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Chatham Islands

January 26, 2023

This article is about islands of New Zealand. For islands elsewhere, see Chatham Island (disambiguation).

The Chatham Islands (/ˈtʃætəm/ CHAT-əm) (Moriori: Rēkohu, lit. 'Misty Sun'; Māori: Wharekauri) are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean about 800 km (430 nmi) east of New Zealand's South Island. They are administered as part of New Zealand.[4] The archipelago consists of about ten islands within an approximate 60 km (30 nmi) radius, the largest of which are Chatham Island and Pitt Island (Rangiauria). They include New Zealand's easternmost point, the Forty-Fours. Some of the islands, formerly cleared for farming, are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of the unique flora and fauna.

Chatham Islands
Native name:
Nickname: The Chathams
The two largest islands: Chatham and Pitt Island (Rangiauria), to the southeast
Location of the Chatham Islands
Geography
LocationSouthern Pacific Ocean
Coordinates44°00′S 176°30′W / 44.00°S 176.50°W / -44.00; -176.50Coordinates: 44°00′S 176°30′W / 44.00°S 176.50°W / -44.00; -176.50
Total islands10
Major islands
Area793.87 km2 (306.51 sq mi)[1]
Highest elevation299 m (981 ft)
Administration
New Zealand
ElectoratesRongotai
Te Tai Tonga (Māori)
MPsPaul Eagle (Labour)
Rino Tirikatene (Labour)
Local Government
Territorial authorityChatham Islands Council
Largest settlementWaitangi
MayorMonique Croon[2]
Deputy MayorKeri Lea Day[2]
Demographics
DemonymChatham Islanders
Population800 (June 2022)[3]
Additional information
Time zone
 • Summer (DST)
Official websitecic.govt.nz

The islands were uninhabited when the Moriori people arrived around 1500 CE and developed a peaceful way of life. In 1835 members of the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama Māori iwi from the North Island of New Zealand invaded the islands and nearly exterminated the Moriori, enslaving the survivors. Later during the period of European colonisation of New Zealand, the New Zealand Company claimed that the British Crown had never included the Chatham Islands as being under its control. The company proposed that it should be sold to the Germans to be a German colony with a contract drawn up for the sale of the Islands of £10,000 in 1841. However, the sale failed and the Chatham Islands officially became part of the Colony of New Zealand in 1842. In 1863 the resident magistrate declared the Moriori released from slavery.[5]

The Chatham Islands had a resident population of 800 as of June 2022.[3] Waitangi is the main port and settlement. The local economy depends largely on conservation, tourism, farming, and fishing. The Chatham Islands Council provides local administration – its powers resemble those of New Zealand's unitary authorities. The Chatham Islands have their own time zone, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand.

Geography

See also: Chatham Rise
 
Topographic map of the Chatham Islands

The islands lie roughly 840 km (455 nmi) east of Christchurch, New Zealand. The nearest New Zealand mainland point to the Chatham Islands, Cape Turnagain in the North Island, is 650 km (350 nmi) distant. The two largest islands, Chatham Island and Pitt Island (Rangiauria), constitute most of the total area of 793.87 km2 (307 sq mi), with a dozen scattered islets making up the rest.

The islands sit on the Chatham Rise, a large, relatively shallowly submerged (no more than 1,000 m or 3,281 ft deep at any point) part of the Zealandia continent that stretches east from near the South Island. The Chatham Islands, which emerged only within the last four million years, are the only part of the Chatham Rise showing above sea level.[6]

The islands are hilly, with coastal areas including cliffs, dunes, beaches, and lagoons. Pitt is more rugged than Chatham; its highest point (299 m (981 ft)) is on a plateau near the southernmost point of the main island, 1.5 km (7⁄8 mi) south of Lake Te Rangatapu.[7] The plateau is dotted with numerous lakes and lagoons, flowing mainly from the island's nearby second-highest point, Maungatere Hill, at 294 m (965 ft).[8] Notable are the large Te Whanga Lagoon, and Huro and Rangitahi. Chatham has a number of streams, including Te Awainanga and Tuku.

Chatham and Pitt are the only inhabited islands; the remaining smaller islands function as conservation reserves with restricted or prohibited access. The livelihoods of the inhabitants depend on agriculture - the islands export coldwater crayfish - and, increasingly, on tourism.

The names of the main islands, in the order of occupation are:

English name Moriori name[9] Māori name Remarks
Chatham Island Rēkohu Wharekauri
Pitt Island Rangiaotea Rangiauria
South East Island Hokorereoro Rangatira
The Fort Maung’ Rē Māngere The Māori name has supplanted the English name for this island.
Little Mangere Unknown Tapuenuku
Star Keys Motchu Hopo Motuhope
The Sisters Rakitchu Rangitatahi about 16 km (8+1⁄2 nmi) north of Cape Pattison, a headland in the northwestern part of Chatham Island
Forty-Fours Motchu Hara Motuhara the easternmost point of New Zealand, about 50 km (25 nmi) from Chatham Island.

Geology

 
Schist rocks, Kaingaroa beach

The Chatham Islands – the only part of the Chatham Rise above sea level – form part of the now largely submerged continent of Zealandia. This location positions the Chatham Islands far from the Australian-Pacific plate boundary that dominates the geology of mainland New Zealand. The islands' stratigraphy consists of a Mesozoic schist basement, typically covered by marine sedimentary rocks.[10] Both these sequences are intruded by a series of basalt eruptions. Volcanic activity has occurred multiple times since the Cretaceous,[11] but currently there is no active volcanism near any part of the Chatham Rise.

Climate

The Chatham Islands have an oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb)[12] characterised by a narrow temperature range and relatively frequent rainfall. Their isolated position far from any sizeable landmass renders the record high temperature for the main settlement (Waitangi) just 23.8 °C (74.8 °F).[13] The climate is cool, wet and windy, with average high temperatures between 15 and 20 °C (59 and 68 °F) in summer, and between 5 and 10 °C (41 and 50 °F) in July (in the Southern Hemisphere winter). Snow falls extremely rarely, the fall recorded near sea level in July 2015 marked the first such reading for several decades.[14] Under the Trewartha climate classification, the Chatham Islands have a humid subtropical climate (Cf) for the lack of cold weather during the winter and a daily mean temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) for 8 months or more.

Climate data for Chatham Islands (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		11.3
(52.3) 		10.5
(50.9) 		11.0
(51.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.4
(61.5) 		14.1
(57.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8) 		15.2
(59.4) 		14.3
(57.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		8.2
(46.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		11.5
(52.7)
Average low °C (°F) 11.9
(53.4) 		12.3
(54.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		8.1
(46.6) 		6.8
(44.2) 		5.9
(42.6) 		6.2
(43.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		9.0
(48.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 54.9
(2.16) 		63.9
(2.52) 		84.7
(3.33) 		75.7
(2.98) 		87.9
(3.46) 		107.8
(4.24) 		84.7
(3.33) 		84.4
(3.32) 		71.1
(2.80) 		63.4
(2.50) 		66.7
(2.63) 		66.3
(2.61) 		911.3
(35.88)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.9 7.7 11.3 11.1 14.4 16.0 14.8 14.5 11.9 11.2 9.8 9.4 140.1
Average relative humidity (%) 82.2 83.5 83.2 83.4 85.7 85.8 86.9 85.8 83.4 84.0 82.5 82.7 84.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 191.3 145.5 124.2 106.3 81.2 61.8 74.4 101.0 109.1 129.7 148.9 164.0 1,437.3
Source: NIWA Science climate data[15]

The Chatham Islands' time zone

The International Date Line lies to the east of the Chathams, even though the islands lie east of 180° longitude. The Chathams observe their own time, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand time, including during periods of daylight-saving time; the Chatham Standard Time Zone is distinctive as one of very few that differ from others by a period other than a whole hour or half-hour. (New Zealand Time orients itself to 180° longitude.)[16]

Ecology

Main article: Flora of the Chatham Islands
 
Massive phytoplankton bloom around the islands
 
Chatham Islands Forget-me-not (Myosotidium hortensia)
 
A weka on Chatham Island

The natural vegetation of the islands was a mixture of forest, scrubby heath, and swamp, but today most of the land is fern or pasture-covered, although there are some areas of dense forest and areas of peat bogs and other habitats. Of interest are the akeake trees, with branches trailing almost horizontally in the lee of the wind.[17] The ferns in the forest understory include Blechnum discolor.

The islands are home to a rich bio-diversity including about fifty endemic plants adapted to the cold and the wind, such as Chatham Islands forget-me-not (Myosotidium hortensia),[18] Chatham Islands sow-thistle (Embergeria grandifolia), rautini (Brachyglottis huntii), Chatham Islands kakaha (Astelia chathamica), soft speargrass (Aciphylla dieffenbachii), and Chatham Island akeake or Chatham Island tree daisy (Olearia traversiorum).

The islands are a breeding ground for huge flocks of seabirds and are home to a number of endemic birds, some of which are seabirds and others which live on the islands. The best known species are the magenta petrel (IUCN classification CR]) and the black robin (IUCN classification EN), both of which came perilously close to extinction before drawing the attention of conservation efforts. Other endemic species are the Chatham oystercatcher, the Chatham gerygone, Chatham pigeon, Forbes' parakeet, the Chatham snipe and the shore plover. The endemic Chatham shag[19] (IUCN classification CR), Pitt shag[20] (IUCN classification EN) and the Chatham albatross[21] (IUCN classification VU) are at risk of capture by a variety of fishing gear, including fishing lines, trawls, gillnets, and pots.[22]

A number of species have gone extinct since human settlement, including the Chatham raven, the Chatham fernbird and the three endemic species of flightless rails, the Chatham rail, Dieffenbach's rail, and Hawkins's rail.

Also, a number of marine mammals are found in the waters of the Chathams, including New Zealand sea lions, leopard seals, and southern elephant seals. Many whale species are attracted to the rich food sources of the Chatham Rise.[23]

Much of the natural forest of these islands has been cleared for farming, but Mangere and Rangatira Islands are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of these unique flora and fauna. Another threat to wildlife comes from introduced species which prey on the indigenous birds and reptiles, whereas on Mangere and Rangatira, livestock has been removed and native wildlife is recovering.

Most lakes have been affected by agricultural run-off, but water quality has improved and river quality is generally classed as 'A'.[24]

History

 
Moriori tree carving, or dendroglyph, found in the Chatham Islands

Moriori

Main article: Moriori

The first human inhabitants of the Chathams were Polynesian tribes who probably settled the islands around 1500 CE (though possibly as late as 1550),[25] and in their isolation became the Moriori. It was formerly believed that the Moriori migrated directly from the more northerly Polynesian islands. However, linguistic research in the early 2000s instead concluded that the ancestral Moriori were Māori wanderers from New Zealand:[26][27][28][29]

Scholarship over the past 40 years has radically revised the model offered a century earlier by Smith: the Moriori as a pre-Polynesian people have gone (the term Moriori is now a technical term referring to those ancestral Māori who settled the Chatham Islands).'[30]

The plants cultivated by the Māori arrivals were ill-suited for the colder Chathams, so the Moriori lived as hunter-gatherers and fishermen. While their new environment deprived them of the resources with which to build ocean-going craft for long voyages, the Moriori invented what was known as the waka kōrari, a semi-submerged craft, constructed of flax and lined with air bladders from kelp. This craft was used to travel to the outer islands on 'birding' missions.[29] The Moriori society was a peaceful society and bloodshed was outlawed by the chief Nunuku-whenua after generations of warfare. Arguments were solved by consensus or by duels rather than warfare, but at the first sign of bloodshed, the fight was over. It has been estimated that the population numbered about 2,000 prior to European contact.[31]

European arrival

 
Monument to Torotoro above Kaingaroa Beach on Chatham Island

The name "Chatham Islands" comes from William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham.[32][33] The ship HMS Chatham of the Vancouver Expedition, whose captain was William R. Broughton, landed on the Island on 29 November 1791, claimed possession for Great Britain and named the islands after the First Lord of the Admiralty, John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham. Broughton's men shot and killed a Moriori resident of Kaingaroa, named Torotoro (or Tamakororo). Chatham Islands date their anniversary on 29 November, and observe it on the nearest Monday to 30 November.[34]

Sealers and whalers soon started hunting in the surrounding ocean with the islands as their base. It is estimated that 10 to 20 percent of the indigenous Moriori soon died from diseases introduced by foreigners. The sealing and whaling industries ceased activities about 1861, while fishing remained as a major economic activity.[34]

Māori settlement

On 19 November and 5 December 1835, about 900 Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama previously resident in Te Whanganui-A-Tara (Wellington) and led by the chief Matioro arrived on the brig Lord Rodney. The first mate of the ship had been 'kidnapped and threatened with death' unless the captain took the Māori settlers on board. The group, which included men, women and children, brought with them 78 tonnes of seed potato, 20 pigs and seven large waka.[35]

The incoming Māori were received and initially cared for by the local Moriori. Soon, Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama began to takahi, or walk the land, to lay claim to it. When it became clear that the visitors intended to stay, the Moriori withdrew to their marae at te Awapatiki. There, after holding a hui (consultation) to debate what to do about the Māori settlers, the Moriori decided to keep with their policy of non-aggression.

Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama in turn saw the meeting as a precursor to warfare on the part of Moriori and responded. The Māori attacked and in the ensuing action killed over 260 Moriori. A Moriori survivor recalled: "[The Māori] commenced to kill us like sheep... [We] were terrified, fled to the bush, concealed ourselves in holes underground, and in any place to escape our enemies. It was of no avail; we were discovered and killed – men, women and children – indiscriminately".[36] A Māori chief, Te Rakatau Katihe, said in the Native Land Court in 1870: "We took possession ... in accordance with our custom, and we caught all the people. Not one escaped. Some ran away from us, these we killed; and others also we killed – but what of that? It was in accordance with our custom. I am not aware of any of our people being killed by them."[37][38]

After the killings, Moriori were forbidden to marry Moriori, or to have children with each other. Māori kept Moriori slaves until 1863, following a proclamation by the resident magistrate.[5] Many Moriori women had children by their Māori masters. A number of Moriori women eventually married either Māori or European men. Some were taken away from the Chathams and never returned. Ernst Dieffenbach, who visited the Chathams on a New Zealand Company ship in 1840, reported that the Moriori were the virtual slaves of Māori and were severely mistreated, with death being a blessing. By the time the slaves were released in 1863, only 160 remained, hardly 10% of the 1835 population.[35]

In early May 1838 (some reports say 1839 but this is contradicted by ship records[39]) the French whaling vessel Jean Bart anchored off Waitangi to trade with the Māori. The number of Māori boarding frightened the French, escalating into a confrontation in which the French crew were killed and the Jean Bart was run aground at Ocean Bay, to be ransacked and burned by Ngāti Mutunga. When word of the incident reached the French naval corvette Heroine in the Bay of Islands in September 1838, it set sail for the Chathams, accompanied by the whalers Adele and Rebecca Sims. The French arrived on 13 October and, after unsuccessfully attempting to entice some Ngāti Tama aboard, proceeded to bombard Waitangi. The next morning about a hundred armed Frenchmen went ashore, burning buildings, destroying waka, and seizing pigs and potatoes. The attacks mostly affected Ngāti Tama, weakening their position relative to Ngāti Mutunga.[39][40]

In 1840, Ngāti Mutunga decided to attack Ngāti Tama at their pā. They built a high staging next to the pā so they could fire down on their former allies. Fighting was still in progress when the New Zealand Company ship Cuba arrived as part of a scheme to buy land for settlement. The Treaty of Waitangi, at that stage, did not apply to the islands. The company negotiated a truce between the two warring tribes. In 1841, the New Zealand Company had proposed to establish a German colony on the Chathams. The proposal was discussed by the directors and John Ward signed an agreement with Karl Sieveking of Hamburg on 12 September 1841. The price was set at £10,000. However, when the Colonial Office said that the islands were to be part of the colony of New Zealand and any Germans settling there would be treated as aliens, Joseph Somes claimed that Ward had been acting on his own initiative. The proposed leader John Beit and the expedition went to Nelson instead.[41][42]

The company was then able to purchase large areas of land at Port Hutt (which the Māori called Whangaroa) and Waitangi from Ngāti Mutunga and also large areas of land from Ngāti Tama. This did not stop Ngāti Mutunga from trying to get revenge for the death of one of their chiefs. They were satisfied after they killed the brother of a Ngāti Tama chief. The tribes agreed to an uneasy peace which was finally confirmed in 1842.[43]

Reluctant to give up slavery, Matioro and his people chartered a brig in late 1842 and sailed to Auckland Island. While Matioro was surveying the island, two of the chiefs who had accompanied him decided the island was too inhospitable for settlement, and set sail before he had returned, stranding him and his followers until Pākehā settlers arrived in 1849.[44]

An all-male group of German Moravian missionaries arrived in 1843.[45] When a group of women were sent out to join them three years later, several marriages ensued; a few members of the present-day population can trace their ancestry back to those missionary families.

 
Moriori people in the late 19th century

In 1865, the Māori leader Te Kooti was exiled on the Chatham Islands along with a large group of Māori rebels called the Hauhau, followers of Pai Mārire who had murdered missionaries and fought against government forces mainly on the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The rebel prisoners were paid one shilling a day to work on sheep farms owned by the few European settlers. Sometimes they worked on road and track improvements. They were initially guarded by 26 guards, half of whom were Māori. They lived in whare along with their families. The prisoners helped build a redoubt of stone surrounded by a ditch and wall. Later, they built three stone prison cells. In 1868 Te Kooti and the other prisoners commandeered a schooner and escaped back to the North Island.

Almost all the Māori returned to Taranaki in the 1860s, some after a tsunami in 1868.[46]

1880s to today

The economy of the Chatham Islands, then dominated by the export of wool, suffered under the international depression of the 1880s, only rebounding with the building of fish freezing plants at the island villages of Ōwenga and Kaingaroa in 1910. Construction of the first wharf at Waitangi began in 1931 with completion in 1934. On 25 November 1940, during the Second World War, a German raider captured and then sank the Chatham Islands supply ship, the Holmwood, so the wharf saw little use by ships. A flying-boat facility was built soon after at Te Whanga Lagoon and a flying boat service continued till 1966 when it was replaced with conventional aircraft.[47][48]

After the Second World War, the island economy suffered again from its isolation and government subsidies became necessary. This led to many young Chatham Islanders leaving for the mainland. There was a brief crayfish boom which helped stabilize the economy in the late 1960s and early 1970s. From the early 2000s cattle became a major component of the local economy.[46]

Moriori community

The Moriori community is organised as the Hokotehi Moriori Trust.[49] The Moriori have received recognition from the Crown and the New Zealand government and some of their claims against those institutions for the generations of neglect and oppression have been accepted and acted on. Moriori are recognised as the original people of Rekohu. The Crown also recognised the Ngāti Mutunga Māori[50] as having indigenous status in the Chathams by right of around 160 years of occupation.

The population of the islands is around 600, including members of both ethnic groups. In January 2005, the Moriori celebrated the opening of the new Kopinga Marae (meeting house).[51]

Modern descendants of the 1835 Māori conquerors claimed a share in ancestral Māori fishing rights. This claim was granted. Now that the primordial population, the Moriori, have been recognised to be former Māori—over the objections of some of the Ngāti Mutunga—they too share in the ancestral Māori fishing rights. Both groups have been granted fishing quotas.[52]

Population

 
An agricultural scene on the islands

Chatham Islands covers 793.87 km2 (306.51 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 800 as of June 2022,[3] with a population density of 1.0 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1986 775—    
1991 760−0.39%
1996 739−0.56%
2001 717−0.60%
2006 609−3.21%
2013 600−0.21%
2018 663+2.02%
Source: [53][54][55]

Chatham and Pitt Islands are inhabited and had a population of 663 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 63 people (10.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 51 people (8.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 276 households. There were 354 males and 312 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.13 males per female. The median age was 41.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 111 people (16.7%) aged under 15 years, 129 (19.5%) aged 15 to 29, 339 (51.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 84 (12.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 74.2% European/Pākehā, 66.1% Māori, 1.4% Pacific peoples, 0.9% Asian, and 2.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 5.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people objected to giving their religion, 48.4% had no religion, 33.5% were Christian and 7.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 51 (9.2%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 147 (26.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 108 people (19.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 318 (57.6%) people were employed full-time, 108 (19.6%) were part-time, and 9 (1.6%) were unemployed.[56]

The town of Waitangi is the main settlement with 177 residents in the 2018 Census.[56] There are other villages such as Owenga, Te One, and Kaingaroa, where there are two primary schools. A third school is on Pitt Island. There are also the fishing villages of Owenga and Port Hutt.[53]

Waitangi facilities include a hospital with resident doctor, bank, several stores, and engineering and marine services. The main shipping wharf is located here.

Transport

 
Visitors to the Chathams generally arrive in the islands via Tuuta Airport.

Visitors to the Chathams usually arrive by air from Auckland, Christchurch or Wellington (around 2 hours from Christchurch on a ATR 72-500) to Tuuta Airport on Chatham Island. While freight generally arrives by ship (2 days sailing time), the sea journey takes too long for many passengers, and is not always available.[57][58]

There is no scheduled public transport but accommodation providers are normally able to arrange transport.

Tasman Empire Airways Ltd (TEAL) initially serviced the Chathams by air using flying boats. With the withdrawal of TEAL, the RNZAF maintained an infrequent service with Short Sunderland flying boats. NZ4111 was damaged on takeoff from Te Whanga Lagoon on 4 November 1959 and remains as a wreck on the island. The last flight by RNZAF flying boats was on 22 March 1967.[59] For many years Bristol Freighter aircraft served the islands, a slow and noisy freight aircraft converted for carrying passengers by installing a removable passenger compartment equipped with airline seats and a toilet in part of the cargo hold. The air service primarily served to ship out high-value export crayfish products.

The grass landing field at Hapupu, at the northern end of the Island, proved a limiting factor, as few aircraft apart from the Bristol Freighter had both the range to fly to the islands and the ruggedness to land on the grass airstrip. Although other aircraft did use the landing field occasionally, they would often require repairs to fix damage resulting from the rough landing. Hapupu is also the site of the JM Barker (Hapupu) National Historic Reserve (one of only two in New Zealand) where there are momori rakau (Moriori tree carvings).

In 1981, after many years of requests by locals and the imminent demise of the ageing Bristol Freighters, the construction of a sealed runway at Karewa, Tuuta Airport, allowed more modern aircraft to land safely. The Chathams' own airline, Air Chathams, now operates services to Auckland on Thursdays, Wellington on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays and Christchurch on Tuesdays. The timetable varies seasonally, but generally planes depart the Chathams around 10.30 am (Chathams Time) and arrive in the mainland around noon. There they refuel and reload, and depart again at around 1 pm back to the Chathams. Air Chathams operates twin turboprop ATR 72-500 aircraft (freight and passenger) and Fairchild Metroliners.

The ship Rangatira provided a freight service from Timaru to the Chatham Islands from March 2000 to August 2015.[60] The MV Southern Tiare provides a freight service between Napier, Timaru and the Chathams.[58]

There is a small section of tar sealed road between Waitangi and Te One, but the majority of the islands' roads are gravel.

Government

 
Chatham Islands Flag (unofficial, but widely used on the islands)

Electorates

The Chatham Islands are within a single electorate which sends one member to Parliament. Until the 1990s, the Chatham Islands were in the Lyttelton electorate, but since then they have formed part of the Rongotai general electorate, which otherwise lies in south Wellington. Paul Eagle is the MP for Rongotai. The Te Tai Tonga Māori electorate (held since 2011 by Rino Tirikatene) includes the Chatham Islands; before the seats were reformed in 1996 the archipelago was part of Western Maori.[61]

Local government

For local government purposes, the Chatham Islands and the adjoining sea is known as the Chatham Islands Territory and is administered by the Chatham Islands Council, which was established by the Chatham Islands Council Act 1995 (Statute No 041, Commenced: 1 November 1995).[4] These succeeded, respectively, the Chatham Islands County, which was established in 1901,[62][63] and the Chatham Islands County Council, which was established in 1926.[64][65] The Council is a territorial authority that has many of the functions, duties and powers of a district council and of a regional council,[4] making it in effect a unitary authority with slightly fewer responsibilities than other unitary authorities. The Council comprises a directly-elected mayor and eight councillors, one of whom is also deputy mayor.[2] Certain regional council functions are being administered by Environment Canterbury, the Canterbury Regional Council.

In the 2010 local government elections, Chatham Islands had New Zealand's highest rate of returned votes, with 71.3 per cent voting.[66]

State services

Policing is carried out by a sole-charge constable appointed by the Wellington police district, who has often doubled as an official for many government departments, including court registrar (Department for Courts), customs officer (New Zealand Customs Service) and immigration officer (Department of Labour – New Zealand Immigration Service).

A District Court judge sent from either the North Island or the South Island presides over court sittings, but urgent sittings may take place at the Wellington District Court.

Because of the isolation and small population, some of the rules governing daily activities undergo a certain relaxation. For example, every transport service operated solely on Great Barrier Island, the Chatham Islands or Stewart Island / Rakiura need not comply with section 70C of the Transport Act 1962 (the requirements for drivers to maintain driving-hours logbooks). Drivers subject to section 70B must nevertheless keep record of their driving hours in some form.[67]

Health

The Canterbury District Health Board is responsible for providing publicly funded health services for the island. Prior to July 2015, this was the responsibility of the Hawke's Bay District Health Board.[68]

Education

See also: List of schools in the Chatham Islands

There are three schools on the Chathams, at Kaingaroa, Te One, and Pitt Island. Pitt Island and Kaingaroa are staffed by sole charge principals, while Te One has three teachers and a principal. The schools cater for children from year 1 to 8. There is no secondary school. The majority of secondary school-aged students leave the island for boarding schools in mainland New Zealand. A small number remain on the island and obtain their secondary education by correspondence.

Economy

Most of the Chatham Island economy is based on fishing and crayfishing, with only a fragment of the economic activity in adventure tourism. This economic mix has been stable for the past 50 years, as little infrastructure or population is present to engage in higher levels of industrial or telecommunications activity.[69]

Air Chathams has its head office in Te One.[70]

Electricity generation

Two 225 kW wind turbines and diesel generators provide power on Chatham Island, at costs of five to ten times that of electricity on the main islands of New Zealand.[71] During 2014, 65% of the electricity was generated from diesel generators, the balance from wind.[72] For heating, electricity comes second to wood and, in 2013, solar power contributed about a third as much as mains-generated electricity.[73]

Telecommunications

A 1.5 kW wireless link[74] opened in 1913,[75] a public radio link to the mainland was built in 1953 and an island phone system in 1965.[76] In 2003 a digital microwave system was installed for 110 phones in Ōwenga.[77]

The islands were linked as part of the Rural Broadband Initiative in 2014, when satellite bandwidth was increased,[78] and broadband is now provided by Wireless Nation,[79] though Farmside provide some coverage.[80]

As late as 2019 there was no mobile phone coverage on the islands,[80] however in December 2021, five 4G cellular towers were turned on to enable mobile phone coverage on Chatham and Pitt Island and deliver faster broadband. The main tower is positioned on Target Hill, which transmits to the other four towers through a microwave radio link; it is backhauled by Eutelsat 172B to a network in Wellington. The upgraded network delivers greater bandwidth than the previous link, and provides reliable broadband.[81]

Notable people

See also

References

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Bibliography

  • Clark, Ross. 1994. Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton, Douglas G., ed., The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
  • Davis, Denise and Solomon, Māui. 2006. Moriori. In Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9 June 2006.
  • Diamond, Jared (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 53.
  • Howe, Kerry R. 2006. Ideas of Māori origins. In Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9 June 2006.
  • King, Michael (1989). Moriori: A People Rediscovered (2000 ed.). Viking. ISBN 978-0-14-010391-5.
  • McFadgen, B. G. (March 1994). "Archaeology and Holocene sand dune stratigraphy on Chatham Island". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 24 (1): 17–44. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517454.
  • Harper, Paul (15 October 2010). "Voter turnout up in local elections". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
  • Waitangi Tribunal. 2001. . Report No. 64.

Films

  • The Wizard and the Commodore (2017) directed by Samuel A. Miller, Narrator Davey Round.

Further reading

  • Anderson, Rosemary Ellen (2019). Wind and Shifting Sands: Sensing Place and Identity on Chatham Island, 1850-1950 (Doctor of Philosophy). University of Otago. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  • Miskelly, Colin, ed. (2008). Chatham Islands: Heritage and Conservation (Rev. and enl. ed.). Christchurch, N.Z: Canterbury University Press in association with the Dept. of Conservation. ISBN 978-1-877257-78-0.
  • Sutton, Douglas G. (1980). "A Culture History of the Chatham Islands". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Auckland: University of Auckland. 89 (1): 67–94.

External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chatham Islands.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chatham Islands.
  • Chatham Islands Council
  • 1998 Information
  • Photographs from the Christchurch Public Library
  • Department of Conservation information
  • Unofficial Flag
  • Information and pictures of Chatham Islands. The Sisters are also mentioned
  • Education Resources.
  • Education Resources.

January 26, 2023
chatham, islands, this, article, about, islands, zealand, islands, elsewhere, chatham, island, disambiguation, chat, moriori, rēkohu, misty, māori, wharekauri, archipelago, pacific, ocean, about, east, zealand, south, island, they, administered, part, zealand,. This article is about islands of New Zealand For islands elsewhere see Chatham Island disambiguation The Chatham Islands ˈ tʃ ae t e m CHAT em Moriori Rekohu lit Misty Sun Maori Wharekauri are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean about 800 km 430 nmi east of New Zealand s South Island They are administered as part of New Zealand 4 The archipelago consists of about ten islands within an approximate 60 km 30 nmi radius the largest of which are Chatham Island and Pitt Island Rangiauria They include New Zealand s easternmost point the Forty Fours Some of the islands formerly cleared for farming are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of the unique flora and fauna Chatham IslandsNative name Rekohu Moriori Wharekauri Maori Nickname The ChathamsThe two largest islands Chatham and Pitt Island Rangiauria to the southeastLocation of the Chatham IslandsGeographyLocationSouthern Pacific OceanCoordinates44 00 S 176 30 W 44 00 S 176 50 W 44 00 176 50 Coordinates 44 00 S 176 30 W 44 00 S 176 50 W 44 00 176 50Total islands10Major islandsChatham IslandPitt IslandArea793 87 km2 306 51 sq mi 1 Highest elevation299 m 981 ft AdministrationNew ZealandElectoratesRongotaiTe Tai Tonga Maori MPsPaul Eagle Labour Rino Tirikatene Labour Local GovernmentTerritorial authorityChatham Islands CouncilLargest settlementWaitangiMayorMonique Croon 2 Deputy MayorKeri Lea Day 2 DemographicsDemonymChatham IslandersPopulation800 June 2022 3 Additional informationTime zoneCHAST UTC 12 45 Summer DST CHADT UTC 13 45 Official websitecic govt nzThe islands were uninhabited when the Moriori people arrived around 1500 CE and developed a peaceful way of life In 1835 members of the Ngati Mutunga and Ngati Tama Maori iwi from the North Island of New Zealand invaded the islands and nearly exterminated the Moriori enslaving the survivors Later during the period of European colonisation of New Zealand the New Zealand Company claimed that the British Crown had never included the Chatham Islands as being under its control The company proposed that it should be sold to the Germans to be a German colony with a contract drawn up for the sale of the Islands of 10 000 in 1841 However the sale failed and the Chatham Islands officially became part of the Colony of New Zealand in 1842 In 1863 the resident magistrate declared the Moriori released from slavery 5 The Chatham Islands had a resident population of 800 as of June 2022 3 Waitangi is the main port and settlement The local economy depends largely on conservation tourism farming and fishing The Chatham Islands Council provides local administration its powers resemble those of New Zealand s unitary authorities The Chatham Islands have their own time zone 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand Contents 1 Geography 1 1 Geology 1 2 Climate 1 3 The Chatham Islands time zone 2 Ecology 3 History 3 1 Moriori 3 2 European arrival 3 3 Maori settlement 3 4 1880s to today 3 4 1 Moriori community 4 Population 5 Transport 6 Government 6 1 Electorates 6 2 Local government 6 3 State services 6 4 Health 6 5 Education 7 Economy 7 1 Electricity generation 8 Telecommunications 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Films 14 Further reading 15 External linksGeography EditSee also Chatham Rise Topographic map of the Chatham Islands The islands lie roughly 840 km 455 nmi east of Christchurch New Zealand The nearest New Zealand mainland point to the Chatham Islands Cape Turnagain in the North Island is 650 km 350 nmi distant The two largest islands Chatham Island and Pitt Island Rangiauria constitute most of the total area of 793 87 km2 307 sq mi with a dozen scattered islets making up the rest The islands sit on the Chatham Rise a large relatively shallowly submerged no more than 1 000 m or 3 281 ft deep at any point part of the Zealandia continent that stretches east from near the South Island The Chatham Islands which emerged only within the last four million years are the only part of the Chatham Rise showing above sea level 6 The islands are hilly with coastal areas including cliffs dunes beaches and lagoons Pitt is more rugged than Chatham its highest point 299 m 981 ft is on a plateau near the southernmost point of the main island 1 5 km 7 8 mi south of Lake Te Rangatapu 7 The plateau is dotted with numerous lakes and lagoons flowing mainly from the island s nearby second highest point Maungatere Hill at 294 m 965 ft 8 Notable are the large Te Whanga Lagoon and Huro and Rangitahi Chatham has a number of streams including Te Awainanga and Tuku Chatham and Pitt are the only inhabited islands the remaining smaller islands function as conservation reserves with restricted or prohibited access The livelihoods of the inhabitants depend on agriculture the islands export coldwater crayfish and increasingly on tourism The names of the main islands in the order of occupation are English name Moriori name 9 Maori name RemarksChatham Island Rekohu WharekauriPitt Island Rangiaotea RangiauriaSouth East Island Hokorereoro RangatiraThe Fort Maung Re Mangere The Maori name has supplanted the English name for this island Little Mangere Unknown TapuenukuStar Keys Motchu Hopo MotuhopeThe Sisters Rakitchu Rangitatahi about 16 km 8 1 2 nmi north of Cape Pattison a headland in the northwestern part of Chatham IslandForty Fours Motchu Hara Motuhara the easternmost point of New Zealand about 50 km 25 nmi from Chatham Island Geology Edit Schist rocks Kaingaroa beach The Chatham Islands the only part of the Chatham Rise above sea level form part of the now largely submerged continent of Zealandia This location positions the Chatham Islands far from the Australian Pacific plate boundary that dominates the geology of mainland New Zealand The islands stratigraphy consists of a Mesozoic schist basement typically covered by marine sedimentary rocks 10 Both these sequences are intruded by a series of basalt eruptions Volcanic activity has occurred multiple times since the Cretaceous 11 but currently there is no active volcanism near any part of the Chatham Rise Climate Edit The Chatham Islands have an oceanic climate Koppen Cfb 12 characterised by a narrow temperature range and relatively frequent rainfall Their isolated position far from any sizeable landmass renders the record high temperature for the main settlement Waitangi just 23 8 C 74 8 F 13 The climate is cool wet and windy with average high temperatures between 15 and 20 C 59 and 68 F in summer and between 5 and 10 C 41 and 50 F in July in the Southern Hemisphere winter Snow falls extremely rarely the fall recorded near sea level in July 2015 marked the first such reading for several decades 14 Under the Trewartha climate classification the Chatham Islands have a humid subtropical climate Cf for the lack of cold weather during the winter and a daily mean temperature above 10 C 50 F for 8 months or more Climate data for Chatham Islands 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 17 9 64 2 18 2 64 8 17 1 62 8 14 9 58 8 13 0 55 4 11 3 52 3 10 5 50 9 11 0 51 8 11 9 53 4 13 1 55 6 14 4 57 9 16 4 61 5 14 1 57 4 Daily mean C F 14 9 58 8 15 2 59 4 14 3 57 7 12 4 54 3 10 6 51 1 9 1 48 4 8 2 46 8 8 6 47 5 9 4 48 9 10 6 51 1 11 7 53 1 13 5 56 3 11 5 52 7 Average low C F 11 9 53 4 12 3 54 1 11 5 52 7 9 9 49 8 8 1 46 6 6 8 44 2 5 9 42 6 6 2 43 2 6 9 44 4 8 0 46 4 9 1 48 4 10 7 51 3 9 0 48 2 Average rainfall mm inches 54 9 2 16 63 9 2 52 84 7 3 33 75 7 2 98 87 9 3 46 107 8 4 24 84 7 3 33 84 4 3 32 71 1 2 80 63 4 2 50 66 7 2 63 66 3 2 61 911 3 35 88 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 7 9 7 7 11 3 11 1 14 4 16 0 14 8 14 5 11 9 11 2 9 8 9 4 140 1Average relative humidity 82 2 83 5 83 2 83 4 85 7 85 8 86 9 85 8 83 4 84 0 82 5 82 7 84 1Mean monthly sunshine hours 191 3 145 5 124 2 106 3 81 2 61 8 74 4 101 0 109 1 129 7 148 9 164 0 1 437 3Source NIWA Science climate data 15 The Chatham Islands time zone Edit The International Date Line lies to the east of the Chathams even though the islands lie east of 180 longitude The Chathams observe their own time 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand time including during periods of daylight saving time the Chatham Standard Time Zone is distinctive as one of very few that differ from others by a period other than a whole hour or half hour New Zealand Time orients itself to 180 longitude 16 Ecology EditMain article Flora of the Chatham Islands Massive phytoplankton bloom around the islands Chatham Islands Forget me not Myosotidium hortensia A weka on Chatham Island The natural vegetation of the islands was a mixture of forest scrubby heath and swamp but today most of the land is fern or pasture covered although there are some areas of dense forest and areas of peat bogs and other habitats Of interest are the akeake trees with branches trailing almost horizontally in the lee of the wind 17 The ferns in the forest understory include Blechnum discolor The islands are home to a rich bio diversity including about fifty endemic plants adapted to the cold and the wind such as Chatham Islands forget me not Myosotidium hortensia 18 Chatham Islands sow thistle Embergeria grandifolia rautini Brachyglottis huntii Chatham Islands kakaha Astelia chathamica soft speargrass Aciphylla dieffenbachii and Chatham Island akeake or Chatham Island tree daisy Olearia traversiorum The islands are a breeding ground for huge flocks of seabirds and are home to a number of endemic birds some of which are seabirds and others which live on the islands The best known species are the magenta petrel IUCN classification CR and the black robin IUCN classification EN both of which came perilously close to extinction before drawing the attention of conservation efforts Other endemic species are the Chatham oystercatcher the Chatham gerygone Chatham pigeon Forbes parakeet the Chatham snipe and the shore plover The endemic Chatham shag 19 IUCN classification CR Pitt shag 20 IUCN classification EN and the Chatham albatross 21 IUCN classification VU are at risk of capture by a variety of fishing gear including fishing lines trawls gillnets and pots 22 A number of species have gone extinct since human settlement including the Chatham raven the Chatham fernbird and the three endemic species of flightless rails the Chatham rail Dieffenbach s rail and Hawkins s rail Also a number of marine mammals are found in the waters of the Chathams including New Zealand sea lions leopard seals and southern elephant seals Many whale species are attracted to the rich food sources of the Chatham Rise 23 Much of the natural forest of these islands has been cleared for farming but Mangere and Rangatira Islands are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of these unique flora and fauna Another threat to wildlife comes from introduced species which prey on the indigenous birds and reptiles whereas on Mangere and Rangatira livestock has been removed and native wildlife is recovering Most lakes have been affected by agricultural run off but water quality has improved and river quality is generally classed as A 24 History Edit Moriori tree carving or dendroglyph found in the Chatham Islands Moriori Edit Main article Moriori The first human inhabitants of the Chathams were Polynesian tribes who probably settled the islands around 1500 CE though possibly as late as 1550 25 and in their isolation became the Moriori It was formerly believed that the Moriori migrated directly from the more northerly Polynesian islands However linguistic research in the early 2000s instead concluded that the ancestral Moriori were Maori wanderers from New Zealand 26 27 28 29 Scholarship over the past 40 years has radically revised the model offered a century earlier by Smith the Moriori as a pre Polynesian people have gone the term Moriori is now a technical term referring to those ancestral Maori who settled the Chatham Islands 30 The plants cultivated by the Maori arrivals were ill suited for the colder Chathams so the Moriori lived as hunter gatherers and fishermen While their new environment deprived them of the resources with which to build ocean going craft for long voyages the Moriori invented what was known as the waka kōrari a semi submerged craft constructed of flax and lined with air bladders from kelp This craft was used to travel to the outer islands on birding missions 29 The Moriori society was a peaceful society and bloodshed was outlawed by the chief Nunuku whenua after generations of warfare Arguments were solved by consensus or by duels rather than warfare but at the first sign of bloodshed the fight was over It has been estimated that the population numbered about 2 000 prior to European contact 31 European arrival Edit Monument to Torotoro above Kaingaroa Beach on Chatham Island The name Chatham Islands comes from William Pitt 1st Earl of Chatham 32 33 The ship HMS Chatham of the Vancouver Expedition whose captain was William R Broughton landed on the Island on 29 November 1791 claimed possession for Great Britain and named the islands after the First Lord of the Admiralty John Pitt 2nd Earl of Chatham Broughton s men shot and killed a Moriori resident of Kaingaroa named Torotoro or Tamakororo Chatham Islands date their anniversary on 29 November and observe it on the nearest Monday to 30 November 34 Sealers and whalers soon started hunting in the surrounding ocean with the islands as their base It is estimated that 10 to 20 percent of the indigenous Moriori soon died from diseases introduced by foreigners The sealing and whaling industries ceased activities about 1861 while fishing remained as a major economic activity 34 Maori settlement Edit On 19 November and 5 December 1835 about 900 Ngati Mutunga and Ngati Tama previously resident in Te Whanganui A Tara Wellington and led by the chief Matioro arrived on the brig Lord Rodney The first mate of the ship had been kidnapped and threatened with death unless the captain took the Maori settlers on board The group which included men women and children brought with them 78 tonnes of seed potato 20 pigs and seven large waka 35 The incoming Maori were received and initially cared for by the local Moriori Soon Ngati Mutunga and Ngati Tama began to takahi or walk the land to lay claim to it When it became clear that the visitors intended to stay the Moriori withdrew to their marae at te Awapatiki There after holding a hui consultation to debate what to do about the Maori settlers the Moriori decided to keep with their policy of non aggression Ngati Mutunga and Ngati Tama in turn saw the meeting as a precursor to warfare on the part of Moriori and responded The Maori attacked and in the ensuing action killed over 260 Moriori A Moriori survivor recalled The Maori commenced to kill us like sheep We were terrified fled to the bush concealed ourselves in holes underground and in any place to escape our enemies It was of no avail we were discovered and killed men women and children indiscriminately 36 A Maori chief Te Rakatau Katihe said in the Native Land Court in 1870 We took possession in accordance with our custom and we caught all the people Not one escaped Some ran away from us these we killed and others also we killed but what of that It was in accordance with our custom I am not aware of any of our people being killed by them 37 38 After the killings Moriori were forbidden to marry Moriori or to have children with each other Maori kept Moriori slaves until 1863 following a proclamation by the resident magistrate 5 Many Moriori women had children by their Maori masters A number of Moriori women eventually married either Maori or European men Some were taken away from the Chathams and never returned Ernst Dieffenbach who visited the Chathams on a New Zealand Company ship in 1840 reported that the Moriori were the virtual slaves of Maori and were severely mistreated with death being a blessing By the time the slaves were released in 1863 only 160 remained hardly 10 of the 1835 population 35 In early May 1838 some reports say 1839 but this is contradicted by ship records 39 the French whaling vessel Jean Bart anchored off Waitangi to trade with the Maori The number of Maori boarding frightened the French escalating into a confrontation in which the French crew were killed and the Jean Bart was run aground at Ocean Bay to be ransacked and burned by Ngati Mutunga When word of the incident reached the French naval corvette Heroine in the Bay of Islands in September 1838 it set sail for the Chathams accompanied by the whalers Adele and Rebecca Sims The French arrived on 13 October and after unsuccessfully attempting to entice some Ngati Tama aboard proceeded to bombard Waitangi The next morning about a hundred armed Frenchmen went ashore burning buildings destroying waka and seizing pigs and potatoes The attacks mostly affected Ngati Tama weakening their position relative to Ngati Mutunga 39 40 In 1840 Ngati Mutunga decided to attack Ngati Tama at their pa They built a high staging next to the pa so they could fire down on their former allies Fighting was still in progress when the New Zealand Company ship Cuba arrived as part of a scheme to buy land for settlement The Treaty of Waitangi at that stage did not apply to the islands The company negotiated a truce between the two warring tribes In 1841 the New Zealand Company had proposed to establish a German colony on the Chathams The proposal was discussed by the directors and John Ward signed an agreement with Karl Sieveking of Hamburg on 12 September 1841 The price was set at 10 000 However when the Colonial Office said that the islands were to be part of the colony of New Zealand and any Germans settling there would be treated as aliens Joseph Somes claimed that Ward had been acting on his own initiative The proposed leader John Beit and the expedition went to Nelson instead 41 42 The company was then able to purchase large areas of land at Port Hutt which the Maori called Whangaroa and Waitangi from Ngati Mutunga and also large areas of land from Ngati Tama This did not stop Ngati Mutunga from trying to get revenge for the death of one of their chiefs They were satisfied after they killed the brother of a Ngati Tama chief The tribes agreed to an uneasy peace which was finally confirmed in 1842 43 Reluctant to give up slavery Matioro and his people chartered a brig in late 1842 and sailed to Auckland Island While Matioro was surveying the island two of the chiefs who had accompanied him decided the island was too inhospitable for settlement and set sail before he had returned stranding him and his followers until Pakeha settlers arrived in 1849 44 An all male group of German Moravian missionaries arrived in 1843 45 When a group of women were sent out to join them three years later several marriages ensued a few members of the present day population can trace their ancestry back to those missionary families Moriori people in the late 19th century In 1865 the Maori leader Te Kooti was exiled on the Chatham Islands along with a large group of Maori rebels called the Hauhau followers of Pai Marire who had murdered missionaries and fought against government forces mainly on the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand The rebel prisoners were paid one shilling a day to work on sheep farms owned by the few European settlers Sometimes they worked on road and track improvements They were initially guarded by 26 guards half of whom were Maori They lived in whare along with their families The prisoners helped build a redoubt of stone surrounded by a ditch and wall Later they built three stone prison cells In 1868 Te Kooti and the other prisoners commandeered a schooner and escaped back to the North Island Almost all the Maori returned to Taranaki in the 1860s some after a tsunami in 1868 46 1880s to today Edit The economy of the Chatham Islands then dominated by the export of wool suffered under the international depression of the 1880s only rebounding with the building of fish freezing plants at the island villages of Ōwenga and Kaingaroa in 1910 Construction of the first wharf at Waitangi began in 1931 with completion in 1934 On 25 November 1940 during the Second World War a German raider captured and then sank the Chatham Islands supply ship the Holmwood so the wharf saw little use by ships A flying boat facility was built soon after at Te Whanga Lagoon and a flying boat service continued till 1966 when it was replaced with conventional aircraft 47 48 After the Second World War the island economy suffered again from its isolation and government subsidies became necessary This led to many young Chatham Islanders leaving for the mainland There was a brief crayfish boom which helped stabilize the economy in the late 1960s and early 1970s From the early 2000s cattle became a major component of the local economy 46 Moriori community Edit The Moriori community is organised as the Hokotehi Moriori Trust 49 The Moriori have received recognition from the Crown and the New Zealand government and some of their claims against those institutions for the generations of neglect and oppression have been accepted and acted on Moriori are recognised as the original people of Rekohu The Crown also recognised the Ngati Mutunga Maori 50 as having indigenous status in the Chathams by right of around 160 years of occupation The population of the islands is around 600 including members of both ethnic groups In January 2005 the Moriori celebrated the opening of the new Kopinga Marae meeting house 51 Modern descendants of the 1835 Maori conquerors claimed a share in ancestral Maori fishing rights This claim was granted Now that the primordial population the Moriori have been recognised to be former Maori over the objections of some of the Ngati Mutunga they too share in the ancestral Maori fishing rights Both groups have been granted fishing quotas 52 Population Edit An agricultural scene on the islands Chatham Islands covers 793 87 km2 306 51 sq mi 1 and had an estimated population of 800 as of June 2022 3 with a population density of 1 0 people per km2 Historical populationYearPop p a 1986775 1991760 0 39 1996739 0 56 2001717 0 60 2006609 3 21 2013600 0 21 2018663 2 02 Source 53 54 55 Chatham and Pitt Islands are inhabited and had a population of 663 at the 2018 New Zealand census an increase of 63 people 10 5 since the 2013 census and an increase of 51 people 8 3 since the 2006 census There were 276 households There were 354 males and 312 females giving a sex ratio of 1 13 males per female The median age was 41 9 years compared with 37 4 years nationally with 111 people 16 7 aged under 15 years 129 19 5 aged 15 to 29 339 51 1 aged 30 to 64 and 84 12 7 aged 65 or older Ethnicities were 74 2 European Pakeha 66 1 Maori 1 4 Pacific peoples 0 9 Asian and 2 7 other ethnicities People may identify with more than one ethnicity The percentage of people born overseas was 5 9 compared with 27 1 nationally Although some people objected to giving their religion 48 4 had no religion 33 5 were Christian and 7 7 had other religions Of those at least 15 years old 51 9 2 people had a bachelor or higher degree and 147 26 6 people had no formal qualifications The median income was 36 000 compared with 31 800 nationally 108 people 19 6 earned over 70 000 compared to 17 2 nationally The employment status of those at least 15 was that 318 57 6 people were employed full time 108 19 6 were part time and 9 1 6 were unemployed 56 The town of Waitangi is the main settlement with 177 residents in the 2018 Census 56 There are other villages such as Owenga Te One and Kaingaroa where there are two primary schools A third school is on Pitt Island There are also the fishing villages of Owenga and Port Hutt 53 Waitangi facilities include a hospital with resident doctor bank several stores and engineering and marine services The main shipping wharf is located here Transport Edit Visitors to the Chathams generally arrive in the islands via Tuuta Airport Visitors to the Chathams usually arrive by air from Auckland Christchurch or Wellington around 2 hours from Christchurch on a ATR 72 500 to Tuuta Airport on Chatham Island While freight generally arrives by ship 2 days sailing time the sea journey takes too long for many passengers and is not always available 57 58 There is no scheduled public transport but accommodation providers are normally able to arrange transport Tasman Empire Airways Ltd TEAL initially serviced the Chathams by air using flying boats With the withdrawal of TEAL the RNZAF maintained an infrequent service with Short Sunderland flying boats NZ4111 was damaged on takeoff from Te Whanga Lagoon on 4 November 1959 and remains as a wreck on the island The last flight by RNZAF flying boats was on 22 March 1967 59 For many years Bristol Freighter aircraft served the islands a slow and noisy freight aircraft converted for carrying passengers by installing a removable passenger compartment equipped with airline seats and a toilet in part of the cargo hold The air service primarily served to ship out high value export crayfish products The grass landing field at Hapupu at the northern end of the Island proved a limiting factor as few aircraft apart from the Bristol Freighter had both the range to fly to the islands and the ruggedness to land on the grass airstrip Although other aircraft did use the landing field occasionally they would often require repairs to fix damage resulting from the rough landing Hapupu is also the site of the JM Barker Hapupu National Historic Reserve one of only two in New Zealand where there are momori rakau Moriori tree carvings In 1981 after many years of requests by locals and the imminent demise of the ageing Bristol Freighters the construction of a sealed runway at Karewa Tuuta Airport allowed more modern aircraft to land safely The Chathams own airline Air Chathams now operates services to Auckland on Thursdays Wellington on Mondays Wednesdays and Fridays and Christchurch on Tuesdays The timetable varies seasonally but generally planes depart the Chathams around 10 30 am Chathams Time and arrive in the mainland around noon There they refuel and reload and depart again at around 1 pm back to the Chathams Air Chathams operates twin turboprop ATR 72 500 aircraft freight and passenger and Fairchild Metroliners The ship Rangatira provided a freight service from Timaru to the Chatham Islands from March 2000 to August 2015 60 The MV Southern Tiare provides a freight service between Napier Timaru and the Chathams 58 There is a small section of tar sealed road between Waitangi and Te One but the majority of the islands roads are gravel Government Edit Chatham Islands Flag unofficial but widely used on the islands Electorates Edit The Chatham Islands are within a single electorate which sends one member to Parliament Until the 1990s the Chatham Islands were in the Lyttelton electorate but since then they have formed part of the Rongotai general electorate which otherwise lies in south Wellington Paul Eagle is the MP for Rongotai The Te Tai Tonga Maori electorate held since 2011 by Rino Tirikatene includes the Chatham Islands before the seats were reformed in 1996 the archipelago was part of Western Maori 61 Local government Edit For local government purposes the Chatham Islands and the adjoining sea is known as the Chatham Islands Territory and is administered by the Chatham Islands Council which was established by the Chatham Islands Council Act 1995 Statute No 041 Commenced 1 November 1995 4 These succeeded respectively the Chatham Islands County which was established in 1901 62 63 and the Chatham Islands County Council which was established in 1926 64 65 The Council is a territorial authority that has many of the functions duties and powers of a district council and of a regional council 4 making it in effect a unitary authority with slightly fewer responsibilities than other unitary authorities The Council comprises a directly elected mayor and eight councillors one of whom is also deputy mayor 2 Certain regional council functions are being administered by Environment Canterbury the Canterbury Regional Council In the 2010 local government elections Chatham Islands had New Zealand s highest rate of returned votes with 71 3 per cent voting 66 State services Edit Policing is carried out by a sole charge constable appointed by the Wellington police district who has often doubled as an official for many government departments including court registrar Department for Courts customs officer New Zealand Customs Service and immigration officer Department of Labour New Zealand Immigration Service A District Court judge sent from either the North Island or the South Island presides over court sittings but urgent sittings may take place at the Wellington District Court Because of the isolation and small population some of the rules governing daily activities undergo a certain relaxation For example every transport service operated solely on Great Barrier Island the Chatham Islands or Stewart Island Rakiura need not comply with section 70C of the Transport Act 1962 the requirements for drivers to maintain driving hours logbooks Drivers subject to section 70B must nevertheless keep record of their driving hours in some form 67 Health Edit The Canterbury District Health Board is responsible for providing publicly funded health services for the island Prior to July 2015 this was the responsibility of the Hawke s Bay District Health Board 68 Education Edit See also List of schools in the Chatham Islands There are three schools on the Chathams at Kaingaroa Te One and Pitt Island Pitt Island and Kaingaroa are staffed by sole charge principals while Te One has three teachers and a principal The schools cater for children from year 1 to 8 There is no secondary school The majority of secondary school aged students leave the island for boarding schools in mainland New Zealand A small number remain on the island and obtain their secondary education by correspondence Economy EditMost of the Chatham Island economy is based on fishing and crayfishing with only a fragment of the economic activity in adventure tourism This economic mix has been stable for the past 50 years as little infrastructure or population is present to engage in higher levels of industrial or telecommunications activity 69 Air Chathams has its head office in Te One 70 Electricity generation Edit Two 225 kW wind turbines and diesel generators provide power on Chatham Island at costs of five to ten times that of electricity on the main islands of New Zealand 71 During 2014 65 of the electricity was generated from diesel generators the balance from wind 72 For heating electricity comes second to wood and in 2013 solar power contributed about a third as much as mains generated electricity 73 Telecommunications EditA 1 5 kW wireless link 74 opened in 1913 75 a public radio link to the mainland was built in 1953 and an island phone system in 1965 76 In 2003 a digital microwave system was installed for 110 phones in Ōwenga 77 The islands were linked as part of the Rural Broadband Initiative in 2014 when satellite bandwidth was increased 78 and broadband is now provided by Wireless Nation 79 though Farmside provide some coverage 80 As late as 2019 there was no mobile phone coverage on the islands 80 however in December 2021 five 4G cellular towers were turned on to enable mobile phone coverage on Chatham and Pitt Island and deliver faster broadband The main tower is positioned on Target Hill which transmits to the other four towers through a microwave radio link it is backhauled by Eutelsat 172B to a network in Wellington The upgraded network delivers greater bandwidth than the previous link and provides reliable broadband 81 Notable people EditRichard Charteris musicologist b 1948 New Zealand musicologist Te Kiato Riwai 1912 1967 New Zealand nurse and Maori welfare officerSee also Edit New Zealand portalChatham Islands penguin Flora of the Chatham Islands History of Chatham Islands numismatics List of islands of New Zealand List of massacres in New Zealand Moriori genocideReferences Edit a b ArcGIS Web Application statsnz maps arcgis com Archived from the original on 14 February 2021 Retrieved 26 November 2021 a b c Meet the Team www cic govt nz Chatham Islands Council Retrieved 27 October 2022 a b c Population estimate tables NZ Stat Statistics New Zealand Retrieved 25 October 2022 a b c Chatham Islands Council Act 1995 New Zealand Legislation New Zealand Government Archived from the original on 28 May 2019 Retrieved 21 January 2020 There is hereby constituted a district to be known as The Chatham Islands Territory which district comprises the islands known as the Chatham Islands and the area of the territorial sea adjoining those islands a b Davis Denise Solomon Maui Moriori The impact of new arrivals Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 Retrieved 8 December 2018 McGlone Matt 21 September 2007 Ecoregions The Chatham Islands Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 Retrieved 8 February 2009 New Zealand topographic map of Lake Te Rangatapu area Archived from the original on 12 September 2018 Retrieved 12 September 2018 Chatham Islands Conservation Management Strategy PDF Department of Conservation p 32 Archived PDF from the original on 5 February 2018 Retrieved 17 October 2017 Moriori The Trustees of the Moriori Imi Settlement Trust The Crown Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims PDF Office of Treaty Settlements Archived PDF from the original on 6 March 2022 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Adams C J et al 1979 Age and correlation of volcanic rocks of Campbell Island and Metamorphic basement of the Campbell Plateau South west Pacific New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 22 6 679 691 doi 10 1080 00288306 1979 10424176 Hoernle K White J D L Van Den Bogaard P Hauff F Coombs D S Werner R Timm C Garbe Schonberg D Reay A Cooper A F 15 August 2006 Cenozoic intraplate volcanism on New Zealand Upwelling induced by lithospheric removal Earth and Planetary Science Letters 248 1 2 350 367 Bibcode 2006E amp PSL 248 350H doi 10 1016 j epsl 2006 06 001 ISSN 0012 821X Waitangi New Zealand Climate Summary Weatherbase Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 11 January 2015 Waitangi New Zealand Temperature Averages Weatherbase Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 11 January 2015 Drought cyclone then snow for Chathams farms 25 August 2015 Archived from the original on 18 February 2017 Retrieved 17 February 2017 Climate Data and Activities NIWA Science 27 February 2007 Archived from the original on 7 January 2019 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Chatham Island Time Discover the Chatham Islands Archived from the original on 31 December 2019 Retrieved 31 December 2019 Richards Rhys Chatham Islands Overview Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 Retrieved 29 December 2016 Myosotidium hortensium New Zealand Plant Conservation Network Archived from the original on 8 August 2020 Retrieved 14 April 2020 Chatham Shag Phalacrocorax onslowi BirdLife species factsheet Birdlife org Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 27 August 2015 Pitt Shag Phalacrocorax featherstoni BirdLife species factsheet Birdlife org Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 Retrieved 27 August 2015 Chatham Albatross Thalassarche eremita BirdLife species factsheet Birdlife org 2 December 2010 Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 Retrieved 27 August 2015 Rowe S August 2010 Level 1 Risk Assessment for Incidental Seabird Mortality Associated with New Zealand Fisheries in the NZ EEZ PDF Archived PDF from the original on 20 December 2013 Retrieved 20 December 2013 Jolly Dyanna 2014 Cultural Impact Assessment Report PDF Chatham Rock Phosphate p 10 Archived from the original PDF on 2 February 2016 Retrieved 14 March 2016 Chatham Island Water Quality Summary PDF Environment Canterbury 1 June 2018 Archived PDF from the original on 14 January 2020 Retrieved 27 December 2019 McFadgen B G 1 March 1994 Archaeology and holocene sand dune stratigraphy on Chatham Island Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 24 1 17 44 doi 10 1080 03014223 1994 9517454 ISSN 0303 6758 Clark 1994 123 135 Davis and Solomon 2006 Howe 2006 a b King 2000 Kerry R Howe 2003 The Quest for Origins Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands Auckland Penguin page 182 Chatham Islands teara govt nz Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2020 Vancouver George 1798 A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World Vol 1 London G G amp J Robinson and J Edwards p 86 ISBN 9780665418624 Having reached the shore without any interruption we displayed the union flag turned a turf and took possession of the island which I named Chatham Island in honor of the Earl of Chatham in the name of His Majesty King George the Third under the presumption of our being first discoverers Chatham Islands NZHistory There is doubt whether Broughton named the islands after his vessel or after William Pitt the earl of Chatham Both may be true but the fact that the smaller of the islands was named Pitt supports the latter supposition a b Richards Rhys 1 May 2015 Chatham Islands From first settlement to 1860 Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on 21 September 2020 Retrieved 6 May 2020 a b King M 2004 Being Pakeha Penguin p 196 King Michael 2017 Moriori A People Rediscovered Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited p 72 ISBN 978 0 14 377128 9 Archived from the original on 19 October 2022 Retrieved 22 September 2020 King Michael 2017 Moriori A People Rediscovered Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited p 159 ISBN 978 0 14 377128 9 Archived from the original on 19 October 2022 Retrieved 22 September 2020 Andrew Piper 2012 New Zealand Colonial Propaganda The Use of Cannibalism Enslavement Genocide and Myth to Legitimise Colonial Conquest PDF Archived from the original on 21 December 2020 Retrieved 19 March 2022 a b McNab Robert 1913 XIX American Whalers and Scientists 1838 to 1840 The Old Whaling Days Victoria University of Wellington Archived from the original on 12 February 2020 Retrieved 2 December 2018 McNab Robert 1913 XV The French Fleet 1836 to 1838 The Old Whaling Days Victoria University of Wellington Archived from the original on 12 February 2020 Retrieved 3 December 2018 Patricia Burns 1989 Fatal Success A History of the New Zealand Company Heinemann Reed pp 243 244 ISBN 978 0 7900 0011 4 Berry P L 1964 Germans in New Zealand 1840 1870 Thesis University of Canterbury pp 11 19 Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 Musket Wars p354 356 R Crosby Reed 1999 Rykers Ellen July August 2018 The lie of the land New Zealand Geographic 152 92 103 Archived from the original on 6 August 2018 Retrieved 6 August 2018 German Missions Reference Guides Missionary Sources PDF Hocken Collections 2008 p 10 Archived from the original PDF on 19 December 2008 Retrieved 9 December 2008 a b Richards Rhys 4 May 2015 Chatham Islands Since the 1980s Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on 16 December 2018 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Richards Rhys 4 May 2015 Chatham Islands Chatham Islands from the 1860s to the 1980s Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on 16 December 2018 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Waters Sydney David The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939 1945 Episodes amp Studies Volume 1 On line edition 2016 ed NZETC New Zealand Electronic Text Collection p 21 Archived from the original on 23 May 2020 Retrieved 14 August 2019 1 Archived 12 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine Ngati Archived 23 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Richards Rhys 4 May 2015 Chatham Islands Since the 1980s Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on 1 March 2019 Retrieved 28 February 2019 Martin Jenkins November 2017 Chatham Islands Enabling a sustainable economy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 14 January 2020 Retrieved 13 October 2019 a b 2013 Census QuickStats about a place Chatham Islands Territory 1996 Census of Population and Dwellings Census Night Population Statistics New Zealand 28 February 1997 Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 Retrieved 17 May 2016 Story Map Series statsnz maps arcgis com Archived from the original on 3 October 2019 Retrieved 2 November 2019 a b Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census Statistics New Zealand March 2020 Chatham Islands Territory 067 2018 Census place summary Chatham Islands Territory Getting to the Chatham Island Discoverthechathamislands co nz Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 Retrieved 27 August 2015 a b Chatham Islands Shipping Ltd Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 Retrieved 27 August 2015 www seawings co uk flying boat forum Short flying boats in New Zealand Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2013 Blakiston Fergus 29 August 2015 The good ship Rangatira The Timaru Herald Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 Retrieved 28 October 2015 Chatham Islanders vote in first election Ministry for Culture and Heritage Retrieved 24 November 2022 Chatham Islands County Bill 1901 144 2 www nzlii org Retrieved 31 October 2022 THE NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR BOOK 1912 www3 stats govt nz POPULATION ON ADJACENT ISLANDS Retrieved 31 October 2022 McLintock A H Jobberns George CHATHAM ISLANDS An encyclopaedia of New Zealand edited by A H McLintock 1966 An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1966 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Richards Rhys Chatham Islands Overview teara govt nz Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Retrieved 31 October 2022 New Zealand Herald 15 October 2010 New Zealand Gazette 14 August 2003 Stewart Ashleigh 25 July 2015 Ministry of Health concerned about financial performance of CDHB The Press Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 8 August 2015 As of July 1 control of the Chatham Islands health services will transfer to Canterbury From page 31 the economy section begins Publisher Government of New Zealand reports on Chatham Archipelago https www cic govt nz assets CIC Documents Chatham Islands Economic Profile Report 2017 pdf Contact Us Airchathams co nz Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 Retrieved 27 August 2015 Chatham Islands Wind Farm New Zealand Wind Energy Association Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 Retrieved 4 January 2017 See the 2013 14 Chatham Islands Electricity Ltd Annual Report on page 6 of this document https drive google com file d 0B1OcswQ6 z OSmVwTDNBdGEycTA edit Archived 16 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Fuel types used for heating in the Chatham Islands Territory New Zealand Figure NZ Archived from the original on 22 December 2019 Retrieved 22 December 2019 A LONELY OUTPOST EVENING POST paperspast natlib govt nz 17 March 1917 Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2019 WIRELESS STATION OPENED AT THE CHATHAMS PRESS paperspast natlib govt nz 19 September 1913 Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2019 Chatham Islands Radio ZLC 1950 1969 Maritime Radio Archived from the original on 18 December 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2019 Telecom upgrades Chatham Islands communications www scoop co nz June 2003 Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2019 2 48m to improve broadband for the Chatham Islands The Beehive Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2019 Chatham Islands Broadband Wireless Nation Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2019 a b Newman Ernie 17 January 2019 One Business Many Markets WISPA NZ Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2019 RCG flips switch on Chatham Islands 4G mobile network Scoop 6 January 2022 Archived from the original on 23 January 2022 Retrieved 23 January 2022 Bibliography EditClark Ross 1994 Moriori and Maori The Linguistic Evidence In Sutton Douglas G ed The Origins of the First New Zealanders Auckland Auckland University Press Davis Denise and Solomon Maui 2006 Moriori In Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand updated 9 June 2006 Diamond Jared 1997 Guns Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies New York W W Norton p 53 Howe Kerry R 2006 Ideas of Maori origins In Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand updated 9 June 2006 King Michael 1989 Moriori A People Rediscovered 2000 ed Viking ISBN 978 0 14 010391 5 McFadgen B G March 1994 Archaeology and Holocene sand dune stratigraphy on Chatham Island Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 24 1 17 44 doi 10 1080 03014223 1994 9517454 Harper Paul 15 October 2010 Voter turnout up in local elections The New Zealand Herald Retrieved 16 October 2010 Waitangi Tribunal 2001 Rekohu A Report on Moriori and Ngati Mutunga Claims in the Chatham Islands Report No 64 Films EditThe Wizard and the Commodore 2017 directed by Samuel A Miller Narrator Davey Round Further reading EditAnderson Rosemary Ellen 2019 Wind and Shifting Sands Sensing Place and Identity on Chatham Island 1850 1950 Doctor of Philosophy University of Otago Retrieved 4 October 2020 Miskelly Colin ed 2008 Chatham Islands Heritage and Conservation Rev and enl ed Christchurch N Z Canterbury University Press in association with the Dept of Conservation ISBN 978 1 877257 78 0 Sutton Douglas G 1980 A Culture History of the Chatham Islands The Journal of the Polynesian Society Auckland University of Auckland 89 1 67 94 External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chatham Islands Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chatham Islands Chatham Islands Council 1998 Information Photographs from the Christchurch Public Library Department of Conservation information Unofficial Flag Massey University study of Chathams ecology Information and pictures of Chatham Islands The Sisters are also mentioned Pitt Island Education Resources Rekohu The Chatham Islands Education Resources Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chatham Islands amp oldid 1135612325, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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