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Sevoflurane

January 01, 1970

Sevoflurane, sold under the brand name Sevorane, among others, is a sweet-smelling, nonflammable, highly fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used as an inhalational anaesthetic for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. After desflurane, it is the volatile anesthetic with the fastest onset.[2] While its offset may be faster than agents other than desflurane in a few circumstances, its offset is more often similar to that of the much older agent isoflurane. While sevoflurane is only half as soluble as isoflurane in blood, the tissue blood partition coefficients of isoflurane and sevoflurane are quite similar. For example, in the muscle group: isoflurane 2.62 vs. sevoflurane 2.57. In the fat group: isoflurane 52 vs. sevoflurane 50. As a result, the longer the case, the more similar will be the emergence times for sevoflurane and isoflurane.[3][4][5]

Sevoflurane
Clinical data
Trade namesSojourn, Ultane, Sevorane, others
AHFS/Drugs.comConsumer Drug Information
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B2
Routes of
administration		Inhaled
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances)[1]
  • CA: ℞-only
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • EU: Rx-only
Pharmacokinetic data
MetabolismLiver by CYP2E1
MetabolitesHexafluoroisopropanol
Elimination half-life15–23 hours
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)propane
CAS Number
  • 28523-86-6 Y
PubChem CID
  • 5206
IUPHAR/BPS
  • 7296
DrugBank
  • DB01236 Y
ChemSpider
  • 5017 Y
UNII
  • 38LVP0K73A
KEGG
  • D00547 Y
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:9130 Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL1200694 N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID8046614
ECHA InfoCard100.171.146
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC4H3F7O
Molar mass200.056 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
Density1.53 g/cm3
Boiling point58.5 °C (137.3 °F)
  • FC(F)(F)C(OCF)C(F)(F)F
  • InChI=1S/C4H3F7O/c5-1-12-2(3(6,7)8)4(9,10)11/h2H,1H2 Y
  • Key:DFEYYRMXOJXZRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6]

Medical uses edit

It is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, particularly for outpatient anesthesia,[7] across all ages, as well as in veterinary medicine. Together with desflurane, sevoflurane is replacing isoflurane and halothane in modern anesthesia practice. It is often administered in a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen.

Physiological effects edit

Sevoflurane is a potent vasodilator, as such it induces a dose dependent reduction in blood pressure and cardiac output. It is a bronchodilator, however, in patients with pre-existing lung pathology, it may precipitate coughing and laryngospasm. It reduces the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, and impedes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Sevoflurane vasodilatory properties also cause it to increase intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow. However, it reduces cerebral metabolic rate. [8][9]

Adverse effects edit

Sevoflurane has an excellent safety record,[7] but is under review for potential hepatotoxicity, and may accelerate Alzheimer's.[10] There were rare reports involving adults with symptoms similar to halothane hepatotoxicity.[7] Sevoflurane is the preferred agent for mask induction due to its lesser irritation to mucous membranes.

Sevoflurane is an inhaled anesthetic that is often used to induce and maintain anesthesia in children for surgery.[11] During the process of awakening from the medication, it has been associated with a high incidence (>30%) of agitation and delirium in preschool children undergoing minor noninvasive surgery.[11] It is not clear if this can be prevented.[11]

Studies examining a current significant health concern, anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity (including with sevoflurane, and especially with children and infants) are "fraught with confounders, and many are underpowered statistically", and so are argued to need "further data... to either support or refute the potential connection".[12]

Concern regarding the safety of anaesthesia is especially acute with regard to children and infants, where preclinical evidence from relevant animal models suggest that common clinically important agents, including sevoflurane, may be neurotoxic to the developing brain, and so cause neurobehavioural abnormalities in the long term; two large-scale clinical studies (PANDA and GAS) were ongoing as of 2010, in hope of supplying "significant [further] information" on neurodevelopmental effects of general anaesthesia in infants and young children, including where sevoflurane is used.[13]

In 2021, researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital published in Communications Biology research that sevoflurane may accelerate existing Alzheimer's or existing tau protein to spread: "These data demonstrate anesthesia-associated tau spreading and its consequences. [...] This tau spreading could be prevented by inhibitors of tau phosphorylation or extracellular vesicle generation." According to Neuroscience News, "Their previous work showed that sevoflurane can cause a change (specifically, phosphorylation, or the addition of phosphate) to tau that leads to cognitive impairment in mice. Other researchers have also found that sevoflurane and certain other anesthetics may affect cognitive function."[10]

Additionally, there has been some investigation into potential correlation of sevoflurane use and renal damage (nephrotoxicity).[14] However, this should be subject to further investigation, as a recent study shows no correlation between sevoflurane use and renal damage as compared to other control anesthetic agents.[15]

Pharmacology edit

The exact mechanism of the action of general anaesthetics has not been delineated.[16] Sevoflurane acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor in electrophysiology studies of neurons and recombinant receptors.[17][18][19][20] However, it also acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist,[21] potentiates glycine receptor currents,[20] and inhibits nAChR[22] and 5-HT3 receptor currents.[23][24][25]

History edit

Sevoflurane was discovered by Ross Terrell[26] and independently by Bernard M Regan. A detailed report of its development and properties appeared in 1975 in a paper authored by Richard Wallin, Bernard Regan, Martha Napoli and Ivan Stern. It was introduced into clinical practice initially in Japan in 1990 by Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Osaka, Japan. The rights for sevoflurane worldwide were held by AbbVie. It is now available as a generic drug.

Global-warming potential edit

Sevoflurane is a greenhouse gas. The twenty-year global-warming potential, GWP(20), for sevoflurane is 349.[27]

Degradation edit

Sevoflurane will degrade into what is most commonly referred to as compound A (fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether) when in contact with CO2 absorbents, and this degradation tends to enhance with decreased fresh gas flow rates, increased temperatures, and increased sevoflurane concentration.[28] Compound A is what some believe is in correlation with renal damage.[29]

References edit

  1. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  2. ^ Sakai EM, Connolly LA, Klauck JA (December 2005). "Inhalation anesthesiology and volatile liquid anesthetics: focus on isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane". Pharmacotherapy. 25 (12): 1773–1788. doi:10.1592/phco.2005.25.12.1773. PMID 16305297. S2CID 40873242.
  3. ^ Maheshwari K, Ahuja S, Mascha EJ, Cummings KC, Chahar P, Elsharkawy H, et al. (February 2020). "Effect of Sevoflurane Versus Isoflurane on Emergence Time and Postanesthesia Care Unit Length of Stay: An Alternating Intervention Trial". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 130 (2): 360–366. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004093. PMID 30882520.
  4. ^ Sloan MH, Conard PF, Karsunky PK, Gross JB (March 1996). "Sevoflurane versus isoflurane: induction and recovery characteristics with single-breath inhaled inductions of anesthesia". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 82 (3): 528–532. doi:10.1213/00000539-199603000-00018. PMID 8623956.
  5. ^ Smith I, Ding Y, White PF (February 1992). "Comparison of induction, maintenance, and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane-N2O and propofol-sevoflurane-N2O with propofol-isoflurane-N2O anesthesia". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 74 (2): 253–259. doi:10.1213/00000539-199202000-00015. PMID 1731547. S2CID 12345796.
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  7. ^ a b c "Drug Record: Sevoflurane". Livertox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. 2 July 2014. PMID 31643176. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  8. ^ Edgington TL, Muco E, Maani CV (2022). "Sevoflurane". StatPearls. PMID 30521202.
  9. ^ Green WB (December 1995). "The ventilatory effects of sevoflurane". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 81 (6 Suppl): S23–S26. doi:10.1097/00000539-199512001-00004. PMID 7486144.
  10. ^ a b "Anesthetic May Affect Tau Spread in the Brain to Promote Alzheimer's Disease Pathology". Neuroscience News. 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  11. ^ a b c Costi D, Cyna AM, Ahmed S, Stephens K, Strickland P, Ellwood J, et al. (September 2014). "Effects of sevoflurane versus other general anaesthesia on emergence agitation in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (9): CD007084. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007084.pub2. PMC 10898224. PMID 25212274.
  12. ^ Vlisides P, Xie Z (2012). "Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics: an update". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 18 (38): 6232–6240. doi:10.2174/138161212803832344. PMID 22762477.
  13. ^ Sun L (December 2010). "Early childhood general anaesthesia exposure and neurocognitive development". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 105 (Suppl 1): i61–i68. doi:10.1093/bja/aeq302. PMC 3000523. PMID 21148656.
  14. ^ Edgington TL, Muco E, Naani CV (2023). "Sevoflurane". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30521202. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  15. ^ Sondekoppam RV, Narsingani KH, Schimmel TA, McConnell BM, Buro K, Özelsel TJ (November 2020). "The impact of sevoflurane anesthesia on postoperative renal function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials". Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 67 (11): 1595–1623. doi:10.1007/s12630-020-01791-5. PMID 32812189.
  16. ^ Perkins B (7 February 2005). "How does anesthesia work?". Scientific American. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  17. ^ Jenkins A, Franks NP, Lieb WR (February 1999). "Effects of temperature and volatile anesthetics on GABA(A) receptors". Anesthesiology. 90 (2): 484–491. doi:10.1097/00000542-199902000-00024. PMID 9952156.
  18. ^ Wu J, Harata N, Akaike N (November 1996). "Potentiation by sevoflurane of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced chloride current in acutely dissociated CA1 pyramidal neurones from rat hippocampus". British Journal of Pharmacology. 119 (5): 1013–1021. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15772.x. PMC 1915958. PMID 8922750.
  19. ^ Krasowski MD, Harrison NL (February 2000). "The actions of ether, alcohol and alkane general anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations". British Journal of Pharmacology. 129 (4): 731–743. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703087. PMC 1571881. PMID 10683198.
  20. ^ a b Schüttler J, Schwilden H (8 January 2008). Modern Anesthetics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-3-540-74806-9.
  21. ^ Brosnan RJ, Thiesen R (June 2012). "Increased NMDA receptor inhibition at an increased Sevoflurane MAC". BMC Anesthesiology. 12 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-12-9. PMC 3439310. PMID 22672766.
  22. ^ Van Dort CJ (2008). Regulation of Arousal by Adenosine A(1) and A(2A) Receptors in the Prefrontal Cortex of C57BL/6J Mouse. University of Michigan. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-549-99431-2.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ Schüttler J, Schwilden H (8 January 2008). Modern Anesthetics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-3-540-74806-9.
  24. ^ Suzuki T, Koyama H, Sugimoto M, Uchida I, Mashimo T (March 2002). "The diverse actions of volatile and gaseous anesthetics on human-cloned 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes". Anesthesiology. 96 (3): 699–704. doi:10.1097/00000542-200203000-00028. PMID 11873047. S2CID 6705116.
  25. ^ Hang LH, Shao DH, Wang H, Yang JP (2010). "Involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors in sevoflurane-induced hypnotic and analgesic effects in mice". Pharmacological Reports. 62 (4): 621–626. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.587.5552. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70319-4. PMID 20885002. S2CID 4754446.
  26. ^ Burns WB, Eger EI (August 2011). "Ross C. Terrell, PhD, an anesthetic pioneer". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 113 (2): 387–389. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3182222b8a. PMID 21642612. S2CID 19988772.
  27. ^ Ryan SM, Nielsen CJ (July 2010). "Global warming potential of inhaled anesthetics: application to clinical use". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 111 (1). International Anesthesia Research Society: 92–98. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181e058d7. PMID 20519425. S2CID 20737354.
  28. ^ "Carbon Dioxide Absorbent - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  29. ^ Eger EI, Koblin DD, Bowland T, Ionescu P, Laster MJ, Fang Z, et al. (January 1997). "Nephrotoxicity of sevoflurane versus desflurane anesthesia in volunteers". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 84 (1): 160–168. doi:10.1213/00000539-199701000-00029. PMID 8989018.

Further reading edit

  • Patel SS, Goa KL (April 1996). . Drugs. 51 (4): 658–700. doi:10.2165/00003495-199651040-00009. PMID 8706599. S2CID 265731583. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
    Haria M, Bryson HM, Goa KL, Patel SS (August 1996). "Erratum". Drugs. 52 (2): 253. doi:10.1007/bf03257493.
  • Wallin RF, Regan BM, Napoli MD, Stern IJ (Nov–Dec 1975). "Sevoflurane: a new inhalational anesthetic agent". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 54 (6): 758–766. doi:10.1213/00000539-197511000-00021. PMID 1239214. S2CID 26832938.

January 01, 1970
sevoflurane, sold, under, brand, name, sevorane, among, others, sweet, smelling, nonflammable, highly, fluorinated, methyl, isopropyl, ether, used, inhalational, anaesthetic, induction, maintenance, general, anesthesia, after, desflurane, volatile, anesthetic,. Sevoflurane sold under the brand name Sevorane among others is a sweet smelling nonflammable highly fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used as an inhalational anaesthetic for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia After desflurane it is the volatile anesthetic with the fastest onset 2 While its offset may be faster than agents other than desflurane in a few circumstances its offset is more often similar to that of the much older agent isoflurane While sevoflurane is only half as soluble as isoflurane in blood the tissue blood partition coefficients of isoflurane and sevoflurane are quite similar For example in the muscle group isoflurane 2 62 vs sevoflurane 2 57 In the fat group isoflurane 52 vs sevoflurane 50 As a result the longer the case the more similar will be the emergence times for sevoflurane and isoflurane 3 4 5 SevofluraneClinical dataTrade namesSojourn Ultane Sevorane othersAHFS Drugs comConsumer Drug InformationPregnancycategoryAU B2Routes ofadministrationInhaledATC codeN01AB08 WHO QN01AB08 WHO Legal statusLegal statusAU S4 Prescription only BR Class C1 Other controlled substances 1 CA only UK POM Prescription only EU Rx onlyPharmacokinetic dataMetabolismLiver by CYP2E1MetabolitesHexafluoroisopropanolElimination half life15 23 hoursExcretionKidneyIdentifiersIUPAC name 1 1 1 3 3 3 Hexafluoro 2 fluoromethoxy propaneCAS Number28523 86 6 YPubChem CID5206IUPHAR BPS7296DrugBankDB01236 YChemSpider5017 YUNII38LVP0K73AKEGGD00547 YChEBICHEBI 9130 YChEMBLChEMBL1200694 NCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID8046614ECHA InfoCard100 171 146Chemical and physical dataFormulaC 4H 3F 7OMolar mass200 056 g mol 13D model JSmol Interactive imageDensity1 53 g cm3Boiling point58 5 C 137 3 F SMILES FC F F C OCF C F F FInChI InChI 1S C4H3F7O c5 1 12 2 3 6 7 8 4 9 10 11 h2H 1H2 YKey DFEYYRMXOJXZRJ UHFFFAOYSA N Y N Y what is this verify It is on the World Health Organization s List of Essential Medicines 6 Contents 1 Medical uses 2 Physiological effects 3 Adverse effects 4 Pharmacology 5 History 6 Global warming potential 7 Degradation 8 References 9 Further readingMedical uses editIt is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetic agents particularly for outpatient anesthesia 7 across all ages as well as in veterinary medicine Together with desflurane sevoflurane is replacing isoflurane and halothane in modern anesthesia practice It is often administered in a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen Physiological effects editSevoflurane is a potent vasodilator as such it induces a dose dependent reduction in blood pressure and cardiac output It is a bronchodilator however in patients with pre existing lung pathology it may precipitate coughing and laryngospasm It reduces the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia and impedes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction Sevoflurane vasodilatory properties also cause it to increase intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow However it reduces cerebral metabolic rate 8 9 Adverse effects editSevoflurane has an excellent safety record 7 but is under review for potential hepatotoxicity and may accelerate Alzheimer s 10 There were rare reports involving adults with symptoms similar to halothane hepatotoxicity 7 Sevoflurane is the preferred agent for mask induction due to its lesser irritation to mucous membranes Sevoflurane is an inhaled anesthetic that is often used to induce and maintain anesthesia in children for surgery 11 During the process of awakening from the medication it has been associated with a high incidence gt 30 of agitation and delirium in preschool children undergoing minor noninvasive surgery 11 It is not clear if this can be prevented 11 Studies examining a current significant health concern anesthetic induced neurotoxicity including with sevoflurane and especially with children and infants are fraught with confounders and many are underpowered statistically and so are argued to need further data to either support or refute the potential connection 12 Concern regarding the safety of anaesthesia is especially acute with regard to children and infants where preclinical evidence from relevant animal models suggest that common clinically important agents including sevoflurane may be neurotoxic to the developing brain and so cause neurobehavioural abnormalities in the long term two large scale clinical studies PANDA and GAS were ongoing as of 2010 in hope of supplying significant further information on neurodevelopmental effects of general anaesthesia in infants and young children including where sevoflurane is used 13 In 2021 researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital published in Communications Biology research that sevoflurane may accelerate existing Alzheimer s or existing tau protein to spread These data demonstrate anesthesia associated tau spreading and its consequences This tau spreading could be prevented by inhibitors of tau phosphorylation or extracellular vesicle generation According to Neuroscience News Their previous work showed that sevoflurane can cause a change specifically phosphorylation or the addition of phosphate to tau that leads to cognitive impairment in mice Other researchers have also found that sevoflurane and certain other anesthetics may affect cognitive function 10 Additionally there has been some investigation into potential correlation of sevoflurane use and renal damage nephrotoxicity 14 However this should be subject to further investigation as a recent study shows no correlation between sevoflurane use and renal damage as compared to other control anesthetic agents 15 Pharmacology editThe exact mechanism of the action of general anaesthetics has not been delineated 16 Sevoflurane acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor in electrophysiology studies of neurons and recombinant receptors 17 18 19 20 However it also acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist 21 potentiates glycine receptor currents 20 and inhibits nAChR 22 and 5 HT3 receptor currents 23 24 25 History editSevoflurane was discovered by Ross Terrell 26 and independently by Bernard M Regan A detailed report of its development and properties appeared in 1975 in a paper authored by Richard Wallin Bernard Regan Martha Napoli and Ivan Stern It was introduced into clinical practice initially in Japan in 1990 by Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd Osaka Japan The rights for sevoflurane worldwide were held by AbbVie It is now available as a generic drug Global warming potential editSevoflurane is a greenhouse gas The twenty year global warming potential GWP 20 for sevoflurane is 349 27 Degradation editSevoflurane will degrade into what is most commonly referred to as compound A fluoromethyl 2 2 difluoro 1 trifluoromethyl vinyl ether when in contact with CO2 absorbents and this degradation tends to enhance with decreased fresh gas flow rates increased temperatures and increased sevoflurane concentration 28 Compound A is what some believe is in correlation with renal damage 29 References edit Anvisa 2023 03 31 RDC Nº 784 Listas de Substancias Entorpecentes Psicotropicas Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial Collegiate Board Resolution No 784 Lists of Narcotic Psychotropic Precursor and Other Substances under Special Control in Brazilian Portuguese Diario Oficial da Uniao published 2023 04 04 Archived from the original on 2023 08 03 Retrieved 2023 08 16 Sakai EM Connolly LA Klauck JA December 2005 Inhalation anesthesiology and volatile liquid anesthetics focus on isoflurane desflurane and sevoflurane Pharmacotherapy 25 12 1773 1788 doi 10 1592 phco 2005 25 12 1773 PMID 16305297 S2CID 40873242 Maheshwari K Ahuja S Mascha EJ Cummings KC Chahar P Elsharkawy H et al February 2020 Effect of Sevoflurane Versus Isoflurane on Emergence Time and Postanesthesia Care Unit Length of Stay An Alternating Intervention Trial Anesthesia and Analgesia 130 2 360 366 doi 10 1213 ANE 0000000000004093 PMID 30882520 Sloan MH Conard PF Karsunky PK Gross JB March 1996 Sevoflurane versus isoflurane induction and recovery characteristics with single breath inhaled inductions of anesthesia Anesthesia and Analgesia 82 3 528 532 doi 10 1213 00000539 199603000 00018 PMID 8623956 Smith I Ding Y White PF February 1992 Comparison of induction maintenance and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane N2O and propofol sevoflurane N2O with propofol isoflurane N2O anesthesia Anesthesia and Analgesia 74 2 253 259 doi 10 1213 00000539 199202000 00015 PMID 1731547 S2CID 12345796 World Health Organization 2023 The selection and use of essential medicines 2023 web annex A World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 23rd list 2023 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 371090 WHO MHP HPS EML 2023 02 a b c Drug Record Sevoflurane Livertox Clinical and Research Information on Drug Induced Liver Injury 2 July 2014 PMID 31643176 Retrieved 15 August 2014 Edgington TL Muco E Maani CV 2022 Sevoflurane StatPearls PMID 30521202 Green WB December 1995 The ventilatory effects of sevoflurane Anesthesia and Analgesia 81 6 Suppl S23 S26 doi 10 1097 00000539 199512001 00004 PMID 7486144 a b Anesthetic May Affect Tau Spread in the Brain to Promote Alzheimer s Disease Pathology Neuroscience News 2021 05 16 Retrieved 2021 05 17 a b c Costi D Cyna AM Ahmed S Stephens K Strickland P Ellwood J et al September 2014 Effects of sevoflurane versus other general anaesthesia on emergence agitation in children The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014 9 CD007084 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD007084 pub2 PMC 10898224 PMID 25212274 Vlisides P Xie Z 2012 Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics an update Current Pharmaceutical Design 18 38 6232 6240 doi 10 2174 138161212803832344 PMID 22762477 Sun L December 2010 Early childhood general anaesthesia exposure and neurocognitive development British Journal of Anaesthesia 105 Suppl 1 i61 i68 doi 10 1093 bja aeq302 PMC 3000523 PMID 21148656 Edgington TL Muco E Naani CV 2023 Sevoflurane StatPearls Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing PMID 30521202 Retrieved 2023 11 05 Sondekoppam RV Narsingani KH Schimmel TA McConnell BM Buro K Ozelsel TJ November 2020 The impact of sevoflurane anesthesia on postoperative renal function a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 67 11 1595 1623 doi 10 1007 s12630 020 01791 5 PMID 32812189 Perkins B 7 February 2005 How does anesthesia work Scientific American Retrieved 30 June 2016 Jenkins A Franks NP Lieb WR February 1999 Effects of temperature and volatile anesthetics on GABA A receptors Anesthesiology 90 2 484 491 doi 10 1097 00000542 199902000 00024 PMID 9952156 Wu J Harata N Akaike N November 1996 Potentiation by sevoflurane of the gamma aminobutyric acid induced chloride current in acutely dissociated CA1 pyramidal neurones from rat hippocampus British Journal of Pharmacology 119 5 1013 1021 doi 10 1111 j 1476 5381 1996 tb15772 x PMC 1915958 PMID 8922750 Krasowski MD Harrison NL February 2000 The actions of ether alcohol and alkane general anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations British Journal of Pharmacology 129 4 731 743 doi 10 1038 sj bjp 0703087 PMC 1571881 PMID 10683198 a b Schuttler J Schwilden H 8 January 2008 Modern Anesthetics Springer Science amp Business Media pp 32 ISBN 978 3 540 74806 9 Brosnan RJ Thiesen R June 2012 Increased NMDA receptor inhibition at an increased Sevoflurane MAC BMC Anesthesiology 12 1 9 doi 10 1186 1471 2253 12 9 PMC 3439310 PMID 22672766 Van Dort CJ 2008 Regulation of Arousal by Adenosine A 1 and A 2A Receptors in the Prefrontal Cortex of C57BL 6J Mouse University of Michigan pp 120 ISBN 978 0 549 99431 2 permanent dead link Schuttler J Schwilden H 8 January 2008 Modern Anesthetics Springer Science amp Business Media pp 74 ISBN 978 3 540 74806 9 Suzuki T Koyama H Sugimoto M Uchida I Mashimo T March 2002 The diverse actions of volatile and gaseous anesthetics on human cloned 5 hydroxytryptamine3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes Anesthesiology 96 3 699 704 doi 10 1097 00000542 200203000 00028 PMID 11873047 S2CID 6705116 Hang LH Shao DH Wang H Yang JP 2010 Involvement of 5 hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors in sevoflurane induced hypnotic and analgesic effects in mice Pharmacological Reports 62 4 621 626 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 587 5552 doi 10 1016 s1734 1140 10 70319 4 PMID 20885002 S2CID 4754446 Burns WB Eger EI August 2011 Ross C Terrell PhD an anesthetic pioneer Anesthesia and Analgesia 113 2 387 389 doi 10 1213 ane 0b013e3182222b8a PMID 21642612 S2CID 19988772 Ryan SM Nielsen CJ July 2010 Global warming potential of inhaled anesthetics application to clinical use Anesthesia and Analgesia 111 1 International Anesthesia Research Society 92 98 doi 10 1213 ane 0b013e3181e058d7 PMID 20519425 S2CID 20737354 Carbon Dioxide Absorbent an overview ScienceDirect Topics www sciencedirect com Retrieved 2023 11 05 Eger EI Koblin DD Bowland T Ionescu P Laster MJ Fang Z et al January 1997 Nephrotoxicity of sevoflurane versus desflurane anesthesia in volunteers Anesthesia and Analgesia 84 1 160 168 doi 10 1213 00000539 199701000 00029 PMID 8989018 Further reading editPatel SS Goa KL April 1996 Sevoflurane A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and its clinical use in general anaesthesia Drugs 51 4 658 700 doi 10 2165 00003495 199651040 00009 PMID 8706599 S2CID 265731583 Archived from the original on 2011 10 08 Retrieved 2010 05 29 Haria M Bryson HM Goa KL Patel SS August 1996 Erratum Drugs 52 2 253 doi 10 1007 bf03257493 Wallin RF Regan BM Napoli MD Stern IJ Nov Dec 1975 Sevoflurane a new inhalational anesthetic agent Anesthesia and Analgesia 54 6 758 766 doi 10 1213 00000539 197511000 00021 PMID 1239214 S2CID 26832938 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sevoflurane amp oldid 1220243615, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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