This article is missing information about how Lonsum works (syllable coda?); which ones are the basic fifteen consonants. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(February 2021)
The Meitei script (Meitei: Meitei Mayek)(ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ) or the Meetei script (Meitei: Meetei Mayek) (ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ) is an abugida used for the Meitei language, the official language of Manipur state of India. Its earliest known evidence of existence dates back to the 6th century AD coins, engraving the Meitei letters, as verified by the various publications of the National Sahitya Akademi.[1] It was used until the 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali alphabet. A few manuscripts survive. In the 20th century, the script has experienced a resurgence, and is again being used.[5] Starting from the year 2021, Meitei script (officially known as Meetei Mayek[a]) was officially used by the Government of Manipur, along with the Bengali-Assamese script, to write the Meitei language, as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021".[6]
Since Meitei does not have voiced consonants, there are only fifteen consonant letters used for native words, plus three letters for pure vowels. Nine additional consonant letters inherited from the Indic languages are available for borrowings. There are seven vowel diacritics and a final consonant (/ŋ/) diacritic. The names of the twenty-seven letters are not only phonetic names, but also based on parts of the human body.[7]
The ancient Meitei script (old Manipuri script) is first evident in the coins issued during the eras of Meitei Kings, Ura Konthouba (568-653 AD) and Ayangba (821-910 AD). These coins are presently preserved in the Mutua Museum in Imphal.[1]
The earliest stone inscription in Meitei script found from the Khoibu village in Manipur is widely believed to of the time of King Ura Konthouba, that is around 6th-7th century CE. But there is no authenticity of the fact as of now. This Meitei inscription is presently kept in the Manipur Government Museum, Imphal.[1]
8th century
The earliest copper plate Meitei inscription dates back to the 8th century AD. It was inscribed during the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha (c. 721 AD). It was discovered by scholar Yumjao from Phayeng village in the east of Imphal in the year 1935. It is one of the preserved earliest known written records for Meitei literature.[8][9][10]
Yumjao, the discoverer of the 8th century copper plate inscription, opined that Meitei script was developed during the 8th century, but his fact was contradicted by the evidence of the Meitei script engravings on the coins of the 6th-7th century eras. This contradiction is well noted in the Volume 1 of the Encyclopedia of Indian Literature published by the Sahitya Akademi in the year 1987.[1]
11th century
Contradictory to the various publications of the National Sahitya Akademi about the unanimous earliest attested dating of the Meitei script, many people gave personal opinions in their research works as Meitei script was developed in the 11th century, 18th century, 19th century, etc. The Meitei script is a Brahmic abugida. According to Singh (1962), an archaic form of the script had developed by the 11th century, and it was in use until the early 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali script.[11] By contrast, Tomba (1993) claims that the script is a development of c. 1930, with all supposedly older documents being deliberate forgeries.[12] According to K.S. Singh and Mahoharan (1993), as per the modifications of the phonemic distributions of Meitei language, the script belongs to the Tibetan group of scripts.[2]
In 1980, a modernized version of the writing system was approved by Manipur state law for use in educational institutions.[14][15]
21st century
2009
The modernised version of the Meitei script was encoded in Unicode in the year 2009.
2023 planning in 2022
All the newspapers in Meitei language (Manipuri language) will be using the "Meitei script" (Meitei: Meetei Mayek) instead of the Bengali script from 15 January 2023; 17 days' time (2023-01-15), according to a joint meeting consensus of the "Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup" (MEELAL), "All Manipur Working Journalists’ Union" (AMWJU) and "Editors' Guild Manipur" (EGM) in Imphal.[16][17][18][19][20]
Letter names
The eighteen ancient Meitei letters
One of the unique features of this script is the use of body parts in naming the letters.[21] Every letter is named after a human body part in the Meitei language. For example, the first letter "kok" means "head"; the second letter "sam" means "hair"; the third letter "lai" means "forehead", and so on. This is corroborated from the holybook "Wakoklol Heelel Theelel Salai Amailol Pukok Puya", which details how each script originated received its nomenclature.[22]
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
^The terms, "Meitei", "Meetei" and "Manipuri" are synonymous. While "Meitei" is more popular than "Meetei", "Meetei" is the officially mentioned synonym of the term "Manipuri".
^ abChelliah, Shobhana Lakshmi (2011). A Grammar of Meithei. De Gruyter. p. 355. ISBN9783110801118. Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts,which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script
^Singh, Harimohon Thounaojam (January 2011), The Evolution and Recent Development of the Meetei Mayek Script, Cambridge University Press India, p. 28
^Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; Post, Mark W (January 2011). North East Indian Linguistics Volume 3. Cambridge University Press India. ISBN9788175967939.
^Laithangbam, Iboyaima (23 September 2017). "Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
^"GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
^Ray, Sohini (2009). "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India". Anthropological Quarterly. 82 (1): 150. ISSN 0003-5491. JSTOR 25488260.
^Sen, Sipra (1 January 1992). Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography. Mittal Publications. p. 28. ISBN978-81-7099-310-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^K.B. Singh, The Meiteis of Manipur (1989 [1962]), p. 157.
^Frans Welman, Out of Isolation – Exploring a Forgotten World (2011), 468f., citing O.Tomba, The Need to rewrite Manipuri History, Imphal, 1993.
^Everson, Michael (20 September 2006). "Preliminary Proposal for Encoding the Meithei Mayek Script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.
Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). Early Meithei manuscripts. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 59–71). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meithei. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 189–190). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
External links
Manipuri edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Meitei script test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator
Meitei script test of Wikiquote at Wikimedia Incubator
Omniglot, a guide to written language
December 29, 2022
meitei, script, confused, with, bengali, alphabet, bengali, assamese, script, this, article, missing, information, about, lonsum, works, syllable, coda, which, ones, basic, fifteen, consonants, please, expand, article, include, this, information, further, deta. Not to be confused with Bengali alphabet or Bengali Assamese script This article is missing information about how Lonsum works syllable coda which ones are the basic fifteen consonants Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page February 2021 The Meitei script Meitei Meitei Mayek ꯃ ꯇ ꯃꯌ ꯛ or the Meetei script Meitei Meetei Mayek ꯃ ꯇ ꯃꯌ ꯛ is an abugida used for the Meitei language the official language of Manipur state of India Its earliest known evidence of existence dates back to the 6th century AD coins engraving the Meitei letters as verified by the various publications of the National Sahitya Akademi 1 It was used until the 18th century when it was replaced by the Bengali alphabet A few manuscripts survive In the 20th century the script has experienced a resurgence and is again being used 5 Starting from the year 2021 Meitei script officially known as Meetei Mayek a was officially used by the Government of Manipur along with the Bengali Assamese script to write the Meitei language as per The Manipur Official Language Amendment Act 2021 6 Meitei script Meitei Meitei Mayek ꯃ ꯇ ꯃꯌ ꯛScript typeAbugidaTime period6th century AD 1 upto 1700 AD 1930 presentDirectionleft to right Region India ManipurLanguagesMeitei language officially known as Manipuri language Related scriptsParent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphs a Proto Sinaitic script a Phoenician alphabet a Aramaic alphabet a Brahmi scriptGupta scriptTibetan 2 3 4 Meitei script Meitei Meitei Mayek Sister systemsLepcha Khema ʼPhags pa MarchenISO 15924ISO 15924Mtei 337 Meitei Mayek Meithei Meetei UnicodeUnicode aliasMeetei MayekUnicode rangeU ABC0 U ABFF Meetei MayekU AAE0 U AAFF Meetei Mayek Extensions a The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon Part of a series onOfficially used writing systems in IndiaCategoryIndic scriptsBengali Assamese script Devanagari script Gujarati script Gurmukhi script Kannada script Malayalam script Meitei script Odia script Tamil script Telugu scriptArabic derived scriptsPerso Arabic script Urdu scriptAlphabetical scriptsOl Chiki Latin scriptRelatedOfficial script Writing systems of India Languages of India Asia portal India portal Language portal Writing portalThis article contains the Meitei alphabet Without proper rendering support you may see errors in display Since Meitei does not have voiced consonants there are only fifteen consonant letters used for native words plus three letters for pure vowels Nine additional consonant letters inherited from the Indic languages are available for borrowings There are seven vowel diacritics and a final consonant ŋ diacritic The names of the twenty seven letters are not only phonetic names but also based on parts of the human body 7 A Meitei language stone inscription in Meitei script about a royal decree of a Meitei king found in the sacred site of God Panam Ningthou in Andro Imphal East Manipur Contents 1 History 1 1 6th century 7th century 1 2 8th century 1 3 11th century 1 4 20th century 1 5 21st century 1 5 1 2009 1 5 2 2023 planning in 2022 2 Letter names 3 Suffix letters or addendum used 4 Numerals 5 Unicode 5 1 Blocks 6 Software 7 Sample text 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External linksHistory Edit6th century 7th century Edit The ancient Meitei script old Manipuri script is first evident in the coins issued during the eras of Meitei Kings Ura Konthouba 568 653 AD and Ayangba 821 910 AD These coins are presently preserved in the Mutua Museum in Imphal 1 The earliest stone inscription in Meitei script found from the Khoibu village in Manipur is widely believed to of the time of King Ura Konthouba that is around 6th 7th century CE But there is no authenticity of the fact as of now This Meitei inscription is presently kept in the Manipur Government Museum Imphal 1 8th century Edit The earliest copper plate Meitei inscription dates back to the 8th century AD It was inscribed during the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha c 721 AD It was discovered by scholar Yumjao from Phayeng village in the east of Imphal in the year 1935 It is one of the preserved earliest known written records for Meitei literature 8 9 10 Yumjao the discoverer of the 8th century copper plate inscription opined that Meitei script was developed during the 8th century but his fact was contradicted by the evidence of the Meitei script engravings on the coins of the 6th 7th century eras This contradiction is well noted in the Volume 1 of the Encyclopedia of Indian Literature published by the Sahitya Akademi in the year 1987 1 11th century Edit Contradictory to the various publications of the National Sahitya Akademi about the unanimous earliest attested dating of the Meitei script many people gave personal opinions in their research works as Meitei script was developed in the 11th century 18th century 19th century etc The Meitei script is a Brahmic abugida According to Singh 1962 an archaic form of the script had developed by the 11th century and it was in use until the early 18th century when it was replaced by the Bengali script 11 By contrast Tomba 1993 claims that the script is a development of c 1930 with all supposedly older documents being deliberate forgeries 12 According to K S Singh and Mahoharan 1993 as per the modifications of the phonemic distributions of Meitei language the script belongs to the Tibetan group of scripts 2 A stone inscription found year needed at Khoibu in Tengnoupal district of current Manipur state contains royal edicts of king Senbi Kiyamba d 1508 representing the earliest portion of the Chietharol Kumbaba or Royal Chronicle of Manipur It is one of the primary texts in the Meitei script 13 better source needed Meitei manuscript 20th century Edit In 1980 a modernized version of the writing system was approved by Manipur state law for use in educational institutions 14 15 21st century Edit 2009 Edit The modernised version of the Meitei script was encoded in Unicode in the year 2009 2023 planning in 2022 Edit All the newspapers in Meitei language Manipuri language will be using the Meitei script Meitei Meetei Mayek instead of the Bengali script from 15 January 2023 17 days time 2023 01 15 according to a joint meeting consensus of the Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup MEELAL All Manipur Working Journalists Union AMWJU and Editors Guild Manipur EGM in Imphal 16 17 18 19 20 Letter names Edit The eighteen ancient Meitei letters One of the unique features of this script is the use of body parts in naming the letters 21 Every letter is named after a human body part in the Meitei language For example the first letter kok means head the second letter sam means hair the third letter lai means forehead and so on This is corroborated from the holybook Wakoklol Heelel Theelel Salai Amailol Pukok Puya which details how each script originated received its nomenclature 22 Letters Letter Name Latin IPA 23 ꯀ kok K k ꯁ sam S s ꯂ lai L l ꯃ mit M m ꯄ pa P p ꯅ na N n ꯆ chil Ch t ʃ ꯇ til T t ꯈ khou Kh kʰ ꯉ ngou Ng ŋ ꯊ thou Th tʰ ꯋ wai W w ꯌ yang Y j ꯍ huk H h ꯎ un U u ː ꯏ ee I or E i ː ꯐ pham F or Ph pʰ ꯑ atiya A ɐ ꯒ gok G g ꯓ jham Jh d ʒʱ ꯔ rai R ɾ ꯕ ba B b ꯖ jil J d ʒ ꯗ dil D d ꯘ ghou Gh gʱ ꯙ dhou Dh dʱ ꯚ bham Bh bʱ Syllable coda Lonsum Letters Lonsum letter Name Derived from Mapung Mayek letterꯛ kok lonsum ꯀꯜ lai lonsum ꯂꯝ mit lonsum ꯃꯞ pa lonsum ꯄꯟ na lonsum ꯅꯠ til lonsum ꯇꯡ ngou lonsum ꯉꯢ ee lonsum ꯏSuffix letters or addendum used EditCheitap letters Cheitap mayek Cheitap mayek Name IPA Latin Example aa tap a a Karl ꯀ ꯔꯜ ee nap i e or i King ꯀ ꯡ Feel ꯐ ꯜ uu nap u u or oo Cool ꯀ ꯜ Fumigate ꯐ ꯃ ꯒ ꯠ yet nap e ay or e Bay ꯕ Kentuk ꯀ ꯟꯇ ꯛ ot nap o o Boy ꯕ ꯌ Cold ꯀ ꯜꯗ chei nap ej ei Heifer ꯍ ꯐꯔ Feign ꯐ ꯟ sou nap ow ou or ow Soul ꯁ ꯜ Hou ꯍ Bowl ꯕ ꯜ nung or noong ɐŋ ang or ng Anglo ꯑ ꯒꯂ Kangla ꯀ ꯂ Numerals EditArabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Meitei numerals ꯰ ꯱ ꯲ ꯳ ꯴ ꯵ ꯶ ꯷ ꯸ ꯹Names ꯐ ꯟ phun ꯑꯃ ama ꯑꯅ ani ꯑꯍ ꯝ ahum ꯃꯔ mari ꯃꯉ manga ꯇꯔ ꯛ taruk ꯇꯔ ꯠ taret ꯅ ꯄ ꯜ nipal ꯃ ꯄꯜ mapalUnicode EditThe Meitei script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5 2 Blocks Edit Main articles Meetei Mayek Unicode block and Meetei Mayek Extensions Unicode block The Unicode block for the Meitei script called Meetei Mayek is U ABC0 U ABFF Characters for historical orthographies are part of the Meetei Mayek Extensions block at U AAE0 U AAFF Meetei Mayek 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU ABCx ꯀ ꯁ ꯂ ꯃ ꯄ ꯅ ꯆ ꯇ ꯈ ꯉ ꯊ ꯋ ꯌ ꯍ ꯎ ꯏU ABDx ꯐ ꯑ ꯒ ꯓ ꯔ ꯕ ꯖ ꯗ ꯘ ꯙ ꯚ ꯛ ꯜ ꯝ ꯞ ꯟU ABEx ꯠ ꯡ ꯢ U ABFx ꯰ ꯱ ꯲ ꯳ ꯴ ꯵ ꯶ ꯷ ꯸ ꯹Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 0 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsMeetei Mayek Extensions 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU AAEx ꫠ ꫡ ꫢ ꫣ ꫤ ꫥ ꫦ ꫧ ꫨ ꫩ ꫪ U AAFx ꫲ ꫳ ꫴ Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 0 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsSoftware EditMain article Meitei input methods A typical Meitei Mayek keyboard Meitei Mayek keyboards and other input methods are available at or supported by Gboard Apple iOS 13 Linux Macintosh operating systems Microsoft SwiftKey WindowsSample text EditThe following is a Meitei language sample text of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in Meitei script its romanisation its IPA and its English version 24 ꯃ ꯑ ꯏꯕ ꯈ ꯗ ꯡꯃꯛ ꯄ ꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅ ꯡꯇꯝꯃ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯏꯖꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁ ꯡ ꯍꯛ ꯃ ꯟꯅꯅ ꯂ ꯖ ꯃꯈ ꯏ ꯄ ꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯋ ꯈꯜ ꯂ ꯁ ꯡ ꯁ ꯡꯏ ꯑꯐ ꯐꯠꯇ ꯈ ꯏ ꯑꯗ ꯅ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂ ꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯆ ꯟ ꯃꯅ ꯎꯒ ꯝꯅ ꯂ ꯏꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅ Meitei language translation in Meitei script Mioiba khudingmak pokpa matamda ningtammi amadi ijjat amasung hak mannana leijei makhoi pumnamak wakhal loushing shengi apha phatta khangi aduna amana amaga loinabada machin manaogumna loinagadabani The passage in Roman transliteration miːojbe kʰud iŋmek pokpe met e md e niːŋt e mmi emed i iːdʒet emeʃung he k maːnene lɐ jdʒɐ j mekʰoj pumnemek wakʰe l le wʃiŋ ʃeŋi epʱe pʱe ːt e kʰe ŋi ed une emene emege lojnebed e met ʃin menawgumne lojneged ebeni The passage in IPA All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood The passage in English versionSee also Edit Arts portal Asia portal Languages portal India portal Writing portalMeitei inscriptions List of Meitei language newspapers Meetei Mayek Unicode block Meetei Mayek Extensions Unicode block Wikipedia Meitei script display helpNotes Edit The terms Meitei Meetei and Manipuri are synonymous While Meitei is more popular than Meetei Meetei is the officially mentioned synonym of the term Manipuri References Edit a b c d e Datta Amaresh 1987 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Sahitya Akademi p 142 ISBN 978 81 260 1803 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link a b Chelliah Shobhana Lakshmi 2011 A Grammar of Meithei De Gruyter p 355 ISBN 9783110801118 Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script Singh Harimohon Thounaojam January 2011 The Evolution and Recent Development of the Meetei Mayek Script Cambridge University Press India p 28 Hyslop Gwendolyn Morey Stephen Post Mark W January 2011 North East Indian Linguistics Volume 3 Cambridge University Press India ISBN 9788175967939 Laithangbam Iboyaima 23 September 2017 Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 25 August 2021 GAZETTE TITLE The Manipur Official Language Amendment Act 2021 manipurgovtpress nic in Ray Sohini 2009 Writing the Body Cosmology Orthography and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India Anthropological Quarterly 82 1 150 ISSN 0003 5491 JSTOR 25488260 Devi Dr Yumlembam Gopi Glimpses of Manipuri Culture p 25 ISBN 978 0 359 72919 7 Paniker K Ayyappa 1997 Medieval Indian Literature Surveys and selections Assamese Dogri Sahitya Akademi p 325 ISBN 978 81 260 0365 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Sen Sipra 1 January 1992 Tribes and Castes of Manipur Description and Select Bibliography Mittal Publications p 28 ISBN 978 81 7099 310 0 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link K B Singh The Meiteis of Manipur 1989 1962 p 157 Frans Welman Out of Isolation Exploring a Forgotten World 2011 468f citing O Tomba The Need to rewrite Manipuri History Imphal 1993 Everson Michael 20 September 2006 Preliminary Proposal for Encoding the Meithei Mayek Script in the BMP of the UCS PDF Unicode Approved Meitei Mayek Govt Gazzette 1980 e pao net Retrieved 31 July 2019 Devi S May 2013 Is Manipuri an Endangered Language PDF Language in India 13 5 520 533 Meetei Mayek in newspapers www thesangaiexpress com Retrieved 3 August 2022 Meetei Mayek in newspapers 29th jan22 E Pao Headlines e pao net Retrieved 3 August 2022 Time Pratidin Meetei Mayek to Replace Bengali Script in Manipuri Newspapers from 2023 Pratidin Time Retrieved 3 August 2022 HYNews All Bengali script Manipuri Dailies in Manipur to Print in Meitei Eyek Script from 15th January 2023 hynews in Retrieved 3 August 2022 State dailies to cease Bengali script Manipuri papers from Jan 2023 29th jan22 E Pao Headlines e pao net Retrieved 3 August 2022 A comparative study of Meetei Mayek PDF typoday Retrieved 13 May 2019 Ray Sohini 2009 Writing the Body Cosmology Orthography and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India Anthropological Quarterly 82 1 129 154 doi 10 1353 anq 0 0047 ISSN 0003 5491 JSTOR 25488260 S2CID 140755509 Manipuri Meeteilon Meithei Omniglot Retrieved 28 March 2021 Manipuri language and alphabets omniglot com Retrieved 12 August 2022 Bibliography EditChelliah Shobhana L 1997 A grammar of Meithei Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 0 19 564331 3 Chelliah Shobhana L 2002 Early Meithei manuscripts In C I Beckwith Ed Medieval Tibeto Burman languages PIATS 2000 Tibetan studies Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Leiden 2000 pp 59 71 Leiden Netherlands Brill Chelliah Shobhana L 2002 A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meithei In C I Beckwith Ed Medieval Tibeto Burman languages PIATS 2000 Tibetan studies Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Leiden 2000 pp 189 190 Leiden Netherlands Brill External links Edit Manipuri edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Meitei script test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator Meitei script test of Wikiquote at Wikimedia Incubator Omniglot a guide to written language Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Meitei script amp oldid 1128916842, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
