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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

February 15, 2024

For the list for children, see WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML[1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.[2] The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicines.[2] As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list.[1] This includes both developed and developing countries.[2][3]

The list is divided into core items and complementary items.[4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources.[4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.[4] About 25% of items are in the complementary list.[5] Some medications are listed as both core and complementary.[6] While most medications on the list are available as generic products, being under patent does not preclude inclusion.[7]

The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications.[8][2][9] The WHO updates the list every two years.[10] There are 306 medications in the 14th list in 2005,[11] 410 in the 19th list in 2015,[10] 433 in the 20th list in 2017,[12][13] 460 in the 21st list in 2019,[14][15][16] and 479 in the 22nd list in 2021.[17][18] Various national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.[5][19] The Essential Medicines List (EML) was updated in July 2023 to its 23rd edition. This list contains 1200 recommendations for 591 drugs and 103 therapeutic equivalents.[20]

A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 9th edition.[10][21][22][23] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations.[24][25] Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list.[26] The list and notes are based on the 19th to 23rd edition of the main list.[4][12][14][17][27] An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list.[4][14][17] Therapeutic alternatives with similar clinical performance are listed for some medicines and they may be considered for national essential medicines lists.[17][18] The 9th Essential Medicines List for Children was updated in July 2023.[23][28]

Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases edit

General anaesthetics and oxygen edit

Inhalational medicines edit

Injectable medicines edit

Local anaesthetics edit

Complementary:

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures edit

Medical gases edit

Medicines for pain and palliative care edit

Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) edit

 
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of aspirin

Opioid analgesics edit

Complementary:

Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care edit

Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis edit

Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings edit

Non-specific edit

Specific edit

Complementary:

Medicines for diseases of the nervous system edit

Antiseizure medicines edit

Complementary:

Medicines for multiple sclerosis edit

Complementary:

Medicines for parkinsonism edit

Anti-infective medicines edit

Anthelminthics edit

Intestinal anthelminthics edit

 
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole

Antifilarials edit

Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines edit

Complementary:

Cysticidal medicines edit

Complementary:

Antibacterials edit

Access group antibiotics edit

Watch group antibiotics edit

Complementary:

Reserve group antibiotics edit

Reserve antibiotics are last-resort antibiotics. The EML antibiotic book was published in 2022.[29][30][31]

Complementary:

Antileprosy medicines edit

Antituberculosis medicines edit

 
Pure crystals of ethambutol

Complementary:

Antifungal medicines edit

Complementary:

Antiviral medicines edit

Antiherpes medicines edit

Antiretrovirals edit

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors edit
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors edit
Protease inhibitors edit
 
Two capsules of atazanavir
Integrase inhibitors edit
Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines edit
Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections edit
Other antivirals edit

Complementary:

Antihepatitis medicines edit

Medicines for hepatitis B edit
Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors edit
Medicines for hepatitis C edit
Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations edit
Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations edit
Other antivirals for hepatitis C edit

Antiprotozoal medicines edit

Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines edit

Antileishmaniasis medicines edit

Antimalarial medicines edit

For curative treatment edit
For chemoprevention edit

Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines edit

Complementary:

Antitrypanosomal medicines edit

African trypanosomiasis edit
Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis edit
Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis edit

Complementary:

American trypanosomiasis edit

Medicines for ectoparasitic infections edit

Medicines for Ebola virus disease edit

Medicines for COVID-19 edit

No listings in this section.

Antimigraine medicines edit

For treatment of acute attack edit

For prophylaxis edit

Immunomodulators and antineoplastics edit

Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease edit

Complementary:

Antineoplastics and supportive medicines edit

Cytotoxic medicines edit

Complementary:

Targeted therapies edit

Complementary:

Immunomodulators edit

Complementary:

Hormones and antihormones edit

Complementary:

Supportive medicines edit

Complementary:

Therapeutic foods edit

Medicines affecting the blood edit

Antianaemia medicines edit

Complementary:

Medicines affecting coagulation edit

Complementary:

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies edit

Complementary:

Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes edit

Blood and blood components edit

 
Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma

Plasma-derived medicines edit

Human immunoglobulins edit

Complementary:

Blood coagulation factors edit

Complementary:

Plasma substitutes edit

Cardiovascular medicines edit

Antianginal medicines edit

Antiarrhythmic medicines edit

Complementary:

Antihypertensive medicines edit

Complementary:

Medicines used in heart failure edit

Complementary:

Antithrombotic medicines edit

Anti-platelet medicines edit

Thrombolytic medicines edit

Complementary:

Lipid-lowering agents edit

Fixed-dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease edit

Dermatological medicines (topical) edit

Antifungal medicines edit

Anti-infective medicines edit

Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines edit

Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation edit

Complementary:

Scabicides and pediculicides edit

Diagnostic agents edit

Ophthalmic medicines edit

Radiocontrast media edit

Complementary:

Antiseptics and disinfectants edit

Antiseptics edit

Disinfectants edit

Diuretics edit

Complementary:

Gastrointestinal medicines edit

Complementary:

Antiulcer medicines edit

Antiemetic medicines edit

Complementary:

Anti-inflammatory medicines edit

Complementary:

Laxatives edit

Medicines used in diarrhoea edit

Oral rehydration edit

Medicines for diarrhoea edit

Medicines for endocrine disorders edit

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes edit

Androgens edit

Complementary:

Estrogens edit

No listings in this section.

Progestogens edit

Medicines for diabetes edit

Insulins edit

Oral hypoglycaemic agents edit

Complementary:

Medicines for hypoglycaemia edit

Complementary:

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines edit

Complementary:

Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system edit

Complementary:

Immunologicals edit

Diagnostic agents edit

Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies edit

Vaccines edit

 
A vial of oral cholera vaccine

Recommendations for all

Recommendations for certain regions

Recommendations for some high-risk populations

Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors edit

Complementary:

Ophthalmological preparations edit

Anti-infective agents edit

Anti-inflammatory agents edit

Local anesthetics edit

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines edit

Mydriatics edit

Complementary:

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations edit

Complementary:

Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care edit

Contraceptives edit

Oral hormonal contraceptives edit

Injectable hormonal contraceptives edit

Intrauterine devices edit

Barrier methods edit

Implantable contraceptives edit

Intravaginal contraceptives edit

Ovulation inducers edit

Complementary:

Uterotonics edit

Antioxytocics (tocolytics) edit

Other medicines administered to the mother edit

Medicines administered to the neonate edit

Complementary:

Peritoneal dialysis solution edit

Complementary:

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders edit

Medicines used in psychotic disorders edit

Complementary:

Medicines used in mood disorders edit

Medicines used in depressive disorders edit

Medicines used in bipolar disorders edit

Medicines for anxiety disorders edit

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders edit

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use edit

Medicines for alcohol use disorders edit

Medicines for nicotine use disorders edit

Complementary:

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract edit

Antiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease edit

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances edit

Oral edit

Parenteral edit

Miscellaneous edit

Vitamins and minerals edit

Complementary:

Ear, nose and throat medicines edit

Medicines for diseases of joints edit

Medicines used to treat gout edit

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) edit

Complementary:

Medicines for juvenile joint diseases edit

Complementary:

Dental medicines and preparations edit

Notes edit

An α indicates the medicine is on the complementary list for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring or training is needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.[4][14]

  1. ^ (For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension).
  2. ^ No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
  3. ^ Not in children less than three months.
  4. ^ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
  5. ^ For the management of cancer pain
  6. ^ Hydromorphone and oxycodone are alternatives
  7. ^ For the management of cancer pain.
  8. ^ a b Dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron are alternatives
  9. ^ Cetirizine and fexofenadine are alternatives
  10. ^ There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications (EMLc).
  11. ^ Prednisone is an alternative
  12. ^ For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
  13. ^ Diazepam and midazolam are alternatives
  14. ^ For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders.
  15. ^ For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.
  16. ^ The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  17. ^ a b c Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Including quality-assured biosimilars
  19. ^ Trihexyphenidyl is an alternative
  20. ^ benserazide is an alternative for carbidopa
  21. ^ Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
  22. ^ > 1 month.
  23. ^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.
  24. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
  25. ^ cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
  26. ^ Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
  27. ^ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
  28. ^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
  29. ^ Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
  30. ^ > 41 weeks corrected gestational age.
  31. ^ Erythromycin is an alternative as second choice treatment for pharyngitis in children (EMLc only)
  32. ^ For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori in adults.
  33. ^ Vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration
  34. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only, except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates, where meropenem is preferred
  35. ^ Tedizolid phosphate is an alternative
  36. ^ For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors.
  37. ^ For use only in combination with meropenem or imipenem/cilastatin.
  38. ^ Terizidone is an alternative
  39. ^ Prothionamide is an alternative
  40. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative
  41. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mycoses caused by Talaromyces marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by Talaromyces marneffei in AIDS patients.
  42. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.
  43. ^ Anidulafungin and caspofungin are alternatives
  44. ^ Valaciclovir is an alternative
  45. ^ also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis.
  46. ^ > 6 weeks
  47. ^ > 3 years
  48. ^ For use in pregnant women and in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines.
  49. ^ a b lamivudine is an alternative for emtricitabine
  50. ^ combination also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis
  51. ^ For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers
  52. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  53. ^ For severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
  54. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  55. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
  56. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
  57. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir or ravidasvir
  58. ^ For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with direct acting anti-viral medicines
  59. ^ > 25 kg.
  60. ^ Tinidazole is an alternative
  61. ^ Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost.
  62. ^ a b To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
  63. ^ For use in the management of severe malaria.
  64. ^ Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
  65. ^ To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine, or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.
  66. ^ Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate are alternatives
  67. ^ > 5 kg
  68. ^ For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
  69. ^ > 5 kg
  70. ^ For use only in combination with quinine.
  71. ^ Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days.
  72. ^ For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline.
  73. ^ Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
  74. ^ For use only in Central American regions, for Plasmodium vivax infections.
  75. ^ > 8 years.
  76. ^ > 5 kg or > 3 months.
  77. ^ For use only in combination with chloroquine.
  78. ^ For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  79. ^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  80. ^ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
  81. ^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  82. ^ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  83. ^ The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  84. ^ a b Certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
  85. ^ Afatinib and gefitinib are alternatives
  86. ^ Pembrolizumab is an alternative, including quality-assured biosimilars
  87. ^ Enzalutamide is an alternative
  88. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (L02BG Aromatase inhibitors)
  89. ^ Flutamide and nilutamide are alternatives
  90. ^ Goserelin and triptorelin are alternatives
  91. ^ Prednisone is an alternative
  92. ^ Biscuit or paste of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition and Codex alimentarius guidelines.
  93. ^ periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube defects
  94. ^ Epoetin alfa, beta and theta; darbepoetin alfa; methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta; and their quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  95. ^ Apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban are alternatives
  96. ^ Alternatives are dalteparin and nadroparin, including their quality-assured biosimilars.
  97. ^ Deferiprone is an alternative
  98. ^ cryoprecipitate (not pathogen-reduced) is an alternative
  99. ^ coagulation factor IX complex is an alternative
  100. ^ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered an alternative
  101. ^ a b c Carvedilol and metoprolol are alternatives
  102. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives)
  103. ^ Includes atenolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol as alternatives. Atenolol should not be used as a first-line agent in uncomplicated hypertension in patients > 60 years.
  104. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
  105. ^ Hydralazine is listed for use only in the acute management of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  106. ^ a b c Chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and indapamide are alternatives
  107. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  108. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  109. ^ a b Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain)
  110. ^ Methyldopa is listed for use only in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  111. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  112. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  113. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
  114. ^ Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives
  115. ^ For use in high‐risk patients. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin are alternatives
  116. ^ a b fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin are alternatives for atorvastatin
  117. ^ a b 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for ramipril
  118. ^ atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin are alternatives for simvastatin
  119. ^ bisoprolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol are alternatives for atenolol
  120. ^ chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, and indapamide are alternatives for hydrochlorothiazide
  121. ^ 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for perindopril
  122. ^ 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) are alternatives for amlodipine
  123. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
  124. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
  125. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AA Corticosteroids, weak (group I))
  126. ^ Calcitriol and tacalcitol are alternatives
  127. ^ Podophyllotoxin is an alternative
  128. ^ precipitated sulfur topical ointment is an alternative
  129. ^ Atropine and cyclopentolate are alternatives
  130. ^ Propanol is an alternative
  131. ^ Iodine is an alternative
  132. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
  133. ^ Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives
  134. ^ Chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone are alternatives
  135. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
  136. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
  137. ^ Mesalazine is an alternative
  138. ^ Bisacodyl is an alternative
  139. ^ In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts.
  140. ^ Norethisterone is an alternative
  141. ^ Insulin degludec, insulin detemir, and insulin glargine, including quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  142. ^ Canagliflozin and dapagliflozin are alternatives
  143. ^ Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years. Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A10BB Sulfonylureas)
  144. ^ a b Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability
  145. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available; and in patients during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  146. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
  147. ^ bromocriptine is an alternative
  148. ^ Exact type to be defined locally
  149. ^ a b c Recommended for certain regions
  150. ^ a b c d e f Recommended for some high-risk populations
  151. ^ a b c Recommended only for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
  152. ^ atracurium is an alternative
  153. ^ For infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
  154. ^ Amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin are alternatives
  155. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
  156. ^ Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are alternatives
  157. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
  158. ^ Carbachol is an alternative
  159. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01ED Beta blocking agents) excluding combinations
  160. ^ Cyclopentolate hydrochloride or homatropine hydrobromide are alternatives only for the EMLc
  161. ^ For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day
  162. ^ anastrozole is an alternative
  163. ^ Methylergometrine is an alternative
  164. ^ Where permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable.
  165. ^ Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate facilities are available.
  166. ^ Indometacin is an alternative
  167. ^ Prostaglandin E2 is an alternative
  168. ^ haloperidol decanonate and zuclopenthixol decanonate are alternatives
  169. ^ Chlorpromazine is an alternative for the tablet
  170. ^ Risperidone injection is an alternative
  171. ^ aripiprazole, olanzapine, paliperidone, and quetiapine are alternatives
  172. ^ a b c Citalopram, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline are alternatives
  173. ^ aripiprazole, olanzapine, and paliperidone are alternatives
  174. ^ lorazepam is an alternative
  175. ^ For short-term emergency management of acute and severe anxiety symptoms only
  176. ^ buprenorphine is an alternative. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme.
  177. ^ Beclometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, and mometasone are alternatives
  178. ^ Beclometasone/formoterol, budesonide/salmeterol, fluticasone/formoterol, fluticasone furoate/vilanterol, and mometasone/formoterol are alternatives
  179. ^ Terbutaline is an alternative
  180. ^ Aclidinium, glycopyrronium, and umeclidinium are alternatives
  181. ^ Ergocalciferol is an alternative
  182. ^ Colecalciferol is an alternative
  183. ^ Ofloxacin is an alternative
  184. ^ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease
  185. ^ triamcinolone acetonide is an alternative
  186. ^ of any type for use as dental sealant
  187. ^ of any type for use as dental filling material

References edit

  1. ^ a b . World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d . World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
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  6. ^ World Health Organization (2003). The selection and use of essential medicines (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). hdl:10665/42826. ISBN 92-4-120920-8. WHO technical report series 920.
  7. ^ Beall R (2016). "Patents and the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (18th Edition): Clarifying the Debate on IP and Access" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  8. ^ World Health Organization (1977). The selection of essential drugs: report of a WHO expert committee [meeting held in Geneva from 17 to 21 October 1977]. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/41272. ISBN 92-4-120615-2. Technical report series; no. 615.
  9. ^ Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, de Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, et al. (January 2017). "Essential medicines for universal health coverage". Lancet. 389 (10067): 403–476. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9. PMC 7159295. PMID 27832874.
  10. ^ a b c "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. The current versions are the 21st WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) and the 7th WHO Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc) updated in June 2019.
  11. ^ Prakash B, Nadig P, Nayak A (2016). "Rational Prescription for a Dermatologist". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 61 (1): 32–38. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174017. PMC 4763692. PMID 26955092.
  12. ^ a b World Health Organization (2017). WHO model list of essential medicines, 20th list (March 2017, amended August 2017). Geneva. hdl:10665/273826.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ . World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ World Health Organization (2019). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. Geneva. hdl:10665/325773. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ "Strengthening access to essential medicines". World Health Organization. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  18. ^ a b World Health Organization (2021). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2021: report of the 23rd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines: virtual meeting, 21 June–2 July 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345554. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.01.
  19. ^ World Health Organization (2021). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2021 (including the 22nd WHO model list of essential medicines and the 8th WHO model list of essential medicines for children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/351172. ISBN 978-92-4-004114-1. WHO technical report series;1035. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  20. ^ "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  21. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 7th list 2019. Geneva. hdl:10665/325772. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.07. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 8th list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345534. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.03.
  23. ^ a b World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex B: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 9th list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371091. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.03.
  24. ^ Rose K, Anker JN (2010). Guide to Paediatric Drug Development and Clinical Research. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-8055-9362-5.
  25. ^ Seyberth HW, Rane A, Schwab M (2011). Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 358. ISBN 978-3-642-20195-0.
  26. ^ Hoppu K (June 2017). "Essential Medicines for Children". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 101 (6): 718–720. doi:10.1002/cpt.661. PMID 28182281. S2CID 23873145.
  27. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  28. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: executive summary of the report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 24 28 April 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371291. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.01.
  29. ^ "The WHO Essential Medicines List Antibiotic Book". World Health Organization (WHO). 24 November 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  30. ^ The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2022. ISBN 978-92-4-006238-2. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  31. ^ The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book - Infographics. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2022. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2022.02. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

Further reading edit

  • Serafini M, Cargnin S, Massarotti A, Pirali T, Genazzani AA (September 2020). "Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 63 (18): 10170–10187. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00415. PMC 8007110. PMID 32352778.
  • Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR, eds. (2009). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 978-92-4-154765-9.
  • The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2015. hdl:10665/189763. ISBN 978-92-4-069494-1. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 994.
  • The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2017. hdl:10665/259481. ISBN 978-92-4-121015-7. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 1006.
  • The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2019 (including the 21st WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 7th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/330668. ISBN 978-92-4-121030-0. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series;1021.
  • Organization WH (2019). "Additions and deletions of medicines on the WHO model lists of essential medicines: 1977–2017". World Health Organization. hdl:10665/278038. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.01.

External links edit

  • eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List

February 15, 2024
model, list, essential, medicines, list, children, children, essential, medicines, list, published, world, health, organization, contains, medications, considered, most, effective, safe, meet, most, important, needs, health, system, list, frequently, used, cou. For the list for children see WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines aka Essential Medicines List or EML 1 published by the World Health Organization WHO contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system 2 The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicines 2 As of 2016 update more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization s model list 1 This includes both developed and developing countries 2 3 The list is divided into core items and complementary items 4 The core items are deemed to be the most cost effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources 4 The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost benefit ratio 4 About 25 of items are in the complementary list 5 Some medications are listed as both core and complementary 6 While most medications on the list are available as generic products being under patent does not preclude inclusion 7 The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications 8 2 9 The WHO updates the list every two years 10 There are 306 medications in the 14th list in 2005 11 410 in the 19th list in 2015 10 433 in the 20th list in 2017 12 13 460 in the 21st list in 2019 14 15 16 and 479 in the 22nd list in 2021 17 18 Various national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications 5 19 The Essential Medicines List EML was updated in July 2023 to its 23rd edition This list contains 1200 recommendations for 591 drugs and 103 therapeutic equivalents 20 A separate list for children up to 12 years of age known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children EMLc was created in 2007 and is in its 9th edition 10 21 22 23 It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations 24 25 Everything in the children s list is also included in the main list 26 The list and notes are based on the 19th to 23rd edition of the main list 4 12 14 17 27 An a indicates a medicine is on the complementary list 4 14 17 Therapeutic alternatives with similar clinical performance are listed for some medicines and they may be considered for national essential medicines lists 17 18 The 9th Essential Medicines List for Children was updated in July 2023 23 28 Contents 1 Anaesthetics preoperative medicines and medical gases 1 1 General anaesthetics and oxygen 1 1 1 Inhalational medicines 1 1 2 Injectable medicines 1 2 Local anaesthetics 1 3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short term procedures 1 4 Medical gases 2 Medicines for pain and palliative care 2 1 Non opioids and non steroidal anti inflammatory medicines NSAIMs 2 2 Opioid analgesics 2 3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care 3 Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis 4 Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings 4 1 Non specific 4 2 Specific 5 Medicines for diseases of the nervous system 5 1 Antiseizure medicines 5 2 Medicines for multiple sclerosis 5 3 Medicines for parkinsonism 6 Anti infective medicines 6 1 Anthelminthics 6 1 1 Intestinal anthelminthics 6 1 2 Antifilarials 6 1 3 Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines 6 1 4 Cysticidal medicines 6 2 Antibacterials 6 2 1 Access group antibiotics 6 2 2 Watch group antibiotics 6 2 3 Reserve group antibiotics 6 2 4 Antileprosy medicines 6 2 5 Antituberculosis medicines 6 3 Antifungal medicines 6 4 Antiviral medicines 6 4 1 Antiherpes medicines 6 4 2 Antiretrovirals 6 4 2 1 Nucleoside nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors 6 4 2 2 Non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 6 4 2 3 Protease inhibitors 6 4 2 4 Integrase inhibitors 6 4 2 5 Fixed dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines 6 4 2 6 Medicines for prevention of HIV related opportunistic infections 6 4 2 7 Other antivirals 6 4 3 Antihepatitis medicines 6 4 3 1 Medicines for hepatitis B 6 4 3 1 1 Nucleoside Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors 6 4 3 2 Medicines for hepatitis C 6 4 3 2 1 Pangenotypic direct acting antiviral combinations 6 4 3 2 2 Non pangenotypic direct acting antiviral combinations 6 4 3 2 3 Other antivirals for hepatitis C 6 5 Antiprotozoal medicines 6 5 1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines 6 5 2 Antileishmaniasis medicines 6 5 3 Antimalarial medicines 6 5 3 1 For curative treatment 6 5 3 2 For chemoprevention 6 5 4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines 6 5 5 Antitrypanosomal medicines 6 5 5 1 African trypanosomiasis 6 5 5 1 1 Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis 6 5 5 1 2 Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis 6 5 5 2 American trypanosomiasis 6 6 Medicines for ectoparasitic infections 6 7 Medicines for Ebola virus disease 6 8 Medicines for COVID 19 7 Antimigraine medicines 7 1 For treatment of acute attack 7 2 For prophylaxis 8 Immunomodulators and antineoplastics 8 1 Immunomodulators for non malignant disease 8 2 Antineoplastics and supportive medicines 8 2 1 Cytotoxic medicines 8 2 2 Targeted therapies 8 2 3 Immunomodulators 8 2 4 Hormones and antihormones 8 2 5 Supportive medicines 9 Therapeutic foods 10 Medicines affecting the blood 10 1 Antianaemia medicines 10 2 Medicines affecting coagulation 10 3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies 11 Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes 11 1 Blood and blood components 11 2 Plasma derived medicines 11 2 1 Human immunoglobulins 11 2 2 Blood coagulation factors 11 3 Plasma substitutes 12 Cardiovascular medicines 12 1 Antianginal medicines 12 2 Antiarrhythmic medicines 12 3 Antihypertensive medicines 12 4 Medicines used in heart failure 12 5 Antithrombotic medicines 12 5 1 Anti platelet medicines 12 5 2 Thrombolytic medicines 12 6 Lipid lowering agents 12 7 Fixed dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 13 Dermatological medicines topical 13 1 Antifungal medicines 13 2 Anti infective medicines 13 3 Anti inflammatory and antipruritic medicines 13 4 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation 13 5 Scabicides and pediculicides 14 Diagnostic agents 14 1 Ophthalmic medicines 14 2 Radiocontrast media 15 Antiseptics and disinfectants 15 1 Antiseptics 15 2 Disinfectants 16 Diuretics 17 Gastrointestinal medicines 17 1 Antiulcer medicines 17 2 Antiemetic medicines 17 3 Anti inflammatory medicines 17 4 Laxatives 17 5 Medicines used in diarrhoea 17 5 1 Oral rehydration 17 5 2 Medicines for diarrhoea 18 Medicines for endocrine disorders 18 1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes 18 2 Androgens 18 3 Estrogens 18 4 Progestogens 18 5 Medicines for diabetes 18 5 1 Insulins 18 5 2 Oral hypoglycaemic agents 18 6 Medicines for hypoglycaemia 18 7 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines 18 8 Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system 19 Immunologicals 19 1 Diagnostic agents 19 2 Sera immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies 19 3 Vaccines 20 Muscle relaxants peripherally acting and cholinesterase inhibitors 21 Ophthalmological preparations 21 1 Anti infective agents 21 2 Anti inflammatory agents 21 3 Local anesthetics 21 4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines 21 5 Mydriatics 21 6 Anti vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF preparations 22 Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care 22 1 Contraceptives 22 1 1 Oral hormonal contraceptives 22 1 2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives 22 1 3 Intrauterine devices 22 1 4 Barrier methods 22 1 5 Implantable contraceptives 22 1 6 Intravaginal contraceptives 22 2 Ovulation inducers 22 3 Uterotonics 22 4 Antioxytocics tocolytics 22 5 Other medicines administered to the mother 22 6 Medicines administered to the neonate 23 Peritoneal dialysis solution 24 Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders 24 1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders 24 2 Medicines used in mood disorders 24 2 1 Medicines used in depressive disorders 24 2 2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders 24 3 Medicines for anxiety disorders 24 4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders 24 5 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use 24 5 1 Medicines for alcohol use disorders 24 5 2 Medicines for nicotine use disorders 25 Medicines acting on the respiratory tract 25 1 Antiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 26 Solutions correcting water electrolyte and acid base disturbances 26 1 Oral 26 2 Parenteral 26 3 Miscellaneous 27 Vitamins and minerals 28 Ear nose and throat medicines 29 Medicines for diseases of joints 29 1 Medicines used to treat gout 29 2 Disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs DMARDs 29 3 Medicines for juvenile joint diseases 30 Dental medicines and preparations 31 Notes 32 References 33 Further reading 34 External linksAnaesthetics preoperative medicines and medical gases editGeneral anaesthetics and oxygen edit Inhalational medicines edit Halothane Isoflurane Nitrous oxide Oxygen SevofluraneInjectable medicines edit Ketamine Propofol ThiopentalLocal anaesthetics edit Bupivacaine Lidocaine Lidocaine epinephrine lidocaine epinephrine Complementary Ephedrinea note 1 Preoperative medication and sedation for short term procedures edit Atropine Midazolam MorphineMedical gases edit Oxygen note 2 Medicines for pain and palliative care editNon opioids and non steroidal anti inflammatory medicines NSAIMs edit nbsp A skeletal model of the chemical structure of aspirinAcetylsalicylic acid aspirin Ibuprofen note 3 Paracetamol note 4 acetaminophen Opioid analgesics edit Codeine Fentanyl note 5 Morphine note 6 Complementary Methadonea note 7 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care edit Amitriptyline Cyclizine Dexamethasone Diazepam Docusate sodium Fluoxetine Haloperidol Hyoscine butylbromide Hyoscine hydrobromide Lactulose Loperamide Metoclopramide Midazolam Ondansetron note 8 SennaAntiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis editDexamethasone Epinephrine adrenaline Hydrocortisone Loratadine note 9 note 10 Prednisolone note 11 Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings editNon specific edit Charcoal activatedSpecific edit Acetylcysteine Atropine Calcium gluconate Methylthioninium chloride methylene blue Naloxone Penicillamine Prussian blue Sodium nitrite Sodium thiosulfateComplementary Deferoxaminea Dimercaprola Fomepizolea Sodium calcium edetatea SuccimeraMedicines for diseases of the nervous system editAntiseizure medicines edit Carbamazepine Diazepam Lamotrigine note 12 Levetiracetam Lorazepam note 13 Magnesium sulfate note 14 Midazolam note 15 Phenobarbital Phenytoin note 16 Valproic acid sodium valproate note 17 Complementary Ethosuximidea Levetiracetama Valproic acid sodium valproate a note 17 Medicines for multiple sclerosis edit Complementary Cladribinea Glatiramer acetatea Rituximaba note 18 Medicines for parkinsonism edit Biperiden note 19 Levodopa carbidopa levodopa carbidopa note 20 Anti infective medicines editAnthelminthics edit Intestinal anthelminthics edit nbsp A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazoleAlbendazole Ivermectin Levamisole Mebendazole Niclosamide Praziquantel PyrantelAntifilarials edit Albendazole Diethylcarbamazine IvermectinAntischistosomals and other antinematode medicines edit Praziquantel TriclabendazoleComplementary Oxamniquinea note 21 Cysticidal medicines edit Complementary Albendazolea Mebendazolea PraziquantelaAntibacterials edit Access group antibiotics edit Amikacin Amoxicillin Amoxicillin clavulanic acid amoxicillin clavulanic acid Ampicillin Benzathine benzylpenicillin Benzylpenicillin Cefalexin Cefazolin note 22 Chloramphenicol note 23 Clindamycin Cloxacillin note 24 note 25 Doxycycline note 26 Gentamicin Metronidazole Nitrofurantoin Phenoxymethylpenicillin penicillin V Procaine benzylpenicillin note 27 Spectinomycin Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim TrimethoprimWatch group antibiotics edit Azithromycin Cefixime Cefotaxime note 28 Ceftriaxone note 29 note 30 Cefuroxime Ciprofloxacin Clarithromycin note 31 note 32 Piperacillin tazobactam piperacillin tazobactam Vancomycin note 33 Complementary Ceftazidimea Meropenema note 34 VancomycinaReserve group antibiotics edit Reserve antibiotics are last resort antibiotics The EML antibiotic book was published in 2022 29 30 31 Complementary Cefiderocola Ceftazidime avibactam ceftazidime avibactam a Ceftolozane tazobactam ceftolozane tazobactam a Colistina Fosfomycina Linezolida note 35 Meropenem vaborbactam meropenem vaborbactam a Plazomicina Polymyxin BaAntileprosy medicines edit Clofazimine Dapsone RifampicinAntituberculosis medicines edit nbsp Pure crystals of ethambutolEthambutol Ethambutol isoniazid pyrazinamide rifampicin ethambutol isoniazid pyrazinamide rifampicin Ethambutol isoniazid rifampicin ethambutol isoniazid rifampicin Ethionamide Isoniazid Isoniazid pyrazinamide rifampicin isoniazid pyrazinamide rifampicin Isoniazid rifampicin isoniazid rifampicin Isoniazid rifapentine isoniazid rifapentine Moxifloxacin Pyrazinamide Rifabutin note 36 Rifampicin RifapentineComplementary Amikacina Amoxicillin clavulanic acid amoxicillin clavulanic acid a note 37 Bedaquilinea Clofaziminea Cycloserinea note 38 Delamanida Ethionamidea note 39 Levofloxacina Linezolida Meropenema note 40 Moxifloxacina P aminosalicylic acid p aminosalicylate sodium a Pretomanida StreptomycinaAntifungal medicines edit Amphotericin B Clotrimazole Fluconazole Flucytosine Griseofulvin Itraconazole note 41 Nystatin Voriconazole note 42 Complementary Micafungina note 43 Potassium iodideaAntiviral medicines edit Antiherpes medicines edit Aciclovir note 44 Antiretrovirals edit Nucleoside nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors edit Abacavir Lamivudine Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate note 45 ZidovudineNon nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors edit Efavirenz Nevirapine note 46 Protease inhibitors edit nbsp Two capsules of atazanavirAtazanavir ritonavir atazanavir ritonavir Darunavir note 47 Lopinavir ritonavir lopinavir ritonavir RitonavirIntegrase inhibitors edit Dolutegravir Raltegravir note 48 Fixed dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines edit Abacavir lamivudine abacavir lamivudine Dolutegravir lamivudine tenofovir dolutegravir lamivudine tenofovir Efavirenz emtricitabine tenofovir note 49 Efavirenz lamivudine tenofovir efavirenz lamivudine tenofovir Emtricitabine tenofovir emtricitabine tenofovir note 49 note 50 Lamivudine zidovudine lamivudine zidovudine Medicines for prevention of HIV related opportunistic infections edit Isoniazid pyridoxine sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim isoniazid pyridoxine sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim Other antivirals edit Ribavirin note 51 Valganciclovir note 52 Complementary Oseltamivira note 53 Valganciclovira note 54 Antihepatitis medicines edit Medicines for hepatitis B edit Nucleoside Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors edit Entecavir Tenofovir disoproxil fumarateMedicines for hepatitis C edit Pangenotypic direct acting antiviral combinations edit Daclatasvir note 55 Daclatasvir sofosbuvir daclatasvir sofosbuvir Glecaprevir pibrentasvir glecaprevir pibrentasvir Ravidasvir note 56 Sofosbuvir note 57 Sofosbuvir velpatasvir sofosbuvir velpatasvir Non pangenotypic direct acting antiviral combinations edit Ledipasvir sofosbuvir ledipasvir sofosbuvir Other antivirals for hepatitis C edit Ribavirin note 58 Antiprotozoal medicines edit Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines edit Diloxanide note 59 Metronidazole note 60 Antileishmaniasis medicines edit Amphotericin B note 61 Meglumine antimoniate Miltefosine Paromomycin Sodium stibogluconateAntimalarial medicines edit For curative treatment edit Amodiaquine note 62 Artemether note 63 Artemether lumefantrine artemether lumefantrine note 64 Artesunate note 65 Artesunate amodiaquine artesunate amodiaquine note 66 Artesunate mefloquine artesunate mefloquine Artesunate pyronaridine tetraphosphate artesunate pyronaridine tetraphosphate note 67 Chloroquine note 68 Dihydroartemisinin piperaquine phosphate dihydroartemisinin piperaquine phosphate note 69 Doxycycline note 70 Mefloquine note 62 Primaquine note 71 Quinine note 72 Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine sulfadoxine pyrimethamine note 73 For chemoprevention edit Amodiaquine sulfadoxine pyrimethamine Co packaged Chloroquine note 74 Doxycycline note 75 Mefloquine note 76 Proguanil note 77 Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine sulfadoxine pyrimethamine Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines edit Pyrimethamine Sulfadiazine Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim Complementary PentamidineaAntitrypanosomal medicines edit African trypanosomiasis edit Fexinidazole note 78 Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis edit Pentamidine note 79 Suramin sodium note 80 Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis edit Eflornithine note 81 Melarsoprol Nifurtimox note 82 Complementary MelarsoprolaAmerican trypanosomiasis edit Benznidazole NifurtimoxMedicines for ectoparasitic infections edit IvermectinMedicines for Ebola virus disease edit Ansuvimab Atoltivimab maftivimab odesivimab atoltivimab maftivimab odesivimab Medicines for COVID 19 edit No listings in this section Antimigraine medicines editFor treatment of acute attack edit Acetylsalicylic acid aspirin Ibuprofen Paracetamol acetaminophen note 83 SumatriptanFor prophylaxis edit PropranololImmunomodulators and antineoplastics editImmunomodulators for non malignant disease edit Complementary Adalimumaba note 84 Azathioprinea Ciclosporina TacrolimusaAntineoplastics and supportive medicines edit Cytotoxic medicines edit Complementary Arsenic trioxidea Asparaginasea note 18 Bendamustinea Bleomycina Calcium folinate leucovorin calcium a Capecitabinea Carboplatina Chlorambucila Cisplatina Cyclophosphamidea Cytarabinea Dacarbazinea Dactinomycina Daunorubicina Docetaxela Doxorubicina Doxorubicin as pegylated liposomal a Etoposidea Fludarabinea Fluorouracila Gemcitabinea Hydroxycarbamide hydroxyurea a Ifosfamidea Irinotecana Melphalana Mercaptopurinea Methotrexatea Oxaliplatina Paclitaxela Pegaspargasea note 18 Procarbazinea Realgar Indigo naturalis formulationa Tioguaninea Vinblastinea Vincristinea VinorelbineaTargeted therapies edit Complementary All trans retinoic acid tretinoin ATRA a Bortezomiba Dasatiniba Erlotiniba note 85 Everolimusa Ibrutiniba Imatiniba Nilotiniba Rituximaba note 18 Trastuzumaba note 18 Immunomodulators edit Complementary Filgrastima note 18 Lenalidomidea Nivolumaba note 86 Pegfilgrastima note 18 ThalidomideaHormones and antihormones edit Complementary Abirateronea note 87 Anastrozolea note 88 Bicalutamidea note 89 Dexamethasonea Hydrocortisonea Leuprorelina note 90 Methylprednisolonea Prednisolonea note 91 TamoxifenaSupportive medicines edit Complementary Allopurinola Mesnaa Rasburicasea Zoledronic acidaTherapeutic foods editReady to use therapeutic food note 92 Medicines affecting the blood editAntianaemia medicines edit Ferrous salt Ferrous salt folic acid ferrous salt folic acid Folic acid note 93 HydroxocobalaminComplementary Erythropoiesis stimulating agentsa note 94 Medicines affecting coagulation edit Dabigatran note 95 Enoxaparin note 96 Heparin sodium Phytomenadione Protamine sulfate Tranexamic acid WarfarinComplementary Desmopressina Heparin sodiuma Protamine sulfatea WarfarinaOther medicines for haemoglobinopathies edit Deferasirox note 97 Complementary Deferoxaminea Hydroxycarbamide hydroxyurea aBlood products of human origin and plasma substitutes editBlood and blood components edit nbsp Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasmaCryoprecipitate pathogen reduced note 98 Fresh frozen plasma Platelets Red blood cells Whole bloodPlasma derived medicines edit Human immunoglobulins edit Rho D immune globulin anti D immunoglobulin Anti rabies immunoglobulin Anti tetanus immunoglobulinComplementary Normal immunoglobulinaBlood coagulation factors edit Complementary Coagulation factor VIIIa Coagulation factor IXa note 99 Plasma substitutes edit Dextran 70 note 100 Cardiovascular medicines editAntianginal medicines edit Bisoprolol note 101 Glyceryl trinitrate Isosorbide dinitrate VerapamilAntiarrhythmic medicines edit Bisoprolol note 101 Digoxin Epinephrine adrenaline Lidocaine VerapamilComplementary AmiodaroneaAntihypertensive medicines edit Amlodipine note 102 Bisoprolol note 103 Enalapril note 104 Hydralazine note 105 Hydrochlorothiazide note 106 Lisinopril amlodipine lisinopril amlodipine note 107 Lisinopril hydrochlorothiazide lisinopril hydrochlorothiazide note 108 Losartan note 109 Methyldopa note 110 Telmisartan amlodipine telmisartan amlodipine note 111 Telmisartan hydrochlorothiazide telmisartan hydrochlorothiazide note 112 Complementary Sodium nitroprussideaMedicines used in heart failure edit Bisoprolol note 101 Digoxin Enalapril note 113 Furosemide note 114 Hydrochlorothiazide note 106 Losartan note 109 SpironolactoneComplementary Digoxina DopamineaAntithrombotic medicines edit Anti platelet medicines edit Acetylsalicylic acid aspirin ClopidogrelThrombolytic medicines edit Complementary Alteplasea StreptokinaseaLipid lowering agents edit Simvastatin note 115 Fixed dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease edit Acetylsalicylic acid atorvastatin ramipril acetylsalicylic acid atorvastatin ramipril note 116 note 117 Acetylsalicylic acid simvastatin ramipril atenolol hydrochlorothiazide acetylsalicylic acid simvastatin ramipril atenolol hydrochlorothiazide note 118 note 117 note 119 note 120 Atorvastatin perindopril amlodipine atorvastatin perindopril amlodipine note 116 note 121 note 122 Dermatological medicines topical editAntifungal medicines edit Miconazole note 123 Selenium sulfide Sodium thiosulfate TerbinafineAnti infective medicines edit Mupirocin Potassium permanganate Silver sulfadiazineAnti inflammatory and antipruritic medicines edit Betamethasone note 124 Calamine Hydrocortisone note 125 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation edit Benzoyl peroxide Calcipotriol note 126 Coal tar Fluorouracil Podophyllum resin note 127 Salicylic acid UreaComplementary MethotrexateaScabicides and pediculicides edit Benzyl benzoate note 128 PermethrinDiagnostic agents editOphthalmic medicines edit Fluorescein Tropicamide note 129 Radiocontrast media edit Amidotrizoate Barium sulfate IohexolComplementary Barium sulfatea Meglumine iotroxateaAntiseptics and disinfectants editAntiseptics edit Chlorhexidine Ethanol note 130 Povidone iodine note 131 Disinfectants edit Alcohol based hand rub Chlorine base compound Chloroxylenol note 132 GlutaralDiuretics editAmiloride Furosemide note 133 Hydrochlorothiazide note 106 Mannitol SpironolactoneComplementary Hydrochlorothiazidea note 134 Mannitola SpironolactoneaGastrointestinal medicines editComplementary Pancreatic enzymesaAntiulcer medicines edit Omeprazole note 135 Ranitidine note 136 Antiemetic medicines edit Dexamethasone Metoclopramide Ondansetron note 8 Complementary AprepitantaAnti inflammatory medicines edit Sulfasalazine note 137 Complementary Hydrocortisonea PrednisoloneaLaxatives edit Senna note 138 Medicines used in diarrhoea edit Oral rehydration salts zinc sulfate Co packaged Oral rehydration edit Oral rehydration saltsMedicines for diarrhoea edit Zinc sulfate note 139 Medicines for endocrine disorders editAdrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes edit Fludrocortisone HydrocortisoneAndrogens edit Complementary TestosteroneaEstrogens edit No listings in this section Progestogens edit Medroxyprogesterone acetate note 140 Medicines for diabetes edit Insulins edit Insulin injection soluble note 18 Intermediate acting insulin note 18 Long acting insulin analogues note 141 Oral hypoglycaemic agents edit Empagliflozin note 142 Gliclazide note 143 MetforminComplementary MetforminaMedicines for hypoglycaemia edit GlucagonComplementary DiazoxideaThyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines edit Levothyroxine Potassium iodide Methimazole note 144 Propylthiouracil note 145 Complementary Lugol s solutiona Methimazolea note 144 Potassium iodidea Propylthiouracila note 146 Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system edit Cabergoline note 147 Complementary OctreotideaImmunologicals editDiagnostic agents edit Tuberculin purified protein derivative PPD Sera immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies edit Anti rabies virus monoclonal antibodies note 18 Antivenom immunoglobulin note 148 Diphtheria antitoxin Equine rabies immunoglobulinVaccines edit nbsp A vial of oral cholera vaccineRecommendations for all BCG vaccine Diphtheria vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine Human papilloma virus HPV vaccine Measles vaccine Pertussis vaccine Pneumococcal vaccine Poliomyelitis vaccine Rotavirus vaccine Rubella vaccine Tetanus vaccineRecommendations for certain regions Japanese encephalitis vaccine note 149 Tick borne encephalitis vaccine note 149 Yellow fever vaccine note 149 Recommendations for some high risk populations Cholera vaccine note 150 Dengue vaccine note 150 Hepatitis A vaccine note 150 Meningococcal meningitis vaccine note 150 Rabies vaccine note 150 Typhoid vaccine note 150 Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics Influenza vaccine seasonal note 151 Mumps vaccine note 151 Varicella vaccine note 151 Muscle relaxants peripherally acting and cholinesterase inhibitors editAtracurium Neostigmine Suxamethonium Vecuronium note 152 Complementary Pyridostigminea VecuroniumaOphthalmological preparations editAnti infective agents edit Aciclovir Azithromycin Erythromycin note 153 Gentamicin note 154 Natamycin Ofloxacin note 155 Tetracycline note 156 Anti inflammatory agents edit PrednisoloneLocal anesthetics edit Tetracaine note 157 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines edit Acetazolamide Latanoprost Pilocarpine note 158 Timolol note 159 Mydriatics edit Atropine note 160 Complementary Epinephrine adrenaline aAnti vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF preparations edit Complementary Bevacizumaba note 18 Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care editContraceptives edit Oral hormonal contraceptives edit Ethinylestradiol levonorgestrel ethinylestradiol levonorgestrel Ethinylestradiol norethisterone ethinylestradiol norethisterone Levonorgestrel UlipristalInjectable hormonal contraceptives edit Estradiol cypionate medroxyprogesterone acetate estradiol cypionate medroxyprogesterone acetate Medroxyprogesterone acetate Norethisterone enantateIntrauterine devices edit Copper containing device Levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine systemBarrier methods edit Condoms DiaphragmsImplantable contraceptives edit Etonogestrel releasing implant Levonorgestrel releasing implantIntravaginal contraceptives edit Ethinylestradiol etonogestrel ethinylestradiol etonogestrel Progesterone vaginal ring note 161 Ovulation inducers edit Complementary Clomifenea Letrozolea note 162 Uterotonics edit Carbetocin Ergometrine note 163 Mifepristone misoprostol Co packaged note 164 Misoprostol note 165 OxytocinAntioxytocics tocolytics edit NifedipineOther medicines administered to the mother edit Dexamethasone Multiple micronutrient supplement Tranexamic acidMedicines administered to the neonate edit Caffeine citrate ChlorhexidineComplementary Ibuprofena note 166 Prostaglandin E1a note 167 SurfactantaPeritoneal dialysis solution editComplementary Intraperitoneal dialysis solution of appropriate composition aMedicines for mental and behavioural disorders editMedicines used in psychotic disorders edit Fluphenazine note 168 Haloperidol note 169 Olanzapine Paliperidone note 170 Risperidone note 171 Complementary ClozapineaMedicines used in mood disorders edit Medicines used in depressive disorders edit Amitriptyline Fluoxetine note 172 Medicines used in bipolar disorders edit Carbamazepine Lithium carbonate Quetiapine note 173 Valproic acid sodium valproate note 17 Medicines for anxiety disorders edit Diazepam note 174 note 175 Fluoxetine note 172 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders edit Clomipramine Fluoxetine note 172 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use edit Medicines for alcohol use disorders edit Acamprosate calcium NaltrexoneMedicines for nicotine use disorders edit Bupropion Nicotine replacement therapy NRT VareniclineComplementary Methadonea note 176 Medicines acting on the respiratory tract editAntiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease edit Budesonide note 177 Budesonide formoterol budesonide formoterol note 178 Epinephrine adrenaline Ipratropium bromide Salbutamol note 179 Tiotropium note 180 Solutions correcting water electrolyte and acid base disturbances editOral edit Oral rehydration salts Potassium chlorideParenteral edit Glucose Glucose with sodium chloride Potassium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium lactate compound solution Ringer s lactate solution Miscellaneous edit Water for injectionVitamins and minerals editAscorbic acid Calcium Colecalciferol note 181 Ergocalciferol note 182 Iodine Multiple micronutrient powder Nicotinamide Pyridoxine Retinol Riboflavin ThiamineComplementary Calcium gluconateaEar nose and throat medicines editAcetic acid Budesonide Ciprofloxacin note 183 XylometazolineMedicines for diseases of joints editMedicines used to treat gout edit AllopurinolDisease modifying anti rheumatic drugs DMARDs edit ChloroquineComplementary Azathioprinea Hydroxychloroquinea Methotrexatea Penicillaminea SulfasalazineaMedicines for juvenile joint diseases edit Complementary Acetylsalicylic acid aspirin note 184 Adalimumaba note 84 Methotrexatea Triamcinolone hexacetonidea note 185 Dental medicines and preparations editFluoride Glass ionomer cement Resin based composite low viscosity note 186 Resin based composite high viscosity note 187 Silver diamine fluorideNotes editAn a indicates the medicine is on the complementary list for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring or training is needed An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost benefit ratio 4 14 For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery to prevent hypotension No more than 30 oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation Not in children less than three months Not recommended for anti inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect For the management of cancer pain Hydromorphone and oxycodone are alternatives For the management of cancer pain a b Dolasetron granisetron palonosetron and tropisetron are alternatives Cetirizine and fexofenadine are alternatives There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications EMLc Prednisone is an alternative For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment resistant partial or generalized seizures Diazepam and midazolam are alternatives For use in eclampsia and severe pre eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available The presence of both 25 mg 5 mL and 30 mg 5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided a b c Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child bearing potential unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb a b c d e f g h i j k Including quality assured biosimilars Trihexyphenidyl is an alternative benserazide is an alternative for carbidopa Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails gt 1 month Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup J01CF Beta lactamase resistant penicillins cloxacillin dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability Use in children lt 8 years only for life threatening infections when no alternative exists Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable Third generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia gt 41 weeks corrected gestational age Erythromycin is an alternative as second choice treatment for pharyngitis in children EMLc only For use in combination regimens for eradication of H pylori in adults Vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration Imipenem cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high risk febrile neutropenia only except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates where meropenem is preferred Tedizolid phosphate is an alternative For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors For use only in combination with meropenem or imipenem cilastatin Terizidone is an alternative Prothionamide is an alternative Imipenem cilastatin is an alternative For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis histoplasmosis sporotrichosis paracoccidioidomycosis mycoses caused by Talaromyces marneffei and chromoblastomycosis and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by Talaromyces marneffei in AIDS patients For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis Anidulafungin and caspofungin are alternatives Valaciclovir is an alternative also indicated for pre exposure prophylaxis gt 6 weeks gt 3 years For use in pregnant women and in second line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines a b lamivudine is an alternative for emtricitabine combination also indicated for pre exposure prophylaxis For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis CMVr For severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis CMVr Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir or ravidasvir For the treatment of hepatitis C in combination with direct acting anti viral medicines gt 25 kg Tinidazole is an alternative Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost a b To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg For use in the management of severe malaria Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg To be used in combination with either amodiaquine mefloquine or sulfadoxine pyrimethamine Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg as hydrochloride with 50 mg artesunate are alternatives gt 5 kg For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection gt 5 kg For use only in combination with quinine Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections given for 14 days For use only in the management of severe malaria and should be used in combination with doxycycline Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg For use only in Central American regions for Plasmodium vivax infections gt 8 years gt 5 kg or gt 3 months For use only in combination with chloroquine For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection Only to be used in combination with eflornithine for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection The presence of both 120 mg 5 mL and 125 mg 5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided a b Certolizumab pegol etanercept golimumab and infliximab are alternatives including quality assured biosimilars Afatinib and gefitinib are alternatives Pembrolizumab is an alternative including quality assured biosimilars Enzalutamide is an alternative Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup L02BG Aromatase inhibitors Flutamide and nilutamide are alternatives Goserelin and triptorelin are alternatives Prednisone is an alternative Biscuit or paste of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community based management of severe acute malnutrition and Codex alimentarius guidelines periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube defects Epoetin alfa beta and theta darbepoetin alfa methoxy polyethylene glycol epoetin beta and their quality assured biosimilars are alternatives Apixaban edoxaban and rivaroxaban are alternatives Alternatives are dalteparin and nadroparin including their quality assured biosimilars Deferiprone is an alternative cryoprecipitate not pathogen reduced is an alternative coagulation factor IX complex is an alternative Polygeline injectable solution 3 5 is considered an alternative a b c Carvedilol and metoprolol are alternatives Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives Includes atenolol carvedilol and metoprolol as alternatives Atenolol should not be used as a first line agent in uncomplicated hypertension in patients gt 60 years Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09AA ACE inhibitors plain Hydralazine is listed for use only in the acute management of severe pregnancy induced hypertension Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines a b c Chlorothiazide chlorthalidone and indapamide are alternatives Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09AA ACE inhibitors plain for lisinopril and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives for amlodipine Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09AA ACE inhibitors plain for lisinopril and chlorthalidone chlorothiazide indapamide for hydrochlorothiazide a b Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers ARBs plain Methyldopa is listed for use only in the management of pregnancy induced hypertension Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers ARBs plain for telmisartan and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives for amlodipine Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers ARBs plain for telmisartan and chlorthalidone chlorothiazide indapamide for hydrochlorothiazide Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09AA ACE inhibitors plain Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives For use in high risk patients Atorvastatin fluvastatin lovastatin and pravastatin are alternatives a b fluvastatin lovastatin pravastatin and simvastatin are alternatives for atorvastatin a b 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09AA ACE inhibitors plain are alternatives for ramipril atorvastatin fluvastatin lovastatin and pravastatin are alternatives for simvastatin bisoprolol carvedilol and metoprolol are alternatives for atenolol chlorthalidone chlorothiazide and indapamide are alternatives for hydrochlorothiazide 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C09AA ACE inhibitors plain are alternatives for perindopril 4th level ATC chemical subgroup C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives are alternatives for amlodipine Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives excluding combinations Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup D07AC Corticosteroids potent group III Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup D07AA Corticosteroids weak group I Calcitriol and tacalcitol are alternatives Podophyllotoxin is an alternative precipitated sulfur topical ointment is an alternative Atropine and cyclopentolate are alternatives Propanol is an alternative Iodine is an alternative Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup D08AE Phenol and derivatives Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives Chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone are alternatives Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup A02BC Proton pump inhibitors excluding combinations Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup A02BA H2 receptor antagonists excluding combinations Mesalazine is an alternative Bisacodyl is an alternative In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts Norethisterone is an alternative Insulin degludec insulin detemir and insulin glargine including quality assured biosimilars are alternatives Canagliflozin and dapagliflozin are alternatives Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup A10BB Sulfonylureas a b Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability For use when alternative first line treatment is not appropriate or available and in patients during the first trimester of pregnancy For use when alternative first line treatment is not appropriate or available bromocriptine is an alternative Exact type to be defined locally a b c Recommended for certain regions a b c d e f Recommended for some high risk populations a b c Recommended only for immunization programmes with certain characteristics atracurium is an alternative For infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae Amikacin kanamycin netilmicin and tobramycin are alternatives Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup S01AE Fluoroquinolones Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are alternatives Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup S01HA Local anaesthetics excluding cocaine and combinations Carbachol is an alternative Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup S01ED Beta blocking agents excluding combinations Cyclopentolate hydrochloride or homatropine hydrobromide are alternatives only for the EMLc For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day anastrozole is an alternative Methylergometrine is an alternative Where permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate facilities are available Indometacin is an alternative Prostaglandin E2 is an alternative haloperidol decanonate and zuclopenthixol decanonate are alternatives Chlorpromazine is an alternative for the tablet Risperidone injection is an alternative aripiprazole olanzapine paliperidone and quetiapine are alternatives a b c Citalopram escitalopram fluvoxamine paroxetine and sertraline are alternatives aripiprazole olanzapine and paliperidone are alternatives lorazepam is an alternative For short term emergency management of acute and severe anxiety symptoms only buprenorphine is an alternative The medicines should only be used within an established support programme Beclometasone ciclesonide flunisolide fluticasone and mometasone are alternatives Beclometasone formoterol budesonide salmeterol fluticasone formoterol fluticasone furoate vilanterol and mometasone formoterol are alternatives Terbutaline is an alternative Aclidinium glycopyrronium and umeclidinium are alternatives Ergocalciferol is an alternative Colecalciferol is an alternative Ofloxacin is an alternative For use for rheumatic fever juvenile arthritis Kawasaki disease triamcinolone acetonide is an alternative of any type for use as dental sealant of any type for use as dental filling materialReferences edit a b The WHO Essential Medicines List EML 30th anniversary World Health Organization Archived from the original on 27 May 2014 Retrieved 26 June 2016 a b c d Essential medicines World Health Organization Archived from the original on 2 October 2008 Retrieved 19 January 2017 Persaud N Jiang M Shaikh R Bali A Oronsaye E Woods H et al June 2019 Comparison of essential medicines lists in 137 countries Bull World Health Organ 97 6 394 404C doi 10 2471 BLT 18 222448 hdl 10665 325509 ISSN 0042 9686 PMC 6560372 PMID 31210677 a b c d e f 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines PDF World Health Organization April 2015 p Annex 1 Retrieved 17 January 2017 a b Bansal D Purohit VK January 2013 Accessibility and use of essential medicines in health care Current progress and challenges in India Journal of Pharmacology amp Pharmacotherapeutics 4 1 13 18 doi 10 4103 0976 500X 107642 PMC 3643337 PMID 23662019 World Health Organization 2003 The selection and use of essential medicines Report World Health Organization WHO hdl 10665 42826 ISBN 92 4 120920 8 WHO technical report series 920 Beall R 2016 Patents and the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 18th Edition Clarifying the Debate on IP and Access PDF World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Retrieved 3 May 2017 World Health Organization 1977 The selection of essential drugs report of a WHO expert committee meeting held in Geneva from 17 to 21 October 1977 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 41272 ISBN 92 4 120615 2 Technical report series no 615 Wirtz VJ Hogerzeil HV Gray AL Bigdeli M de Joncheere CP Ewen MA et al January 2017 Essential medicines for universal health coverage Lancet 389 10067 403 476 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 16 31599 9 PMC 7159295 PMID 27832874 a b c WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines World Health Organization The current versions are the 21st WHO Essential Medicines List EML and the 7th WHO Essential Medicines List for Children EMLc updated in June 2019 Prakash B Nadig P Nayak A 2016 Rational Prescription for a Dermatologist Indian Journal of Dermatology 61 1 32 38 doi 10 4103 0019 5154 174017 PMC 4763692 PMID 26955092 a b World Health Organization 2017 WHO model list of essential medicines 20th list March 2017 amended August 2017 Geneva hdl 10665 273826 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Essential Medicines List and WHO Model Formulary World Health Organization Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 Retrieved 5 May 2018 a b c d World Health Organization 2019 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 21st list 2019 Geneva hdl 10665 325771 WHO MVP EMP IAU 2019 06 License CC BY NC SA 3 0 IGO a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link World Health Organization 2019 Executive summary the selection and use of essential medicines 2019 report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines Geneva hdl 10665 325773 WHO MVP EMP IAU 2019 05 License CC BY NC SA 3 0 IGO a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Strengthening access to essential medicines World Health Organization Retrieved 3 May 2020 a b c d World Health Organization 2021 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 22nd list 2021 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 345533 WHO MHP HPS EML 2021 02 a b World Health Organization 2021 Executive summary the selection and use of essential medicines 2021 report of the 23rd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines virtual meeting 21 June 2 July 2021 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 345554 WHO MHP HPS EML 2021 01 World Health Organization 2021 The selection and use of essential medicines report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines 2021 including the 22nd WHO model list of essential medicines and the 8th WHO model list of essential medicines for children Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 351172 ISBN 978 92 4 004114 1 WHO technical report series 1035 License CC BY NC SA 3 0 IGO WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines World Health Organization Retrieved 8 August 2023 World Health Organization 2019 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children 7th list 2019 Geneva hdl 10665 325772 WHO MVP EMP IAU 2019 07 License CC BY NC SA 3 0 IGO a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link World Health Organization 2021 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children 8th list 2021 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 345534 WHO MHP HPS EML 2021 03 a b World Health Organization 2023 The selection and use of essential medicines 2023 web annex B World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children 9th list 2023 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 371091 WHO MHP HPS EML 2023 03 Rose K Anker JN 2010 Guide to Paediatric Drug Development and Clinical Research Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers p 42 ISBN 978 3 8055 9362 5 Seyberth HW Rane A Schwab M 2011 Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Springer Science amp Business Media p 358 ISBN 978 3 642 20195 0 Hoppu K June 2017 Essential Medicines for Children Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 101 6 718 720 doi 10 1002 cpt 661 PMID 28182281 S2CID 23873145 World Health Organization 2023 The selection and use of essential medicines 2023 web annex A World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 23rd list 2023 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 371090 WHO MHP HPS EML 2023 02 World Health Organization 2023 The selection and use of essential medicines 2023 executive summary of the report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines 24 28 April 2023 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 371291 WHO MHP HPS EML 2023 01 The WHO Essential Medicines List Antibiotic Book World Health Organization WHO 24 November 2021 Retrieved 6 October 2022 The WHO AWaRe Access Watch Reserve antibiotic book Geneva World Health Organization WHO 2022 ISBN 978 92 4 006238 2 Retrieved 29 January 2023 The WHO AWaRe Access Watch Reserve antibiotic book Infographics Geneva World Health Organization WHO 2022 WHO MHP HPS EML 2022 02 Retrieved 29 January 2023 Further reading editSerafini M Cargnin S Massarotti A Pirali T Genazzani AA September 2020 Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 63 18 10170 10187 doi 10 1021 acs jmedchem 0c00415 PMC 8007110 PMID 32352778 Stuart MC Kouimtzi M Hill SR eds 2009 WHO Model Formulary 2008 World Health Organization hdl 10665 44053 ISBN 978 92 4 154765 9 The selection and use of essential medicines Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children Geneva World Health Organization 2015 hdl 10665 189763 ISBN 978 92 4 069494 1 ISSN 0512 3054 WHO technical report series no 994 The selection and use of essential medicines report of the WHO Expert Committee 2017 including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children Geneva World Health Organization 2017 hdl 10665 259481 ISBN 978 92 4 121015 7 ISSN 0512 3054 WHO technical report series no 1006 The selection and use of essential medicines report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines 2019 including the 21st WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 7th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children Geneva World Health Organization 2019 hdl 10665 330668 ISBN 978 92 4 121030 0 ISSN 0512 3054 WHO technical report series 1021 Organization WH 2019 Additions and deletions of medicines on the WHO model lists of essential medicines 1977 2017 World Health Organization hdl 10665 278038 WHO MVP EMP IAU 2019 01 External links editeEML Electronic Essential Medicines List Portals nbsp Politics nbsp Medicine nbsp Viruses Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title WHO Model List of Essential Medicines amp oldid 1204858047, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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