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Walter fitz Alan

November 01, 2023

For his like-named grandson, see Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland.

Walter FitzAlan (c. 1106 – 1177) was a twelfth-century Anglo-Norman baron who became a Scottish magnate and Steward of Scotland.[note 1] He was a younger son of Alan fitz Flaad and Avelina de Hesdin. In about 1136, Walter entered into the service of David I, King of Scotland. He became the king's dapifer or steward in about 1150, and served as such for three successive Scottish kings: David, Malcolm IV and William I. In time, the stewardship became hereditarily held by Walter's descendants.

Walter FitzAlan
Steward of Scotland
Walter's name and title as it appears in a royal charter to Holyrood Abbey: "Walter filio alani Dapifero"[1]
SuccessorAlan fitz Walter
Died1177
Melrose Abbey
BuriedPaisley Priory
Noble familyFitz Alan family
Spouse(s)Eschina de Londres
Issue
FatherAlan fitz Flaad
MotherAvelina de Hesdin

Walter started his career as a minor English baron. Upon arriving in Scotland, however, he received a substantial grant of lands from his Scottish sovereigns. These included the western provincial lordships of: Mearns, Strathgryfe, Renfrew and North Kyle. The caput of Walter's holdings is uncertain, although there is reason to suspect it was either Dundonald Castle or Renfrew Castle. Walter was a benefactor of several religious houses, and was the founder of Paisley Priory.

There is reason to suspect that Walter took part in the Siege of Lisbon against the Moors in 1147. He probably assisted Malcolm in the series of Scottish invasions of Galloway in 1160, which resulted in the downfall of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. In fact, Walter and the other colonial lords settled in western Scotland were probably intended to protect the Scottish realm from external threats located in regions such as Galloway and the Isles. In 1164, Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles invaded Scotland and was defeated near Renfrew. It is possible that the commander of the local Scottish forces was Walter himself.

Walter was married to Eschina de Londres, an apparent member of the Londres/London family. There is reason to suspect that she was also matrilineally descended from a family native to southern Scotland. If correct, this could explain why Walter was granted the lands of Mow. Alternately, it is possible that Eschina's rights to Mow merely stemmed from her marriage to Walter. Eschina and Walter were the parents of Alan, Walter's successor. The couple may have also been the parents of a Christina, a woman who married into the Brus and Dunbar families. Walter was an ancestor of the Stewart family, from which descended the royal Stewart/Stuart dynasty. He died in 1177.

Ancestry and arrival in Scotland edit

 
Locations relating to the life and times of Walter

Leofwine Elderman of Hwicce the father of Leofric de Blackwell the Earl of Mercia was the father of Aelfgar Earl of Mercia Aelfgar was the father of Ealdgyth who was married to Griffith Prince of Wales Who they had a daughter Guenta who married Fleance . Alan son of Fleance was the father of walter fitz-Alan.He was Lord High Steward of Scotland he used the family name Stewart. His descendant Alexander Stewart married the Princess Marjory Bruce, daughter of Robert 1st king of Scotland and their son successfully succeeded his grandfather as Robert 2nd of Scotland. From him came all the succeeding kings of Scotland and of England.


Walter was a member of the Fitz Alan family.[10] He was born in about 1110.[11] Walter was a son of Alan fitz Flaald (died 1121×) and Avelina de Hesdin.[12][note 2] Alan and Avelina had three sons: Jordan, William and Walter.[22][note 3]

Walter's father was a Breton knight who was granted lands in Shropshire by Henry I, King of England. Previous to this, Alan had acted as steward to the bishops of Dol in Brittany.[24] Walter was a minor English landholder. He held North Stoke, north of Arundel, by way of a grant from his brother, William.[25] There is reason to suspect that Walter also held Manhood, south of Chichester.[26] He also held land at "Conelon" or "Couten", a place that possibly refers to Cound in Shropshire.[27]

Walter appears to have arrived in Scotland in about 1136, during the reign of David I, King of Scotland.[28] Following Henry's death in 1135, the Fitz Alans evidently sided with David in his support of the contested English royal claims of Henry's daughter, Matilda.[29] Certainly, both William and Walter witnessed acts of Matilda in 1141.[30] In any event, the date of Walter's introduction into Scotland may be marked by the original part of the so-called "foundation charter" of Melrose Abbey, which records Walter as a witness.[31]

 
David I, King of Scotland as he is depicted in a mid-twelfth-century royal charter

Walter served as David's dapifer or senescallus (steward).[32] He served in this capacity for three successive Scottish kings: David, Malcolm IV and William I.[33][note 4] Walter is increasingly attested by royal charters from about 1150,[36] and it is possible that it was at about this time that David granted him the stewardship to be held heritably.[37] As the king's steward, Walter would have been responsible for the day-to-day running of the king's household.[38] Whilst the chamberlain was responsible for the king's sleeping compartments, the steward oversaw the king's hall.[39] It is possible that David sought to replace the Gaelic office of rannaire ("food-divider") with that of the steward.[40] This office certainly appears to have been a precursor to the stewardship.[41][note 5] Walter's ancestors were stewards to the Breton lords of Dol.[46] In fact, his elder brother, Jordan, inherited this stewardship from their father,[47] and held this office at the time of Walter's own establishment in Scotland. As such, it is probable that Walter possessed a degree of experience in the profession.[40]

 
Twelfth-century secular lordships on the western seaboard of Scotland.[48] Walter's domain included the depicted regions of Strathgryfe, Renfrew, Mearns and North Kyle. Clydesdale and South Kyle were royal lordships, whilst Cunningham was a Morville lordship.[49]

Walter lived during a period in history when Scottish monarchs sought to attract men to their kingdom by promising them gifts of land. To such kings, royal authority depended upon their ability to give away territories in the peripheries of the realm.[50] Although the twelfth-century Scottish monarchs did not create any new earldoms for the incoming Anglo-Norman magnates, they did grant them provincial lordships. The most important of these mid-century colonial establishments were: Annandale for Robert de Brus; Upper Eskdale and Ewesdale for Robert Avenel; Lauderdale and Cunningham for Hugh de Morville; Liddesdale for Ranulf de Sules; and Mearns, Strathgryfe, Renfrew and North Kyle for Walter himself.[51][note 6] As a result of their tenure in high office, and their dominating regional influence, these provincial lords were equal to the native Scottish earls in all but rank.[56]

 
Walter's charter of Birkenside, Legerwood and Mow from Malcolm IV, King of Scotland[57]

In 1161×1162, Malcolm confirmed Walter's stewardship, and confirmed David's grants of Renfrew, Paisley, Pollock, "Talahret", Cathcart, Dripps, Mearns, Eaglesham, Lochwinnoch and Innerwick. He also granted Walter West Partick, Inchinnan, Stenton, Hassenden, Legerwood and Birkenside, as well as a toft with twenty acres in every burgh and demesne in the realm. For this grant, Walter owed his sovereign the service of five knights.[58] The grant of lodgings in every important royal settlement would have only been entrusted to people particularly close to the king, and to those who were expected to travel with him.[59] The impressive list of twenty-nine eminent men who attested this transaction appears to be evidence that the proceedings took place in a public setting before the royal court.[60]

At some point during his career, Walter received North Kyle[61] from either David or Malcolm.[62][note 7] Also in 1161×1162—perhaps on the same date as Malcolm's aforesaid charter to Walter[64]—the king granted Walter the lands of Mow for the service of one knight.[65] There is reason to suspect that David's original grant of lands to Walter took place in 1136. Certainly in 1139×1146, Walter witnessed a charter of David to the cathedral of Glasgow in which the king invested the cathedral with assets from Carrick, Cunningham, Strathgryfe and Kyle.[66][note 8] In 1165, Walter is stated to have held lands worth two knight's fees in Shropshire.[68] As such, the vast majority of his holdings were located north of the Anglo-Scottish border.[69]

Ecclesiastical actions edit

 
Ruinous Wenlock Priory. Walter appears to have been a devotee of this English Cluniac priory.

Walter was a benefactor of Melrose Abbey, and granted this religious house the lands of Mauchline in Ayrshire.[70][note 9] He also granted his lands in Dunfermline[72] and Inverkeithing to Dunfermline Abbey.[73]

Walter founded Paisley Priory in about 1163.[74] This religious house was initially established at Renfrew—at King's Inch near Renfrew Castle—before removing to Paisley within a few years.[75][note 10] The fact that Walter made this a Cluniac monastery could be evidence that he was personally devoted to the Cluniac Wenlock Priory in Shropshire.[82] Alternately, the decision to associate Wenlock with his foundation at Renfrew could have stemmed from a devotion to the cult of Wenlock's patron saint: St Milburga.[40][note 11]

 
An early-twentieth-century depiction of the Siege of Lisbon in 1147. There is reason to suspect that Walter was amongst the Scots who took part in the campaign to liberate Lisbon from the Moors.

Walter's priory at Paisley was dedicated in part to St James the Greater.[88] This, coupled with the fact that Walter did not witness any of David's acts during a span of time in 1143×1145, could be evidence that Walter undertook a pilgrimage to the shrine of St James the Greater at Santiago de Compostela.[37][note 12] In the spring of 1147, Scots joined an Anglo-Flemish fleet in Dartmouth, and set off to join the Second Crusade.[96] The presence of Scots in this multi-ethnic fighting force is specifically attested by the twelfth-century texts De expugnatione Lyxbonensi and Gesta Friderici imperatoris.[97] In June, this fleet of Englishmen, Flemings, Normans, Rhinelanders and Scots arrived at Lisbon, and joined the King of Portugal's months-long siege of the city.[98] Some of the adventurers who participated in the expedition—a fifty-ship detachment of Rhinelanders—clearly visited Santiago de Compostela.[99] It is possible that Walter was one of the Scots who took part in the Lisbon expedition.[37]

 
Paisley Abbey. Walter founded the original priory in about 1163.

Renfrew may well have served as the caput of the Strathgryfe group of holdings held by Walter,[100] and could have been the main caput of all his holdings.[101][note 13] The fact that he chose Paisley to serve as a priory does not necessarily mean that Renfrew was his principal caput. In fact, there is reason to suspect that North Kyle served as Walter's power centre. For example, Walter granted this religious house a tithe from all his lands excepting North Kyle. The fact that he granted away only one piece of land in North Kyle—as opposed to his extensive donations elsewhere—suggests that North Kyle was his largest block of his own demesne.[104] As such, the archaeological evidence of a twelfth-century motte at Dundonald could indicate that Walter constructed Dundonald Castle, an earth and timber fortress, as his principal caput.[105][note 14]

The uneven distribution of Walter's grants to Paisley Priory seems to have been a result of the fact that he had subinfeudated most of Strathgryfe by the time of its establishment.[107] Walter's extensive territories consisted of regions inhabited by native speakers of English, Cumbric and Gaelic.[108] From the years spanning 1160–1241, there are roughly one hundred vassals, tenants and dependants of Walter and his succeeding son and grandson.[109] A considerable number of these dependants were evidently drawn from the vicinity of the Fitz Alan lands in Shropshire.[110] The latter region was largely Welsh-speaking at the time, and it is possible that these languages were then mutually intelligible with Breton, Cumbric. If so, it could indicate that Walter and his dependants were purposely settled in the west to take advantage of this linguistic affiliation. As such, it may have been hoped that such incoming settlers would possess a degree of legitimacy from the natives as fellow Britons.[111]

Eschina de Londres edit

 
Image a
 
Image b
Nineteenth-century depictions of Walter's seal (image a) and counter-seal (image b). The front of the seal displays a mounted knight with a shield, lance and pennon. The counter-seal shows a warrior, holding with a spear or staff in his right hand, leaning against a pillar.[112][note 15]

Walter was married to Eschina de Londres (fl. 1177×1198).[117] It is likely that the king—either David or Malcolm—arranged the union.[118] Eschina is variously accorded locative names such as de Londres and de Molle.[119] The former name appears to indicate that her father was a member of the Londres (or London) family.[120] One possibility is that this man was Richard de London.[121] The various forms of Eschina's locative surname de Molle could indicate that she was a maternal granddaughter and heir of a previous Lord of Mow: a certain Uhtred, son of Liulf.[122][note 16] Uhtred is known to have granted the church of Mow to Kelso Abbey during David's reign.[124]

 
A seal of Walter and Eschina's son, Alan, displaying the latter's coat of arms.[125] Alan's seal is the earliest depiction of heraldry borne by the Stewart family.[116]

If Eschina indeed possessed an inherited claim to Mow, it is possible that Walter's grant of this territory was given from the king in the context of Walter's marriage to her.[126] The fact that Uhtred seems to have had a son and a brother could be evidence that the king had overridden the inheritance rights of Uhtred's male heirs.[127] On the other hand, an alternate possibility is that Eschina only possessed rights to Mow as a result of her marriage to Walter.[128]

Walter was Eschina's first husband.[121] She survived Walter, and her second husband was probably Henry de Cormunnock,[129] by whom she had two daughters: Cecilia[130] and Maud.[127] Eschina's grant to Paisley Priory records that her daughter, Margaret, was buried there.[131] A daughter of Walter may have been Christina, a widow of William de Brus, Lord of Annandale, and second wife of Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar.[132] Christina's kinship with Walter's family could account for the Dunbars' later possession of Birkenside.[133]

Galloway edit

 
Malcolm IV as he is depicted in a mid-twelfth-century royal charter. Walter may have campaigned with the king on the Continent.

Walter witnessed an act by Malcolm at Les Andelys in Normandy. This charter appears to reveal that Walter was one of the Scottish barons who accompanied the king upon the English campaign against the French at Toulouse in 1159. This record is the only known act of the king on the Continent.[134] Malcolm returned to Scotland in 1160, having spent months campaigning in the service of the English. Upon his return, the king was forced to confront an attempted coup at Perth.[135] Having successfully dealt with this considerable number of disaffected magnates, the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Holyrood and Chronicle of Melrose reveal that Malcolm launched three military expeditions into Galloway.[136] Although the names of the king's accomplices are unrecorded, it is probable that Walter was amongst them.[137]

The circumstances surrounding these invasions are unclear;[138] what is clear, however, is that Fergus, Lord of Galloway submitted to the Scots before the end of the year.[139] Specifically, according to the thirteenth-century Gesta Annalia I, once the Scots subdued the Gallovidians, the conquerors forced Fergus to retire to Holyrood Abbey, and hand over his son, Uhtred, as a royal hostage.[140] On one hand, it is possible that Fergus himself had precipitated Malcolm's Gallovian campaign, by raiding the territory between the rivers Urr and Nith.[141] The fact that the Chronicle of Holyrood describes Malcolm's Gallovidian opponents as "federate enemies", and makes no mention of his sons, suggests that Fergus was supported by other accomplices.[142] In fact, it is possible that Malcolm had encountered an alliance between Fergus and Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles.[143]

The Isles edit

 
A king gaming piece of the so-called Lewis chessmen[144][note 17]

In 1164, Somairle launched an invasion of Scotland.[147] This seaborne campaign is attested by sources such as: the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach,[148] the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster,[149] the twelfth-century Carmen de Morte Sumerledi,[150] the thirteenth-century Chronica of Roger de Hoveden,[151] the Chronicle of Holyrood,[152] the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann,[153] the Chronicle of Melrose,[154] Gesta Annalia I,[155] the fifteenth-century Mac Carthaigh's Book,[156] and the fifteenth-century Scotichronicon.[157]

The various depictions of Somairle's forces—stated to have been drawn from Argyll, Dublin and the Isles—appear to reflect the remarkable reach of power that this man possessed at his peak.[158] According to the Chronicle of Melrose, Somairle landed at Renfrew, and was defeated and slain by the people of the district.[159][note 18] This stated location of Renfrew could be evidence that the target of Somairle's strike was Walter.[162] Nevertheless, the leadership of the Scottish forces is uncertain.[163] It is conceivable that the commander was one of the three principal men of the region: Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow,[164] Baldwin, Sheriff of Lanark/Clydesdale,[165] and Walter himself.[166] Whilst there is reason to suspect that Somairle focused his offensive upon Walter's lordship at Renfrew,[167] it is also possible that Hebert, as Malcolm's agent in the west, was the intended target.[168] Certainly, Carmen de Morte Sumerledi associates Herbert with the victory,[169] and makes no mention of Walter or any Scottish royal forces.[170] On the other hand, Baldwin's nearby lands of Inverkip and Houston were passed by Somairle's naval forces, suggesting that it was either Baldwin or his followers who engaged and overcame the invaders.[163][note 19]

 
The name of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte as it appears on folio 133r of Cambridge Corpus Christi College 139 (Carmen de Morte Sumerledi): "Sumerledus"[172]

Exactly why Somairle struck out at the Scots is unknown.[173] This man's rise to power appears to coincide with an apparent weakening of Scottish royal authority in Argyll.[174] Although David may well have regarded Argyll as a Scottish tributary, Somairle's ensuing career clearly reveals that the latter regarded himself a fully independent ruler.[175] Somairle's first attestation by a contemporary source occurs in 1153,[176] when the Chronicle of Holyrood reports that he backed the cause of his nepotes, the Meic Máel Coluim, in an unsuccessful coup after David's death.[177] These nepotes—possibly nephews or grandsons of Somairle—were the sons of Máel Coluim mac Alasdair, a claimant to the Scottish throne, descended from an elder brother of David, Alexander I, King of Scotland.[178] Four years later Somairle launched his final invasion of Scotland, and it is possible that it was conducted in the context of another attempt to support Máel Coluim's claim to the Scottish throne.[179]

 
Some twelfth-century lordships, created by David I and Malcolm IV, appear to have carved out of territories previously occupied by the Gall Gaidheil. Somairle may have attempted to regain these lands from the Scots.

Another possibility is that Somairle was attempting to secure a swathe of territory that had only recently been secured by the Scottish Crown.[179] Although there is no record of Somairle before 1153, his family was evidently involved in an earlier insurrection by Máel Coluim against David that ended with Máel Coluim's capture and imprisonment in 1134.[174][note 20] An aftereffect of this failed insurgency may be perceptible in a Scottish royal charter issued at Cadzow in about 1136.[67] This source records the Scottish Crown's claim to cáin in Carrick, Kyle, Cunningham and Strathgryfe.[183] Historically, this region appears to have once formed part of the territory dominated by the Gall Gaidheil,[184] a people of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity.[185] One possibility is that these lands had formerly comprised part of a Gall Gaidheil realm before the Scottish Crown overcame Máel Coluim and his supporters.[67] The Cadzow charter is one of several that mark the earliest record of Fergus.[186] This man's attestation could indicate that while Somairle's family may have suffered marginalisation as a result of Máel Coluim's defeat and David's consolidation of the region, Fergus and his family could have conversely profited at this time as supporters of David's cause.[67] The record of Fergus amongst the Scottish elite at Cadzow is certainly evidence of the increasing reach of David's royal authority in the 1130s.[187]

 
A rook gaming piece of the Lewis chessmen[188][note 21]

Another figure first attested by these charters is Walter,[67] who may have been granted the lands of Strathgryfe, Renfrew, Mearns and North Kyle on the occasion of David's grant of cáin.[190] One explanation for Somairle's invasion is that he may have been compelled to counter a threat that Walter[191]—and other recently-enfeoffed Scottish magnates—posed to his authority.[192] A catalyst of this collision of competing spheres of influence may have been the vacuum left by the assassination of Somairle's father-in-law, Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, in 1153. Although the political uncertainty following Óláfr's elimination would have certainly posed a threat to the Scots, the concurrent build-up of Scottish power along the western seaboard—particularly exemplified by Walter's expansive territorial grants in the region—meant that the Scots were also positioned to capitalise upon the situation.[193] In fact, there is reason to suspect that, during Malcolm's reign—and perhaps with Malcolm's consent—Walter began to extend his own authority into the Firth of Clyde, the islands of the Clyde, the southern shores of Cowal and the fringes of Argyll.[194][note 22]

The allotment of Scottish fiefs along the western seaboard suggests that these lands were settled in the context of defending the Scottish realm from external threats located in Galloway and the Isles.[199] It was probably in this context that substantial western lordships were granted to Hugh de Morville, Robert de Brus and Walter.[200] As such, the mid-part of the twelfth century saw a steady consolidation of Scottish power along the western seaboard by some of the realm's greatest magnates—men who could well have encroached into Somairle's sphere of influence.[201][note 23]

The remarkably poor health of Malcolm—a man who went on to die before reaching the age of twenty-five—combined with the rising power of Somairle along Scotland's western seaboard, could account for Malcolm's confirmation Walter's stewardship and lands in 1161×1162. As such, Walter may have sought written confirmation of his rights in light of the external threats that faced the Scottish Crown.[203] In fact, one possibility is that the king's serious illness was a specific impetus for Somairle's campaign. Somairle may have intended to seize upon Malcolm's poor health to strike out at the Scots and limit the western spread of their influence.[204]

Death and successors edit

 
Memorial to the stewards of Scotland at Paisley Abbey

Walter served as steward until his death[205] in 1177.[206] Before his demise, Walter retired to Melrose Abbey, and died there a lay member of the monastery.[207] He was thereafter buried at Paisley.[208] Walter's son and successor, Alan, does not appear to have equalled Walter's consistent attendance of the royal court.[209][note 24]

It was during the tenure of Walter's great-grandson, Alexander Stewart, Steward of Scotland, that the title of dapifer regis Scotie ("steward of the king of Scotland") came to be replaced by the style senescallus Scotie ("steward of Scotland").[11][note 25] It was also during this generation that forms of the surname Stewart began to be borne by Walter's descendants.[214] Specifically, his like-named great-grandson, Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith, is the first such descendant known to have adopted senescallus as a surname without having possessed the office of steward.[11][note 26] Walter was the founder of the Stewart family,[217] from which descended the royal Stewart dynasty.[218][note 27]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Walter various patronyms in English secondary sources: Walter Fitz Alan,[2] Walter fitz Alan,[3] Walter Fitzalan,[4] Walter fitzAlan,[5] and Walter FitzAlan.[6] Likewise, since the 1990s, academics have accorded Walter various occupational names in English secondary sources: Walter Stewart,[7] Walter the Steward,[8] and Walter the Stewart.[9]
  2. ^ In the fourteenth century, during the reign of Walter's royal descendant Robert II, King of Scotland (died 1390), the Scottish historian John Barbour (died 1395) composed a now non-existent history of the ruling Stewart dynasty to glorify and promote the authority of this family.[13] There is reason to suspect that, within this account, Barbour traced the king's descent to the ancient kings of Britain descended from Brutus.[14] In the sixteenth century, the Scottish historian Hector Boece claimed that Walter's father was a certain Fleance, son of Banquho. According to Boece, Fleance was driven from Scotland into exile in Wales, where he had a liaison with a Welsh princess, a woman who came to be Walter's mother. Upon reaching manhood in Wales, Boece's account relates that Walter journeyed to his paternal homeland.[15] Two authorities who certainly had access to Barbour's account were the Scottish historians Andrew Wyntoun[16] and Walter Bower. Although neither of these men ever made note of a figure named Banquho,[17] and Fleance is first specifically noted by Boece's account,[18] it is clear that the now-lost account of Barbour did indeed accord the Stewarts a Welsh ancestry,[19] and it is possible that Barbour traced the family's descent from the British kings through Fleance's Welsh wife.[20] In any case, Fleance appears to represent Walter's historical grandfather, Flaald. There is no evidence that this man married into a native Welsh family.[21]
  3. ^ These three sons of Alan and Avelina appear to have had a half-brother, a certain Simon, descended from Avelina and her second husband.[23]
  4. ^ Walter's family originated from Dol in Brittany. Another family that appears to have originated from this region were the Biduns, and a member of this family,[34] a certain Walter de Bidun, became David's chancellor.[35]
  5. ^ A rannaire active during David's reign was a certain Alguine mac Arcuil.[42] According to the twelfth-century Vita Ailredi, an unnamed steward of David was highly jealous of the future St Ailred who apparently also acted as a steward (economus and dapifer) to the king.[43] One possibility is that the unnamed vociferous opponent of St Ailred was Walter himself. Alternately, the steward in question could well have been either Alguine[36] or his son.[44] In any case, Alguine appears to have succeeded by his son, Gilla Andréis, who appears on record as a rannaire during Malcolm's reign.[45]
  6. ^ Whereas Walter became the king's steward, Hugh became the constable,[52] and Ranulf became the butler.[53] Whilst the steward was responsible for the king's household, the constable was in command the king's knights, and the butler was in charge of the king's wine.[54] Following Hugh's death in 1162, Walter seems to have been the most important lay member of the king's household.[55]
  7. ^ This northern half of Kyle came to be variously known as "Kyle Stewart" or "Walter's Kyle".[63]
  8. ^ This charter is one of several that mark the first appearance of Walter in contemporary sources.[67]
  9. ^ Although William confirmed this grant, Walter still owed the king service for the lands.[71]
  10. ^ In a charter of his to Paisley Priory in 1165×1173, Walter specifically made note of the land where the monks first lived at Paisley.[76] A charter of Malcolm to Paisley Priory in 1163×1165 mentions a priory at King's Inch from where the Paisley monks relocated.[77] A papal bull of Pope Alexander III, dating to 1173, states that the monks lived near the mill of Renfrew before removing to Paisley.[78] The charter of 1165×1173 notes that Walter possessed a hall near the priory.[79] One possibility is that this hall is identical to the Blackhall (Nigram Aulam), an apparent hunting lodge in the Paisley area, possessed by later descendants of Walter.[80] The existing structure at Blackhall evidently dates to the sixteenth century. This site has not been excavated, and it is unknown what structures may have existed there in the twelfth- and thirteenth century.[81]
  11. ^ Like the priory of Wenlock, Paisley Priory was dedicated in part to St Milburga.[83] It was also dedicated in part to St Mirin,[84] who could have been locally associated with Paisely.[85] The priory of Paisley became an abbey in 1219.[86] Whilst the foundation charter of Paisley Priory declares that the house was established "to the honour of God", after its relocation to Paisley it was stated to have been made "to God and St Mary and the church of St James and St Mirin and St Milburga of Paisley".[87]
  12. ^ In Scotland, devotion to St James appears to have been peculiar to Walter's family.[89] The personal name James was virtually unknown there in about 1100.[90] However, it became popular within the family in later generations.[91] A thirteenth-century family member who bore the name was James Stewart, Steward of Scotland,[92] whose father, Alexander Stewart, Steward of Scotland, also appears to have undertaken a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela.[93] Whilst it is possible that James was bestowed this name on account of his father's pilgrimage,[94] the name could have also stemmed from the family's earlier dedication to the saint.[95]
  13. ^ Renfrew was made a burgh during David's reign.[102] The first notice of Renfrew Castle occurs in 1163×1165.[103]
  14. ^ The castle was probably the family's caput in North Kyle.[106]
  15. ^ Walter's seal is non-heraldic.[113] It was attached to a charter of his to Melrose Abbey concerning the lands of Mauchline.[114] The legend on the seal's front face reads: "SIGILLVM·WALTERI·FILII·ALANI DAPIFERI·REG".[115] Whilst the earliest-known seal of his son is also non-heraldic, a later one bears the earliest depiction of the heraldic fess chequy borne by the Stewart family.[116]
  16. ^ In a grant to Paisley Abbey, Eschina is styled "lady of Mow".[123]
  17. ^ Comprising some four sets,[145] the pieces are thought to have been crafted in Norway in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.[146]
  18. ^ At a later date, Somairle's son, Ragnall, and the latter's wife, Fonia, are reported to have made donations to Paisley Priory.[160] The circumstances surrounding these gifts are uncertain. The fact that the monks of Paisley were originally based at King's Inch, could mean that they tended to the body of Somairle in the immediate aftermath of his defeat and death.[161]
  19. ^ In the eighteenth century, the battle was locally alleged to have been marked by a particular stone-topped mound. By the end of the nineteenth century, no trace of the mound could be found.[171]
  20. ^ On at least two occasions that may date before 1134, David temporarily based himself at Irvine in Cunningham, a strategic coastal site from where Scottish forces may have conducted seaborne military operations against Malcolm's western allies.[180] The twelfth-century Relatio de Standardo reveals that David received English military assistance against Máel Coluim. This source specifies that a force against Máel Coluim was mustered at Carlisle, and notes successful naval campaigns conducted against David's enemies, which suggests that Máel Coluim's support was indeed centred in Scotland's western coastal periphery.[181] By the mid-1130s, David had not only succeeded in securing Máel Coluim, but also appears to have gained recognition of his overlordship of Argyll.[182]
  21. ^ The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.[189]
  22. ^ The first of Walter's family to hold lordship over Bute may have been his son, Alan.[195] By about 1200,[196] during the latter's career, the family certainly seems to have gained control of the island.[197] By the latter half of the thirteenth century, the family certainly held authority over Cowal.[198]
  23. ^ The catalyst for the establishment of castles along the River Clyde could well have been the potential threat posed by Somairle.[202]
  24. ^ Whilst Walter witnessed seventy-four and fifty-four royal acts during the respective reigns of Malcolm and William, Alan witnessed forty-seven during William's reign.[210]
  25. ^ Alexander's father (Walter's like-named grandson) Walter fitz Alan II, Steward of Scotland is styled dapifer regis Scotie in his earliest acts,[211] and senescallus in at least one later act.[212] This new terminology appears to correspond to the evolution of the office: from steward of the king's household to the steward of the realm.[213]
  26. ^ The surname Stewart is specifically derived from the Middle English stiward, which in turn stems from the Old English stigweard ("household guardian").[215] These terms were equivalents of the Middle English/Old French seneschal, seneshal.[216]
  27. ^ Until the generation of Walter's great-grandson, his branch of the Fitz Alan family alternated between the names Alan and Walter.[219] The former name is of Breton origin,[220] and its popularity in Scotland is mostly due to the Stewart family.[221] Walter's succeeding great-grandson, like many other men of his generation, was apparently named after Alexander II, King of Scotland.[222]

Citations edit

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  2. ^ Clanchy (2014); Lee (2014); Sharpe (2011); Young; Stead (2010); Dalton (2005).
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  4. ^ Barrow (2004); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004); McWilliams (1995).
  5. ^ McAndrew (2006); Woolf (2004); Roberts (1997).
  6. ^ Murray (2005).
  7. ^ Lee (2014); Beam (2011).
  8. ^ Oram (2011); Márkus (2009a); Scott, WW (2008); McDonald, RA (1997); Duncan (1996); Macquarrie, A (1990).
  9. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004).
  10. ^ Young; Stead (2010) pp. 23, 26–27.
  11. ^ a b c Barrow (2004).
  12. ^ Fox (2009) pp. 63 fig. 2, 73; Barrow (1980) p. 13.
  13. ^ Goldstein (2002) p. 232; Boardman (2002) p. 51, 51 n. 10.
  14. ^ Wingfield (2017); Boardman (2002) p. 51.
  15. ^ Carroll (2003) p. 142; Boardman (2002) p. 52; Batho; Husbands; Chambers et al. (1941) pp. 154–156.
  16. ^ Hogg; MacGregor (2018) p. 104; Toledo Candelaria (2018) p. 174; Head (2006) p. 69; Boardman (2002) p. 52.
  17. ^ Boardman (2002) p. 52.
  18. ^ Carroll (2003) p. 142; Boardman (2002) p. 52.
  19. ^ Boardman (2002) pp. 52, 52–53 n. 15.
  20. ^ Stevenson, K (2013) p. 610; Boardman (2002) p. 52.
  21. ^ Boardman (2002) p. 53.
  22. ^ Young; Stead (2010) p. 26; Fox (2009) pp. 63 fig. 2, 73.
  23. ^ Barrow (1980) pp. 13–15; Round (1902) pp. 11–12, 13 tab.; Round (1901) pp. 125–126 n. 3.
  24. ^ Boardman (2007) p. 85.
  25. ^ Barrow (1980) p. 19; Barrow (1973) p. 338; Eyton (1856) p. 347.
  26. ^ Barrow (1980) pp. 19, 67; Barrow (1973) p. 338; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 2–3; Valor Ecclesiasticus (1817) p. 216; Document 2/86/1 (n.d.).
  27. ^ Barrow (1980) p. 19; Barrow (1973) p. 338; Eyton (1858a) p. 70; Eyton (1856) p. 347; Dugdale (1846) p. 822 § 24.
  28. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 5; Barrow (2004); Barrow (2001) n. 89; Alexander (2000) p. 157; Barrow (1999) pp. 34–35, 81 § 57; Duncan (1996) p. 136; McWilliams (1995) p. 43; Barrow (1980) pp. 13, 64; Barrow (1973) pp. 337–338.
  29. ^ Barrow (2001) p. 249.
  30. ^ Barrow (2001) n. 89; Cronne; Davis; Davis (1968) pp. 145 § 377, 146 § 378, 302–303 § 821.
  31. ^ Alexander (2000) p. 157; Barrow (1999) p. 111 § 120; Barrow (1973) p. 338; Lawrie (1905) pp. 108 § 141, 375–376 § 141; Document 1/4/56 (n.d.).
  32. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 11–12; Barrow (1999) pp. 34–35; Duncan (1996) p. 136; McGrail (1995) p. 41; McWilliams (1995) p. 43; Barrow (1980) pp. 13–14, 64; Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 34.
  33. ^ Taylor (2008) p. 107; McWilliams (1995) p. 43; Barrow (1980) p. 64; Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 34.
  34. ^ Barrow (1973) p. 326; Barrow (1973) p. 339.
  35. ^ Scott, WW (2008); Duncan (1996) p. 137; Barrow (1973) p. 326; Barrow (1973) p. 339.
  36. ^ a b Barrow (1999) p. 35.
  37. ^ a b c Hammond, M (2010) p. 5; Barrow (1999) p. 35.
  38. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; Barrow (1981) p. 40.
  39. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 5; Barrow (1999) p. 34.
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  41. ^ Barrow (1999) p. 35; Bannerman (1989) p. 138.
  42. ^ Broun (2011) p. 278; Hammond, M (2010) p. 5; Duncan (2005) p. 18 n. 68; Hammond, MH (2005) p. 70; Barrow (1995) p. 7; Barrow (1992) p. 58; Bannerman (1989) p. 138.
  43. ^ Barrow (1999) p. 35; Barrow (1992) pp. 58–59; Brown (1927) pp. 270–271; Powicke (1925) p. 34.
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  46. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 2; Roberts (1997) p. 35; Barrow (1973) p. 338.
  47. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 3.
  48. ^ Scott, JG (1997) pp. 12–13 fig. 1; Barrow (1975) p. 125 fig. 4.
  49. ^ Barrow (1975) pp. 125 fig. 4, 131, 131 fig. 6.
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  51. ^ Grant (2008); Stringer (1985) p. 31; Duncan (1996) pp. 135–136.
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  53. ^ Clanchy (2014) p. 171; Barrow (1999) pp. 35–36.
  54. ^ Barrow (1981) p. 40.
  55. ^ Webb, N (2004) p. 156.
  56. ^ Stringer (1985) p. 31.
  57. ^ Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Neilson (1923) pp. 126–128, 146–147 pl. 11a; Document 1/5/59 (n.d.).
  58. ^ Gledhill (2016) p. 104; Taylor (2016) p. 160; Hammond, MH (2011) pp. 139–140; Oram (2011) pp. 12, 309; Hammond, M (2010) p. 6; Grant (2008); Taylor (2008) p. 107; Boardman (2007) p. 85; Hammond, MH (2005) p. 40 n. 33; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 11–12; Webb, N (2004) pp. 156, 173; Hamilton (2003) p. 199 n. 932; McDonald, RA (2000) pp. 182, 184; Duncan (1996) p. 136; McWilliams (1995) p. 43; Barrow (1992) p. 214; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 16; Stevenson, JB (1986) p. 30; Barrow (1980) pp. 13–14; Barrow (1975) p. 131; Barrow (1973) p. 311 tab. 1; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Brown (1927) pp. 273–274; Neilson (1923) pp. 138–142; Eyton (1856) p. 347; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) appx. pp. 1–2; Document 1/5/60 (n.d.).
  59. ^ Taylor (2008) p. 107.
  60. ^ Hammond, MH (2011) pp. 139–140.
  61. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 12, 127; Barrow (1975) p. 131; Barrow (1973) p. 339.
  62. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 12, 127; Roberts (1997) p. 35; Barrow (1973) p. 339.
  63. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 12, 127.
  64. ^ Taylor (2016c) p. 160 n. 236; Hammond, M (2010) p. 6.
  65. ^ Taylor (2018) p. 44 n. 34; Oram (2011) p. 309; Hammond, M (2010) p. 6; Hammond, MH (2005) p. 40 n. 33; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Webb, N (2004) pp. 36–37, 51, 208; Barrow (1980) p. 65, 65 n. 18; Barrow (1975) p. 131; Barrow (1973) pp. 294, 353; Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 283 § 245; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Neilson (1923) pp. 126–128; Document 1/5/59 (n.d.).
  66. ^ Sharpe (2011) pp. 93–94 n. 236, 94; Barrow (1999) p. 81 § 57; Scott, JG (1997) p. 35; Lawrie (1905) pp. 95–96 § 105; Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) p. 12 § 9; Document 1/4/30 (n.d.).
  67. ^ a b c d e Woolf (2004) p. 103.
  68. ^ Eyton (1856) p. 347; Hearnii (1774) p. 144.
  69. ^ Stringer (1985) p. 179.
  70. ^ Taylor (2016) p. 92; Márkus (2009a) p. 50; Webb, N (2004) pp. 123–124; Duncan (1996) p. 180; Eyton (1858b) p. 225, 225 n. 66; Eyton (1856) p. 348; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837a) pp. 55–56 § 66; Document 3/547/8 (n.d.).
  71. ^ Taylor (2016) p. 92.
  72. ^ Lee (2014) pp. 91, 121; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Registrum de Dunfermelyn (1842) p. 93 § 161; Document 3/547/4 (n.d.).
  73. ^ Lee (2014) pp. 91, 121, 181; Registrum de Dunfermelyn (1842) pp. 93–94 § 163; Document 3/547/2 (n.d.).
  74. ^ Ditchburn (2010) p. 183 n. 34; Young; Stead (2010) p. 26; Hammond, MH (2010) p. 79, 79 tab. 2; Hammond, M (2010) p. 4; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Lewis (2003) p. 28; Barrow (1999) p. 35; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 222; Duncan (1996) p. 180; McDonald, A (1995) pp. 211–212; McWilliams (1995) p. 43; Stringer (1985) p. 298 n. 53; Barrow (1980) p. 67; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Eyton (1856) pp. 338, 348; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 1–2; Document 3/547/11 (n.d.).
  75. ^ Hammond, MH (2011) p. 135; Hammond, MH (2010) p. 79; Young; Stead (2010) p. 26; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Shead (2003) p. 21; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 223; McDonald, A (1995) p. 212; McWilliams (1995) pp. 46–47; Macquarrie, A (1990) p. 16; Stevenson, JB (1986) p. 27; Barrow (1980) p. 67; Barrow (1973) p. 340; Brown (1927) p. 274.
  76. ^ McWilliams (1995) p. 46; Macquarrie, A (1990) p. 16; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 5–6; Document 3/547/13 (n.d.).
  77. ^ McWilliams (1995) p. 46; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) p. 249; Document 1/5/115 (n.d.).
  78. ^ McWilliams (1995) p. 46; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 408–410.
  79. ^ Oram (2008) p. 172; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 5–6; Document 3/547/13 (n.d.).
  80. ^ Oram (2008) p. 172; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 92–96; Document 3/547/87 (n.d.).
  81. ^ Oram (2008) pp. 172–173.
  82. ^ Barrow (1981) p. 80.
  83. ^ Hammond, MH (2010) p. 79; Hammond, M (2010) p. 4; McWilliams (1995) p. 44; Barrow (1980) p. 67.
  84. ^ Hammond, MH (2010) pp. 79–80, 79–80 tab. 2; Hammond, M (2010) p. 10; McWilliams (1995) p. 44; Macquarrie, A (1990) p. 16; Barrow (1980) p. 67.
  85. ^ Hammond, MH (2010) p. 79; McWilliams (1995) pp. 44–45.
  86. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 14; McWilliams (1995) pp. 53, 84; Stevenson, JB (1986) p. 27; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Anderson (1922) pp. 297 n. 5, 441 n. 1; Lees (1878) pp. 9–11.
  87. ^ Hammond, MH (2010) p. 79; Lees (1878) pp. 32–34; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 1–2, 5–6; Document 3/547/11 (n.d.); Document 3/547/13 (n.d.).
  88. ^ Hammond, MH (2010) pp. 78–79, 79–80 tab. 2; Hammond, M (2010) p. 5; Barrow (1999) p. 35; McWilliams (1995) p. 44; Barrow (1980) p. 67.
  89. ^ Hammond, MH (2010) p. 79.
  90. ^ Hammond, M (2013) p. 38.
  91. ^ Hammond, M (2013) p. 38; Ditchburn (2010) p. 183; Hammond, MH (2010) p. 79.
  92. ^ Hammond, M (2013) p. 38; Barrow (2004).
  93. ^ Barrow (2004); Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 166.
  94. ^ Hammond, M (2013) p. 38; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 166.
  95. ^ Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 166.
  96. ^ Macquarrie, AD (1982) pp. 21, 71–72.
  97. ^ Macquarrie, AD (1982) p. 72; David (1936) pp. 104–107; Waitz (1912) p. 63.
  98. ^ Macquarrie, AD (1982) pp. 72–73.
  99. ^ Edgington (2015) p. 267.
  100. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) p. 183; Barrow (1973) p. 339; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 20; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  101. ^ Young; Stead (2010) p. 26; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 183; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 66; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 16; Barrow (1973) p. 339.
  102. ^ Duncan (2005) p. 22, 22 n. 90; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Barrow (1981) p. 87; Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) p. 60 § 66.
  103. ^ Simpson; Webster (2004) p. 24; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 183 n. 102; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) p. 249; Document 1/5/115 (n.d.).
  104. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 13; Lees (1878) pp. 32–34; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 5–6; Document 3/547/13 (n.d.).
  105. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 127, 130.
  106. ^ Young; Stead (2010) p. 27; Stevenson, JB (1986) p. 45; Barrow (1973) p. 347.
  107. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 11; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 13.
  108. ^ Barrow (1980) p. 65.
  109. ^ Barrow (1980) pp. 65–66.
  110. ^ Young; Stead (2010) p. 27; Barrow (1980) pp. 65–66.
  111. ^ Hicks (2003) p. 47, 47 n. 121.
  112. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 62; Birch (1895) p. 266 § 15736; Hewison (1895) pp. 38–39 fig. 1, 46 n. 1; Eyton (1858b) p. 225; Laing (1850) p. 126 §§ 769–770, pl. 3 fig. 1; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837a) p. vii; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837b) pl. 7 fig. 1.
  113. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 62; Eyton (1858b) p. 225 n. 66; Laing (1850) p. 126 § 770.
  114. ^ Birch (1895) p. 266 § 15736; Hewison (1895) p. 46 n. 1; Eyton (1858b) p. 225, 225 n. 66; Laing (1850) p. 126 §§ 769–770; Document 3/547/8 (n.d.).
  115. ^ Birch (1895) p. 266 § 15736; Hewison (1895) pp. 38–39 fig. 1; 46 n. 1; Eyton (1858b) p. 225; Laing (1850) p. 126 § 769, pl. 3 fig. 1; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837a) p. vii; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837b) pl. 7 fig. 1.
  116. ^ a b McAndrew (2006) p. 62.
  117. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 7; Taylor (2008) pp. 104–105 n. 38; Barrow (2004); Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Webb, N (2004) pp. 55 n. 51, 58; Barrow (1995) p. 8; McWilliams (1995) p. 43; Barrow (1980) pp. 14, 65; Brown (1927) p. 275; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1851) p. 417.
  118. ^ Webb, N (2004) p. 58; Barrow (1980) pp. 14, 65, 65 n. 18.
  119. ^ Barrow (1980) pp. 65, 193; Liber S. Marie de Calchou (1846) pp. 113 § 146, 114 § 147, 115 § 148; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837a) p. 259 § 294.
  120. ^ Barrow (1980) pp. 65, 184; Barrow (1973) p. 354.
  121. ^ a b Barrow (1980) p. 184.
  122. ^ Barrow (1980) p. 65; Barrow (1973) p. 354; Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 283 § 245.
  123. ^ Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) p. 75; Document 3/358/8 (n.d.).
  124. ^ Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 283 § 245; Lawrie (1905) p. 160 § 196, 412 § 196; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1851) pp. 413, 417; Liber S. Marie de Calchou (1846) pp. 144–145 § 176; Document 1/5/24 (n.d.); Document 3/421/1 (n.d.).
  125. ^ Stevenson, JH (1914) pp. 16–17 pl. 1 fig. 1, 17; Macdonald, WR (1904) p. 320 § 2535; Birch (1895) p. 265 § 15731; Hewison (1895) pp. 38–39 fig. 2; Laing (1850) pp. 127 § 772, pl. 3 fig. 2; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837b) pl. 7 fig. 2.
  126. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 7; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Barrow (1980) p. 65 n. 18; Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 283 § 245.
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  128. ^ Webb, N (2004) p. 55 n. 51.
  129. ^ Webb, N (2004) pp. 54–55; Webb, NM (2003) pp. 230 n. 20, 232; Barrow (1980) p. 65 n. 18; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1851) p. 417.
  130. ^ Webb, N (2004) pp. 53–54; Barrow (1980) p. 65 n. 18.
  131. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 11; Neville (2005) pp. 32–33; McWilliams (1995) p. 48; Lees (1878) pp. 45–46; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1851) p. 417; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 74–75; Document 3/358/7 (n.d.).
  132. ^ Hamilton (2003) p. 199.
  133. ^ Hamilton (2003) p. 199; Liber S. Marie de Dryburgh (1847) pp. 85 § 120, 250 § 311; Document 3/15/74 (n.d.); Document 3/15/121 (n.d.).
  134. ^ Webb, N (2004) p. 149; Barrow (1973) pp. 285–286, 286 n. 26.
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  137. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12.
  138. ^ Oram (2000) p. 80.
  139. ^ Scott, WW (2008); Oram (2000) p. 80.
  140. ^ Oram (1988) p. 93; Skene (1872) p. 251 ch. 3; Skene (1871) p. 256 ch. 3.
  141. ^ McDonald, RA (2002) p. 116 n. 55; Brooke (1991) pp. 54–56.
  142. ^ Oram (2000) p. 80; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 136–137, 136 n. 1, 189; Anderson (1922) p. 245.
  143. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 4–5; Oram (2011) p. 122; Oram (2000) pp. 80–81.
  144. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 156 fig. 1g.
  145. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 197–198.
  146. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 165, 197–198.
  147. ^ Jennings (2017) p. 121; Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) p. 128; Scott, WW (2008); McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 57; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54, 67–68, 76, 85, 111–113; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; Sellar (2004); Woolf (2004) pp. 104–105; Carpenter (2003) ch. 7 ¶ 49; Durkan (2003) p. 230; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 183; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169; Sellar (2000) p. 189; Duffy (1999) p. 356; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 61–67, 72; Roberts (1997) p. 96; Williams (1997) p. 150; Duffy (1993) pp. 31, 45; Martin, FX (1992) p. 19; Barrow (1981) pp. 48, 108; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Brown (1927) p. 274.
  148. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1164.6; Wadden (2014) p. 34; Woolf (2013) p. 3; Strickland (2012) p. 107; McDonald (2007b) p. 76; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1164.6; Woolf (2005); McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169, 169 n. 16, 179; Sellar (2000) p. 189; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 62; Duffy (1999) p. 356; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Duffy (1993) pp. 31, 45; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson (1922) p. 254.
  149. ^ Jennings (2017) p. 121; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1164.4; Strickland (2012) p. 107; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1164.4; Oram (2011) p. 128; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Woolf (2005); Oram (2000) p. 76; Durkan (1998) p. 137; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 67; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Duffy (1993) p. 45; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson (1922) p. 254; Lawrie (1910) p. 80 § 61.
  150. ^ MacInnes (2019) p. 125; Neville (2016) p. 7; Cowan (2015) p. 18; Clanchy (2014) p. 169; Woolf (2013); Clancy (2012) p. 19; MacLean (2012) p. 651; Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) p. 128; Davies (2009) p. 67; Márkus (2009b) p. 113; Broun (2007) p. 164; Clancy (2007) p. 126; Márkus (2007) p. 100; Sellar (2004); Durkan (2003) p. 230; Driscoll (2002) pp. 68–69; McDonald, RA (2002) pp. 103, 111; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169, 169 n. 16; Durkan (1998) p. 137; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 41, 61–62; Macquarrie, A (1996) p. 43; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; McDonald; McLean (1992) pp. 3, 3 n. 1, 13; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Brown (1927) pp. 274–275; Anderson (1922) pp. 256–258; Lawrie (1910) pp. 80–83 § 62; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 2; Arnold (1885) pp. 386–388; Skene (1871) pp. 449–451.
  151. ^ Duffy (1999) p. 356; Duffy (1993) p. 31; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 143–144 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Anderson (1908) p. 243; Stubbs (1868) p. 224; Riley (1853) p. 262.
  152. ^ McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 13; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 44, 143–144 n. 6, 190; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Bouterwek (1863) pp. 40–41.
  153. ^ Martin, C (2014) p. 193; McDonald, RA (2007a) pp. 57, 64; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54, 121 n. 86; McDonald, RA (2002) p. 117 n. 76; Williams (1997) p. 150; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Duffy (1993) p. 45; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 13; Barrow (1960) p. 20; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 74–75.
  154. ^ Woolf (2013) p. 3; Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) p. 128; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Pollock (2005) p. 14; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 169, 169 n. 16; Sellar (2000) p. 189; Duffy (1999) p. 356; Duffy (1993) pp. 31, 45; Barrow (1960) p. 20; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 125 n. 1, 143–144 n. 6; Brown (1927) p. 275; Anderson (1922) pp. 254–255; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 2; Stevenson, J (1856) p. 130; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 79.
  155. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 32; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Skene (1872) p. 252 ch. 4; Skene (1871) p. 257 ch. 4.
  156. ^ Mac Carthaigh's Book (2016a) § 1163.2; Mac Carthaigh's Book (2016b) § 1163.2; Duffy (1993) p. 45.
  157. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 14; Watt (1994) pp. 262–265; Goodall (1759) p. 452 bk. 8 ch. 6.
  158. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Oram (2000) p. 76.
  159. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; Anderson; Anderson (1938) p. 143 n. 6; Brown (1927) p. 275; Anderson (1922) p. 254; Anderson (1908) p. 243 n. 2; Stevenson, J (1856) p. 130; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 79.
  160. ^ Hammond, MH (2010) pp. 83–84; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 222–223, 229; McDonald, A (1995) pp. 211–212, 212 n. 132; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) p. 125; Document 3/30/3 (n.d.).
  161. ^ Butter (2007) p. 134 n. 91; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 223; McDonald, A (1995) p. 212.
  162. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Scott, WW (2008); McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 20.
  163. ^ a b Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  164. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  165. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  166. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 12; Woolf (2004) p. 105; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 184; Roberts (1997) p. 96; Martin, FX (1992) p. 19; McDonald; McLean (1992) pp. 20–21; Barrow (1981) p. 48.
  167. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Hammond, M (2010) p. 13; Scott, WW (2008); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; McDonald, RA (2000) pp. 183–184; Roberts (1997) p. 96; Barrow (1960) p. 20.
  168. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 14.
  169. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 7–11; Clancy (2012) p. 19; Clancy (2007) p. 126; Sellar (2004); Durkan (2003) p. 230; Durkan (1998) p. 137; Barrow (1981) p. 48; Barrow (1960) p. 20; Brown (1927) p. 274; Anderson (1922) pp. 256–258; Lawrie (1910) pp. 80–83 § 62; Arnold (1885) pp. 387–388; Skene (1871) pp. 449–451.
  170. ^ Clanchy (2014) p. 169; Brown (1927) pp. 274–275.
  171. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 61; Groome (1885) p. 243; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1851) p. 78; Pennant (1776) pp. 172–173.
  172. ^ Arnold (1885) p. 388; Skene (1871) p. 450; Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 139 (n.d.).
  173. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 245; Woolf (2004) p. 105.
  174. ^ a b Woolf (2004) pp. 102–103.
  175. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 87–88.
  176. ^ Woolf (2013) pp. 2–3.
  177. ^ MacInnes (2019) p. 122; Wadden (2014) p. 39; Woolf (2013) pp. 2–3; Oram (2011) pp. 72, 111–112; Carpenter (2003) ch. 7 ¶ 46; Ross (2003) pp. 184–185; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 124–125, 187; Anderson (1922) p. 223–224; Bouterwek (1863) p. 36; Stevenson, J (1856) p. 73.
  178. ^ Wadden (2013) p. 208; Woolf (2013) p. 3; Oram (2011) pp. 112, 120; Ross (2003) pp. 181–185; Oram (2001).
  179. ^ a b Woolf (2004) p. 104.
  180. ^ Oram (2011) p. 88; Barrow (1999) pp. 62 § 17, 72–73 § 37; Lawrie (1905) pp. 69 § 84, 70 § 85; 333–334 § 84, 334 § 85; Registrum de Dunfermelyn (1842) pp. 13 § 18, 17 § 31; Document 1/4/2 (n.d.); Document 1/4/15 (n.d.).
  181. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 71–72, 87; Ross (2003) pp. 182–183; Scott, JG (1997) pp. 25 n. 50, 34; Anderson (1908) pp. 193–194; Howlett (1886) p. 193.
  182. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 71–72, 87–88.
  183. ^ Woolf (2004) p. 103; Sharpe (2011) pp. 93–94 n. 236, 94; Barrow (1999) p. 81 § 57; Scott, JG (1997) p. 35; Lawrie (1905) pp. 95–96 § 125, 361–362 § 125; Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) p. 12 § 9; Document 1/4/30 (n.d.).
  184. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 241; Woolf (2004) pp. 96–97, 99.
  185. ^ Woolf (2004) pp. 96–97.
  186. ^ Woolf (2004) p. 103; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 171.
  187. ^ Oram (2011) p. 89.
  188. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6g, 185 fig. 12.
  189. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
  190. ^ Scott, JG (1997) p. 35.
  191. ^ Clanchy (2014) p. 169; Oram (2011) p. 128; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243, 245; Woolf (2004) p. 105; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 65–66.
  192. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 127–128; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 65–66.
  193. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 241–243.
  194. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243, 245.
  195. ^ Barrow (2004); Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; McGrail (1995) pp. 41–42; Barrow (1981) p. 112; Barrow (1980) p. 68.
  196. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 12; Boardman (2007) pp. 85–86; McAndrew (2006) p. 62; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 111, 242; McGrail (1995) pp. 41–42; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Barrow (1981) p. 112; Barrow (1980) p. 68.
  197. ^ Oram (2011) p. 157; Hammond, M (2010) p. 12; Boardman (2007) pp. 85–86; McAndrew (2006) p. 62; Barrow (2004); McDonald, RA (1997) p. 111; McGrail (1995) pp. 41–42; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Barrow (1981) p. 112; Barrow (1980) p. 68.
  198. ^ Boardman (2007) p. 86; Barrow; Royan (2004) p. 167; Barrow (1980) p. 68, 68 n. 41.
  199. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) pp. 181–182; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 65; Barrow (1973) p. 339.
  200. ^ Carpenter (2003) ch. 6 ¶ 44; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 65.
  201. ^ Oram (2011) p. 127; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 65–66.
  202. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 107.
  203. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 7.
  204. ^ Oram (2011) p. 128.
  205. ^ Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 34.
  206. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 11; McAndrew (2006) p. 62; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 243; Barrow (2004); Webb, N (2004) p. 156; Duncan (1996) p. 139; Stevenson, JB (1986) p. 30; Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 34; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162–164 n. 2; Brown (1927) p. 275.
  207. ^ McWilliams (1995) p. 51; Anderson; Anderson (1938) pp. 162, 162–164 n. 2; Anderson (1922) p. 297, 297 nn. 4–5; Ferguson (1899) p. 10; Lees (1878) pp. 52–53; Eyton (1858b) p. 225; Stevenson, J (1856) p. 136; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 88.
  208. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 62; McWilliams (1995) p. 51.
  209. ^ Webb, N (2004) pp. 156–157; Barrow; Scott (1971) p. 34.
  210. ^ Murray (2005) p. 288 n. 15.
  211. ^ Barrow (1980) p. 14 n. 56; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837a) pp. 61–63 § 72, 64–*64 § *72, 65–66 § 74; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 17–18; Document 3/547/39 (n.d.); Document 3/547/41 (n.d.); Document 3/547/38 (n.d.); Document 3/547/40 (n.d.).
  212. ^ Barrow (1980) p. 14 n. 56; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) p. 1; Document 3/547/46 (n.d.).
  213. ^ Barrow (1980) p. 14.
  214. ^ Hammond, M (2010) p. 13; Barrow (2004).
  215. ^ Hanks; Coates; McClure (2016) p. 2550.
  216. ^ Hanks; Coates; McClure (2016) pp. 2382, 2550.
  217. ^ Barrow (2004); Barrow (2001) n. 89; Roberts (1997) p. 35; McWilliams (1995) p. 382 n. 9; Barrow (1973) p. 322.
  218. ^ Roberts (1997) p. 35; McWilliams (1995) p. 382 n. 9.
  219. ^ Hammond, MH (2005) p. 87.
  220. ^ Hammond, M (2013) pp. 32, 37; Hammond, MH (2005) p. 87.
  221. ^ Hammond, M (2013) p. 37.
  222. ^ Hammond, MH (2005) p. 89.

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External links edit

  • "Walter Stewart (I), son of Alan (d.1177)". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.
  • "Eschiva of Mow/London, Wife of Walter son of Alan (I) the Steward". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.

November 01, 2023
walter, fitz, alan, like, named, grandson, walter, stewart, high, steward, scotland, walter, fitzalan, 1106, 1177, twelfth, century, anglo, norman, baron, became, scottish, magnate, steward, scotland, note, younger, alan, fitz, flaad, avelina, hesdin, about, 1. For his like named grandson see Walter Stewart 3rd High Steward of Scotland Walter FitzAlan c 1106 1177 was a twelfth century Anglo Norman baron who became a Scottish magnate and Steward of Scotland note 1 He was a younger son of Alan fitz Flaad and Avelina de Hesdin In about 1136 Walter entered into the service of David I King of Scotland He became the king s dapifer or steward in about 1150 and served as such for three successive Scottish kings David Malcolm IV and William I In time the stewardship became hereditarily held by Walter s descendants Walter FitzAlanSteward of ScotlandWalter s name and title as it appears in a royal charter to Holyrood Abbey Walter filio alani Dapifero 1 SuccessorAlan fitz WalterDied1177Melrose AbbeyBuriedPaisley PrioryNoble familyFitz Alan familySpouse s Eschina de LondresIssueAlan fitz WalterChristina FatherAlan fitz FlaadMotherAvelina de HesdinWalter started his career as a minor English baron Upon arriving in Scotland however he received a substantial grant of lands from his Scottish sovereigns These included the western provincial lordships of Mearns Strathgryfe Renfrew and North Kyle The caput of Walter s holdings is uncertain although there is reason to suspect it was either Dundonald Castle or Renfrew Castle Walter was a benefactor of several religious houses and was the founder of Paisley Priory There is reason to suspect that Walter took part in the Siege of Lisbon against the Moors in 1147 He probably assisted Malcolm in the series of Scottish invasions of Galloway in 1160 which resulted in the downfall of Fergus Lord of Galloway In fact Walter and the other colonial lords settled in western Scotland were probably intended to protect the Scottish realm from external threats located in regions such as Galloway and the Isles In 1164 Somairle mac Gilla Brigte King of the Isles invaded Scotland and was defeated near Renfrew It is possible that the commander of the local Scottish forces was Walter himself Walter was married to Eschina de Londres an apparent member of the Londres London family There is reason to suspect that she was also matrilineally descended from a family native to southern Scotland If correct this could explain why Walter was granted the lands of Mow Alternately it is possible that Eschina s rights to Mow merely stemmed from her marriage to Walter Eschina and Walter were the parents of Alan Walter s successor The couple may have also been the parents of a Christina a woman who married into the Brus and Dunbar families Walter was an ancestor of the Stewart family from which descended the royal Stewart Stuart dynasty He died in 1177 Contents 1 Ancestry and arrival in Scotland 2 Ecclesiastical actions 3 Eschina de Londres 4 Galloway 5 The Isles 6 Death and successors 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 9 1 Primary sources 9 2 Secondary sources 10 External linksAncestry and arrival in Scotland edit nbsp Locations relating to the life and times of WalterLeofwine Elderman of Hwicce the father of Leofric de Blackwell the Earl of Mercia was the father of Aelfgar Earl of Mercia Aelfgar was the father of Ealdgyth who was married to Griffith Prince of Wales Who they had a daughter Guenta who married Fleance Alan son of Fleance was the father of walter fitz Alan He was Lord High Steward of Scotland he used the family name Stewart His descendant Alexander Stewart married the Princess Marjory Bruce daughter of Robert 1st king of Scotland and their son successfully succeeded his grandfather as Robert 2nd of Scotland From him came all the succeeding kings of Scotland and of England Walter was a member of the Fitz Alan family 10 He was born in about 1110 11 Walter was a son of Alan fitz Flaald died 1121 and Avelina de Hesdin 12 note 2 Alan and Avelina had three sons Jordan William and Walter 22 note 3 Walter s father was a Breton knight who was granted lands in Shropshire by Henry I King of England Previous to this Alan had acted as steward to the bishops of Dol in Brittany 24 Walter was a minor English landholder He held North Stoke north of Arundel by way of a grant from his brother William 25 There is reason to suspect that Walter also held Manhood south of Chichester 26 He also held land at Conelon or Couten a place that possibly refers to Cound in Shropshire 27 Walter appears to have arrived in Scotland in about 1136 during the reign of David I King of Scotland 28 Following Henry s death in 1135 the Fitz Alans evidently sided with David in his support of the contested English royal claims of Henry s daughter Matilda 29 Certainly both William and Walter witnessed acts of Matilda in 1141 30 In any event the date of Walter s introduction into Scotland may be marked by the original part of the so called foundation charter of Melrose Abbey which records Walter as a witness 31 nbsp David I King of Scotland as he is depicted in a mid twelfth century royal charterWalter served as David s dapifer or senescallus steward 32 He served in this capacity for three successive Scottish kings David Malcolm IV and William I 33 note 4 Walter is increasingly attested by royal charters from about 1150 36 and it is possible that it was at about this time that David granted him the stewardship to be held heritably 37 As the king s steward Walter would have been responsible for the day to day running of the king s household 38 Whilst the chamberlain was responsible for the king s sleeping compartments the steward oversaw the king s hall 39 It is possible that David sought to replace the Gaelic office of rannaire food divider with that of the steward 40 This office certainly appears to have been a precursor to the stewardship 41 note 5 Walter s ancestors were stewards to the Breton lords of Dol 46 In fact his elder brother Jordan inherited this stewardship from their father 47 and held this office at the time of Walter s own establishment in Scotland As such it is probable that Walter possessed a degree of experience in the profession 40 nbsp Twelfth century secular lordships on the western seaboard of Scotland 48 Walter s domain included the depicted regions of Strathgryfe Renfrew Mearns and North Kyle Clydesdale and South Kyle were royal lordships whilst Cunningham was a Morville lordship 49 Walter lived during a period in history when Scottish monarchs sought to attract men to their kingdom by promising them gifts of land To such kings royal authority depended upon their ability to give away territories in the peripheries of the realm 50 Although the twelfth century Scottish monarchs did not create any new earldoms for the incoming Anglo Norman magnates they did grant them provincial lordships The most important of these mid century colonial establishments were Annandale for Robert de Brus Upper Eskdale and Ewesdale for Robert Avenel Lauderdale and Cunningham for Hugh de Morville Liddesdale for Ranulf de Sules and Mearns Strathgryfe Renfrew and North Kyle for Walter himself 51 note 6 As a result of their tenure in high office and their dominating regional influence these provincial lords were equal to the native Scottish earls in all but rank 56 nbsp Walter s charter of Birkenside Legerwood and Mow from Malcolm IV King of Scotland 57 In 1161 1162 Malcolm confirmed Walter s stewardship and confirmed David s grants of Renfrew Paisley Pollock Talahret Cathcart Dripps Mearns Eaglesham Lochwinnoch and Innerwick He also granted Walter West Partick Inchinnan Stenton Hassenden Legerwood and Birkenside as well as a toft with twenty acres in every burgh and demesne in the realm For this grant Walter owed his sovereign the service of five knights 58 The grant of lodgings in every important royal settlement would have only been entrusted to people particularly close to the king and to those who were expected to travel with him 59 The impressive list of twenty nine eminent men who attested this transaction appears to be evidence that the proceedings took place in a public setting before the royal court 60 At some point during his career Walter received North Kyle 61 from either David or Malcolm 62 note 7 Also in 1161 1162 perhaps on the same date as Malcolm s aforesaid charter to Walter 64 the king granted Walter the lands of Mow for the service of one knight 65 There is reason to suspect that David s original grant of lands to Walter took place in 1136 Certainly in 1139 1146 Walter witnessed a charter of David to the cathedral of Glasgow in which the king invested the cathedral with assets from Carrick Cunningham Strathgryfe and Kyle 66 note 8 In 1165 Walter is stated to have held lands worth two knight s fees in Shropshire 68 As such the vast majority of his holdings were located north of the Anglo Scottish border 69 Ecclesiastical actions edit nbsp Ruinous Wenlock Priory Walter appears to have been a devotee of this English Cluniac priory Walter was a benefactor of Melrose Abbey and granted this religious house the lands of Mauchline in Ayrshire 70 note 9 He also granted his lands in Dunfermline 72 and Inverkeithing to Dunfermline Abbey 73 Walter founded Paisley Priory in about 1163 74 This religious house was initially established at Renfrew at King s Inch near Renfrew Castle before removing to Paisley within a few years 75 note 10 The fact that Walter made this a Cluniac monastery could be evidence that he was personally devoted to the Cluniac Wenlock Priory in Shropshire 82 Alternately the decision to associate Wenlock with his foundation at Renfrew could have stemmed from a devotion to the cult of Wenlock s patron saint St Milburga 40 note 11 nbsp An early twentieth century depiction of the Siege of Lisbon in 1147 There is reason to suspect that Walter was amongst the Scots who took part in the campaign to liberate Lisbon from the Moors Walter s priory at Paisley was dedicated in part to St James the Greater 88 This coupled with the fact that Walter did not witness any of David s acts during a span of time in 1143 1145 could be evidence that Walter undertook a pilgrimage to the shrine of St James the Greater at Santiago de Compostela 37 note 12 In the spring of 1147 Scots joined an Anglo Flemish fleet in Dartmouth and set off to join the Second Crusade 96 The presence of Scots in this multi ethnic fighting force is specifically attested by the twelfth century texts De expugnatione Lyxbonensi and Gesta Friderici imperatoris 97 In June this fleet of Englishmen Flemings Normans Rhinelanders and Scots arrived at Lisbon and joined the King of Portugal s months long siege of the city 98 Some of the adventurers who participated in the expedition a fifty ship detachment of Rhinelanders clearly visited Santiago de Compostela 99 It is possible that Walter was one of the Scots who took part in the Lisbon expedition 37 nbsp Paisley Abbey Walter founded the original priory in about 1163 Renfrew may well have served as the caput of the Strathgryfe group of holdings held by Walter 100 and could have been the main caput of all his holdings 101 note 13 The fact that he chose Paisley to serve as a priory does not necessarily mean that Renfrew was his principal caput In fact there is reason to suspect that North Kyle served as Walter s power centre For example Walter granted this religious house a tithe from all his lands excepting North Kyle The fact that he granted away only one piece of land in North Kyle as opposed to his extensive donations elsewhere suggests that North Kyle was his largest block of his own demesne 104 As such the archaeological evidence of a twelfth century motte at Dundonald could indicate that Walter constructed Dundonald Castle an earth and timber fortress as his principal caput 105 note 14 The uneven distribution of Walter s grants to Paisley Priory seems to have been a result of the fact that he had subinfeudated most of Strathgryfe by the time of its establishment 107 Walter s extensive territories consisted of regions inhabited by native speakers of English Cumbric and Gaelic 108 From the years spanning 1160 1241 there are roughly one hundred vassals tenants and dependants of Walter and his succeeding son and grandson 109 A considerable number of these dependants were evidently drawn from the vicinity of the Fitz Alan lands in Shropshire 110 The latter region was largely Welsh speaking at the time and it is possible that these languages were then mutually intelligible with Breton Cumbric If so it could indicate that Walter and his dependants were purposely settled in the west to take advantage of this linguistic affiliation As such it may have been hoped that such incoming settlers would possess a degree of legitimacy from the natives as fellow Britons 111 Eschina de Londres edit nbsp Image a nbsp Image bNineteenth century depictions of Walter s seal image a and counter seal image b The front of the seal displays a mounted knight with a shield lance and pennon The counter seal shows a warrior holding with a spear or staff in his right hand leaning against a pillar 112 note 15 Walter was married to Eschina de Londres fl 1177 1198 117 It is likely that the king either David or Malcolm arranged the union 118 Eschina is variously accorded locative names such as de Londres and de Molle 119 The former name appears to indicate that her father was a member of the Londres or London family 120 One possibility is that this man was Richard de London 121 The various forms of Eschina s locative surname de Molle could indicate that she was a maternal granddaughter and heir of a previous Lord of Mow a certain Uhtred son of Liulf 122 note 16 Uhtred is known to have granted the church of Mow to Kelso Abbey during David s reign 124 nbsp A seal of Walter and Eschina s son Alan displaying the latter s coat of arms 125 Alan s seal is the earliest depiction of heraldry borne by the Stewart family 116 If Eschina indeed possessed an inherited claim to Mow it is possible that Walter s grant of this territory was given from the king in the context of Walter s marriage to her 126 The fact that Uhtred seems to have had a son and a brother could be evidence that the king had overridden the inheritance rights of Uhtred s male heirs 127 On the other hand an alternate possibility is that Eschina only possessed rights to Mow as a result of her marriage to Walter 128 Walter was Eschina s first husband 121 She survived Walter and her second husband was probably Henry de Cormunnock 129 by whom she had two daughters Cecilia 130 and Maud 127 Eschina s grant to Paisley Priory records that her daughter Margaret was buried there 131 A daughter of Walter may have been Christina a widow of William de Brus Lord of Annandale and second wife of Patrick I Earl of Dunbar 132 Christina s kinship with Walter s family could account for the Dunbars later possession of Birkenside 133 Galloway edit nbsp Malcolm IV as he is depicted in a mid twelfth century royal charter Walter may have campaigned with the king on the Continent Walter witnessed an act by Malcolm at Les Andelys in Normandy This charter appears to reveal that Walter was one of the Scottish barons who accompanied the king upon the English campaign against the French at Toulouse in 1159 This record is the only known act of the king on the Continent 134 Malcolm returned to Scotland in 1160 having spent months campaigning in the service of the English Upon his return the king was forced to confront an attempted coup at Perth 135 Having successfully dealt with this considerable number of disaffected magnates the twelfth to thirteenth century Chronicle of Holyrood and Chronicle of Melrose reveal that Malcolm launched three military expeditions into Galloway 136 Although the names of the king s accomplices are unrecorded it is probable that Walter was amongst them 137 The circumstances surrounding these invasions are unclear 138 what is clear however is that Fergus Lord of Galloway submitted to the Scots before the end of the year 139 Specifically according to the thirteenth century Gesta Annalia I once the Scots subdued the Gallovidians the conquerors forced Fergus to retire to Holyrood Abbey and hand over his son Uhtred as a royal hostage 140 On one hand it is possible that Fergus himself had precipitated Malcolm s Gallovian campaign by raiding the territory between the rivers Urr and Nith 141 The fact that the Chronicle of Holyrood describes Malcolm s Gallovidian opponents as federate enemies and makes no mention of his sons suggests that Fergus was supported by other accomplices 142 In fact it is possible that Malcolm had encountered an alliance between Fergus and Somairle mac Gilla Brigte King of the Isles 143 The Isles edit nbsp A king gaming piece of the so called Lewis chessmen 144 note 17 In 1164 Somairle launched an invasion of Scotland 147 This seaborne campaign is attested by sources such as the fourteenth century Annals of Tigernach 148 the fifteenth to sixteenth century Annals of Ulster 149 the twelfth century Carmen de Morte Sumerledi 150 the thirteenth century Chronica of Roger de Hoveden 151 the Chronicle of Holyrood 152 the thirteenth to fourteenth century Chronicle of Mann 153 the Chronicle of Melrose 154 Gesta Annalia I 155 the fifteenth century Mac Carthaigh s Book 156 and the fifteenth century Scotichronicon 157 The various depictions of Somairle s forces stated to have been drawn from Argyll Dublin and the Isles appear to reflect the remarkable reach of power that this man possessed at his peak 158 According to the Chronicle of Melrose Somairle landed at Renfrew and was defeated and slain by the people of the district 159 note 18 This stated location of Renfrew could be evidence that the target of Somairle s strike was Walter 162 Nevertheless the leadership of the Scottish forces is uncertain 163 It is conceivable that the commander was one of the three principal men of the region Herbert Bishop of Glasgow 164 Baldwin Sheriff of Lanark Clydesdale 165 and Walter himself 166 Whilst there is reason to suspect that Somairle focused his offensive upon Walter s lordship at Renfrew 167 it is also possible that Hebert as Malcolm s agent in the west was the intended target 168 Certainly Carmen de Morte Sumerledi associates Herbert with the victory 169 and makes no mention of Walter or any Scottish royal forces 170 On the other hand Baldwin s nearby lands of Inverkip and Houston were passed by Somairle s naval forces suggesting that it was either Baldwin or his followers who engaged and overcame the invaders 163 note 19 nbsp The name of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte as it appears on folio 133r of Cambridge Corpus Christi College 139 Carmen de Morte Sumerledi Sumerledus 172 Exactly why Somairle struck out at the Scots is unknown 173 This man s rise to power appears to coincide with an apparent weakening of Scottish royal authority in Argyll 174 Although David may well have regarded Argyll as a Scottish tributary Somairle s ensuing career clearly reveals that the latter regarded himself a fully independent ruler 175 Somairle s first attestation by a contemporary source occurs in 1153 176 when the Chronicle of Holyrood reports that he backed the cause of his nepotes the Meic Mael Coluim in an unsuccessful coup after David s death 177 These nepotes possibly nephews or grandsons of Somairle were the sons of Mael Coluim mac Alasdair a claimant to the Scottish throne descended from an elder brother of David Alexander I King of Scotland 178 Four years later Somairle launched his final invasion of Scotland and it is possible that it was conducted in the context of another attempt to support Mael Coluim s claim to the Scottish throne 179 nbsp Some twelfth century lordships created by David I and Malcolm IV appear to have carved out of territories previously occupied by the Gall Gaidheil Somairle may have attempted to regain these lands from the Scots Another possibility is that Somairle was attempting to secure a swathe of territory that had only recently been secured by the Scottish Crown 179 Although there is no record of Somairle before 1153 his family was evidently involved in an earlier insurrection by Mael Coluim against David that ended with Mael Coluim s capture and imprisonment in 1134 174 note 20 An aftereffect of this failed insurgency may be perceptible in a Scottish royal charter issued at Cadzow in about 1136 67 This source records the Scottish Crown s claim to cain in Carrick Kyle Cunningham and Strathgryfe 183 Historically this region appears to have once formed part of the territory dominated by the Gall Gaidheil 184 a people of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity 185 One possibility is that these lands had formerly comprised part of a Gall Gaidheil realm before the Scottish Crown overcame Mael Coluim and his supporters 67 The Cadzow charter is one of several that mark the earliest record of Fergus 186 This man s attestation could indicate that while Somairle s family may have suffered marginalisation as a result of Mael Coluim s defeat and David s consolidation of the region Fergus and his family could have conversely profited at this time as supporters of David s cause 67 The record of Fergus amongst the Scottish elite at Cadzow is certainly evidence of the increasing reach of David s royal authority in the 1130s 187 nbsp A rook gaming piece of the Lewis chessmen 188 note 21 Another figure first attested by these charters is Walter 67 who may have been granted the lands of Strathgryfe Renfrew Mearns and North Kyle on the occasion of David s grant of cain 190 One explanation for Somairle s invasion is that he may have been compelled to counter a threat that Walter 191 and other recently enfeoffed Scottish magnates posed to his authority 192 A catalyst of this collision of competing spheres of influence may have been the vacuum left by the assassination of Somairle s father in law olafr Gudrodarson King of the Isles in 1153 Although the political uncertainty following olafr s elimination would have certainly posed a threat to the Scots the concurrent build up of Scottish power along the western seaboard particularly exemplified by Walter s expansive territorial grants in the region meant that the Scots were also positioned to capitalise upon the situation 193 In fact there is reason to suspect that during Malcolm s reign and perhaps with Malcolm s consent Walter began to extend his own authority into the Firth of Clyde the islands of the Clyde the southern shores of Cowal and the fringes of Argyll 194 note 22 The allotment of Scottish fiefs along the western seaboard suggests that these lands were settled in the context of defending the Scottish realm from external threats located in Galloway and the Isles 199 It was probably in this context that substantial western lordships were granted to Hugh de Morville Robert de Brus and Walter 200 As such the mid part of the twelfth century saw a steady consolidation of Scottish power along the western seaboard by some of the realm s greatest magnates men who could well have encroached into Somairle s sphere of influence 201 note 23 The remarkably poor health of Malcolm a man who went on to die before reaching the age of twenty five combined with the rising power of Somairle along Scotland s western seaboard could account for Malcolm s confirmation Walter s stewardship and lands in 1161 1162 As such Walter may have sought written confirmation of his rights in light of the external threats that faced the Scottish Crown 203 In fact one possibility is that the king s serious illness was a specific impetus for Somairle s campaign Somairle may have intended to seize upon Malcolm s poor health to strike out at the Scots and limit the western spread of their influence 204 Death and successors edit nbsp Memorial to the stewards of Scotland at Paisley AbbeyWalter served as steward until his death 205 in 1177 206 Before his demise Walter retired to Melrose Abbey and died there a lay member of the monastery 207 He was thereafter buried at Paisley 208 Walter s son and successor Alan does not appear to have equalled Walter s consistent attendance of the royal court 209 note 24 It was during the tenure of Walter s great grandson Alexander Stewart Steward of Scotland that the title of dapifer regis Scotie steward of the king of Scotland came to be replaced by the style senescallus Scotie steward of Scotland 11 note 25 It was also during this generation that forms of the surname Stewart began to be borne by Walter s descendants 214 Specifically his like named great grandson Walter Stewart Earl of Menteith is the first such descendant known to have adopted senescallus as a surname without having possessed the office of steward 11 note 26 Walter was the founder of the Stewart family 217 from which descended the royal Stewart dynasty 218 note 27 Notes edit Since the 1990s academics have accorded Walter various patronyms in English secondary sources Walter Fitz Alan 2 Walter fitz Alan 3 Walter Fitzalan 4 Walter fitzAlan 5 and Walter FitzAlan 6 Likewise since the 1990s academics have accorded Walter various occupational names in English secondary sources Walter Stewart 7 Walter the Steward 8 and Walter the Stewart 9 In the fourteenth century during the reign of Walter s royal descendant Robert II King of Scotland died 1390 the Scottish historian John Barbour died 1395 composed a now non existent history of the ruling Stewart dynasty to glorify and promote the authority of this family 13 There is reason to suspect that within this account Barbour traced the king s descent to the ancient kings of Britain descended from Brutus 14 In the sixteenth century the Scottish historian Hector Boece claimed that Walter s father was a certain Fleance son of Banquho According to Boece Fleance was driven from Scotland into exile in Wales where he had a liaison with a Welsh princess a woman who came to be Walter s mother Upon reaching manhood in Wales Boece s account relates that Walter journeyed to his paternal homeland 15 Two authorities who certainly had access to Barbour s account were the Scottish historians Andrew Wyntoun 16 and Walter Bower Although neither of these men ever made note of a figure named Banquho 17 and Fleance is first specifically noted by Boece s account 18 it is clear that the now lost account of Barbour did indeed accord the Stewarts a Welsh ancestry 19 and it is possible that Barbour traced the family s descent from the British kings through Fleance s Welsh wife 20 In any case Fleance appears to represent Walter s historical grandfather Flaald There is no evidence that this man married into a native Welsh family 21 These three sons of Alan and Avelina appear to have had a half brother a certain Simon descended from Avelina and her second husband 23 Walter s family originated from Dol in Brittany Another family that appears to have originated from this region were the Biduns and a member of this family 34 a certain Walter de Bidun became David s chancellor 35 A rannaire active during David s reign was a certain Alguine mac Arcuil 42 According to the twelfth century Vita Ailredi an unnamed steward of David was highly jealous of the future St Ailred who apparently also acted as a steward economus and dapifer to the king 43 One possibility is that the unnamed vociferous opponent of St Ailred was Walter himself Alternately the steward in question could well have been either Alguine 36 or his son 44 In any case Alguine appears to have succeeded by his son Gilla Andreis who appears on record as a rannaire during Malcolm s reign 45 Whereas Walter became the king s steward Hugh became the constable 52 and Ranulf became the butler 53 Whilst the steward was responsible for the king s household the constable was in command the king s knights and the butler was in charge of the king s wine 54 Following Hugh s death in 1162 Walter seems to have been the most important lay member of the king s household 55 This northern half of Kyle came to be variously known as Kyle Stewart or Walter s Kyle 63 This charter is one of several that mark the first appearance of Walter in contemporary sources 67 Although William confirmed this grant Walter still owed the king service for the lands 71 In a charter of his to Paisley Priory in 1165 1173 Walter specifically made note of the land where the monks first lived at Paisley 76 A charter of Malcolm to Paisley Priory in 1163 1165 mentions a priory at King s Inch from where the Paisley monks relocated 77 A papal bull of Pope Alexander III dating to 1173 states that the monks lived near the mill of Renfrew before removing to Paisley 78 The charter of 1165 1173 notes that Walter possessed a hall near the priory 79 One possibility is that this hall is identical to the Blackhall Nigram Aulam an apparent hunting lodge in the Paisley area possessed by later descendants of Walter 80 The existing structure at Blackhall evidently dates to the sixteenth century This site has not been excavated and it is unknown what structures may have existed there in the twelfth and thirteenth century 81 Like the priory of Wenlock Paisley Priory was dedicated in part to St Milburga 83 It was also dedicated in part to St Mirin 84 who could have been locally associated with Paisely 85 The priory of Paisley became an abbey in 1219 86 Whilst the foundation charter of Paisley Priory declares that the house was established to the honour of God after its relocation to Paisley it was stated to have been made to God and St Mary and the church of St James and St Mirin and St Milburga of Paisley 87 In Scotland devotion to St James appears to have been peculiar to Walter s family 89 The personal name James was virtually unknown there in about 1100 90 However it became popular within the family in later generations 91 A thirteenth century family member who bore the name was James Stewart Steward of Scotland 92 whose father Alexander Stewart Steward of Scotland also appears to have undertaken a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela 93 Whilst it is possible that James was bestowed this name on account of his father s pilgrimage 94 the name could have also stemmed from the family s earlier dedication to the saint 95 Renfrew was made a burgh during David s reign 102 The first notice of Renfrew Castle occurs in 1163 1165 103 The castle was probably the family s caput in North Kyle 106 Walter s seal is non heraldic 113 It was attached to a charter of his to Melrose Abbey concerning the lands of Mauchline 114 The legend on the seal s front face reads SIGILLVM WALTERI FILII ALANI DAPIFERI REG 115 Whilst the earliest known seal of his son is also non heraldic a later one bears the earliest depiction of the heraldic fess chequy borne by the Stewart family 116 In a grant to Paisley Abbey Eschina is styled lady of Mow 123 Comprising some four sets 145 the pieces are thought to have been crafted in Norway in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 146 At a later date Somairle s son Ragnall and the latter s wife Fonia are reported to have made donations to Paisley Priory 160 The circumstances surrounding these gifts are uncertain The fact that the monks of Paisley were originally based at King s Inch could mean that they tended to the body of Somairle in the immediate aftermath of his defeat and death 161 In the eighteenth century the battle was locally alleged to have been marked by a particular stone topped mound By the end of the nineteenth century no trace of the mound could be found 171 On at least two occasions that may date before 1134 David temporarily based himself at Irvine in Cunningham a strategic coastal site from where Scottish forces may have conducted seaborne military operations against Malcolm s western allies 180 The twelfth century Relatio de Standardo reveals that David received English military assistance against Mael Coluim This source specifies that a force against Mael Coluim was mustered at Carlisle and notes successful naval campaigns conducted against David s enemies which suggests that Mael Coluim s support was indeed centred in Scotland s western coastal periphery 181 By the mid 1130s David had not only succeeded in securing Mael Coluim but also appears to have gained recognition of his overlordship of Argyll 182 The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces 189 The first of Walter s family to hold lordship over Bute may have been his son Alan 195 By about 1200 196 during the latter s career the family certainly seems to have gained control of the island 197 By the latter half of the thirteenth century the family certainly held authority over Cowal 198 The catalyst for the establishment of castles along the River Clyde could well have been the potential threat posed by Somairle 202 Whilst Walter witnessed seventy four and fifty four royal acts during the respective reigns of Malcolm and William Alan witnessed forty seven during William s reign 210 Alexander s father Walter s like named grandson Walter fitz Alan II Steward of Scotland is styled dapifer regis Scotie in his earliest acts 211 and senescallus in at least one later act 212 This new terminology appears to correspond to the evolution of the office from steward of the king s household to the steward of the realm 213 The surname Stewart is specifically derived from the Middle English stiward which in turn stems from the Old English stigweard household guardian 215 These terms were equivalents of the Middle English Old French seneschal seneshal 216 Until the generation of Walter s great grandson his branch of the Fitz Alan family alternated between the names Alan and Walter 219 The former name is of Breton origin 220 and its popularity in Scotland is mostly due to the Stewart family 221 Walter s succeeding great grandson like many other men of his generation was apparently named after Alexander II King of Scotland 222 Citations edit Charter NRS GD45 13 231 n d Document 1 5 95 n d Clanchy 2014 Lee 2014 Sharpe 2011 Young Stead 2010 Dalton 2005 Taylor 2018 Taylor 2016 Lee 2014 Stevenson K 2013 Hammond M 2010 Taylor 2008 Boardman 2007 Webb N 2004 Forte Oram Pedersen 2005 Carpenter 2003 Hamilton 2003 Hicks 2003 Webb NM 2003 Boardman 2002 Alexander 2000 McDonald RA 2000 McDonald RA 1997 Roberts 1997 Scott JG 1997 Duncan 1996 McDonald A 1995 McGrail 1995 Martin FX 1992 McDonald McLean 1992 Macquarrie A 1990 Barrow 2004 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 McWilliams 1995 McAndrew 2006 Woolf 2004 Roberts 1997 Murray 2005 Lee 2014 Beam 2011 Oram 2011 Markus 2009a Scott WW 2008 McDonald RA 1997 Duncan 1996 Macquarrie A 1990 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 Young Stead 2010 pp 23 26 27 a b c Barrow 2004 Fox 2009 pp 63 fig 2 73 Barrow 1980 p 13 Goldstein 2002 p 232 Boardman 2002 p 51 51 n 10 Wingfield 2017 Boardman 2002 p 51 Carroll 2003 p 142 Boardman 2002 p 52 Batho Husbands Chambers et al 1941 pp 154 156 Hogg MacGregor 2018 p 104 Toledo Candelaria 2018 p 174 Head 2006 p 69 Boardman 2002 p 52 Boardman 2002 p 52 Carroll 2003 p 142 Boardman 2002 p 52 Boardman 2002 pp 52 52 53 n 15 Stevenson K 2013 p 610 Boardman 2002 p 52 Boardman 2002 p 53 Young Stead 2010 p 26 Fox 2009 pp 63 fig 2 73 Barrow 1980 pp 13 15 Round 1902 pp 11 12 13 tab Round 1901 pp 125 126 n 3 Boardman 2007 p 85 Barrow 1980 p 19 Barrow 1973 p 338 Eyton 1856 p 347 Barrow 1980 pp 19 67 Barrow 1973 p 338 Registrum Monasterii de Passelet 1832 pp 2 3 Valor Ecclesiasticus 1817 p 216 Document 2 86 1 n d Barrow 1980 p 19 Barrow 1973 p 338 Eyton 1858a p 70 Eyton 1856 p 347 Dugdale 1846 p 822 24 Hammond M 2010 p 5 Barrow 2004 Barrow 2001 n 89 Alexander 2000 p 157 Barrow 1999 pp 34 35 81 57 Duncan 1996 p 136 McWilliams 1995 p 43 Barrow 1980 pp 13 64 Barrow 1973 pp 337 338 Barrow 2001 p 249 Barrow 2001 n 89 Cronne Davis Davis 1968 pp 145 377 146 378 302 303 821 Alexander 2000 p 157 Barrow 1999 p 111 120 Barrow 1973 p 338 Lawrie 1905 pp 108 141 375 376 141 Document 1 4 56 n d Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 pp 11 12 Barrow 1999 pp 34 35 Duncan 1996 p 136 McGrail 1995 p 41 McWilliams 1995 p 43 Barrow 1980 pp 13 14 64 Barrow Scott 1971 p 34 Taylor 2008 p 107 McWilliams 1995 p 43 Barrow 1980 p 64 Barrow Scott 1971 p 34 Barrow 1973 p 326 Barrow 1973 p 339 Scott WW 2008 Duncan 1996 p 137 Barrow 1973 p 326 Barrow 1973 p 339 a b Barrow 1999 p 35 a b c Hammond M 2010 p 5 Barrow 1999 p 35 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 p 12 Barrow 1981 p 40 Hammond M 2010 p 5 Barrow 1999 p 34 a b c Hammond M 2010 p 5 Barrow 1999 p 35 Bannerman 1989 p 138 Broun 2011 p 278 Hammond M 2010 p 5 Duncan 2005 p 18 n 68 Hammond MH 2005 p 70 Barrow 1995 p 7 Barrow 1992 p 58 Bannerman 1989 p 138 Barrow 1999 p 35 Barrow 1992 pp 58 59 Brown 1927 pp 270 271 Powicke 1925 p 34 Barrow 1992 pp 58 59 Barrow 1999 p 35 Barrow 1992 p 59 Bannerman 1989 p 138 Hammond M 2010 p 2 Roberts 1997 p 35 Barrow 1973 p 338 Hammond M 2010 p 3 Scott JG 1997 pp 12 13 fig 1 Barrow 1975 p 125 fig 4 Barrow 1975 pp 125 fig 4 131 131 fig 6 Taylor 2016 p 182 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1842 7401 Holton CT 2017 Masculine Identity in Medieval Scotland Gender Ethnicity and Regionality PhD thesis University of Guelph hdl 10214 10473 Hogg U MacGregor M 2018 Historiography in Highlands and Lowlands In Royan N ed The International Companion to Scottish Literature 1400 1650 International Companions to Scottish Literature Glasgow Association for Scottish Literary Studies pp 100 123 ISBN 9781908980236 OCLC 1082874543 Jennings A 2017 Three Scottish Coastal Names of Note Earra Ghaidheal Satiriseid and Skotlandsfirdir In Worthington D ed The New Coastal History Cultural and Environmental Perspectives From Scotland and Beyond Cham Palgrave Macmillan pp 119 129 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 64090 7 7 ISBN 978 3 319 64090 7 Lee SD 2014 The Development of Dunfermline Abbey as a Royal Cult Centre c 1070 c 1420 PhD thesis University of Stirling hdl 1893 20473 Lewis J 2003 Excavations and Crookston Castle Glasgow 1973 75 Scottish Archaeological Journal 25 1 27 56 doi 10 3366 saj 2003 25 1 27 eISSN 1766 2028 ISSN 1471 5767 JSTOR 27917497 MacInnes IA 2019 A Somewhat too Cruel Vengeance was Taken for the Blood of the Slain Royal Punishment of Rebels Traitors and Political Enemies in Medieval Scotland c 1100 c 1250 In Tracy L ed Treason Medieval and Early Modern Adultery Betrayal and Shame Explorations in Medieval Culture Leiden Brill pp 119 146 ISBN 978 90 04 40069 6 ISSN 2352 0299 LCCN 2019017096 MacLean S 2012 Recycling the Franks in Twelfth Century England Regino of Prum the Monks of Durham and the Alexandrine Schism Speculum 87 3 649 681 doi 10 1017 S0038713412003053 eISSN 2040 8072 hdl 10023 4175 ISSN 0038 7134 JSTOR 23488494 S2CID 154808868 Macquarrie A 1990 Early Christian Govan The Historical Context Records of the Scottish Church History Society 24 1 1 17 eISSN 2516 6301 ISSN 2516 6298 Macquarrie A 1996 Lives of Scottish Saints in the Aberdeen Breviary Some Problems of Sources for Strathclyde Saints Records of the Scottish Church History Society 26 31 54 eISSN 2516 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Lost Kingdoms Celtic Scotland and the Middle Ages Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 7486 0910 5 OL 411939M Ross AD 2003 The Province of Moray c 1000 1230 PhD thesis Vol 1 University of Aberdeen Round JH 1901 Studies in Peerage and Family History New York Longmans Green amp Co OL 7112790M Round JH 1902 The Origin of the Stewarts and their Chesney Connexion The Genealogist 18 1 16 Scott JG 1997 The Partition of a Kingdom Strathclyde 1092 1153 PDF Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 72 11 40 ISSN 0141 1292 Scott WW 2008 Malcolm IV 1141 1165 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography January 2008 ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 17860 Retrieved 24 October 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Sellar WDH 2000 Hebridean Sea Kings The Successors of Somerled 1164 1316 In Cowan EJ McDonald RA eds Alba Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages East Linton Tuckwell Press pp 187 218 ISBN 1 86232 151 5 Sellar WDH 2004 Somerled d 1164 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 26782 Retrieved 5 July 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Sharpe R 2011 Peoples and Languages in Eleventh and Twelfth Century Britain and Ireland Reading the Charter Evidence PDF In Broun D ed The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo Norman Britain Glasgow Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies University of Glasgow pp 1 119 ISBN 978 0 85261 919 3 Shead NF 2003 Jocelin Abbot of Melrose 1170 1174 and Bishop of Glasgow 1175 1199 The Innes Review 54 1 1 22 doi 10 3366 inr 2003 54 1 1 eISSN 1745 5219 ISSN 0020 157X Simpson G Webster B 2004 1985 Charter Evidence and Distribution of Mottes in Scotland In Stringer KJ ed Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland Edinburgh John Donald pp 1 24 ISBN 1 904607 45 4 Stevenson JB 1986 Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute in Glasgow in 1986 The Archaeological Journal 143 1 1 52 doi 10 1080 00665983 1986 11021130 eISSN 2373 2288 ISSN 0066 5983 Stevenson K 2013 Chivalry British Sovereignty and Dynastic Politics Undercurrents of Antagonism in Tudor Stewart Relations c 1490 c 1513 Historical Research 86 234 601 618 doi 10 1111 1468 2281 12017 eISSN 1468 2281 Strickland MJ 2012 The Kings of Scots at War c 1093 1286 In Spiers EM Crang JA Strickland MJ eds A Military History of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 94 132 ISBN 978 0 7486 3204 6 Stringer KJ 1985 Earl David of Huntingdon 1152 1219 A Study in Anglo Scottish History Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 85224 486 X OL 2624073M Taylor A 2008 Robert de Londres Illegitimate son of William King of Scots c 1170 1225 In Morillo S North W eds The Haskins Society Journal Studies in Medieval History Vol 19 Woodbridge The Boydell Press pp 99 119 ISBN 978 1 84383 393 2 ISSN 0963 4959 Taylor A 2016 The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland 1124 1290 Oxford Studies in Medieval European History Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 874920 2 Taylor A 2018 Formalising Aristocratic Power in Royal Acta in Late Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Century France and Scotland Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 28 33 64 doi 10 1017 S0080440118000038 eISSN 1474 0648 ISSN 0080 4401 S2CID 165167496 Toledo Candelaria M 2018 From Reformed Barbarian to Saint King Literary Portrayals of King Malcolm III Canmore r 1058 93 in Scottish Historical Narratives c 1100 1449 PhD thesis University of Guelph hdl 10214 12957 Wadden P 2013 Do Feartaib Cairnich Ireland and Scotland in the Twelfth Century Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 33 189 213 ISSN 1545 0155 JSTOR 24371942 Wadden P 2014 Cath Ruis na Rig for Boinn History and Literature in Twelfth Century Ireland Aiste 4 11 44 Webb NM 2003 Settlement and Integration The Establishment of an Aristocracy in Scotland 1124 1214 In Gillingham J ed Anglo Norman Studies Vol 25 Woodbridge The Boydell Press pp 227 238 ISBN 0 85115 941 9 ISSN 0954 9927 Webb N 2004 Settlement and Integration in Scotland 1124 1214 Local Society and the Development of Aristocratic Communities With Special Reference to the Anglo French Settlement of the South East PhD thesis University of Glasgow Williams DGE 1997 Land Assessment and Military Organisation in the Norse Settlements in Scotland c 900 1266 AD PhD thesis University of St Andrews hdl 10023 7088 Wingfield E 2017 Barbour John The Brus In Echard S Rouse R eds The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain John Wiley amp Sons pp 1 2 doi 10 1002 9781118396957 wbemlb040 ISBN 9781118396957 Woolf A 2004 The Age of Sea Kings 900 1300 In Omand D ed The Argyll Book Edinburgh Birlinn pp 94 109 ISBN 1 84158 253 0 Woolf A 2005 The Origins and Ancestry of Somerled Gofraid mac Fergusa and The Annals of the Four Masters Mediaeval Scandinavia 15 199 213 Woolf A 2013 The Song of the Death of Somerled and the Destruction of Glasgow in 1153 Journal of the Sydney Society for Scottish History 14 1 11 Young A Stead MJ 2010 2002 In the Footsteps of William Wallace In Scotland and Northern England Brimscombe Port The History Press ISBN 978 0 7524 5638 6 External links edit Walter Stewart I son of Alan d 1177 People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 Eschiva of Mow London Wife of Walter son of Alan I the Steward People of Medieval Scotland 1093 1371 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Walter fitz Alan amp oldid 1169499717, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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