The silvereye or wax-eye (Zosterops lateralis) is a very small omnivorous passerine bird of the south-west Pacific. In Australia and New Zealand its common name is sometimes white-eye, but this name is more commonly used to refer to all members of the genus Zosterops, or the entire family Zosteropidae.
In New Zealand, the silvereye was first recorded in 1832. It arrived in greater numbers in 1856, and it is assumed that a migrating flock was swept eastwards by a storm.[2] As an apparently self-introduced bird it is protected as a native New Zealand species. Its Māori name, tauhou, means "stranger" or more literally, "new arrival".
Z. l. valuensis Murphy & Mathews, 1929 – Mota Lava, Banks Islands, Vanuatu
Z. l. vatensis Tristram, 1879 – central and southern Vanuatu
Z. l. vegetus E. J. O. Hartert, 1899 – north-east Queensland
Z. l. westernensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) – south-east New South Wales to eastern Victoria
Description
Juvenile
A small bird 11 to 13 cm in length and around 10 g in weight, it has a conspicuous ring of white feathers around its eye. There are a number of plumage variations depending on the sub-species. Generally it has olive-green wings and either a grey or olive-green back, a lighter coloured throat - yellow or grey, flanks that range from chestnut to pale buff, and an undertail that may be white or yellow. Within Australia there are seasonal migrations and the ranges of the sub-species overlap. The other islands within its range tend to host only a single sub-species each so only one plumage variant is seen.
The silvereye is liable to be found in any vegetated area, apart from open grasslands, within its distribution range, including forest, scrub, horticultural blocks and urban gardens.
Feeding
The silvereye feeds on insect prey and large amounts of fruit and nectar, making them occasional pests of commercial orchards.
Behaviour
Nest and chicks
Silvereyes breed in spring and early summer (mainly between September and December), making a tiny cup of grass, moss, hair, spiderweb, and thistledown, suspended from a branch fork in the outer reaches of small trees or shrubs. They lay two to four pale blue eggs, and two (or sometimes three) broods may be raised during each breeding season. The eggs hatch after about 11 days, and the young fledge after another 10 days. The juveniles are independent at 3 weeks and able to breed at 9 months.
In late summer silvereyes gather into flocks and many Australian birds migrate, making their way north along the coast and ranges, foraging busily during the day with much calling and quick movement through the shrubbery, then flying long distances through the night.
Most of the Tasmanian population crosses the Bass Strait (an astonishing feat for 12 cm birds weighing only a few grams) and disperses into Victoria, New South Wales, and south-eastern Queensland. The populations of these areas tend to head further north; while the northernmost birds remain resident all year round. In western Australia they have been recorded moving between the mainland and offshore islands.[5]
Silvereyes are omnivorous with a diet that includes insects, berries, fruit and nectar. In New Zealand they take fruit from native trees including kahikatea, and rimu.[6] When food is scarce in winter they will take a wide variety of foods from bird tables, ranging from sugar water through bread and cooked meats, to solid lumps of fat.
Relationship with humans
Horticulture
Feeding on aphids
They perform a valuable service in gardens and orchards, eating insects harmful to produce, including aphids, scale insects, and the diamondback moth.[7] However, some orchardists, grape growers and home gardeners regard them as a serious pest particularly as, being so small, they simply ignore bird nets, popping in and out through the netting at will. They are attracted to a wide range of fruit species, including apples, citrus, feijoas, figs, grapes, pears and persimmons.
In literature
A silvereye features as the main character, Honey, in the illustrated children's books Honey and Bear, Special Days with Honey and Bear and The Honey and Bear Stories, by Ursula Dubosarsky and illustrated by Ron Brooks. In Brooks' 2010 memoir Drawn from the Heart he describes how he was inspired by a silvereye he saw in his Tasmanian garden - "those large silver rings with a fine black line around the outer edge, right round the eyes ... She's perfect, I thought. That's her! That's Honey."[8]
References
Notes
^BirdLife International (2017). "Zosterops lateralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22714212A111781721. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22714212A111781721.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^"Silvereye". An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
^Latham, John (1801). Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae (in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. lv.
^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Sylviid babblers, parrotbills & white-eyes". World Bird List Version 5.4. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^J. Sansom and M. Blythman. "From Perth to Rottnest and back again:Silvereye movements across open water". The Western Australian Naturalist. 30 (1): 53.
^Moon, Lynnette; Moon, Geoff (2006). Know your New Zealand birds. Auckland, N.Z.: New Holland. p. 148. ISBN9781869660895. OCLC 166309733.
silvereye, silvereye, zosterops, lateralis, very, small, omnivorous, passerine, bird, south, west, pacific, australia, zealand, common, name, sometimes, white, this, name, more, commonly, used, refer, members, genus, zosterops, entire, family, zosteropidae, co. The silvereye or wax eye Zosterops lateralis is a very small omnivorous passerine bird of the south west Pacific In Australia and New Zealand its common name is sometimes white eye but this name is more commonly used to refer to all members of the genus Zosterops or the entire family Zosteropidae SilvereyeConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily ZosteropidaeGenus ZosteropsSpecies Z lateralisBinomial nameZosterops lateralis Latham 1801 Subspecies flaviceps from Fiji In New Zealand the silvereye was first recorded in 1832 It arrived in greater numbers in 1856 and it is assumed that a migrating flock was swept eastwards by a storm 2 As an apparently self introduced bird it is protected as a native New Zealand species Its Maori name tauhou means stranger or more literally new arrival Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Feeding 5 Behaviour 6 Relationship with humans 6 1 Horticulture 6 2 In literature 7 References 7 1 Notes 7 2 Sources 8 External linksTaxonomy EditThe silvereye was first described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Sylvia lateralis 3 There are 17 subspecies 4 Z l chlorocephalus A J Campbell amp S A White 1910 Capricorn silvereye Capricorn and Bunker Group central Queensland Australia Z l chloronotus Gould 1841 western silvereye south west Western Australia from Carnarvon southwards coastally and subcoastally to South Australia at the head of the Great Australian Bight Z l cornwalli Mathews 1912 east central and south east Queensland to north east New South Wales Z l flaviceps Peale 1848 Fiji Z l griseonota G R Gray 1859 New Caledonia Z l lateralis Latham 1801 Flinders Island Tasmania Norfolk Island New Zealand and Chatham Islands also a non breeding migrant to continental south eastern Australia Z l macmillani Mayr 1937 Tanna and Aniwa Islands southern Vanuatu Z l melanops G R Gray 1860 Lifou Loyalty Islands New Caledonia Z l nigrescens F Sarasin 1913 Loyalty Islands New Caledonia Z l ochrochrous Schodde amp Mason 1999 King Island Tasmania Z l pinarochrous Schodde amp Mason 1999 south east South Australia south west New South Wales and western Victoria Z l tephropleurus Gould 1855 Lord Howe silvereye Lord Howe Island Z l tropicus Mees 1969 Torres Islands and Banks Islands except Mota Lava and Malo and Espiritu Santo north west Vanuatu Z l valuensis Murphy amp Mathews 1929 Mota Lava Banks Islands Vanuatu Z l vatensis Tristram 1879 central and southern Vanuatu Z l vegetus E J O Hartert 1899 north east Queensland Z l westernensis Quoy amp Gaimard 1830 south east New South Wales to eastern VictoriaDescription Edit Juvenile A small bird 11 to 13 cm in length and around 10 g in weight it has a conspicuous ring of white feathers around its eye There are a number of plumage variations depending on the sub species Generally it has olive green wings and either a grey or olive green back a lighter coloured throat yellow or grey flanks that range from chestnut to pale buff and an undertail that may be white or yellow Within Australia there are seasonal migrations and the ranges of the sub species overlap The other islands within its range tend to host only a single sub species each so only one plumage variant is seen Distribution and habitat Edit Silvereye distribution The silvereye is native to Australia New Zealand and the south west Pacific islands of Lord Howe New Caledonia Loyalty Islands Vanuatu and Fiji It is common to abundant throughout the relatively fertile south west and south east parts of Australia including Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands and through the well watered coastal zone of tropical Queensland including Cape York PeninsulaThe silvereye is liable to be found in any vegetated area apart from open grasslands within its distribution range including forest scrub horticultural blocks and urban gardens Feeding EditThe silvereye feeds on insect prey and large amounts of fruit and nectar making them occasional pests of commercial orchards Behaviour Edit Nest and chicks Silvereyes breed in spring and early summer mainly between September and December making a tiny cup of grass moss hair spiderweb and thistledown suspended from a branch fork in the outer reaches of small trees or shrubs They lay two to four pale blue eggs and two or sometimes three broods may be raised during each breeding season The eggs hatch after about 11 days and the young fledge after another 10 days The juveniles are independent at 3 weeks and able to breed at 9 months In late summer silvereyes gather into flocks and many Australian birds migrate making their way north along the coast and ranges foraging busily during the day with much calling and quick movement through the shrubbery then flying long distances through the night Most of the Tasmanian population crosses the Bass Strait an astonishing feat for 12 cm birds weighing only a few grams and disperses into Victoria New South Wales and south eastern Queensland The populations of these areas tend to head further north while the northernmost birds remain resident all year round In western Australia they have been recorded moving between the mainland and offshore islands 5 Silvereyes are omnivorous with a diet that includes insects berries fruit and nectar In New Zealand they take fruit from native trees including kahikatea and rimu 6 When food is scarce in winter they will take a wide variety of foods from bird tables ranging from sugar water through bread and cooked meats to solid lumps of fat Relationship with humans EditHorticulture Edit source source source Feeding on aphids They perform a valuable service in gardens and orchards eating insects harmful to produce including aphids scale insects and the diamondback moth 7 However some orchardists grape growers and home gardeners regard them as a serious pest particularly as being so small they simply ignore bird nets popping in and out through the netting at will They are attracted to a wide range of fruit species including apples citrus feijoas figs grapes pears and persimmons In literature Edit A silvereye features as the main character Honey in the illustrated children s books Honey and Bear Special Days with Honey and Bear and The Honey and Bear Stories by Ursula Dubosarsky and illustrated by Ron Brooks In Brooks 2010 memoir Drawn from the Heart he describes how he was inspired by a silvereye he saw in his Tasmanian garden those large silver rings with a fine black line around the outer edge right round the eyes She s perfect I thought That s her That s Honey 8 References EditNotes Edit BirdLife International 2017 Zosterops lateralis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22714212A111781721 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 1 RLTS T22714212A111781721 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Silvereye An Encyclopedia of New Zealand Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Retrieved 2012 09 06 Latham John 1801 Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae in Latin London Leigh amp Sotheby p lv Gill Frank Donsker David eds Sylviid babblers parrotbills amp white eyes World Bird List Version 5 4 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 24 January 2016 J Sansom and M Blythman From Perth to Rottnest and back again Silvereye movements across open water The Western Australian Naturalist 30 1 53 Moon Lynnette Moon Geoff 2006 Know your New Zealand birds Auckland N Z New Holland p 148 ISBN 9781869660895 OCLC 166309733 Silvereye TerraNature Trust Retrieved 2012 09 06 Ron Brooks 2010 Drawn from the Heart Allen and Unwin Melbourne p 237 Sources Edit Silvereye Zosterops lateralis Internet Bird Collection Handbook of the Birds of the World HBW 13 p 467 Retrieved 2010 06 16 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to the silvereye Videos photos and sounds Internet Bird Collection Portals Birds New Zealand Oceania Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Silvereye amp oldid 1126797890, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
