Yum cha
Yum cha is the Cantonese tradition of brunch involving Chinese tea and dim sum.[1][2] The practice is popular in Cantonese-speaking regions, including Guangdong province, Guangxi province, Hong Kong, and Macau.[3] It is also carried out in other regions worldwide where there are overseas Cantonese communities. Yum cha generally involves small portions of steamed, pan-fried, or deep-fried dim sum dishes served in bamboo steamers, which are designed to be eaten communally and washed down with hot tea.[4][5] People often go to yum cha in large groups for family gatherings and celebrations.
| Yum cha | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yum cha at Hong Kong City Hall | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 飲茶 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 饮茶 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | drink tea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Description edit
Yum cha (traditional Chinese: 飲茶; simplified Chinese: 饮茶; pinyin: yǐn chá[6]; Jyutping: jam2 caa4; Cantonese Yale: yám chà; lit. "drink tea"), also known as going for dim sum (Cantonese: 食點心), is the Cantonese tradition of brunch involving Chinese tea and dim sum.[1][2] The practice is popular in Cantonese-speaking regions such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, and Macau.[3] It is also carried out in other regions worldwide where there are overseas Chinese communities, like Vietnam, Australia, Canada, England and the United States.
Yum cha generally involves small portions of steamed, pan-fried, or deep-fried dim sum dishes served in bamboo steamers, which are designed to be eaten communally and washed down with hot tea.[4][5] Traditionally, the elderly gather to eat dim sum after morning exercises.[7] Many have yum cha with family during weekends and holiday gatherings.[7][8][9]
Etymology edit
Yum cha in the Cantonese language, both literary and vernacular, literally means "drink tea".[4] "飲" means "to drink", and "茶" means "tea". The term is also used interchangeably with tan cha (嘆茶) in the Cantonese language, which colloquially translates to "enjoy tea".[10]
In Cantonese, yum cha refers to having a meal with dim sum dishes. Dim sum is the English word based on the Cantonese pronunciation of 點心.
In colloquial Mandarin dialects and Standard Vernacular Chinese based on one form of colloquial Mandarin, this character (喝) is often used to mean 飲 for the verb "drink". In the Chinese language, 點心 refers to a variety of foods, including European-style cakes and pastries, and has no equivalent in English.
In the English language, dim sum refers to small-dish appetizers and desserts.
Service edit
Traditionally, yum cha is practiced in the morning or early afternoon,[11] hence the terms zou cha (早茶, "morning tea") or ha ng cha (下午茶, "afternoon tea") when appropriate. The former is also known as yum zou cha (飲早茶, "drinking morning tea"). In some parts of Guangdong province, restaurants offer dim sum during dinner hours and even late at night. This is known as yum je cha (飲夜茶, "drinking night tea"), though most venues still generally reserve the serving of dim sum for breakfast and lunch periods.[12] The combination of morning tea, afternoon tea, evening tea, lunch and dinner is known as sam cha leung fan (三茶兩飯, "three tea, two meal").[13][14]
The history of the tradition can be traced back to the period of Xianfeng Emperor, who first referred to establishments serving tea as yi li guan (一釐館, "1 cent house"). These offered a place for people to gossip, which became known as cha waa (茶話, "tea talk"). These tea houses grew to become their own type of restaurant and the visits became known as yum cha.[15][16]
The traditional methods of serving dim sum include using trays strung around servers' necks or using push carts.[5] The teoi ce (推車, "push-cart") method of serving dim sum, dates back to the early 1960s and includes dim sum items cooked in advance, placed into steamer baskets, and brought out on push carts into the dining area.[17][18] Employees call out the items they are serving, customers notify the server about the items they would like to order, and the server places the desired items on the table.[4] The general yum cha atmosphere is a loud, festive one due to the servers calling out the dishes and the groups of diners having conversations.[19]
Many dim sum restaurants now use a paper-based à la carte ordering system.[20][21] This method provides fresh, cooked-to-order dim sum while managing the real estate and resource constraints involved with push cart service.[22][23]
The cost of a meal was traditionally calculated by the number, size and type of dishes left on the patron's table at the end. In modern yum cha restaurants, servers mark orders by stamping a card or marking a bill card on the table.[24][25][26] Servers in some restaurants use distinctive stamps to track sales statistics for each server.
Customs and etiquette edit
The customs associated with the tea served at yum cha include:
- Selecting the type of tea to be served immediately after being seated by the server.[27][28]
- Pouring tea for others before filling one's own tea cup, especially for the young ones serving tea to the elderly first, as a sign of politeness.[29]
- Filling tea cups to about 80% because of the Cantonese proverb 「茶滿欺客，酒滿敬人」,[30] which is translated literally as "it is fraud for the guest if the tea cup is full, but it is a sign of respect when it is alcohol."
- Tapping the table with two (occasionally one) fingers of the same hand in a gesture known is as 'finger kowtow' that is a gesture of gratitude after receiving tea.[29] This gesture can be traced to the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, who used to travel incognito.[31] While visiting the Jiangnan region, he once went into a teahouse with his companions. In order to maintain his anonymity, he took his turn at pouring tea. His companions wanted to bow to show their gratitude, but to do so would have revealed the identity of the emperor.[32] Finally, one of them tapped three fingers on the table (one finger representing their bowed head and the other two representing their prostrate arms).
- Flipping open the lid (of hinged metal tea pots) or offset the tea pot cover (on ceramic tea pots) to signal an empty tea pot.[11] Servers will then refill the pot.[33]
- Following a traditional practice of washing the utensils with the first round of tea, tea is best served in hot cup to restore the temperature.[2][34][35] A basin is available for disposing of the rinse tea. The taste of the first round of tea is considered not the finest yet, and will be richer afterwards.[36]
For the diners, some typical customs include:
- Selecting the tables closest to the kitchen because the dim sum carts exit from there and the diners closest to the kitchen have first choice of the fresh dishes.[37]
- Ordering dessert dishes on the dim sum carts at any time since there is not a set sequence for the meal.[38]
- Feeling comfortable with declining dishes being offered by servers pushing the dim sum carts, regardless of the reasons (dietary, food preference, budgetary, or other reasons).[39]
While eating, some of the manners include:
- Spinning the lazy susan such that the oldest person at the table has the opportunity to have the first serving when the meal starts or when an additional dish is served, to show respect.[40][41] The lazy susan should not be spun when someone is taking food from a dish.[41]
- Refraining from standing chopsticks straight up vertically, such as in rice or buns, due to the resemblance of incense offerings for the deceased.[39]
- Offering dining companions the final serving when there is one last piece or final serving remaining on a dish.[39]
- Insisting on paying the bill as it is common to treat one another to meals.[42]
- In the case when there is no lazy Susan, only pick up the food which is in front of you.
Status and future edit
Yum cha continues in both traditional and modern forms, including restaurants serving both traditional and modern fusion dim sum.[43] Modern dim sum can include dishes like abalone siu mai and barbecued wagyu beef bun.[44] Dim sum chefs for yum cha continue to be trained at leading culinary institutes.[43] One restaurant in Hong Kong creates social media-friendly dishes by preparing dumplings and buns shaped to resemble animals.[45] Whether traditional or modern-day, yum cha is to be shared with friends and loved ones.[12]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b "Yum Cha – Cantonese Tea Brunch Tradition". www.travelchinaguide.com. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ a b c Gao, Sally (22 November 2016). "6 Things You Should Know Before Eating Dim Sum In Hong Kong". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ a b "The Culture Cantonesa - Yum Cha". China Agenda. 2019-03-13. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ a b c d Fallon, Stephen. (2002). Hong Kong & Macau. Harper, Damian. (10th ed.). Melbourne, Vic.: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-230-4. OCLC 48153757.
- ^ a b c Law, Kenneth. (2012). Authentic Recipes from China. Meng, Lee., Zhang, Max. New York: Tuttle Pub. ISBN 978-1-4629-0534-8. OCLC 792688550.
- ^ "饮茶 - Entry in Chinese dictionary". Yellow Bridge. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
- ^ a b Entertaining from ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: an encyclopedia. 2009-04-01.
- ^ "How to Order Dim Sum, According to the Head Chef of the First Chinese Restaurant in North America to Receive a Michelin Star". Time. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ "Dim Sum: A tradition that's anything but dim". South China Morning Post. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ "Dim Sum, a Beginner's Guide to the Cantonese Cuisine". Honest Food Talks. 2020-02-05. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
- ^ a b "The Ultimate Guide to Dim Sum!". Dim Sum Guide. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
- ^ a b . Yauatcha Life. 2015-03-22. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ 贾, 思航. . Food Report. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
- ^ . Lotour.com. 乐途社区. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
- ^ Tribune, Leslie Gourse, Special to The (13 March 1988). "DIM SUM HAS COME A LONG WAY, FROM ESOTERIC TO MASS POPULARITY". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Dim Sum Is the Original Brunch". MyRecipes. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ Phillips, C. (2016). The Dim Sum Field Guide: A Taxonomy of Dumplings, Buns, Meats, Sweets, and Other Specialties of the Chinese Teahouse. Ten Speed Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-60774-956-1. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
- ^ Chan, David R. (2016-11-07). . Menuism Dining Blog. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
- ^ Anderson, E. N., 1941- (1988). The Food of China. New Haven. ISBN 0-300-03955-7. OCLC 16925192.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ James, Trevor (2019-08-09). "What is Dim Sum + The Ultimate Ordering Guide". The Food Ranger. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ "Six rules for eating dim sum like a pro". South China Morning Post. 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ Embiricos, George (2015-06-16). "Dim Sum Has Gotten The Hell Out Of Chinatown". Food Republic. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ "Britain's Dim Sum Trolleys Are Making Their Last Rounds". Vice. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ Entertaining from ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: an encyclopedia. 2009-04-01.
- ^ "Your Complete Guide to Dim Sum, the Traditional Chinese Brunch". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ "What Is Dim Sum? The Beginner's Guide to South China's Traditional Brunch Meal". Asia Society. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ "The Serious Eats Guide to Dim Sum". www.seriouseats.com. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ Entertaining from ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: an encyclopedia. 2009-04-01.
- ^ a b Chiang, Karen. "The yum cha rules you need to know". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ 邹, 全荣. ""酒满敬客 茶满欺人" 茶桌上倒茶礼仪你知道吗". 幸禠. 中国网.
- ^ "Hong Kong's Symbolic Tea Etiquette". The Loop HK. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ "Dim Sum, a Beginner's Guide to the Cantonese Cuisine". Honest Food Talks. 2020-02-05. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
- ^ Chiang, Karen. "The yum cha rules you need to know". BBC. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
- ^ "The Rituals of Dim Sum". Hong Kong Food Crawlers. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ Insiders, CityUnscripted and all the City. "How to eat dim sum like a local in Hong Kong". www.cityunscripted.com. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ China Times(15 December 2014). "香港「飲茶禮儀」 先熱茶先洗碗洗筷子 2019-03-22 at the Wayback Machine" [Video file]. Retrieved from https://tube.chinatimes.com/20141215004427-261402 2019-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "How to be a yum cha master". Food. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ "Dim Sum Etiquette - Chinese/Lunar New Year | Epicurious.com". Epicurious. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ a b c "How to be a yum cha master". Food. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ Daniel A. Gross. "The Lazy Susan, the Classic Centerpiece of Chinese Restaurants, Is Neither Classic nor Chinese". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ a b Insiders, CityUnscripted and all the City. "How to eat dim sum like a local in Hong Kong". www.cityunscripted.com. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ . The World of Chinese. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ a b Falkowitz, Max (2020-03-05). "The Changing World of Dim Sum". Medium. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ "The Evolution of Hong Kong's Yum Cha Culture". MICHELIN Guide. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
- ^ Schulman, Amy (24 October 2018). "Hungerlust: One Man Is Reshaping Yum Cha in Hong Kong". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
Further reading edit
- Everything You Want to Know about Chinese Cooking by Pearl Kong Chen, Tien Chi Chen, and Rose Tseng. Woodbury, New York: Barron's, 1983.
- How to Cook and Eat in Chinese by Buwei Yang Chao. New York: The John Day Company, 1945.
- Dim Sum: The Delicious Secrets of Home-Cooked Chinese Tea Lunch by Rhoda Yee. San Francisco: Taylor & Ng, 1977.
- Classic Deem Sum by Henry Chan, Yukiko, and Bob Haydock. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1985.
- Chinese Dessert, Dim Sum and Snack Cookbook edited by Wonona Chong. New York: Sterling, 1986.
- Tiny Delights: Companion to the TV series by Elizabeth Chong. Melbourne: Forte Communications, 2002.
External links edit
- The Culinary Institute of America - Dim sum for Breakfast at Hong Kong's Lin Heung Restaurant
- The Sydney Morning Herald - Guide to Yum Cha Dishes
- The Gothamist - How to Dim Sum: A Beginner's Guide