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Annals of Ulster

February 05, 2024

The Annals of Ulster (Irish: Annála Uladh) are annals of medieval Ireland. The entries span the years from 431 AD to 1540 AD. The entries up to 1489 AD were compiled in the late 15th century by the scribe Ruaidhrí Ó Luinín, under his patron Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa, on the island of Senadh-Mic-Maghnusa, also known as Senad or Ballymacmanus Island[1][2] (now known as Belle Isle, where Belle Isle Castle is located), near Lisbellaw, on Lough Erne in the kingdom of Fir Manach (Fermanagh). Later entries (up to AD 1540) were added by others.[3]

Annals of Ulster
Original title(Irish: Annála Uladh)
CountryIreland
SubjectMedieval Ireland
Manuscript of the Annals of Ulster 500–1000 AD

Entries up to the mid-6th century are retrospective, drawing on earlier annalistic and historical texts, while later entries were contemporary, based on recollection and oral history.[4] T. M. Charles-Edwards has claimed that the main source for its records of the first millennium A.D. is a now lost Armagh continuation of the Chronicle of Ireland.

The Annals used the Irish language, with some entries in Latin. Because their sources were copied verbatim, the Annals are useful not just for historians, but also for linguists studying the evolution of the Irish language.

A century later, the Annals of Ulster became an important source for the authors of the Annals of the Four Masters. It also informs the Irish text Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib.[5]

The Library of Trinity College, Dublin, possesses the original manuscript; the Bodleian Library in Oxford has a contemporary copy that fills some of the gaps in the original. There are two main modern English translations of the annals – Mac Airt and Mac Niocaill (1983) and MacCarthy (1893).

Content edit

Kings edit

Several kings are mentioned throughout the Annals of Ulster. The Annals tend to follow the lives of the kings, including important battles, raids, and their ultimate death. Between the years of 847 and 879, three different kings are highlighted. For example: Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid, the king of the southern Ui Neill clan from 846 to 862:

  • 839.6 – First mentioned in the Annals of Ulster having killed Crunnmael son of Fiannamail.
  • 841.2 – Kills Diarmait
  • 843.1 – Mael Sechnaill's father, Mael Ruanaid, dies
  • 845.7 – Kills his brother Flann
  • 845.8 – Takes Tuirgéis prisoner
  • 846.7 – Suffers heavy losses at hands of Tigernach
  • 847.2 – Begins his reign.
  • 847.3 – Destroys the Island of Loch Muinremor
  • 848.4 – defeats Vikings at Forach
  • 849.12 – conducts siege in Crupat
  • 850.3 – Cinaed, king of Cianacht, with help from foreign forces rebels against Mael Sechnaill
  • 851.2 – kills Cinaed, king of Cianacht
  • 851.5 – attends a conference in Ard Macha
  • 854.2 – took hostages from Mumu at Inneóin na nDéise
  • 856.2 – took hostages from Mumu at Caisel
  • 856.3 – battle against the Vikings
  • 858.4 – marched against Mumu, took hostages from them and travelled with them "from Belat Gabráin to Inis Tarbnai off the Irish coast, and from Dún Cermna to Ára Airthir."
  • 859.3 – attends a conference at Ráith Aeda Meic Bric "to make peace and amity between the men of Ireland"
  • 860.1 – leads army into the north, attacked, but holds position
  • 862.5 – Dies and is described as "king of all Ireland"[6]

The same pattern is followed for Aed mac Neill, the king of the northern Ui Neill clan. Aed mac Neill appears in the following entries in the Annals of Ulster: 855.3, 856.5, 860.1, 861.1, 862.2, 862.3, 863.2, 864.1, 864.3, 866.4, 868.4, 870.2, 874.4, and finally 879.1

The final entry ends with the entry about his death and includes a poem. It reads "Aed son of Niall, king of Temair, fell asleep on the twelfth of the Kalends of 20 December Nov at Druim Inasclainn in the territory of Conaille.

1. (Twelve days before the melodious Kalends
Of December—a harsh company—
A wonderful person died to your loss(?),
Aed of Ailech, over-king of the Irish.

2. A generous prudent man of shields
Who brought plenty to landed Temair,
Against iron-tipped spears a buckler
From the forge-fire of the land of the sons of Mil.)"[6]

Just as with the Irish kings, the Annals of Ulster follows the lives of the Viking kings of Dublin. For example, Amlaíb Conung (Olaf Konung) is mentioned in the following entries: 853.2, 857.1, 859.2, 863.4, 864.2, 866.1, 867.8, 869.6, 870.6, 871.2, and 875.4

The final entry deviates from the Irish kings and instead tells of the death of Amlaib's son, Oistín and reads: "Oistín son of Amlaíb, king of the Norsemen, was deceitfully killed by Albann."[6]

Places edit

Along with kings and kingdoms, the entries in the Annals of Ulster focus on important places of Ireland such as Armagh, the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland, which appears several times throughout the text. Dublin, for example, referred to in the text as either Áth Cliath or Duiblinn, is described in the Annals of Ulster with entries ranging from the settlement of Dublin by Vikings ("The heathens still at Duiblinn" in 842.2 and "An encampment of the foreigners of Áth Cliath at Cluain Andobuir" in 845.12) to deaths of notable names ("Carlus son of Conn son of Donnchad was killed in Áth Cliath" in 960.2) to Dublin being ruled by the Irish ("The foreigners returned to Áth Cliath and gave hostages to Brian" in 1000.4).[6]

The town appears 66 different times in the Annals of Ulster and can be found in the following entries: 770.1, 790.2, 841.4, 842.2, 842.7, 845.12, 851.3, 870.2, 871.2 893.4, 895.6, 902.2, 917.4, 919.3, 920.5, 921.5, 921.8, 924.3, 926.6, 927.3, 930.1, 936.2, 938.5, 938.6, 939.1, 942.3, 942.7, 944.3, 945.6, 946.1, 947.1, 950.7, 951.3, 951.7, 956.3, 960.2, 961.1, 978.3, 980.1, 994.6, 995.2, 999.8, 1000.4, 1013.12, 1013.13, 1014.2, 1018.2, 1021.1, 1022.4, 1031.2, 1035.5, 1070.2, 1075.1, 1075.4, 1084.8, 1088.4, 1094.2, 1095.4, 1100.5, 1103.5, 1105.3, 1115.4, 1118.6, 1121.7, 1126.7, and 1128.6[6]

Historical context edit

Vikings in Ireland edit

The Annals of Ulster contains a large amount of historical information on the invasions of the Vikings into Ireland and several specific events are mentioned that are paralleled in other Irish works such as the Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib. The Annals of Ulster documents the Viking invasions one year after the common starting event of the Viking Period, the raiding of Lindisfarne in 793, as mentioned by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The first mention of the Vikings is very brief. "794.7 Devastation of all the islands of Britain by heathens,"[6] yet over the course of the annals their attacks become more specific "807.8 The heathens burned Inis Muiredaig and invade Ros Comáin."[6]

The Vikings are called several different names throughout the annals: foreigners, dark or fair-foreigners, heathens, Norsemen, Norse-Irish and Danes. It is often unclear if these titles attribute nationalities or certain alliances as they are used intermixed throughout.

The annals mention the foreigners’ beginnings in Ireland as one of plunder and slave-taking. According to the annals, the Norsemen took many slaves in their raids. "821.3 Étar was plundered by the heathens, and they carried off a great number of women into captivity."[6][7] However, eventually they established a permanent base in Áth Cliath or Dublin by 841. In "841.4 There was a naval camp at Linn Duachaill from which the peoples and churches of Tethba were plundered. There was a naval camp at Duiblinn from which the Laigin and the Uí Néill were plundered, both states and churches, as far as Sliab Bladma."[6]

Although the Vikings are portrayed as heathens, the Annals describes strife between the Irish against each other and often the foreigners are depicted as allies to various Irish factions. The depiction of warfare involving the "heathens" is not one-sided; in the annals, they are often allied with the Irish against other Irish. Some Irishmen are even accused of doing the same sort of raiding as the Viking invaders. In "847.3 Mael Sechnaill destroyed the Island of Loch Muinremor, overcoming there a large band of wicked men of Luigni and Gailenga, who had been plundering the territories in the manner of the heathens."[6]

Several famous battles and characters involving the Vikings can be found in the Annals of Ulster. The Battle of Brunanburh 937.6,[6] the Battle of Tara 980.1,[6] and the Battle of Clontarf 1014.1[6] are all described in brief detail. Some Viking individuals of note mentioned in the annals with parallels in other historical sources are the foreign chieftain Turgeis, beginning in 845,[6] Ímar and Amlaíb, the later progenitors of the Uí Ímair,[6] rulers of Áth Cliath or Dublin. Irish historical figures included within the text are Máel Sechnaill,[6] Muirchertach[6] son of Niall and Brian Boru.[6]

Editions edit

  • Mac Airt, Seán and Gearóid Mac Niocaill (eds and trs.). The Annals of Ulster (to AD 1131). DIAS, Dublin, 1983. ISBN 0901282774. Available from CELT: edition in vol. 1 (AD 431–1131), pp. 38–578, which excludes the pre-Patrician sections (Irish World Chronicle), pp. 2–36.
  • Mac Carthy, B. (ed. and tr.). Annala Uladh: Annals of Ulster otherwise Annala Senait, Annals of Senat: a chronicle of Irish affairs from A.D. 431 to A.D. 1540. 4 vols. Dublin, 1895. Available from the Internet Archive: vol. 1 (AD 431–1056), vol. 2 (AD 1057–1378) and vol. 3 (AD 1379–1588). Available from CELT, with notes of warning:
    • AD 1155–1201 (vols. 1 and 2): edition
    • AD 431–1201 (vols. 1 and 2): translation
    • AD 1201–1378 (in vol. 2): edition and translation.
    • AD 1379–1588 (vol. 3): edition and translation.

References edit

  1. ^ Brian G. Scott (General Editor), Claire Foley and Ronan McHugh, An Archaeological Survey of County Fermanagh: Volume I, Part 2 – The Early Christian and Medieval Periods, pp. 698 and 349. Northern Ireland Environment Agency (N.I.E.A.), Belfast, and Colourpoint Books, Newtownards, 2014.
  2. ^ Robert Bell, The Book of Ulster Surnames, p. 175. The Blackstaff Press, Belfast, 1988 (2003 reprint).
  3. ^ Koch, John T., ed. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 70. ISBN 978-1851094400. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  4. ^ Flechner (2013), pp. 422 ff.
  5. ^ Downham, Clare (2013–2014), "The 'annalistic section' of Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib", Peritia, 24–25 (4): 141–72, doi:10.1484/J.PERIT.5.102744
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "The Annals of Ulster".
  7. ^ . National Geographic News. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

Sources cited edit

Further reading edit

  • Byrne, Francis John. "Chiasmus and hyperbaton in the Annals of Ulster." In Ogma: essays in Celtic studies in honour of Próinséas Ní Chatháin, ed. Michael Richter and Jean-Michel Picard. Dublin, 2002. 54–64.
  • Dumville, David N. "Latin and Irish in the Annals of Ulster, AD 431–1050." In Ireland in early medieval Europe: studies in memory of Kathleen Hughes, ed. Dorothy Whitelock, Rosamond McKitterick and David N. Dumville. Cambridge, 1982. 320–41.
  • Dumville, David N. "On editing and translating medieval Irish chronicles: The Annals of Ulster." Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 10 (1985): 67–86.
  • Evans, N. (2010) 'The Present and the Past in Medieval Irish Chronicles', Woodbridge & Rochester, Boydell & Brewer.
  • Flechner, Roy (2013). "The Chronicle of Ireland: Then and Now". Early Medieval Europe. 21 (4): 422–54. doi:10.1111/emed.12025. S2CID 162982334.
  • Gwynn, Aubrey. "Cathal mac Maghnusa and the Annals of Ulster." Clogher Rec 2 (1958–59): 230–43, 370–84. Revised version in Aubrey Gwynn, Cathal Óg mac Maghnusa and the Annals of Ulster, ed. Nollaig Ó Muraíle. Enniskillen, 1998.
  • Hughes, Kathleen. Early Christian Ireland. Introduction to the sources. London and Ithaca NY, 1972. 99–159.
  • Hull, Vernam. "The Middle Irish preterite passive plural in the Annals of Ulster." Language 28 (1952): 107–8.
  • Jaski, Bart. "Additional notes to the Annals of Ulster." Ériu 48 (1997): 103–52.
  • MacDonald, A.D.S. "Notes on monastic archaeology and the Annals of Ulster, 650–1050." In Irish antiquity: essays and studies presented to Professor M. J. O'Kelly, ed. Donnchadh Ó Corráin. Cork, 1981. 304–19.
  • MacDonald, A.D.S. "Notes on terminology in the Annals of Ulster, 650–1050." Peritia 1 (1982): 329–33.
  • Mac Niocaill, Gearóid. "Annála Uladh agus Annála Locha Cé, 1014–1220." Galvia 6 (1959): 18–25.
  • Mac Niocaill, Gearóid. The medieval Irish annals. Dublin, 1975.
  • Mc Carthy, Daniel P. "The original compilation of the Annals of Ulster." Studia Celtica 38 (2004): 77–84.
  • Mc Carthy, Daniel P. "The chronological apparatus of the Annals of Ulster AD 82-1029." Peritia 16 (2002): 256–83.
  • Mc Carthy, Daniel P. "The chronological apparatus of the Annals of Ulster AD 431–1131." Peritia 8 (1994): 46–79.
  • Mc Carthy, Daniel P. "The chronology of the Irish annals." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy C 98 (1998): 203–55.
  • Mc Carthy, Daniel P. Irish chronicles and their chronology. Website.
  • Meckler, Michael. "The Annals of Ulster and the date of the meeting of Druim Cett." Peritia 11 (1997): 44–52.
  • Ó Máille, Tomás. The language of the Annals of Ulster. Manchester, 1910. PDF available from the Internet Archive.
  • Ó Muraíle, Nollaig. Aubrey Gwynn, Cathal Óg mac Maghnusa and the Annals of Ulster. Enniskillen, 1998.
  • Ó Muraíle, Nollaig. "Cathal Mac Maghnusa: his time, life and legacy." Clogher Rec 16.2 (1998): 45–64.
  • Smyth, Alfred P. "The Húi Néill and the Leinstermen in the Annals of Ulster, 431–516 A.D." Études Celtiques 14 (1974): 121–43.

External links edit

  • The Annals of Ulster (translated) at University College Cork's CELT – Corpus of Electronic Texts
  • The Annals of Ulster at Oxford University Bodleian Library (MS. Rawl. B489) – early 16th century.

See also edit

February 05, 2024
annals, ulster, irish, annála, uladh, annals, medieval, ireland, entries, span, years, from, 1540, entries, 1489, were, compiled, late, 15th, century, scribe, ruaidhrí, luinín, under, patron, cathal, maghnusa, island, senadh, maghnusa, also, known, senad, ball. The Annals of Ulster Irish Annala Uladh are annals of medieval Ireland The entries span the years from 431 AD to 1540 AD The entries up to 1489 AD were compiled in the late 15th century by the scribe Ruaidhri o Luinin under his patron Cathal og Mac Maghnusa on the island of Senadh Mic Maghnusa also known as Senad or Ballymacmanus Island 1 2 now known as Belle Isle where Belle Isle Castle is located near Lisbellaw on Lough Erne in the kingdom of Fir Manach Fermanagh Later entries up to AD 1540 were added by others 3 Annals of UlsterOriginal title Irish Annala Uladh CountryIrelandSubjectMedieval IrelandManuscript of the Annals of Ulster 500 1000 ADEntries up to the mid 6th century are retrospective drawing on earlier annalistic and historical texts while later entries were contemporary based on recollection and oral history 4 T M Charles Edwards has claimed that the main source for its records of the first millennium A D is a now lost Armagh continuation of the Chronicle of Ireland The Annals used the Irish language with some entries in Latin Because their sources were copied verbatim the Annals are useful not just for historians but also for linguists studying the evolution of the Irish language A century later the Annals of Ulster became an important source for the authors of the Annals of the Four Masters It also informs the Irish text Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib 5 The Library of Trinity College Dublin possesses the original manuscript the Bodleian Library in Oxford has a contemporary copy that fills some of the gaps in the original There are two main modern English translations of the annals Mac Airt and Mac Niocaill 1983 and MacCarthy 1893 Contents 1 Content 1 1 Kings 1 2 Places 2 Historical context 2 1 Vikings in Ireland 3 Editions 4 References 4 1 Sources cited 5 Further reading 6 External links 7 See alsoContent editKings edit Several kings are mentioned throughout the Annals of Ulster The Annals tend to follow the lives of the kings including important battles raids and their ultimate death Between the years of 847 and 879 three different kings are highlighted For example Mael Sechnaill mac Maele Ruanaid the king of the southern Ui Neill clan from 846 to 862 839 6 First mentioned in the Annals of Ulster having killed Crunnmael son of Fiannamail 841 2 Kills Diarmait 843 1 Mael Sechnaill s father Mael Ruanaid dies 845 7 Kills his brother Flann 845 8 Takes Tuirgeis prisoner 846 7 Suffers heavy losses at hands of Tigernach 847 2 Begins his reign 847 3 Destroys the Island of Loch Muinremor 848 4 defeats Vikings at Forach 849 12 conducts siege in Crupat 850 3 Cinaed king of Cianacht with help from foreign forces rebels against Mael Sechnaill 851 2 kills Cinaed king of Cianacht 851 5 attends a conference in Ard Macha 854 2 took hostages from Mumu at Inneoin na nDeise 856 2 took hostages from Mumu at Caisel 856 3 battle against the Vikings 858 4 marched against Mumu took hostages from them and travelled with them from Belat Gabrain to Inis Tarbnai off the Irish coast and from Dun Cermna to Ara Airthir 859 3 attends a conference at Raith Aeda Meic Bric to make peace and amity between the men of Ireland 860 1 leads army into the north attacked but holds position 862 5 Dies and is described as king of all Ireland 6 The same pattern is followed for Aed mac Neill the king of the northern Ui Neill clan Aed mac Neill appears in the following entries in the Annals of Ulster 855 3 856 5 860 1 861 1 862 2 862 3 863 2 864 1 864 3 866 4 868 4 870 2 874 4 and finally 879 1The final entry ends with the entry about his death and includes a poem It reads Aed son of Niall king of Temair fell asleep on the twelfth of the Kalends of 20 December Nov at Druim Inasclainn in the territory of Conaille 1 Twelve days before the melodious Kalends Of December a harsh company A wonderful person died to your loss Aed of Ailech over king of the Irish 2 A generous prudent man of shields Who brought plenty to landed Temair Against iron tipped spears a buckler From the forge fire of the land of the sons of Mil 6 Just as with the Irish kings the Annals of Ulster follows the lives of the Viking kings of Dublin For example Amlaib Conung Olaf Konung is mentioned in the following entries 853 2 857 1 859 2 863 4 864 2 866 1 867 8 869 6 870 6 871 2 and 875 4The final entry deviates from the Irish kings and instead tells of the death of Amlaib s son Oistin and reads Oistin son of Amlaib king of the Norsemen was deceitfully killed by Albann 6 Places edit Along with kings and kingdoms the entries in the Annals of Ulster focus on important places of Ireland such as Armagh the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland which appears several times throughout the text Dublin for example referred to in the text as either Ath Cliath or Duiblinn is described in the Annals of Ulster with entries ranging from the settlement of Dublin by Vikings The heathens still at Duiblinn in 842 2 and An encampment of the foreigners of Ath Cliath at Cluain Andobuir in 845 12 to deaths of notable names Carlus son of Conn son of Donnchad was killed in Ath Cliath in 960 2 to Dublin being ruled by the Irish The foreigners returned to Ath Cliath and gave hostages to Brian in 1000 4 6 The town appears 66 different times in the Annals of Ulster and can be found in the following entries 770 1 790 2 841 4 842 2 842 7 845 12 851 3 870 2 871 2 893 4 895 6 902 2 917 4 919 3 920 5 921 5 921 8 924 3 926 6 927 3 930 1 936 2 938 5 938 6 939 1 942 3 942 7 944 3 945 6 946 1 947 1 950 7 951 3 951 7 956 3 960 2 961 1 978 3 980 1 994 6 995 2 999 8 1000 4 1013 12 1013 13 1014 2 1018 2 1021 1 1022 4 1031 2 1035 5 1070 2 1075 1 1075 4 1084 8 1088 4 1094 2 1095 4 1100 5 1103 5 1105 3 1115 4 1118 6 1121 7 1126 7 and 1128 6 6 Historical context editVikings in Ireland edit The Annals of Ulster contains a large amount of historical information on the invasions of the Vikings into Ireland and several specific events are mentioned that are paralleled in other Irish works such as the Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib The Annals of Ulster documents the Viking invasions one year after the common starting event of the Viking Period the raiding of Lindisfarne in 793 as mentioned by the Anglo Saxon Chronicle The first mention of the Vikings is very brief 794 7 Devastation of all the islands of Britain by heathens 6 yet over the course of the annals their attacks become more specific 807 8 The heathens burned Inis Muiredaig and invade Ros Comain 6 The Vikings are called several different names throughout the annals foreigners dark or fair foreigners heathens Norsemen Norse Irish and Danes It is often unclear if these titles attribute nationalities or certain alliances as they are used intermixed throughout The annals mention the foreigners beginnings in Ireland as one of plunder and slave taking According to the annals the Norsemen took many slaves in their raids 821 3 Etar was plundered by the heathens and they carried off a great number of women into captivity 6 7 However eventually they established a permanent base in Ath Cliath or Dublin by 841 In 841 4 There was a naval camp at Linn Duachaill from which the peoples and churches of Tethba were plundered There was a naval camp at Duiblinn from which the Laigin and the Ui Neill were plundered both states and churches as far as Sliab Bladma 6 Although the Vikings are portrayed as heathens the Annals describes strife between the Irish against each other and often the foreigners are depicted as allies to various Irish factions The depiction of warfare involving the heathens is not one sided in the annals they are often allied with the Irish against other Irish Some Irishmen are even accused of doing the same sort of raiding as the Viking invaders In 847 3 Mael Sechnaill destroyed the Island of Loch Muinremor overcoming there a large band of wicked men of Luigni and Gailenga who had been plundering the territories in the manner of the heathens 6 Several famous battles and characters involving the Vikings can be found in the Annals of Ulster The Battle of Brunanburh 937 6 6 the Battle of Tara 980 1 6 and the Battle of Clontarf 1014 1 6 are all described in brief detail Some Viking individuals of note mentioned in the annals with parallels in other historical sources are the foreign chieftain Turgeis beginning in 845 6 Imar and Amlaib the later progenitors of the Ui Imair 6 rulers of Ath Cliath or Dublin Irish historical figures included within the text are Mael Sechnaill 6 Muirchertach 6 son of Niall and Brian Boru 6 Editions editMac Airt Sean and Gearoid Mac Niocaill eds and trs The Annals of Ulster to AD 1131 DIAS Dublin 1983 ISBN 0901282774 Available from CELT edition in vol 1 AD 431 1131 pp 38 578 which excludes the pre Patrician sections Irish World Chronicle pp 2 36 Mac Carthy B ed and tr Annala Uladh Annals of Ulster otherwise Annala Senait Annals of Senat a chronicle of Irish affairs from A D 431 to A D 1540 4 vols Dublin 1895 Available from the Internet Archive vol 1 AD 431 1056 vol 2 AD 1057 1378 and vol 3 AD 1379 1588 Available from CELT with notes of warning AD 1155 1201 vols 1 and 2 edition AD 431 1201 vols 1 and 2 translation AD 1201 1378 in vol 2 edition and translation AD 1379 1588 vol 3 edition and translation References edit Brian G Scott General Editor Claire Foley and Ronan McHugh An Archaeological Survey of County Fermanagh Volume I Part 2 The Early Christian and Medieval Periods pp 698 and 349 Northern Ireland Environment Agency N I E A Belfast and Colourpoint Books Newtownards 2014 Robert Bell The Book of Ulster Surnames p 175 The Blackstaff Press Belfast 1988 2003 reprint Koch John T ed 2006 Celtic Culture A Historical Encyclopedia Vol 1 Santa Barbara ABC CLIO p 70 ISBN 978 1851094400 Retrieved 4 September 2017 Flechner 2013 pp 422 ff Downham Clare 2013 2014 The annalistic section of Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib Peritia 24 25 4 141 72 doi 10 1484 J PERIT 5 102744 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r The Annals of Ulster Kinder Gentler Vikings Not According to Their Slaves National Geographic News 28 December 2015 Archived from the original on 2 August 2019 Retrieved 2 August 2019 Sources cited edit Oxford Concise Companion to Irish Literature Robert Welsh 1996 ISBN 0 19 280080 9 Charles Edwards T M 2006 The Chronicle of Ireland Liverpool University Press ISBN 978 0 85323 959 8 Flechner Roy 2013 The Chronicle of Ireland Then and Now Early Medieval Europe 21 4 422 54 doi 10 1111 emed 12025 S2CID 162982334Further reading editByrne Francis John Chiasmus and hyperbaton in the Annals of Ulster In Ogma essays in Celtic studies in honour of Proinseas Ni Chathain ed Michael Richter and Jean Michel Picard Dublin 2002 54 64 Dumville David N Latin and Irish in the Annals of Ulster AD 431 1050 In Ireland in early medieval Europe studies in memory of Kathleen Hughes ed Dorothy Whitelock Rosamond McKitterick and David N Dumville Cambridge 1982 320 41 Dumville David N On editing and translating medieval Irish chronicles The Annals of Ulster Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 10 1985 67 86 Evans N 2010 The Present and the Past in Medieval Irish Chronicles Woodbridge amp Rochester Boydell amp Brewer Flechner Roy 2013 The Chronicle of Ireland Then and Now Early Medieval Europe 21 4 422 54 doi 10 1111 emed 12025 S2CID 162982334 Gwynn Aubrey Cathal mac Maghnusa and the Annals of Ulster Clogher Rec 2 1958 59 230 43 370 84 Revised version in Aubrey Gwynn Cathal og mac Maghnusa and the Annals of Ulster ed Nollaig o Muraile Enniskillen 1998 Hughes Kathleen Early Christian Ireland Introduction to the sources London and Ithaca NY 1972 99 159 Hull Vernam The Middle Irish preterite passive plural in the Annals of Ulster Language 28 1952 107 8 Jaski Bart Additional notes to the Annals of Ulster Eriu 48 1997 103 52 MacDonald A D S Notes on monastic archaeology and the Annals of Ulster 650 1050 In Irish antiquity essays and studies presented to Professor M J O Kelly ed Donnchadh o Corrain Cork 1981 304 19 MacDonald A D S Notes on terminology in the Annals of Ulster 650 1050 Peritia 1 1982 329 33 Mac Niocaill Gearoid Annala Uladh agus Annala Locha Ce 1014 1220 Galvia 6 1959 18 25 Mac Niocaill Gearoid The medieval Irish annals Dublin 1975 Mc Carthy Daniel P The original compilation of the Annals of Ulster Studia Celtica 38 2004 77 84 Mc Carthy Daniel P The chronological apparatus of the Annals of Ulster AD 82 1029 Peritia 16 2002 256 83 Mc Carthy Daniel P The chronological apparatus of the Annals of Ulster AD 431 1131 Peritia 8 1994 46 79 Mc Carthy Daniel P The chronology of the Irish annals Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy C 98 1998 203 55 Mc Carthy Daniel P Irish chronicles and their chronology Website Meckler Michael The Annals of Ulster and the date of the meeting of Druim Cett Peritia 11 1997 44 52 o Maille Tomas The language of the Annals of Ulster Manchester 1910 PDF available from the Internet Archive o Muraile Nollaig Aubrey Gwynn Cathal og mac Maghnusa and the Annals of Ulster Enniskillen 1998 o Muraile Nollaig Cathal Mac Maghnusa his time life and legacy Clogher Rec 16 2 1998 45 64 Smyth Alfred P The Hui Neill and the Leinstermen in the Annals of Ulster 431 516 A D Etudes Celtiques 14 1974 121 43 External links editThe Annals of Ulster translated at University College Cork s CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts The Annals of Ulster at Oxford University Bodleian Library MS Rawl B489 early 16th century See also editIrish annals Chronicle of Ireland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Annals of Ulster amp oldid 1189699024, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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