1911 Also the NYPD s first African American sergeant 1926 lieutenant 1935 and parole commissioner 1941 Shirley Chisholm first black woman elected to the U S Congress and first black candidate male or female for a major party s nomination for President of the United States Todd Duncan first African American member of the New York City Opera Wesley Augustus Williams first African American officer in the New York Fire Department William Grant Still s Troubled Island as performed by the New York City Opera first black composed opera to be performed by a major U S company Willie Overton First African American police officer in present day New York City 1891 See also Edit New York City portal New York state portal United States portal Africa portal Latin America portal Jamaica portal Trinidad and Tobago portal Caribbean portal Dominican Republic portal Puerto Rico portal Guyana portal Suriname portalDemographics of New York City History of slavery in New York state Afro Caribbean people Caribbean immigration to New York City Medgar Evers College Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Black Jews in New York City East Coast hip hop Universal Hip Hop Parade Puerto Ricans in New York City Black Lives Matter protests in New York City Black Lives Matter art in New York City African American Day Parade Little Africa Manhattan Land of the Blacks Manhattan Syrian Americans in New York City Belarusian Americans in New York City Dutch Americans in New York City Dominicans in New York City Italians in New York City Irish Americans in New York City Chinese people in New York City Filipinos in New York City Japanese in New York City Koreans in New York City Russians in New York City Ukrainian Americans in New York City Jews in New York CityReferences Edit Where New Yorkers Live Bloomquist Jennifer Green Lisa J Lanehart Sonja L Blake Renee A Shousterman Cara Newlin Lukowicz Luiza 2015 African American Language in New York City The Oxford Handbook of African American Language doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199795390 013 37 ISBN 978 0 19 979539 0 Religious Landscape Study a b Kimiko de Freytas Tamura January 13 2023 African and Invisible The Other New York Migrant Crisis The New York Times Retrieved January 26 2023 https www pewresearch org social trends 2021 03 25 the growing diversity of black america New York city New York QuickLinks U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on November 20 2013 Retrieved December 1 2013 a b African American Voting Rights Archived 2010 11 09 at the Wayback Machine New York State Archives accessed 11 February 2012 History com Editors 2010 March 4 The Great Migration History com https www history com topics black history great migration The Making of Harlem Archived 2006 06 15 at the Wayback Machine James Weldon Johnson The Survey Graphic March 1925 Negro Districts in Manhattan The New York Times November 17 1901 Negroes Move Into Harlem New York Herald December 24 1905 Alphonso Pinkney amp Roger Woock Poverty and Politics in Harlem College amp University Press Services Inc 1970 p 26 Harlem the Village That Became a Ghetto Martin Duberman in New York N Y An American Heritage History of the Nation s Greatest City 1968 Echanove Matias Bed Stuy on the Move Archived 2017 09 16 at the Wayback Machine Master thesis Urban Planning Program Columbia University Urbanology org 2003 a b Newfield Jack 1988 Robert Kennedy A Memoir reprint ed New York Penguin Group pp 87 109 ISBN 0 452 26064 7 Ochs Caitlin Cherelus Gina 27 May 2020 Opinion Dead Inside The Morgue Trucks of New York City The New York Times a b 2020 State of Black America online flowpaper com Retrieved 2021 02 22 CDC 2020 02 11 Cases Data and Surveillance Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Retrieved 2021 02 22 Who are essential workers A comprehensive look at their wages demographics and unionization rates Economic Policy Institute Retrieved 2021 02 22 a b Chaney Cassandra October 2020 Family Stress and Coping Among African Americans in the Age of COVID 19 Journal of Comparative Family Studies 51 3 4 254 273 doi 10 3138 jcfs 51 3 4 003 S2CID 226357674 a b Davis Dannielle Joy Chaney Cassandra BeLue Rhonda October 2020 Why We Can t Breathe During COVID 19 Journal of Comparative Family Studies 51 3 4 417 428 doi 10 3138 jcfs 51 3 4 015 S2CID 226377965 a b Douglas Jason A Subica Andrew M December 2020 COVID 19 treatment resource disparities and social disadvantage in New York City Preventive Medicine 141 106282 doi 10 1016 j ypmed 2020 106282 PMC 7536513 PMID 33035550 DiMaggio Charles Klein Michael Berry Cherisse Frangos Spiros November 2020 Black African American Communities are at highest risk of COVID 19 spatial modeling of New York City ZIP Code level testing results Annals of Epidemiology 51 7 13 doi 10 1016 j annepidem 2020 08 012 PMC 7438213 PMID 32827672 Schwirtz Michael Cook Lindsey Rogers 19 May 2020 These N Y C Neighborhoods Have the Highest Rates of Virus Deaths The New York Times Washington S A M 1910 George Thomas Downing sketch of his life and times Duke University Libraries Newport R I Milne Printery James W C Pennington 1807 1870 Summary of The Fugitive Blacksmith or Events in the History of James W C Pennington Pastor of a Presbyterian Church New York Formerly a Slave in the State of Maryland United States Documenting the American South University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Retrieved 2023 01 21 Work M N 1919 The Life of Charles B Ray The Journal of Negro History Association for the Study of African American Life and History Inc 4 4 361 371 doi 10 2307 2713446 JSTOR 2713446 a b Snodgrass Mary Ellen 2015 03 26 The Underground Railroad An Encyclopedia of People Places and Operations Routledge p 675 ISBN 978 1 317 45416 8 Morgan Thomas M July 2003 The education and medical practice of Dr James McCune Smith 1813 1865 first black American to hold a medical degree Journal of the National Medical Association 95 7 603 14 PMC 2594637 PMID 12911258 Note Glasgow University s matriculation album for 1832 lists Smith as the first natural son of Samuel merchant New York translated from Latin Edwin Garrison Walker The Fight for Black Mobility Traveling to Mid Century Conventions Colored Conventions Project Retrieved 2023 01 21 Bowens Lisa 2021 10 14 Biographical Reflection Theodore Sedgwick Wright Princeton Theological Seminary Retrieved 2023 01 21 Boston 677 Huntington Avenue Ma 02115 1495 1000 Harvard Chan Yerby Fellowship Program Harvard Chan Yerby Fellowship Program Retrieved 2020 06 26 External links EditHistory of Slavery in New York Recovering New York s Entangled Dutch Native American And African Histories An Interview With Jennifer Tosch Slaves in New Amsterdam New York City s Slave Market https macaulay cuny edu seminars henken08 articles t h e The History of Black New York 864f html https virtualny ashp cuny edu EncyNYC Blacks for draft riots html Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title African Americans in New York City amp oldid 1138340002, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.