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Bradford Gilbert

March 05, 2023

For the merchant and politician in New Brunswick, see Bradford Gilbert (politician).

Bradford Lee Gilbert (March 24, 1853 – September 1, 1911) was a nationally active American architect based in New York City.[1][2][3] He is known for designing the Tower Building in 1889, the first steel-framed building anywhere and the first skyscraper in New York City.[4][5] This technique was soon copied across the United States.[2] He also designed Atlanta's Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895, the Flatiron Building in Atlanta, and many railroad stations.[1]

Bradford Lee Gilbert
Born(1853-03-24)March 24, 1853
Watertown, New York, US
DiedSeptember 1, 1911(1911-09-01) (aged 58)
Accord, New York, U.S.
OccupationArchitect
Spouse(s)Cora Rathbone
Maria Fahy McAuley
AwardsWorld's Columbian Exhibition – Gold Medal
Cotton States and International Exposition – Gold Medal
PracticeBradford L. Gilbert
1 Broadway, 50 Broadway
New York City, New York
BuildingsCentral Station Chicago
Flatiron Building (Atlanta)
Tower Building (New York City)
ProjectsAlbemarle Park
Cotton States and International Exposition
Design1st steel-frame construction
1st skyscraper in New York City

Background

Bradford was born in Watertown, New York, the son of civil engineer and banker Horatio Gates Gilbert and his wife Marie Antoinette (née Bacon).[1][2] His uncle was Jasper W. Gilbert, a justice with the New York Supreme Court.[2]

He attended Siglar's School in Newburg and the Sedgwick Institute in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.[2] Later, he had private tutors at home in Irvington, New York to get ready to attend Yale University, rather than his father's alma mater Norwich University.[2] However, Gilbert decided to forgo college as he was very anxious to learn architecture.[2] He became a student with the architectural firm J. Cleveland Cady in New York City for five years, beginning in 1872.[1]

In 1876, Gilbert was hired as an architect for the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad, under engineer Octave Chanute.[6][2] Through his work with the railroad in the northern and northwestern states, Gilbert earned a reputation for originality.[2] Although his body of work is diverse, he preferred Romanesque style and consistently featured "sinuous, interlaced patterns, virtuoso brickwork and deep red color effects".[6]

By 1890, Gilbert opened a firm in his name at 1 Broadway in New York City, initially specializing in railroad and public buildings.[1][3][6] He said, "It certainly costs no more, often not such much, to design a building that is architecturally correct, of good, quiet contour, the whole effect gained by constructional outlines, in place of the fancy 'ginger-bread' work to often adopted; and with the interior arrangements designed to meet every requirement."[7]

Throughout his career, Gilbert also designed apartment buildings, churches, clubs, exhibition buildings, hospitals, hotels, houses, and office buildings.[1][3][6] Gilbert did not just design buildings, he also managed the projects and visited the construction sites; this was documented in newspapers articles announcing his arrival in town to check on the progress of the projects.[8]

This attention to detail may have paid off as many of his other projects steamed from his railroad connections, including designing residences for William H. Baldwin Jr. who was president of the Long Island Railroad, Alfred Skitt who was president of the New York City Interborough Railway Company, Arthur M. Dodge whose father built the Macon and Brunswick Railroad, Benjamin A. Kimball who was president of the Concord and Montreal Railroad Company, and William Greene Raoul president of the Atlantic and Birmingham Railway, the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia, the Mexican National Railroad Company, and the Southwestern Railroad.[9][10][11][12][13]

Projects

Railroad stations

 
Ottawa Central Railway Station, Ottawa, Canada (1908)
 
Great Hall of Chicago train station, also known as the Illinois Central Terminus or Central Station (1893)
 
Grand Central Station, New York City (circa 1902)

As an architect with the New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad, Gilbert designed many railroad stations and related buildings.[6][14] Through his private practice, his railroad clients included the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad; Boston & Maine Railroad; Central Railroad of New Jersey; Concord and Montreal Railroad; the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad; Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad; Georgia Railroad Company; Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad; Illinois Central Railroad; Intercolonial Railroad (Canada); Michigan Central Railroad; Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad; New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad; Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad; Northern Pacific Railway; Old Colony Railroad; Philadelphia & Reading Company and others.[6][15][14][16] In 1901, he designed the Ottawa Central Railway Station.[2][14][17] He also designed stations, offices and terminals for the National Railroad of Mexico.[2][14]

Gilbert designed the Illinois Central Terminus (also called Central Station) at 12th Street in Chicago—it was constructed in nine months for the 1893 for the World's Columbian Exposition.[2] The location and use of the building created certain challenges given the brief that all fair buildings have impact and beauty; Gilbert's solution was to increase the size of the station and give it strong Romanesque details, as "the first impression gained of the building by the general public would be regarding its general contour and 'massing' as well as the outline skylines".[16] In other words, it needed to be impressive at a distance.[16] His design included a ten-story office building, with lobby and offices connected via a pneumatic tube service.[18] The first three stories were built from dark speckled granite, with buff brick for the upper levels.[16][19] The roof was dark glazed Spanish tiles, along with a coppery dome.[16][19] Gilbert was also instructed to make the building fireproof.[16] He achieved this in part by using the building's adjacent tower as a series of fire-proof vaults.[16] The 15-story tower was also a functional clock tower.[16] The cost of this project was over a million dollars, including the passenger station, waiting rooms, restaurant, office building, and a train shed that covered eight tracks.[16][19] The waiting room was the largest in the world, at 100 by 150 feet (30 by 46 m) and 100 feet (30 m) high.[19][18] This elaborate structure remained in use until it was demolished in 1974.[1][14] It was called "the gateway to the city."[20]

Gilbert was also the architect for the 1898 remodel of New York City's Grand Central Terminal—a project started in 1892 where "no expense is to be spared in making the building attractive".[14][21] The actual cost was around $175,000.[21] Gilbert designed the ten-story building in the Romanesque style.[21] The front of the building had ornamental bronze panels and bay windows on the second story.[21] The lower level was granite, with Indiana Limestone on top.[21] Inside, there were tiled floors and deeply paneled ceilings, as well as pneumatic tubes to connect the lobby to the offices.[21] This building was replaced by the current Grand Central Station in 1913.[1]

Whether designing a large railroad station for New York City or a small station for a Mexican village, Gilbert believed the structure should be comfortable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing to be an asset to its community.[22] In Engineering Magazine, Gilbert wrote, "No excuse should exempt a railroad company from being amenable to 'local pride.'"[22] He also criticized designing public buildings in Queen Anne or other overly decorative styles as being both expensive to construct and to maintain.[22]

 
World's Columbian Exposition Building for the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad & Wagner Palace Car Co., Chicago, Illinois1893
 
YMCA Harlem Branch, Harlem, New York City (1893)
 
Concord Station, Concord, New Hampshire
 
New Boston Depot, New Boston, New Hampshire
 
Middlesex St Station, Lowell Massachusetts
 
Acámbaro Station in Acambaro, Guanajuato, Mexico
 
Samuel R. Smith's Infirmary Hospital, Staten Island, New York
 
Kinston Union Station Kinston, North Carolina
 
Virginia Beach Hotel (aka Princess Anne Hotel), Virginia Beach, Virginia
 
Amoskeag Passenger Station, Manchester, New Hampshire
 
Conyers Passenger and Freight Station, Conyers Georgia
 
The Manor Inn, Asheville, North Carolina
 
English-American Building (aka Flatiron Building), Atlanta, Georgia
 
Benjamin Kimball Residence (now Capital Theater), Concord New, Hampshire
 
Dr. Henry C. Potter's residence, Saginaw, Michigan c. 1905. Courtesy Library of Congress
 
Epworth Memorial Church, now Bushwick United Methodist Church, Brooklyn, New York
 
YMCA Building, Middletown, New York


World's Columbian Exposition

In 1893, Gilbert designed an exhibition building for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago for his clients the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad along with The Wagner Palace Car Co.[14] The building contained wings on either side for railroad engines; inside was an exhibit showing photographs and sketches of Gilbert's work on railroad station architecture.[14] The Exposition's board of directors gave Gilbert a gold medal "for a new type of American architecture".[2][14] In 1895, the exhibit illustrations were published by Railway Gazette as a book, Sketch Portfolio of Railroad Stations and Kindred Structures.[14] Gilbert noted that railroad buildings had been overlooked in the past, but were an excellent place "to illustrate the modern architecture".[14]

Mason Stables

Edmund Coffin Jr., a prominent real estate investor and lawyer in New York City, hired Gilbert to design the Mason Stables.[23][6] This project took three years to construct and was divided into two phases, 1881–1882 and 1883–1894.[6][24] When completed, the Mason Stables were one of the most extensive livery stables in New York City.[25] The five-story stables included 158 stalls and room for more than 300 carriages.[6][24] Primarily Romanesque Revival in style, the building was decorated with some Celtic-style ornaments, repeating patterns in variegated orange-yellow and orange-red brick, and rows of repeating slender windows.[6] One modern writer says, "The stables were nearly abstract, a field of dreams in orange, red, and yellow masonry."[6] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission says, "Color and texture, rather than ornament, were skillfully used to give the structure its simple, yet monumental character."[24]

Another unique aspect of the Mason Stables was its layout, as the stables wrapped around other buildings, resulting in three entrances—76th Street, 77th Street, and Amsterdam.[23] Two of the entrances featured step-gables, a characteristic of Dutch Renaissance Revival style that Gilbert used with other public buildings in New York City as a nod to the city's origins as New Netherland.[26] In 1912, the stables were remodeled into a car park and were renamed the Dakota Stables (not to be confused with a 19th-century facility with that name), and the Pyramid Garage in the 1950s.[23][24] Over the years, the building lost many of its period details; it was demolished in 2011.[23]

YMCA

Gilbert designed a Queen Anne style building for the YMCA in the Bowery.[27] Known locally as The Bunker, the building was constructed in 1884.[27] This was the first YMCA in New York City.[28] It was converted into residences in 1932 and survives today as a New York City Landmark.[28]

In June 1886, Gilbert was hired to design a building for the Harlem Branch of the YMCA.[29] The building was located between 5th and 6th Avenues on the north side of 125th Street.[29] It was brownstone on the lower levels and brick and terra cotta on the upper levels, with step-gables in the Dutch Renaissance Revival style at the 125th Street entrance.[29] The $65,000 building included a gymnasium, a swimming pool, a bowling alley, five classrooms, a library, a parlor, a reception room, a reading room, and an auditorium that seated 800 people.[29]

Tower Building

Main article: Tower Building (New York City)

John Noble Sterns, a supporter of the Cremorne Mission where Gilbert was a trustee, hired Gilbert in 1888 to design an eleven-story office building in New York City.[6] For such a tall building, traditional construction methods required very thick walls that would have dominated the lot that was just 21.5 feet (6.6 m) wide.[2][6] Calling upon his railroad background, Gilbert thought of turning a railroad bridge on end, with iron girders to support the floors and external walls.[6] This innovation of "skeleton construction" with "steel-framed curtain walls" allowed him to construct a skyscraper without having thick load-bearing walls.[1][4][6] Another benefit of this construction technique was that it was fireproof.[14][30]

To work around local building ordinances, Gilbert constructed a foundation that was four stories or 70 feet (21 m) tall, essentially the height of the adjacent buildings.[31][30] This foundation was constructed of iron and Little Falls stone.[31] Next, came ten stories constructed in Philadelphia and Tiffany brick, with an octagonal roof covered in Spanish tiles.[31] The brickwork was colorful, and there was Celtic ornamentation similar to that of Mason Stables.[4][6]

Opening in 1889, the Tower Building is considered New York City's first skyscraper and the first curtain-wall building in the world.[1][4][6] It was initially greeted with great skepticism, with members of the public predicting it would blow over. Some people walked around the block rather than walk by it.[32] Some engineers declared it "unsafe and impracticable".[2] To assure the public of its safety, Gilbert moved his offices to its top floor and remained there until he stopped practicing.[26][32] He also scaled the building in the middle of an 1889 hurricane to prove that the building was not vibrating with a plumb line.[5][33] In 1889, Engineering News called it "a most skillful solution of an exceedingly difficult problem".[14] Kobble's New York and Environs wrote, "The Tower Building, of No. 50 Broadway, with its fifteen stories, is a remarkable example of a clever utilization of a narrow plot of ground."[14]

The Tower Building cost $250,000 to build.[31] This was quite a bargain given that it was expected to earn $210,000 a year in rent, after taxes and upkeep.[31] A building with traditional construction on the same lot would have only netted $30,000 a year in rent, due to the height limit of ten stories and thick walls reducing square footage.[31] Because Gilbert had devised a way to double income from property, The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that "the old Knickerbockers who own real estate on Broadway and other gilt-edge thoroughfares in the lower part of New York have a new god in the person of Bradford L. Gilbert."[30] The building was razed in 1914 to make way for a taller structure.[6][34]

Fire Engine Company No. 258, Hook and Ladder Company No. 115

During his career, Gilbert designed just one firehouse—for Engine Company No. 1 and Hook & Ladder Company No. 1 in Long Island City.[35] Established in 1891, this company was the first professional firefighters in Queens.[35][36] However, the first base of operation for this ladder company was a modest wood-frame shed.[36][26] The department merged with that of New York City in 1898, and its name changed to Fire Engine Company No. 258 and Ladder Company No.115 in 1904.[36]

Constructed between 1902 and 1904, Gilbert's granite building with 4 1/2 stories not only improved the working condition of the firefighters but also reflects the importance of this paid crew who fought fires at the Standard Oil refinery, row-frames, schools, tenements and factories such as the Pratt & Lambert varnish factory.[35][36][26] New York City's Historic Districts Council says, "This building was one of the more ambitious firehouse projects undertaken by the department due to its size and level of architectural detail."[35] Even the selection of the renowned Gilbert, rather than the city's usual firehouse architects, was a statement.[26]

Calling on the origins of New York as New Netherland, Gilbert's designed the firehouse in Dutch Renaissance Revival style, with oversized limestone trim to offset the darker granite background.[35][26] Gilbert had also used Dutch Renaissance Revival for other buildings in New York City, including the Harlem Branch YMCA building and the Samuel R. Smith Infirmary and Hospital in Staten Island.[26][37] The fire house's site cost $20,000; the building was $60,000.[26]

The firehouse is still in use and is listed as a NYC Individual Landmark.[35]

Southern Projects

Virginia projects

In 1888, Gilbert designed the Virginia Beach Hotel, with its attached Terminal Station, for the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[14] Later called the Princess Anne Hotel, this marked the beginnings of the beach resort, as well as Norfolk Southern Railroad.[38]

In 1895, Gilbert designed the Mary F. Ballentine Home for the Aged at 927 Park Ave. in Norfolk, Virginia, for Thomas R. Ballentine.[14][39] This facility was named after Ballentine's late wife as it was originally her idea.[40] The Ballentine Home was intended to provide a non-institutional, home-like environment for elderly local women, "more specifically gentle folk of irreproachable family."[39][40] Ballentine endowed the home when he died and it remained in Gilbert's building until new construction at a different location in 1952.[39][40]

W.G. Raoul House

In 1891, wealthy railroad executive William Greene Raoul hired Gilbert to design his residence on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia.[1][41] The ornate, gabled house and its estate included a wine cellar, a cottage for servants, a stable, and the first tennis court in Atlanta.[42][41] This house was home to the Raoul family through 1914.[1][42] During the 1940s, the Red Cross acquired the property and used the house as a blood donation and bandage rolling center; around 1950 the Red Cross built a modern building on the property, directly in the front of the Raoul house.[42] The house was also surrounded by the Cabana Motor Hotel and the Biltmore Hotel, losing its original context on a street of mansions.[42] The Raoul House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in the 1980s but burned in 1991 while it was leased to a nightclub.[1]

Cotton States and International Exposition

Main article: Cotton States and International Exposition

In 1895, Gilbert was the supervising architect for the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta.[1][2] For this world's fair event, he designed many structures, including the Administration Building with Main Entrance and Exits, the Agricultural Building, the Auditorium, the Chime Tower and Band Stand, the Electricity Building, the Fire Building, the Machinery Hall, the Manufacturers & Liberal Arts Building, the Minerals and Forestry Building, the Negro Building, the Semi-Circular Entrance, and Exit Gateway, the Transportation Building, and the United States Government Building.[14][43]

There was a logic to his designs; for example, the Minerals and Forestry Building was constructed of natural Southern woods.[14] At his suggestion, Bradford's designs were in the Romanesque style as this resulted in cost-effective temporary structures with a simple outline.[44] Romanesque style was also a good way for Atlanta "to be seen as au courant with America's commercial trends."[44] In addition to designing for the Exposition, he also created vendor buildings for the Southern Railway Company and the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad.[14]

The Atlanta Constitution wrote, "The design for the Administration Building and Gateway is one of the handsomest of the entire Exhibition. The design…is a composite design of old baronial castles…these castellated turrets, those embattled ramparts, those ancient moats, the old swinging drawbridge, will prove a source of keen enjoyment and profit."[14] Gilbert received a gold medal from the Exposition Directors for "the designing and building all of the fifteen principal structures within the limit of time and appropriation."[2]

Albemarle Park and Manor Inn

Main article: Albemarle Park

After a family vacation in 1896, William Greene Raoul decided to make Asheville, North Carolina his family's summer home.[1] Getting away from the heat of a Georgia summer may have been one goal. Still, his son Thomas contracted tuberculosis in 1897, and the mountain air of Asheville was believed to be a cure.[1] Raoul and his son hired Gilbert to design Albemarle Park, a park-like resort development on 32 acres (13 ha) just outside of Asheville.[1][45][46] Gilbert began with a small hotel called Manor Inn, five cottages and the Lodge (or Gatehouse) where the Raoul family lived at first.[1][47] In 1902, he added three new houses, a wing to the Manor Inn, doubled the size of the dining room and added a stage for musicians.[48] Known cottages credited to Gilbert include Clover, Columbus, Hollyhock, Marigold, and Milfoil.[47]

To suit the mountain setting, Gilbert created a "resort with an English inn atmosphere," with grounds designed by landscape architect Samuel Parsons, Jr.[46] This translated to a hybrid of Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival, Dutch Colonial Revival, and Shingle architectural styles, with exteriors that featured shingles, roughcast plaster, and timber framing.[1][46] Built between 1898 and 1920, Albemarle Park would eventually consist of 42 structures—some designed by other architects—becoming one of America's first planned residential parks.[45][46] Albemarle Park is now a National Register Historic District.[45][49] The National Register says, "The Manor and Cottages compose a picturesque small historic district, evocative of Asheville's dramatic turn-of-the-century resort town boom era."[46]

English-American Building

Main article: Flatiron Building (Atlanta)

In 1897, Gilbert designed the English-American Building for Atlanta's English-American Loan and Trust Company—whose president was Rufus Bullock, a former Georgia governor.[50][51] Located at the junction of Broad and Peachtree Streets, this triangular-shaped building with eleven stories was the second skyscraper in Atlanta.[52][51] Its style was Neo-Classical and Neo-Renaissance, but the shape was modern.[51] At a cost of some $400,000, the building included three electric elevators, 200 rooms, and electric lighting.[53]

The Within a year, the building's tenants included National Cash Register Co., Otis Bros. Co. (elevators), Rand McNally Co., Mutual Life Insurance Co., Southern Bell and many others along with its owners and the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.[51] Known as the Flatiron Building since 1916 because of its shape, this is the oldest remaining steel-framed skyscraper in Atlanta and one of the few non-railroad buildings by Gilbert that survive today.[1][51] Dr. Elizabeth Lyon says, "The building plays an important role in its urban setting by establishing a sense of dignity and scale and helping to create a visually interesting sequence of spaces and styles in the central business area of the city."[51]

South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition

Main article: South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition

Gilbert was the supervising architect for the South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition in 1901.[2][54] Remarkably, he was responsible for all aspects of this Charleston world's fair event, from the buildingsMaria McAuley.jpg to the 250 acres (100 ha) grounds to its infrastructure, including roads, water, sewage, and electricity.[2][54][55] Gilbert designed twenty large buildings, including the 320 foot (98 m) long Cotton Palace with and its 75 feet (23 m) tall dome, and the Administration Building, Agriculture Palace, Art Palace, Auditorium, and the Sunken Garden & Conning Tower Sculpture.[54][56][57] The main buildings, with their domes, arcades, finials, and brackets, were all painted in off-white, giving the Exposition its name the Ivory City—a play on the White City of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893[54][56][55]

Gilbert's instructions for this fair were to create a "Southern motif" which seems noticeably lacking in the Italian and Spanish-Revival style he used.[55][56] However, Gilbert gave the exposition a more romantic look than the Atlanta exposition, while also modernizing it with the Mediterranean-style that was, during the 1890s and early 20th-century, in fashion for commercial and residential buildings[55] Rather than Southern plantation architecture, it seems that Gilbert was influenced by the fair's goal of reminding commercial interests of the once lucrative trade route between the West Indies and the port of Charleston.[55] Thus, architect Bruce Harvey concludes "The architecture at Charleston's exposition both reflected and promoted this conscious hope for the future."[55] The architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler wrote, "At Chicago, they called the style Columbian; at Buffalo, they called it Pan-American…in Charleston—the Spanish Renaissance of the Sixteenth Century."

Gilbert's layout divided the fair into sections, suggesting that he studied that of the widely successful Columbian Exposition.[55] His idea was to split the grounds into areas for the natural and artificial, connected by a "narrow neck" that included the Administration Building.[55] Like Frederick Law Olmsted in Chicago, Gilbert used the natural setting—in this case, live oaks and magnolias along the Ashley River—to give structure to his Natural Section that included the Art, Machinery, Negro, various states, Transportation, and Women's Buildings.[55] Gilbert wrote that the Natural section "will form a natural park of endless beauty of vista and landscape effect naturalistic [sic.]…a winding path of 100 feet in width will be carried underneath the overspreading live oaks along the edge of the embankment."[55]

The artificial or Art Section was formal with architecturally similar buildings: the Palaces of Agriculture, Commerce, and Cotton.[55] Gilbert sited this section over the former Washington Race Course, a flat area that was already treeless, allowing him to create "complex geometrical design" for the Court of Palaces which was surrounded with a sunken garden and connected by a colonnade.[55] After the exposition, the majority of its temporary buildings were razed; the bandstand is the only structure from the event that survives.[54]

However, Gilbert and the expedition quarreled over his compensation for work.[58] In May 1902, Gilbert appeared in court for his lawsuit against the exposition for $16,422.80, the balance due on his $34,422.30 invoice.[58] In return, the exposition sued Gilbert for $51,000 in damages and loss of business due to his failure to complete the construction of all of the buildings by the opening date.[58]

Atlanta Railroad Station

In 1902, Gilbert was paid $1,000 by Atlanta to draw plans for a new railroad station.[59]

Canadian Projects

In 1901, he designed the Ottawa Central Railway Station.[2][14][17]

In 1905, Gilbert and Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, also an architect from New York City, collaborated on the redesign and expansion of the Windsor Hotel in Montreal, Canada.[60] Construction began in the spring of 1906 to create one of the largest hotels in North America of its day.[60] Built of a steel frame and stone, the hotel was increased to a height of eight stories, with 250 new rooms and 175 new bathrooms.[60] The combined total of old and new construction was 800 rooms and 450 baths, as well as a new double entrance through a rotunda.[60]

In July 1905, Gilbert and Hardenbergh was selected to design a new hotel at the existing Grand Union Hotel site in Ottawa, Canada. This one-million-dollar project was to include 300 hotel rooms.[61]

Personal

In 1872, Gilbert married Cora Rathbone, daughter of the late Captain John Rathbone, in Brooklyn, New York.[2][62] He was 19 and she was seventeen or eighteen years older.[62] From its beginning, this was an unhappy marriage.[62]

Gilbert was an elder with the University Presbyterian Church in New York City, and later an elder with the Westminster Presbyterian Church.[2] He was a member of the American Institute of Architects—New York Chapter, the Architectural League of New York, the National Arts Club, the National Sculpture Society, the Quill Club, the Riding Club, and the Transportation Club, as well as the Chicago Club in Illinois.[2]

Gilbert was a supporter and trustee of the McAuley Water Street Mission (now the New York City Rescue Mission) which was founded in 1887 by missionaries Jerry McAuley and his wife Maria, to give shelter and food to the poor.[6][63][2] McAuley and his wife were Christian converts who were previously an alcoholic convict and an alcoholic prostitute, respectively.[64][63] After her husband's death in 1884, Maria McAuley (née Fahy) became the Matron of the Cremorne Mission which Gilbert was a trustee.[65][64][6] In 1885, Gilbert was secretary of a committee that raised funds for a public drinking fountain in memory of McAuley.[66][67]

Gilbert separated from his wife in January 1887.[68] In June 1887, he filed for an annulment in Jersey City, New Jersey, on the basis that he was underaged at the time of his marriage, with his wife being seventeen years his senior.[68][62] On October 13, 1887, Cora Gilbert served her husband with divorce papers during the intermission of a prayer meeting at Cremorne Mission.[68][69][70] Her claim was on the basis of infidelity, to be heard in the superior court at White Plains.[71] At the same time, she served Maria McAuley with a $50,000 lawsuit for alienation of affections, with allegations that "were numerous and specific."[68] Cora claimed she had been driven from her home, that her husband was abusive, and his attention had been diverted to Mrs. McAuley.[70]

On October 16, 1887, at the Mission, Gilbert made a public announcement saying, "If it did not affect this mission and the noble Christian woman who conducts it, I would remain silent. I suppose you have all read in today's papers…a story reflecting upon Mrs. McAuley and myself. I pronounce it totally false. All those who know me will take my word, and all those who do not know me will see by the result that what I say is true."[72] Standing by Gilbert were banker A.S Hatch, real estate agent Sidney Whittemore, Franklin W. Coe, and other ladies and gentlemen associated with McAuley Mission.[68] Hatch also spoke, saying "The very fact that I am on this platform tonight is sufficient for the purpose without saying a word; but I may add that my faith in Mrs. McAuley and Mr. Gilbert has not been shaken one jot by what has appeared in print, and I continue to have unwavering confidence in both."[68] McAuley "emphatically denied" the allegations.[68] Later, Gilbert said his wife was influenced by would-be blackmailers.[69][62] After Gilbert obtained a divorce, Cora withdrew the lawsuit against Maria.[6][73]

 
Maria McAuley

Five years later, McAuley's health declined and doctors believed she would die.[64] She resigned from her position at Cremorne Mission and moved to Cranford, New Jersey.[74] Gilbert discontinued his association with the Mission when McAuley left.[74] On May 12, 1892, in Cranford, Gilbert married McAuley "when her health was poor and took care of her."[75][64][3] The newspaper announcement said they had courted for five years.[75] He was 38 and she was 55 years old.[73] The Gilberts initially lived in a cottage on Madison Avenue, before moving to 225 Park Place in Brooklyn.[3][76] They also owned a summer home in the Catskills.[3] They adopted their niece Blossom, the daughter of Maria's sister.[64][77]

Around 1887, Gilbert acquired nearly 1,000 acres (400 ha) in Roscoe, New York.[78][79] There, he constructed his summer retreat, Beaverkill Lodge, named for the nearby river.[78][79] This frame structure was clad in shingles and featured leaded Swiss-style sash windows, gas lighting, running water, and a turret.[79][80][57] Maria, who was an Irish immigrant, said the Catskill scenery reminded her of Ireland.[78] She named the surrounding hamlet Craig-e-Clair which translates as "beautiful mountainside".[78] The Gilberts sold the property in 1903.[78] In 1907, Beaverkill Lodge was acquired by Ralph Wurts-Dundas who built Dundas Castle or Craig-e-Clair which encapsulated Beaverkill Lodge, based on documentary photos.

There is evidence that Gilbert and Maria were close, with her joining him on various business trips.[81][82] While designing the 1895 Cobblestone Church in Schenectady, New York, Gilbert donated $800 to build its clock tower in honor of Maria.[83] He incorporated a clock he acquired from the New York Central Railroad.[83] Gilbert, who was notoriously against ornamentation, also added Celtic designs to several buildings around the time of his marriage to Maria, including the Mason Stables and the Tower Building.[6]

The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that Gilbert was recovering from a "severe illness" on August 14, 1904.[84] On March 15, 1908, the Gilberts conducted services at the Water Street Mission.[85] Gilbert began designing the yacht Jerry McAuley as a gift to The Salvation Army in June 1908.[86][77] In his June 1911 dedication speech for the ship and launch of the Salvation Army Navy before a crowd of 5,000 people, Gilbert said, McAuley was "the missing link between what the church thought it could do and what God could really do."[87] In April 1911, Gilbert was working on designs for a new building to replace the Jerry McAuley Water Street Mission.[88] The new $100,000 building was to include a chapel, dormitories, and modern bathrooms.[89]

On September 1, 1911, at age 58, Gilbert died of dropsy at his summer house in Accord, New York.[3][90][77] His last architectural design was for a new mission[6][14]

Selected works

Many of the surviving buildings by Gilbert are on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).[10]

Building Name Client Location Date Status Source
Albemarle Park and The Manor Inn Thomas W. Raoul and William G. Raoul Asheville, NC 1898 NRHP [91]
Acámbaro "Class" Passenger Station Mexican National Railroad Acámbaro, Mexico 1892 museum [14][92]
Alfred Skitt Residence Alfred Skitt N. Broadway, Yonkers, NY 1903 [10]
Amoskeag Passenger Station Concord & Montreal Railroad Manchester, NH 1892 residence [14][93]
Annandale Passenger Station Central Railroad of New Jersey Annandale, NJ 1899 razed [57]
Arthur Murray Dodge House Arthur Murray Dodge, Esq. New York, NY bef 1895 [14]
Ashmont Railroad Station New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Ashmont, MA 1895 razed [14][57]
Avon Station New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad Avon, NY 1879 standing [14]
Bay Port Passenger Station Long Island Rail Road Bay Port, Long Island, NY 1903 razed [57]
Beaverkill Lodge (Dundas Castle) self Roscoe, NY 1891 remodeled [57][79]
Benjamin A, Kimball Residence (expand/remodel) Hon. Benjamin Ames Kimball Concord, NH 1884 theater [57][13][94]
Berkeley Arms Hotel Pennsylvania Railroad Company Berkeley Township, NJ 1883 burned 1904 [95][96][14]
Bernardsville Passenger Station Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Bernardsville, NJ 1901 NRHP, repurposed [14][97]
Beverly Depot Boston and Maine Railroad Co. Beverly, MA 1897 NRHP [14]
Bridgewater Station New York, and New Haven Railroad Co. Bridgewater, MA 1894 repurposed [14][98]
Brockton Twin Passenger Stations New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Brockton, MA 1894 razed [14][57]
Campello Twin-Passenger Stations New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Campello, MA 1889 razed [14][99][57]
Canton Junction station Old Colony Railroad Co. Canton, MA 1893 still in use [14]
Carteret Club Carteret Club of Jersey City Jersey City, NJ 1889 school [14][100]
Children's Hospital Reception Building & Nursery New York, NY 1889 [14]
Cobblestone Church 2nd Reformed Protestant Church Schenectady, NY 1895 still in use [14][57][83]
Colonia Terminal Passenger Station & Railroad Office Mexican National Railroad Colonia, Mexico 1895 razed [14][101]
Concord Station, Train Shed, and Office Building Concord and Montreal Railroad Concord, NH 1885 razed 1959 [102][2]
Conyers Passenger Station and Freight House Georgia Railroad Company Conyers, GA 1892 repurposed [14][103]
Cotton States and International Exposition City of Atlanta Atlanta, GA 1895 razed [1]
East Saginaw station Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad Saginaw, MI 1881 NRHP [14]
Edmund Coffin Jr. House Edmund Coffin Jr. 57th St, New York, NY c. 1892 [14][104]
Epworth Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church now Bushwick United Methodist Church Brooklyn, NY 1890 in use [105][106][107]
Essex-Fells Passenger Station Caldwell Railway Essex Fells, NJ 1892 relocated;

residence

[14][57]
Exhibition Building at World's Columbian Exposition New York Central & Hudson River Railroad;

Wagner Palace Car Co.

Chicago, IL 1893 razed [14]
Exhibition Building at Cotton States Exposition Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co. Atlanta, GA 1895 razed [14]
Exhibition Building at Cotton States Exposition Southern Railway Company Atlanta, GA 1895 razed [14]
Fall River Passenger Station Old Colony Railroad Fall River, MA 1891 razed [14][108]
Fire Engine Company 258 / Hook & Ladder

Company 115

Fire Department of the City of New York Long Island City, NY 1904 still in use [57][35]
Flatiron Building (English-American Building) English-American Loan and Trust Company Atlanta, GA 1897 NRHP [51][50]
Fort Washington Passenger Station Philadelphia and Reading Company Fort Washington, PA 1903 in use [57]
General Railroad Office Building Northern Pacific Railroad Company Saint Paul, MN 1882 razed [14][57]
Georgia Railroad Freight Depot Georgia Railroad Company Augusta, GA 1892 razed [14][57]
Georgia Railroad General Office Building Georgia Railroad Company Augusta, GA 1892 razed [14][57]
Grand Central Station New York Central and Hudson River Railroad New York, NY 1902 razed [2][21]
Grand Rapids Passenger Train Shed Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Grand Rapids, MI 1890 moved [14][109]
Grovetown Passenger Station and Freight Depot Georgia Railroad Company Grovetown, GA 1892 razed 1973 [14][57]
Hartwood Post Office Forestburgh, NY 1899
Henry C. Potter Residence Dr. Henry C. Potter East Saginaw, MI 1890 razed [57]
Hoagland Laboratory (Long Island College Hospital) Dr. C. N. Hoagland Brooklyn, NY 1888 burned 1971 [6][14][110]
Illinois Central Depot & General Railroad Office Illinois Central Railroad Chicago, IL 1893 razed 1974 [14][1][20]
Intercolonial Station and Terminal Intercolonial Railroad Halifax, Canada 1901 exploded 1915 [2][57]
Hornellsville Railroad Shop New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Hornellsville, NY 1881 razed [57][14]
Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church Detroit, MI 1893 razed 1950s [111][14][112][113]
Kinston Passenger Station Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Kinston, NC 1905 razed [1][114]
Laconia Passenger Station Concord & Montreal Railroad Co. Laconia, NH 1892 NRHP [14][115]
Lebanon Passenger Station Central Railroad of New Jersey Lebanon, NJ 1899 restored [116]
Liberty Station New York, Ontario and Western Railway Co. Liberty, NY 1893 razed [14][57]
LIRR Passenger Station and Baggage Claim Long Island Railroad Southampton, NY 1902 [57]
Manning Simmons House Dr. Manning Simons 22 Rutledge Ave.

Charleston, SC

1902 in use [117]
Mary F. Ballentine Home for the Aged Thomas R. Ballentine Norfolk, VA 1895 [14][40]
Mason Stables (aka Dakota Stables) Edmund Coffin Jr New York, NY 1881–

1894

razed 2007 [6][23]
Michigan Central Passenger Station & Baggage Building Michigan Central Railroad Co. West Bay City, MI 1892 razed [14][57]
Middlesex Street Union Station (Lowell Station) Boston & Maine Railroad Lowell, MA 1893 razed [57][14][118]
Middletown Passenger Station, Restaurant & Offices New York, Ontario & Western Railroad Co. Middletown, NY 1893 NRHP [14][119][120]
Monterey Stations and Offices Mexican National Railroad Monterey, Mexico 1903 [57]
New Boston Depot New Boston Rail Road New Boston, NH 1893 burned 1895 [14][121]
Newberry Memorial Chapel at Jefferson Ave. Church Mrs. John S. Newberry Detroit, MI 1889 razed 1950s [2][122]
North Abington station New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad North Abington, MA 1894 NRHP [14]
North Branch station with Agent's Room Central Railroad of New Jersey North Branch, NJ 1894 burned 1970 [14]
Northern Pacific General Office Building Northern Pacific Railroad Saint Paul, MN 1881 razed [2][57]
Oyster Bay Passenger Station (renovations) Long Island Rail Road Oyster Bay, NY 1902 NRHP [57]
Parsons General Railroad Offices and Station Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Parsons, KA 1895 burned 1912 [14][123][124]
Pavonia Ferry Slips, Freight Sheds, and Piers New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad New York City, NY 1878–

1881

[14]
Peninsular Club House Peninsular Club Grand Rapids, MI 1884 razed [125][14][126][57]
Philadelphia & Reading Company Passenger Station Philadelphia and Reading Company Tioga, PA 1902 [57]
Plainfield Twin Passenger Stations Central Railroad of New Jersey Plainfield, NJ 1902 NRHP [57]
Queretaro Station and Offices Mexican National Railroad Queretaro, Mexico 1901 [57]
Reed City Union Station Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Reed City, MI 1891 razed [57]
Riding Club Riding Club New York, NY 1885–86 razed [2][14][26][127]
Riding Club (renovation and expansion) Riding Club, James H. Woodward, president New York, NY 1906 razed [127][128]
Roselle Twin Passenger Station Central Railroad of New Jersey Roselle, NJ 1902 razed [57]
St. Johns Episcopal Chapel Sewaren, NJ 1883 in use [14][57]
Samuel R. Smith Infirmary Main Bldg. & Hospital Ward Smith Infirmary Tompkinsville, Staten

Island, NY

1891 razed 2012 [14][57][37]
Sedalia Station with Lunch Room & Railroad Offices Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad Sedalia, MO 1895 NRHP [14]
South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition Charleston Exposition Company Charleston, SC 1901 razed [2]
South Side Sportsmen's Club South Side Sportsmen's Club of Long Island Great River, NY (Oakdale) 1866 NRHP [2][129]
Southampton Passenger Station & Baggage Claim Long Island Rail Road Southampton, NY 1902 NPHP, in use [57]
Standish Farm William Henry Baldwin Jr. Locust Valley, NY 1904 [9][130]
Syracuse Passenger Station Offices & Train Shed New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Syracuse, NY 1895 razed [14][57][131]
Toluca Station Mexican National Railroad Toluca, Mexico 1891 [14]
Toms River Passenger Station Central Railroad of New Jersey Toms River, NJ 1900 razed [57]
Tower Building John Noble Stearns New York, NY 1889 razed 1914 [14]
Trinity Methodist Church Charleston, SC 1903 razed [57]
Union Passenger Station Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad;

Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad

Reed City, MI 1891 razed 1960s [14]
Union Passenger Station New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad;

and Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.

Binghamton, NY 1880 [14]
Union Station and Shed Concord & Montreal Railroad Manchester, NH 1898 razed [57]
Virginia Beach Hotel and Terminal Station Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad Virginia Beach, VA 1888 burned 1907 [14][38]
Water Street Mission Water Street Mission New York, NY 1912 [88]
White House station Central Railroad of New Jersey Whitehouse Station, NJ 1890 NRHP [15]
William G. Raoul Residence Captain William Greene Raoul Atlanta, GA 1891 burned 1991 [1][14]
Woodward Avenue Depot Michigan Central Railway Company Detroit, MI 1891 [132]
YMCA Building New York, Ontario & Western Railroad Co. Middletown, NY 1893 [14]
YMCA Harlem Branch NYC's Young Men's Christian Association Harlem, New York, NY 1886 razed [14][57][29]
Young Men's Institute (now YMCA) NYC's Young Men's Christian Association 222 Bowery, New York, NY 1883–84 NYC Landmark [133][28][27]

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bradford Gilbert.
  • Sketch Portfolio of Railroad Stations and Kindred Structures by Brandon Gilbert (1895). Google Books.

March 05, 2023
bradford, gilbert, merchant, politician, brunswick, politician, bradford, gilbert, march, 1853, september, 1911, nationally, active, american, architect, based, york, city, known, designing, tower, building, 1889, first, steel, framed, building, anywhere, firs. For the merchant and politician in New Brunswick see Bradford Gilbert politician Bradford Lee Gilbert March 24 1853 September 1 1911 was a nationally active American architect based in New York City 1 2 3 He is known for designing the Tower Building in 1889 the first steel framed building anywhere and the first skyscraper in New York City 4 5 This technique was soon copied across the United States 2 He also designed Atlanta s Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 the Flatiron Building in Atlanta and many railroad stations 1 Bradford Lee GilbertBorn 1853 03 24 March 24 1853Watertown New York USDiedSeptember 1 1911 1911 09 01 aged 58 Accord New York U S OccupationArchitectSpouse s Cora RathboneMaria Fahy McAuleyAwardsWorld s Columbian Exhibition Gold MedalCotton States and International Exposition Gold MedalPracticeBradford L Gilbert1 Broadway 50 BroadwayNew York City New YorkBuildingsCentral Station ChicagoFlatiron Building Atlanta Tower Building New York City ProjectsAlbemarle ParkCotton States and International ExpositionDesign1st steel frame construction1st skyscraper in New York City Contents 1 Background 2 Projects 2 1 Railroad stations 2 2 World s Columbian Exposition 2 3 Mason Stables 2 4 YMCA 2 5 Tower Building 2 6 Fire Engine Company No 258 Hook and Ladder Company No 115 2 7 Southern Projects 2 7 1 Virginia projects 2 7 2 W G Raoul House 2 7 3 Cotton States and International Exposition 2 7 4 Albemarle Park and Manor Inn 2 7 5 English American Building 2 7 6 South Carolina Inter State and West Indian Exposition 2 7 7 Atlanta Railroad Station 2 8 Canadian Projects 3 Personal 4 Selected works 5 References 6 External linksBackground EditBradford was born in Watertown New York the son of civil engineer and banker Horatio Gates Gilbert and his wife Marie Antoinette nee Bacon 1 2 His uncle was Jasper W Gilbert a justice with the New York Supreme Court 2 He attended Siglar s School in Newburg and the Sedgwick Institute in Great Barrington Massachusetts 2 Later he had private tutors at home in Irvington New York to get ready to attend Yale University rather than his father s alma mater Norwich University 2 However Gilbert decided to forgo college as he was very anxious to learn architecture 2 He became a student with the architectural firm J Cleveland Cady in New York City for five years beginning in 1872 1 In 1876 Gilbert was hired as an architect for the New York Lake Erie and Western Railroad under engineer Octave Chanute 6 2 Through his work with the railroad in the northern and northwestern states Gilbert earned a reputation for originality 2 Although his body of work is diverse he preferred Romanesque style and consistently featured sinuous interlaced patterns virtuoso brickwork and deep red color effects 6 By 1890 Gilbert opened a firm in his name at 1 Broadway in New York City initially specializing in railroad and public buildings 1 3 6 He said It certainly costs no more often not such much to design a building that is architecturally correct of good quiet contour the whole effect gained by constructional outlines in place of the fancy ginger bread work to often adopted and with the interior arrangements designed to meet every requirement 7 Throughout his career Gilbert also designed apartment buildings churches clubs exhibition buildings hospitals hotels houses and office buildings 1 3 6 Gilbert did not just design buildings he also managed the projects and visited the construction sites this was documented in newspapers articles announcing his arrival in town to check on the progress of the projects 8 This attention to detail may have paid off as many of his other projects steamed from his railroad connections including designing residences for William H Baldwin Jr who was president of the Long Island Railroad Alfred Skitt who was president of the New York City Interborough Railway Company Arthur M Dodge whose father built the Macon and Brunswick Railroad Benjamin A Kimball who was president of the Concord and Montreal Railroad Company and William Greene Raoul president of the Atlantic and Birmingham Railway the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia the Mexican National Railroad Company and the Southwestern Railroad 9 10 11 12 13 Projects EditRailroad stations Edit Ottawa Central Railway Station Ottawa Canada 1908 Great Hall of Chicago train station also known as the Illinois Central Terminus or Central Station 1893 Grand Central Station New York City circa 1902 As an architect with the New York Lake Erie amp Western Railroad Gilbert designed many railroad stations and related buildings 6 14 Through his private practice his railroad clients included the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Boston amp Maine Railroad Central Railroad of New Jersey Concord and Montreal Railroad the Delaware Lackawanna amp Western Railroad Flint amp Pere Marquette Railroad Georgia Railroad Company Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Illinois Central Railroad Intercolonial Railroad Canada Michigan Central Railroad Missouri Kansas Texas Railroad New York New Haven and Hartford Railroad Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad Northern Pacific Railway Old Colony Railroad Philadelphia amp Reading Company and others 6 15 14 16 In 1901 he designed the Ottawa Central Railway Station 2 14 17 He also designed stations offices and terminals for the National Railroad of Mexico 2 14 Gilbert designed the Illinois Central Terminus also called Central Station at 12th Street in Chicago it was constructed in nine months for the 1893 for the World s Columbian Exposition 2 The location and use of the building created certain challenges given the brief that all fair buildings have impact and beauty Gilbert s solution was to increase the size of the station and give it strong Romanesque details as the first impression gained of the building by the general public would be regarding its general contour and massing as well as the outline skylines 16 In other words it needed to be impressive at a distance 16 His design included a ten story office building with lobby and offices connected via a pneumatic tube service 18 The first three stories were built from dark speckled granite with buff brick for the upper levels 16 19 The roof was dark glazed Spanish tiles along with a coppery dome 16 19 Gilbert was also instructed to make the building fireproof 16 He achieved this in part by using the building s adjacent tower as a series of fire proof vaults 16 The 15 story tower was also a functional clock tower 16 The cost of this project was over a million dollars including the passenger station waiting rooms restaurant office building and a train shed that covered eight tracks 16 19 The waiting room was the largest in the world at 100 by 150 feet 30 by 46 m and 100 feet 30 m high 19 18 This elaborate structure remained in use until it was demolished in 1974 1 14 It was called the gateway to the city 20 Gilbert was also the architect for the 1898 remodel of New York City s Grand Central Terminal a project started in 1892 where no expense is to be spared in making the building attractive 14 21 The actual cost was around 175 000 21 Gilbert designed the ten story building in the Romanesque style 21 The front of the building had ornamental bronze panels and bay windows on the second story 21 The lower level was granite with Indiana Limestone on top 21 Inside there were tiled floors and deeply paneled ceilings as well as pneumatic tubes to connect the lobby to the offices 21 This building was replaced by the current Grand Central Station in 1913 1 Whether designing a large railroad station for New York City or a small station for a Mexican village Gilbert believed the structure should be comfortable functional and aesthetically pleasing to be an asset to its community 22 In Engineering Magazine Gilbert wrote No excuse should exempt a railroad company from being amenable to local pride 22 He also criticized designing public buildings in Queen Anne or other overly decorative styles as being both expensive to construct and to maintain 22 World s Columbian Exposition Building for the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad amp Wagner Palace Car Co Chicago Illinois1893 YMCA Harlem Branch Harlem New York City 1893 Concord Station Concord New Hampshire New Boston Depot New Boston New Hampshire Middlesex St Station Lowell Massachusetts Acambaro Station in Acambaro Guanajuato Mexico Samuel R Smith s Infirmary Hospital Staten Island New York Kinston Union Station Kinston North Carolina Virginia Beach Hotel aka Princess Anne Hotel Virginia Beach Virginia Amoskeag Passenger Station Manchester New Hampshire Conyers Passenger and Freight Station Conyers Georgia The Manor Inn Asheville North Carolina English American Building aka Flatiron Building Atlanta Georgia Benjamin Kimball Residence now Capital Theater Concord New Hampshire Dr Henry C Potter s residence Saginaw Michigan c 1905 Courtesy Library of Congress Epworth Memorial Church now Bushwick United Methodist Church Brooklyn New York YMCA Building Middletown New York World s Columbian Exposition Edit In 1893 Gilbert designed an exhibition building for the World s Columbian Exposition in Chicago for his clients the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad along with The Wagner Palace Car Co 14 The building contained wings on either side for railroad engines inside was an exhibit showing photographs and sketches of Gilbert s work on railroad station architecture 14 The Exposition s board of directors gave Gilbert a gold medal for a new type of American architecture 2 14 In 1895 the exhibit illustrations were published by Railway Gazette as a book Sketch Portfolio of Railroad Stations and Kindred Structures 14 Gilbert noted that railroad buildings had been overlooked in the past but were an excellent place to illustrate the modern architecture 14 Mason Stables Edit Edmund Coffin Jr a prominent real estate investor and lawyer in New York City hired Gilbert to design the Mason Stables 23 6 This project took three years to construct and was divided into two phases 1881 1882 and 1883 1894 6 24 When completed the Mason Stables were one of the most extensive livery stables in New York City 25 The five story stables included 158 stalls and room for more than 300 carriages 6 24 Primarily Romanesque Revival in style the building was decorated with some Celtic style ornaments repeating patterns in variegated orange yellow and orange red brick and rows of repeating slender windows 6 One modern writer says The stables were nearly abstract a field of dreams in orange red and yellow masonry 6 The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission says Color and texture rather than ornament were skillfully used to give the structure its simple yet monumental character 24 Another unique aspect of the Mason Stables was its layout as the stables wrapped around other buildings resulting in three entrances 76th Street 77th Street and Amsterdam 23 Two of the entrances featured step gables a characteristic of Dutch Renaissance Revival style that Gilbert used with other public buildings in New York City as a nod to the city s origins as New Netherland 26 In 1912 the stables were remodeled into a car park and were renamed the Dakota Stables not to be confused with a 19th century facility with that name and the Pyramid Garage in the 1950s 23 24 Over the years the building lost many of its period details it was demolished in 2011 23 YMCA Edit Gilbert designed a Queen Anne style building for the YMCA in the Bowery 27 Known locally as The Bunker the building was constructed in 1884 27 This was the first YMCA in New York City 28 It was converted into residences in 1932 and survives today as a New York City Landmark 28 In June 1886 Gilbert was hired to design a building for the Harlem Branch of the YMCA 29 The building was located between 5th and 6th Avenues on the north side of 125th Street 29 It was brownstone on the lower levels and brick and terra cotta on the upper levels with step gables in the Dutch Renaissance Revival style at the 125th Street entrance 29 The 65 000 building included a gymnasium a swimming pool a bowling alley five classrooms a library a parlor a reception room a reading room and an auditorium that seated 800 people 29 Tower Building Edit Main article Tower Building New York City John Noble Sterns a supporter of the Cremorne Mission where Gilbert was a trustee hired Gilbert in 1888 to design an eleven story office building in New York City 6 For such a tall building traditional construction methods required very thick walls that would have dominated the lot that was just 21 5 feet 6 6 m wide 2 6 Calling upon his railroad background Gilbert thought of turning a railroad bridge on end with iron girders to support the floors and external walls 6 This innovation of skeleton construction with steel framed curtain walls allowed him to construct a skyscraper without having thick load bearing walls 1 4 6 Another benefit of this construction technique was that it was fireproof 14 30 To work around local building ordinances Gilbert constructed a foundation that was four stories or 70 feet 21 m tall essentially the height of the adjacent buildings 31 30 This foundation was constructed of iron and Little Falls stone 31 Next came ten stories constructed in Philadelphia and Tiffany brick with an octagonal roof covered in Spanish tiles 31 The brickwork was colorful and there was Celtic ornamentation similar to that of Mason Stables 4 6 Opening in 1889 the Tower Building is considered New York City s first skyscraper and the first curtain wall building in the world 1 4 6 It was initially greeted with great skepticism with members of the public predicting it would blow over Some people walked around the block rather than walk by it 32 Some engineers declared it unsafe and impracticable 2 To assure the public of its safety Gilbert moved his offices to its top floor and remained there until he stopped practicing 26 32 He also scaled the building in the middle of an 1889 hurricane to prove that the building was not vibrating with a plumb line 5 33 In 1889 Engineering News called it a most skillful solution of an exceedingly difficult problem 14 Kobble s New York and Environs wrote The Tower Building of No 50 Broadway with its fifteen stories is a remarkable example of a clever utilization of a narrow plot of ground 14 The Tower Building cost 250 000 to build 31 This was quite a bargain given that it was expected to earn 210 000 a year in rent after taxes and upkeep 31 A building with traditional construction on the same lot would have only netted 30 000 a year in rent due to the height limit of ten stories and thick walls reducing square footage 31 Because Gilbert had devised a way to double income from property The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that the old Knickerbockers who own real estate on Broadway and other gilt edge thoroughfares in the lower part of New York have a new god in the person of Bradford L Gilbert 30 The building was razed in 1914 to make way for a taller structure 6 34 Fire Engine Company No 258 Hook and Ladder Company No 115 Edit During his career Gilbert designed just one firehouse for Engine Company No 1 and Hook amp Ladder Company No 1 in Long Island City 35 Established in 1891 this company was the first professional firefighters in Queens 35 36 However the first base of operation for this ladder company was a modest wood frame shed 36 26 The department merged with that of New York City in 1898 and its name changed to Fire Engine Company No 258 and Ladder Company No 115 in 1904 36 Constructed between 1902 and 1904 Gilbert s granite building with 4 1 2 stories not only improved the working condition of the firefighters but also reflects the importance of this paid crew who fought fires at the Standard Oil refinery row frames schools tenements and factories such as the Pratt amp Lambert varnish factory 35 36 26 New York City s Historic Districts Council says This building was one of the more ambitious firehouse projects undertaken by the department due to its size and level of architectural detail 35 Even the selection of the renowned Gilbert rather than the city s usual firehouse architects was a statement 26 Calling on the origins of New York as New Netherland Gilbert s designed the firehouse in Dutch Renaissance Revival style with oversized limestone trim to offset the darker granite background 35 26 Gilbert had also used Dutch Renaissance Revival for other buildings in New York City including the Harlem Branch YMCA building and the Samuel R Smith Infirmary and Hospital in Staten Island 26 37 The fire house s site cost 20 000 the building was 60 000 26 The firehouse is still in use and is listed as a NYC Individual Landmark 35 Southern Projects Edit Virginia projects Edit In 1888 Gilbert designed the Virginia Beach Hotel with its attached Terminal Station for the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad in Virginia Beach Virginia 14 Later called the Princess Anne Hotel this marked the beginnings of the beach resort as well as Norfolk Southern Railroad 38 In 1895 Gilbert designed the Mary F Ballentine Home for the Aged at 927 Park Ave in Norfolk Virginia for Thomas R Ballentine 14 39 This facility was named after Ballentine s late wife as it was originally her idea 40 The Ballentine Home was intended to provide a non institutional home like environment for elderly local women more specifically gentle folk of irreproachable family 39 40 Ballentine endowed the home when he died and it remained in Gilbert s building until new construction at a different location in 1952 39 40 W G Raoul House Edit In 1891 wealthy railroad executive William Greene Raoul hired Gilbert to design his residence on Peachtree Street in Atlanta Georgia 1 41 The ornate gabled house and its estate included a wine cellar a cottage for servants a stable and the first tennis court in Atlanta 42 41 This house was home to the Raoul family through 1914 1 42 During the 1940s the Red Cross acquired the property and used the house as a blood donation and bandage rolling center around 1950 the Red Cross built a modern building on the property directly in the front of the Raoul house 42 The house was also surrounded by the Cabana Motor Hotel and the Biltmore Hotel losing its original context on a street of mansions 42 The Raoul House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in the 1980s but burned in 1991 while it was leased to a nightclub 1 Cotton States and International Exposition Edit Main article Cotton States and International Exposition In 1895 Gilbert was the supervising architect for the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta 1 2 For this world s fair event he designed many structures including the Administration Building with Main Entrance and Exits the Agricultural Building the Auditorium the Chime Tower and Band Stand the Electricity Building the Fire Building the Machinery Hall the Manufacturers amp Liberal Arts Building the Minerals and Forestry Building the Negro Building the Semi Circular Entrance and Exit Gateway the Transportation Building and the United States Government Building 14 43 There was a logic to his designs for example the Minerals and Forestry Building was constructed of natural Southern woods 14 At his suggestion Bradford s designs were in the Romanesque style as this resulted in cost effective temporary structures with a simple outline 44 Romanesque style was also a good way for Atlanta to be seen as au courant with America s commercial trends 44 In addition to designing for the Exposition he also created vendor buildings for the Southern Railway Company and the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad 14 The Atlanta Constitution wrote The design for the Administration Building and Gateway is one of the handsomest of the entire Exhibition The design is a composite design of old baronial castles these castellated turrets those embattled ramparts those ancient moats the old swinging drawbridge will prove a source of keen enjoyment and profit 14 Gilbert received a gold medal from the Exposition Directors for the designing and building all of the fifteen principal structures within the limit of time and appropriation 2 Albemarle Park and Manor Inn Edit Main article Albemarle Park After a family vacation in 1896 William Greene Raoul decided to make Asheville North Carolina his family s summer home 1 Getting away from the heat of a Georgia summer may have been one goal Still his son Thomas contracted tuberculosis in 1897 and the mountain air of Asheville was believed to be a cure 1 Raoul and his son hired Gilbert to design Albemarle Park a park like resort development on 32 acres 13 ha just outside of Asheville 1 45 46 Gilbert began with a small hotel called Manor Inn five cottages and the Lodge or Gatehouse where the Raoul family lived at first 1 47 In 1902 he added three new houses a wing to the Manor Inn doubled the size of the dining room and added a stage for musicians 48 Known cottages credited to Gilbert include Clover Columbus Hollyhock Marigold and Milfoil 47 To suit the mountain setting Gilbert created a resort with an English inn atmosphere with grounds designed by landscape architect Samuel Parsons Jr 46 This translated to a hybrid of Tudor Revival Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival and Shingle architectural styles with exteriors that featured shingles roughcast plaster and timber framing 1 46 Built between 1898 and 1920 Albemarle Park would eventually consist of 42 structures some designed by other architects becoming one of America s first planned residential parks 45 46 Albemarle Park is now a National Register Historic District 45 49 The National Register says The Manor and Cottages compose a picturesque small historic district evocative of Asheville s dramatic turn of the century resort town boom era 46 English American Building Edit Main article Flatiron Building Atlanta In 1897 Gilbert designed the English American Building for Atlanta s English American Loan and Trust Company whose president was Rufus Bullock a former Georgia governor 50 51 Located at the junction of Broad and Peachtree Streets this triangular shaped building with eleven stories was the second skyscraper in Atlanta 52 51 Its style was Neo Classical and Neo Renaissance but the shape was modern 51 At a cost of some 400 000 the building included three electric elevators 200 rooms and electric lighting 53 The Within a year the building s tenants included National Cash Register Co Otis Bros Co elevators Rand McNally Co Mutual Life Insurance Co Southern Bell and many others along with its owners and the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 51 Known as the Flatiron Building since 1916 because of its shape this is the oldest remaining steel framed skyscraper in Atlanta and one of the few non railroad buildings by Gilbert that survive today 1 51 Dr Elizabeth Lyon says The building plays an important role in its urban setting by establishing a sense of dignity and scale and helping to create a visually interesting sequence of spaces and styles in the central business area of the city 51 South Carolina Inter State and West Indian Exposition Edit Main article South Carolina Inter State and West Indian Exposition Gilbert was the supervising architect for the South Carolina Inter State and West Indian Exposition in 1901 2 54 Remarkably he was responsible for all aspects of this Charleston world s fair event from the buildingsMaria McAuley jpg to the 250 acres 100 ha grounds to its infrastructure including roads water sewage and electricity 2 54 55 Gilbert designed twenty large buildings including the 320 foot 98 m long Cotton Palace with and its 75 feet 23 m tall dome and the Administration Building Agriculture Palace Art Palace Auditorium and the Sunken Garden amp Conning Tower Sculpture 54 56 57 The main buildings with their domes arcades finials and brackets were all painted in off white giving the Exposition its name the Ivory City a play on the White City of the World s Columbian Exposition of 1893 54 56 55 Gilbert s instructions for this fair were to create a Southern motif which seems noticeably lacking in the Italian and Spanish Revival style he used 55 56 However Gilbert gave the exposition a more romantic look than the Atlanta exposition while also modernizing it with the Mediterranean style that was during the 1890s and early 20th century in fashion for commercial and residential buildings 55 Rather than Southern plantation architecture it seems that Gilbert was influenced by the fair s goal of reminding commercial interests of the once lucrative trade route between the West Indies and the port of Charleston 55 Thus architect Bruce Harvey concludes The architecture at Charleston s exposition both reflected and promoted this conscious hope for the future 55 The architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler wrote At Chicago they called the style Columbian at Buffalo they called it Pan American in Charleston the Spanish Renaissance of the Sixteenth Century Gilbert s layout divided the fair into sections suggesting that he studied that of the widely successful Columbian Exposition 55 His idea was to split the grounds into areas for the natural and artificial connected by a narrow neck that included the Administration Building 55 Like Frederick Law Olmsted in Chicago Gilbert used the natural setting in this case live oaks and magnolias along the Ashley River to give structure to his Natural Section that included the Art Machinery Negro various states Transportation and Women s Buildings 55 Gilbert wrote that the Natural section will form a natural park of endless beauty of vista and landscape effect naturalistic sic a winding path of 100 feet in width will be carried underneath the overspreading live oaks along the edge of the embankment 55 The artificial or Art Section was formal with architecturally similar buildings the Palaces of Agriculture Commerce and Cotton 55 Gilbert sited this section over the former Washington Race Course a flat area that was already treeless allowing him to create complex geometrical design for the Court of Palaces which was surrounded with a sunken garden and connected by a colonnade 55 After the exposition the majority of its temporary buildings were razed the bandstand is the only structure from the event that survives 54 However Gilbert and the expedition quarreled over his compensation for work 58 In May 1902 Gilbert appeared in court for his lawsuit against the exposition for 16 422 80 the balance due on his 34 422 30 invoice 58 In return the exposition sued Gilbert for 51 000 in damages and loss of business due to his failure to complete the construction of all of the buildings by the opening date 58 Atlanta Railroad Station Edit In 1902 Gilbert was paid 1 000 by Atlanta to draw plans for a new railroad station 59 Canadian Projects Edit In 1901 he designed the Ottawa Central Railway Station 2 14 17 In 1905 Gilbert and Henry Janeway Hardenbergh also an architect from New York City collaborated on the redesign and expansion of the Windsor Hotel in Montreal Canada 60 Construction began in the spring of 1906 to create one of the largest hotels in North America of its day 60 Built of a steel frame and stone the hotel was increased to a height of eight stories with 250 new rooms and 175 new bathrooms 60 The combined total of old and new construction was 800 rooms and 450 baths as well as a new double entrance through a rotunda 60 In July 1905 Gilbert and Hardenbergh was selected to design a new hotel at the existing Grand Union Hotel site in Ottawa Canada This one million dollar project was to include 300 hotel rooms 61 Personal EditIn 1872 Gilbert married Cora Rathbone daughter of the late Captain John Rathbone in Brooklyn New York 2 62 He was 19 and she was seventeen or eighteen years older 62 From its beginning this was an unhappy marriage 62 Gilbert was an elder with the University Presbyterian Church in New York City and later an elder with the Westminster Presbyterian Church 2 He was a member of the American Institute of Architects New York Chapter the Architectural League of New York the National Arts Club the National Sculpture Society the Quill Club the Riding Club and the Transportation Club as well as the Chicago Club in Illinois 2 Gilbert was a supporter and trustee of the McAuley Water Street Mission now the New York City Rescue Mission which was founded in 1887 by missionaries Jerry McAuley and his wife Maria to give shelter and food to the poor 6 63 2 McAuley and his wife were Christian converts who were previously an alcoholic convict and an alcoholic prostitute respectively 64 63 After her husband s death in 1884 Maria McAuley nee Fahy became the Matron of the Cremorne Mission which Gilbert was a trustee 65 64 6 In 1885 Gilbert was secretary of a committee that raised funds for a public drinking fountain in memory of McAuley 66 67 Gilbert separated from his wife in January 1887 68 In June 1887 he filed for an annulment in Jersey City New Jersey on the basis that he was underaged at the time of his marriage with his wife being seventeen years his senior 68 62 On October 13 1887 Cora Gilbert served her husband with divorce papers during the intermission of a prayer meeting at Cremorne Mission 68 69 70 Her claim was on the basis of infidelity to be heard in the superior court at White Plains 71 At the same time she served Maria McAuley with a 50 000 lawsuit for alienation of affections with allegations that were numerous and specific 68 Cora claimed she had been driven from her home that her husband was abusive and his attention had been diverted to Mrs McAuley 70 On October 16 1887 at the Mission Gilbert made a public announcement saying If it did not affect this mission and the noble Christian woman who conducts it I would remain silent I suppose you have all read in today s papers a story reflecting upon Mrs McAuley and myself I pronounce it totally false All those who know me will take my word and all those who do not know me will see by the result that what I say is true 72 Standing by Gilbert were banker A S Hatch real estate agent Sidney Whittemore Franklin W Coe and other ladies and gentlemen associated with McAuley Mission 68 Hatch also spoke saying The very fact that I am on this platform tonight is sufficient for the purpose without saying a word but I may add that my faith in Mrs McAuley and Mr Gilbert has not been shaken one jot by what has appeared in print and I continue to have unwavering confidence in both 68 McAuley emphatically denied the allegations 68 Later Gilbert said his wife was influenced by would be blackmailers 69 62 After Gilbert obtained a divorce Cora withdrew the lawsuit against Maria 6 73 Maria McAuley Five years later McAuley s health declined and doctors believed she would die 64 She resigned from her position at Cremorne Mission and moved to Cranford New Jersey 74 Gilbert discontinued his association with the Mission when McAuley left 74 On May 12 1892 in Cranford Gilbert married McAuley when her health was poor and took care of her 75 64 3 The newspaper announcement said they had courted for five years 75 He was 38 and she was 55 years old 73 The Gilberts initially lived in a cottage on Madison Avenue before moving to 225 Park Place in Brooklyn 3 76 They also owned a summer home in the Catskills 3 They adopted their niece Blossom the daughter of Maria s sister 64 77 Around 1887 Gilbert acquired nearly 1 000 acres 400 ha in Roscoe New York 78 79 There he constructed his summer retreat Beaverkill Lodge named for the nearby river 78 79 This frame structure was clad in shingles and featured leaded Swiss style sash windows gas lighting running water and a turret 79 80 57 Maria who was an Irish immigrant said the Catskill scenery reminded her of Ireland 78 She named the surrounding hamlet Craig e Clair which translates as beautiful mountainside 78 The Gilberts sold the property in 1903 78 In 1907 Beaverkill Lodge was acquired by Ralph Wurts Dundas who built Dundas Castle or Craig e Clair which encapsulated Beaverkill Lodge based on documentary photos There is evidence that Gilbert and Maria were close with her joining him on various business trips 81 82 While designing the 1895 Cobblestone Church in Schenectady New York Gilbert donated 800 to build its clock tower in honor of Maria 83 He incorporated a clock he acquired from the New York Central Railroad 83 Gilbert who was notoriously against ornamentation also added Celtic designs to several buildings around the time of his marriage to Maria including the Mason Stables and the Tower Building 6 The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that Gilbert was recovering from a severe illness on August 14 1904 84 On March 15 1908 the Gilberts conducted services at the Water Street Mission 85 Gilbert began designing the yacht Jerry McAuley as a gift to The Salvation Army in June 1908 86 77 In his June 1911 dedication speech for the ship and launch of the Salvation Army Navy before a crowd of 5 000 people Gilbert said McAuley was the missing link between what the church thought it could do and what God could really do 87 In April 1911 Gilbert was working on designs for a new building to replace the Jerry McAuley Water Street Mission 88 The new 100 000 building was to include a chapel dormitories and modern bathrooms 89 On September 1 1911 at age 58 Gilbert died of dropsy at his summer house in Accord New York 3 90 77 His last architectural design was for a new mission 6 14 Selected works EditMany of the surviving buildings by Gilbert are on the National Register of Historic Places NRHP 10 Building Name Client Location Date Status SourceAlbemarle Park and The Manor Inn Thomas W Raoul and William G Raoul Asheville NC 1898 NRHP 91 Acambaro Class Passenger Station Mexican National Railroad Acambaro Mexico 1892 museum 14 92 Alfred Skitt Residence Alfred Skitt N Broadway Yonkers NY 1903 10 Amoskeag Passenger Station Concord amp Montreal Railroad Manchester NH 1892 residence 14 93 Annandale Passenger Station Central Railroad of New Jersey Annandale NJ 1899 razed 57 Arthur Murray Dodge House Arthur Murray Dodge Esq New York NY bef 1895 14 Ashmont Railroad Station New York New Haven amp Hartford Railroad Ashmont MA 1895 razed 14 57 Avon Station New York Lake Erie amp Western Railroad Avon NY 1879 standing 14 Bay Port Passenger Station Long Island Rail Road Bay Port Long Island NY 1903 razed 57 Beaverkill Lodge Dundas Castle self Roscoe NY 1891 remodeled 57 79 Benjamin A Kimball Residence expand remodel Hon Benjamin Ames Kimball Concord NH 1884 theater 57 13 94 Berkeley Arms Hotel Pennsylvania Railroad Company Berkeley Township NJ 1883 burned 1904 95 96 14 Bernardsville Passenger Station Delaware Lackawanna amp Western Railroad Bernardsville NJ 1901 NRHP repurposed 14 97 Beverly Depot Boston and Maine Railroad Co Beverly MA 1897 NRHP 14 Bridgewater Station New York and New Haven Railroad Co Bridgewater MA 1894 repurposed 14 98 Brockton Twin Passenger Stations New York New Haven and Hartford Railroad Brockton MA 1894 razed 14 57 Campello Twin Passenger Stations New York New Haven and Hartford Railroad Campello MA 1889 razed 14 99 57 Canton Junction station Old Colony Railroad Co Canton MA 1893 still in use 14 Carteret Club Carteret Club of Jersey City Jersey City NJ 1889 school 14 100 Children s Hospital Reception Building amp Nursery New York NY 1889 14 Cobblestone Church 2nd Reformed Protestant Church Schenectady NY 1895 still in use 14 57 83 Colonia Terminal Passenger Station amp Railroad Office Mexican National Railroad Colonia Mexico 1895 razed 14 101 Concord Station Train Shed and Office Building Concord and Montreal Railroad Concord NH 1885 razed 1959 102 2 Conyers Passenger Station and Freight House Georgia Railroad Company Conyers GA 1892 repurposed 14 103 Cotton States and International Exposition City of Atlanta Atlanta GA 1895 razed 1 East Saginaw station Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad Saginaw MI 1881 NRHP 14 Edmund Coffin Jr House Edmund Coffin Jr 57th St New York NY c 1892 14 104 Epworth Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church now Bushwick United Methodist Church Brooklyn NY 1890 in use 105 106 107 Essex Fells Passenger Station Caldwell Railway Essex Fells NJ 1892 relocated residence 14 57 Exhibition Building at World s Columbian Exposition New York Central amp Hudson River Railroad Wagner Palace Car Co Chicago IL 1893 razed 14 Exhibition Building at Cotton States Exposition Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co Atlanta GA 1895 razed 14 Exhibition Building at Cotton States Exposition Southern Railway Company Atlanta GA 1895 razed 14 Fall River Passenger Station Old Colony Railroad Fall River MA 1891 razed 14 108 Fire Engine Company 258 Hook amp Ladder Company 115 Fire Department of the City of New York Long Island City NY 1904 still in use 57 35 Flatiron Building English American Building English American Loan and Trust Company Atlanta GA 1897 NRHP 51 50 Fort Washington Passenger Station Philadelphia and Reading Company Fort Washington PA 1903 in use 57 General Railroad Office Building Northern Pacific Railroad Company Saint Paul MN 1882 razed 14 57 Georgia Railroad Freight Depot Georgia Railroad Company Augusta GA 1892 razed 14 57 Georgia Railroad General Office Building Georgia Railroad Company Augusta GA 1892 razed 14 57 Grand Central Station New York Central and Hudson River Railroad New York NY 1902 razed 2 21 Grand Rapids Passenger Train Shed Grand Rapids amp Indiana Railroad Grand Rapids MI 1890 moved 14 109 Grovetown Passenger Station and Freight Depot Georgia Railroad Company Grovetown GA 1892 razed 1973 14 57 Hartwood Post Office Forestburgh NY 1899Henry C Potter Residence Dr Henry C Potter East Saginaw MI 1890 razed 57 Hoagland Laboratory Long Island College Hospital Dr C N Hoagland Brooklyn NY 1888 burned 1971 6 14 110 Illinois Central Depot amp General Railroad Office Illinois Central Railroad Chicago IL 1893 razed 1974 14 1 20 Intercolonial Station and Terminal Intercolonial Railroad Halifax Canada 1901 exploded 1915 2 57 Hornellsville Railroad Shop New York Lake Erie and Western Railroad Hornellsville NY 1881 razed 57 14 Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church Detroit MI 1893 razed 1950s 111 14 112 113 Kinston Passenger Station Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Kinston NC 1905 razed 1 114 Laconia Passenger Station Concord amp Montreal Railroad Co Laconia NH 1892 NRHP 14 115 Lebanon Passenger Station Central Railroad of New Jersey Lebanon NJ 1899 restored 116 Liberty Station New York Ontario and Western Railway Co Liberty NY 1893 razed 14 57 LIRR Passenger Station and Baggage Claim Long Island Railroad Southampton NY 1902 57 Manning Simmons House Dr Manning Simons 22 Rutledge Ave Charleston SC 1902 in use 117 Mary F Ballentine Home for the Aged Thomas R Ballentine Norfolk VA 1895 14 40 Mason Stables aka Dakota Stables Edmund Coffin Jr New York NY 1881 1894 razed 2007 6 23 Michigan Central Passenger Station amp Baggage Building Michigan Central Railroad Co West Bay City MI 1892 razed 14 57 Middlesex Street Union Station Lowell Station Boston amp Maine Railroad Lowell MA 1893 razed 57 14 118 Middletown Passenger Station Restaurant amp Offices New York Ontario amp Western Railroad Co Middletown NY 1893 NRHP 14 119 120 Monterey Stations and Offices Mexican National Railroad Monterey Mexico 1903 57 New Boston Depot New Boston Rail Road New Boston NH 1893 burned 1895 14 121 Newberry Memorial Chapel at Jefferson Ave Church Mrs John S Newberry Detroit MI 1889 razed 1950s 2 122 North Abington station New York New Haven amp Hartford Railroad North Abington MA 1894 NRHP 14 North Branch station with Agent s Room Central Railroad of New Jersey North Branch NJ 1894 burned 1970 14 Northern Pacific General Office Building Northern Pacific Railroad Saint Paul MN 1881 razed 2 57 Oyster Bay Passenger Station renovations Long Island Rail Road Oyster Bay NY 1902 NRHP 57 Parsons General Railroad Offices and Station Missouri Kansas and Texas Railway Parsons KA 1895 burned 1912 14 123 124 Pavonia Ferry Slips Freight Sheds and Piers New York Lake Erie amp Western Railroad New York City NY 1878 1881 14 Peninsular Club House Peninsular Club Grand Rapids MI 1884 razed 125 14 126 57 Philadelphia amp Reading Company Passenger Station Philadelphia and Reading Company Tioga PA 1902 57 Plainfield Twin Passenger Stations Central Railroad of New Jersey Plainfield NJ 1902 NRHP 57 Queretaro Station and Offices Mexican National Railroad Queretaro Mexico 1901 57 Reed City Union Station Grand Rapids amp Indiana Railroad Reed City MI 1891 razed 57 Riding Club Riding Club New York NY 1885 86 razed 2 14 26 127 Riding Club renovation and expansion Riding Club James H Woodward president New York NY 1906 razed 127 128 Roselle Twin Passenger Station Central Railroad of New Jersey Roselle NJ 1902 razed 57 St Johns Episcopal Chapel Sewaren NJ 1883 in use 14 57 Samuel R Smith Infirmary Main Bldg amp Hospital Ward Smith Infirmary Tompkinsville Staten Island NY 1891 razed 2012 14 57 37 Sedalia Station with Lunch Room amp Railroad Offices Missouri Kansas Texas Railroad Sedalia MO 1895 NRHP 14 South Carolina Inter State and West Indian Exposition Charleston Exposition Company Charleston SC 1901 razed 2 South Side Sportsmen s Club South Side Sportsmen s Club of Long Island Great River NY Oakdale 1866 NRHP 2 129 Southampton Passenger Station amp Baggage Claim Long Island Rail Road Southampton NY 1902 NPHP in use 57 Standish Farm William Henry Baldwin Jr Locust Valley NY 1904 9 130 Syracuse Passenger Station Offices amp Train Shed New York Central amp Hudson River Railroad Syracuse NY 1895 razed 14 57 131 Toluca Station Mexican National Railroad Toluca Mexico 1891 14 Toms River Passenger Station Central Railroad of New Jersey Toms River NJ 1900 razed 57 Tower Building John Noble Stearns New York NY 1889 razed 1914 14 Trinity Methodist Church Charleston SC 1903 razed 57 Union Passenger Station Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad Reed City MI 1891 razed 1960s 14 Union Passenger Station New York Lake Erie amp Western Railroad and Delaware amp Hudson Canal Co Binghamton NY 1880 14 Union Station and Shed Concord amp Montreal Railroad Manchester NH 1898 razed 57 Virginia Beach Hotel and Terminal Station Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad Virginia Beach VA 1888 burned 1907 14 38 Water Street Mission Water Street Mission New York NY 1912 88 White House station Central Railroad of New Jersey Whitehouse Station NJ 1890 NRHP 15 William G Raoul Residence Captain William Greene Raoul Atlanta GA 1891 burned 1991 1 14 Woodward Avenue Depot Michigan Central Railway Company Detroit MI 1891 132 YMCA Building New York Ontario amp Western Railroad Co Middletown NY 1893 14 YMCA Harlem Branch NYC s Young Men s Christian Association Harlem New York NY 1886 razed 14 57 29 Young Men s Institute now YMCA NYC s Young Men s Christian Association 222 Bowery New York NY 1883 84 NYC Landmark 133 28 27 References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Bishir Catherine W 2016 Bradford L Gilbert North Carolina Architects amp Builders North Carolina State University Libraries a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af White James Terry 1910 The National Cyclopaedia of American biography Vol XIV p 298 a b c d e f g Bradford Lee Gilbert pt 1 The Standard Union Brooklyn New York September 2 1911 p 2 Retrieved February 12 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d The Tower Building New York Architecture Retrieved July 5 2007 a b Edward Robb Ellis 1997 The Epic of New York pp 407 08 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Gray Christopher July 1 2007 The Architect Who Turned A Railroad Bridge on Its Head The New York Times p 2 via Gale Academic OneFile Art in the Depots Chicago Tribune June 12 1892 pp June 12 1892 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Mr Bradford L Gilbert Middletown Times Press Middletown NY March 31 1893 p 7 Retrieved February 19 2022 via Newspapers com a b Home for Wm H Baldwin Jr at Locust Valley L I Architects and Builders Magazine 5 9 389 391 June 1904 via Google Books a b c The Home of Mr Alfred Skitt Yonkers N Y Architects and Builders Magazine 36 436 437 1903 via Google Books William Greene Raoul papers 1878 1897 Stuart A Rose Manuscript Archives and Rare Book Library Emory University 1971 Retrieved February 15 2022 New York City Interborough Railway Company PDF The City Records July 10 1906 p 13 Retrieved February 16 2022 a b Coe Daniel January 11 2017 Honorable Benjamin Ames Kimball Residence Bradford Lee Gilbert Internet Archive Wayback Machine Archived from the original on January 11 2017 Retrieved February 16 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb Gilbert Bradford Lee 1895 Sketch Portfolio of Railroad Stations and Kindred Structures From Original Designs amp Supplement The Railroad Gazette Retrieved February 14 2022 a b Potter Janet Greenstein 1996 Great American Railroad Stations New York John Wiley amp Sons Inc p 162 ISBN 978 0471143895 a b c d e f g h i Among the Railways Plains for the North Illinois Central Railway Station The Inter Ocean Chicago IL April 17 1892 p 7 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b Fletcher Katharine 2004 Capital Walks Walking Tours of Ottawa Fitzhenry amp Whiteside Markham Ontario Page 73 a b To Begin Work on New Depot Chicago Tribune May 22 1892 p 34 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d To Be Completed in a Year Chicago Tribune May 10 1892 p 1 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b Going Station to Station The Chicago Tribune October 4 1991 p 7 41 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d e f g New Offices for the Central The Sun New York NY February 25 1892 p 5 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b c Picturesque Railway Stations The Omaha Evening Bee Omaha NE January 8 1872 p 6 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d e Minn Michael Mason Stable Dakota Stable Michael Minn Retrieved February 14 2022 a b c d New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006 Mason Stable Building later Dakota Stable and Pyramid Garage PDF Landmark West Retrieved February 14 2022 Mason Stables aka Dakota Stables Archives CityLand November 15 2006 Retrieved February 14 2022 a b c d e f g h i Postal Matthew A June 20 2006 Fire Engine Company No 258 Hook and Ladder Company No 115 PDF NewYorkCity gov New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Retrieved February 16 2022 a b c Strolling the Neighborhood Newsday New York City October 18 2002 pp B17 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com a b c Young Men s Institute Building of the YMCA Historic Districts Council Retrieved February 14 2022 a b c d e Harlem s New Association Hall The Sun New York NY June 20 1886 p 10 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b c The Old Knickerbockers The Philadelphia Inquirer August 31 1890 p 5 Retrieved February 19 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d e f Gotham Gossip The Times Picayune New Orleans LA September 1 1888 p 4 Retrieved February 19 2022 via Newspapers com a b First N Y Skyscraper Erected Back in 1888 The Ephrata Review Ephrata Pennsylvania November 12 1926 p 14 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com Denenberg Barry September 1 2010 Skyscrapers Magical Hystory Tour The Origins of the Commonplace amp Curious in America Archived from the original on June 29 2015 Retrieved August 16 2011 First Skyscraper to Be Torn Down PDF The New York Times October 29 1913 Retrieved January 29 2014 a b c d e f g New York City Historic Districts Council Fire Engine Company No 258 Hook and Ladder Company No 115 Historic Districts Council s Six to Celebrate 6tocelebrate org Retrieved February 17 2022 a b c d Ladder Company 115 Queens FDNY New York Fire Department Retrieved February 17 2022 a b Ferreri James G March 30 2012 Once upon a time there was a castle Staten Island Live Retrieved February 18 2022 a b Beach behemoth had modest start a century ago The Virginian Pilot March 13 2006 Retrieved February 15 2022 a b c Ballentine Home for the Aged Norfolk Va Sargeant Memorial Collection Norfolk Public Library Retrieved February 15 2022 a b c d Thomas R Ballentine Elmwood Cemetery Retrieved February 15 2022 a b Capt Raoul s Peachtree Mansion The Atlanta Journal and Constitution Magazine The Atlanta Journal Constitution May 5 1974 p 11 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d Raoul House Atlanta Time Machine Retrieved February 15 2022 Atlanta s Fair Roanoke Beacon Plymouth North Carolina November 23 1893 p 1 Retrieved July 1 2022 via Newspapers com a b Harvey Bruce 1997 Architecture for the Future at the Charleston Exposition 1901 1902 Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture 7 120 121 doi 10 2307 3514388 JSTOR 3514388 via JSTOR a b c As soon as you enter Albemarle Park you know that you are in a special place Albemarle Park Retrieved February 12 2022 a b c d e Manor and Cottages Asheville North Carolina A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary National Park Service Retrieved February 13 2022 a b The Unique Architecture of Albemarle Park Albemarle Park Retrieved February 15 2022 Albemarle Park CO s Improvements Asheville Daily Gazette December 7 1902 p 5 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com Historic Districts and Design Guidelines The City of Asheville Retrieved February 13 2022 a b The English American Building The Atlanta Constitution September 10 1897 p 5 Retrieved February 14 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d e f g Flatiron Building The English American Building Atlanta gov City of Atlanta Archived from the original on September 17 2011 Retrieved August 16 2011 Digital Resources of the Kenan Research Center The English American Building Atlanta History Center Retrieved February 12 2022 To Arch the Street The Atlanta Constitution July 7 1896 p 8 Retrieved July 1 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d e Teder Camryn September 2021 Monumental Endeavor The Incredible Ivory City that Once Stood In Today s Hampton Park Charleston Magazine Retrieved February 15 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l Harvey Bruce 1997 Architecture for the Future at the Charleston Exposition 1901 1902 Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture 7 122 129 doi 10 2307 3514388 JSTOR 3514388 via JSTORE a b c Gilman D C Peck H T Colby F M eds 1905 South Carolina Inter State and West Indian Exposition New International Encyclopedia 1st ed New York Dodd Mead a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Coe Daniel 2011 Bradford Lee Gilbert s Achievements Archived from the original on September 11 2011 Retrieved August 16 2011 a b c South Carolina News and Gossip The Architect and Exposition The State Columbia South Carolina May 25 1902 p 10 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com The Resolution Providing The Atlanta Constitution December 9 1902 p 7 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d New Hotel Plans Windsor to be Made one of the Largest Hostelries on the Continent The Gazette Montreal Quebec Canada November 17 1905 p 9 Retrieved June 27 2022 via Newspapers com New Hotel for Ottawa The Gazette Montreal Quebec Canada July 8 1905 p 5 Retrieved June 27 2022 via Newspaper com a b c d e Two Months Since The Times Picayune New Orleans LA October 21 1887 p 8 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b Kurian George Thomas Lamport Mark A 2016 Jeremiah Jerry McAuley in Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States Vol 5 Rowman amp Littlefield p 1446 ISBN 978 1 4422 4432 0 a b c d e Maria Fahy Gilbert Mission Worker Dead The Standard Union Brooklyn New York September 20 1919 p 10 Retrieved February 12 2022 via Newspapers com Bradford Lee Gilbert pt 2 The Standard Union Brooklyn New York September 2 1911 p 2 Retrieved February 12 2022 New York The New York Times August 26 1885 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com A Fountain in Memory of Jerry McAuley The Record Union Sacramento CA August 27 1885 p 2 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d e f g Mrs McAuley Denies It The Scandal Which Hovers over McAuley Mission The New York Times October 17 1887 p 17 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b While a Prayer Meeting Was in Progress Hartford Courant Hartford CT October 17 1887 p 1 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b Sued for Divorce The Widow of Jerry McAuley Made Correspondant San Francisco Chronicle October 17 1887 p 1 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com A Sensation Black Hills Daily Times Deadwood SD October 20 1887 p 1 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Exhorter Gilbert Denies It The Sun New York NY October 17 1887 p 3 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b Joined Their Fortunes St Louis Post Dispatch May 13 1892 p 8 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b Mrs Gilbert Now The New York Times May 13 1891 p 3 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com a b Pertinent Paragraphs The Courier News Bridgewater New Jersey May 13 1892 p 3 Retrieved February 12 2022 via Newspapers com Mr and Mrs Bradford L Gilbert The Brooklyn Daily Eagle October 29 1899 p 21 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com a b c Bradford L Gilbert Dead Was Designer of First Skyscraper Erected in City The Brooklyn Citizen September 2 1911 p 2 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d e Sokolow Jane 2015 Dundas Castle Beaverkill Friends Retrieved February 13 2022 a b c d Parsons Rebecca Dundas Castle History Dundas Castle Craig E Claire Retrieved February 13 2022 Rockland Middletown Daily Argus Middletown NY December 6 1894 p 3 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com We Have Difficult Problems to Face Chicago Tribune May 27 1892 p 9 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Personal Services Mr Bradford L Gilbert Middletown Times Press Middletown NY May 11 1893 p 7 Retrieved February 19 2022 via Newspapers com a b c Our Story Cobblestone Church Retrieved February 16 2022 The Accompanying Reproductions The Brooklyn Daily Eagle August 14 1904 p 13 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com Water Street Mission The Brooklyn Daily Eagle March 13 1908 p 7 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com The Army s Navy The Jerry McAuley Going to Sailors at Many Ports The Raleigh Times June 23 1911 p 5 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com Brinton Arthur J August 2 1911 Salvation Army Finds It Needs a Navy and Sends Off First Boat The Jerry McAuley to Fight Satan The Asheville Weekly Citizen Asheville North Carolina p 6 Retrieved June 27 2022 via Newspaper com a b M Auley Mission to be Rebuilt The Selma Times Journal Selma Alabama February 19 1911 p 7 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com M Auley Mission to be Rebuilt The Selma Times Journal Selma Alabama April 14 1911 p 7 Retrieved June 27 2022 via Newspapers com American Art Annual Volume 9 MacMillan Company 1911 p 311 Merten and Sauer Stacy and Robert 2014 Asheville s Albemarle Park Charleston SC Arcadia Publishing ISBN 978 1 4671 2125 5 Acambaro Station Train Board Retrieved February 15 2022 Cosgro Matthew W 2022 Amoskeag Station Nashua City Station Railroad History Retrieved February 14 2022 New Hampshire Department of Historic Resources July 1994 Benjamin Kimball House amp Capital Theater Masonic Complex Concord New Hampshire Retrieved February 16 2022 Gilbert Bradford L September 22 1883 Berkeley Arms Hotel Berkeley NJ 1883 Original Plan stcroixarchitecture com American Architect amp Building News Retrieved February 13 2022 The Berkley Arms Destroyed The Coast Star Manasquan New Jersey July 15 1904 p 1 via Newspapers com Raymond L Caselli Daily Record Morristown New Jersey June 17 1989 p 10 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com Architects for the New Station The Courier News Bridgewater New Jersey June 15 1900 p 1 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com Cosgro Michael D 2022 Campello Station Brockton Massachusetts Nashua City Station Retrieved February 15 2022 Library Guides Saint Dominic Academy Carteret Club of Jersey City 1917 1942 New Jersey City University February 5 2022 Retrieved February 16 2022 Velez Rocha Covadonga May August 2017 In favor of a modern city the dismantling of the Colonia station in Mexico City Railway Look in Spanish National Center for the Preservation of Railway Cultural Heritage 30 Cosgro Matthew D February 13 2022 Concord Station Concord New Hampshire Nashua City Station Railroad History Retrieved February 13 2022 Conyers Historic Train Depot Clio Retrieved February 16 2022 At Choir Rehearsal Chicago Tribune November 20 1892 p 34 Retrieved February 19 2022 via Newspapers com Epworth Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church to be Erected in Bushwick Ave The Brooklyn Citizen June 15 1890 p 14 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Epworth Memorial illustration to article The Brooklyn Citizen June 15 1890 p 14 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com To Build a Fine Church The Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 20 1890 p 17 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com The New Railroad Station Fall River Fall River Evening Daily News Fall River MA December 11 1890 p 1 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Grand Rapids Historical Commission Iona Avenue S W PDF History Grand Rapids p 5 Retrieved February 16 2022 Heights Neighborhood Some of the Result of the Architects Doings There The Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 24 1887 p 15 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Austin Dan 2022 Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church second Historic Detroit Retrieved February 14 2022 Will Build a New Edifice Detroit Free Press April 4 1891 p 8 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com The Contract Awarded Detroit Free Press June 4 1891 p 8 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com New Passenger Station to be Built at Kingston The Morning Post Raleigh North Carolina October 29 1905 p 9 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com New Concord amp Montreal Passenger Station at Laconia N H The Boston Globe August 23 1892 p 12 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Small Railroad Stations The Railroad Gazette 38 1 24 January 6 1905 via Google Property File 22 Rutledge Avenue Manning Simons House Historic Charleston Foundation charleston pastperfectonline com Retrieved February 17 2022 Lowell s New Railway Station The Boston Globe September 2 1892 p 5 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Mayor proposes converting O amp W Station into business incubator Mid Hudson News April 21 2021 Retrieved February 18 2022 The O amp W s Depot Middletown Times Press Middletown NY October 24 1892 p 3 Retrieved February 19 2022 via Newspapers com The Railroad Comes to New Boston New Boston Historical Society Retrieved February 14 2022 Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church 1904 Golden Jubilee Volumes of the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church of Detroit Michigan Detroit Michigan The Prompt Press p 86 100th anniversary of the burning of Katy Depot Fort Scott Tribune May 8 2012 Retrieved February 18 2022 Description of New General Office Parson Daily Eclipse Parson Kansas April 1 1895 p 4 Retrieved February 19 2022 via Newspapers com The Grand Rapids Eagle September 1 1882 Peninsula Club Detroit Free Press p 7 Retrieved February 14 2022 via Newspapers com Business Points Detroit Free Press January 28 1884 p 1 Retrieved February 14 2022 via Newspapers com a b Riding Club s Auld Langsyne The Sun New York City April 2 1905 p 11 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com To Improve the Riding Club New York Tribune March 18 1905 p 5 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com Estates Long Island Traditions Retrieved February 18 2022 The Landscape Here Presented of Mr and Mrs William H Baldwin s Country Place The Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 17 1914 p 13 Retrieved March 5 2022 via Newspapers com Latest Railroad News The Buffalo Commercial Buffalo NY June 7 1894 p 9 Retrieved February 19 2022 via Newspapers com Another Handsome Depot Detroit Free Press June 5 1891 p 8 Retrieved February 18 2022 via Newspapers com Landmark Preservation Commission November 17 1988 Former Young Men s Institute Building of the Young Men s Christian Association YMCA PDF New York City gov Retrieved February 12 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bradford Gilbert Sketch Portfolio of Railroad Stations and Kindred Structures by Brandon Gilbert 1895 Google Books Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bradford Gilbert amp oldid 1141979396, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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