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Hepatitis A vaccine

March 04, 2023

Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A.[1][2] It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's entire life.[3] If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one.[1] It is given by injection into a muscle.[1] The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991, and the United States in 1995.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[5][6]

Hepatitis A vaccine
Havrix junior monodose (hepatitis A) for children
Vaccine description
TargetHepatitis A virus
Vaccine typeInactivated or attenuated
Clinical data
Trade namesBiovac A, Havrix, Vaqta, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa695003
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B2
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • EU: Rx-only
Identifiers
DrugBank
  • DB10989 Y
ChemSpider
  • none
UNII
  • G54MT8V18G
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends universal vaccination in areas where the disease is moderately common.[1] Where the disease is very common, widespread vaccination is not recommended as all people typically develop immunity through infection during childhood.[1] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccinating:

In addition, a person who has not previously received hepatitis A vaccine and who has direct contact with someone with hepatitis A should get hepatitis A vaccine within two weeks after exposure.[7]

Severe side effects are very rare.[1] Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 15% of children and half of adults.[1] Most hepatitis A vaccines contain inactivated virus while a few contain weakened virus.[1] The ones with weakened virus are not recommended during pregnancy or in those with poor immune function.[1] A few formulations combine hepatitis A with either hepatitis B or typhoid vaccine.[1]

Soreness or redness where the shot is given, fever, headache, tiredness, or loss of appetite can happen after hepatitis A vaccine. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death.[7]


Medical uses

Within the U.S., the vaccine "Vaqta" developed by Maurice Hilleman and his team at Merck & Co. was licensed in 1995.[8][9][10] The vaccine was phased in, around 1996, for children living in high-risk areas. In 1999, its usage was spread to areas with elevating levels of infection. In the U.S. as of 2007, the vaccine is strongly recommended for all children 12 to 23 months of age in an attempt to eradicate the virus nationwide. Although the original Food and Drug Administration (FDA) license for Havrix by GlaxoSmithKline is dated in 1995,[11] it had been approved in Europe in 1991.[4][12]

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), recommends vaccination of all children over one year of age, people whose sexual activity puts them at risk, people with chronic liver disease, people who are being treated with clotting factor concentrates, people working in close proximity to the virus, and people who are living in communities where an outbreak is present.[13] Hepatitis A is the most common vaccine-preventable virus acquired during travel,[14] so people traveling to places where the virus is common like the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Central America, South America, Asia, and Eastern Europe should be vaccinated.[13][15]

The vaccine is given in the muscle of the upper arm, in two doses for the best protection. The initial dose of the vaccine should be followed up by a booster six to twelve months later.[13] Protection against hepatitis A begins approximately two to four weeks after the initial vaccination.[13][15] Protection lasts at least 15 years and is estimated to last at least 25 years if the booster is administered.[16]

A Cochrane review found that both types of vaccines offer significant protection, for at least two years using the inactivated vaccine and at least five years with the attenuated vaccine. The review concluded that the inactivated vaccine is safe, but required more high quality evidence to assess the safety of the attenuated vaccine.[17][needs update]

Commercial vaccines

 
Havrix vaccine

Several commercial hepatitis A vaccines are available. The definition of (U)nits varies among manufacturers depending on how hepatitis A antigen is measured in their products.

  • Avaxim: made by Sanofi Pasteur. Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. Each dose contains 160 U of antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide (0.3 mg Al).[18]
  • Epaxal: made by Crucell. Also sold under the brand names HAVpur and VIROHEP-A. This vaccine consists of virosomes, artificial particles composed of synthetic lipids and influenza proteins in addition to the hepatitis A antigen. It does not contain aluminium.[19]
  • Havrix: made by GlaxoSmithKline. Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. Each adult dose contains 1440 ELISA units of viral antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide (0.5 mg Al). The pediatric (child) doses contain half the amount of viral antigen and aluminium.[20]
  • Healive: made by Sinovac. Inactivated hepatitis A virus cultured in human diploid cell, followed by harvest, purification, inactivation, and aluminium adsorption. Each adult dose contains 500 U of viral antigen. The pediatric dose contains 250 U of viral antigen.[citation needed]
  • Vaqta: made by Merck. Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. An adult dose contains 50 U of antigen adsorbed onto 0.45 mg of aluminium (as aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate); a child dose contains half the amounts of antigen and aluminium.[21]
  • Biovac-A: made by Pukang, sold under the brand name Biovac-A in India and under the brand names Mevac-A in Guatemala, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Uzbekistan and Chile etc. It is a freeze-dried live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis A virus H2 strain is produced in human diploid cells. A pack of 0.5ml vial of Biovac-A and 0.5ml ampoule of SWFI (sterile water for injection), contains not be less than 6.5 Lg CCID50. Only a single dose is needed. It is recommended by the WHO. Long term persistence research data predicated that sero-conversion remained and antibody titre was not less than 128 IU/ml, 15 years after vaccination.[citation needed]

Combination vaccines

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Health Organization (2012). "WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines – June 2012". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 87 (28/29): 261–76. hdl:10665/241938. PMID 22905367.
  2. ^ World Health Organization (2022). "WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines – October 2022". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 97 (40): 493–512. hdl:10665/363397.
  3. ^ "Hepatitis a Q&As for Health Professionals | CDC". 19 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b Patravale, Vandana; Dandekar, Prajakta; Jain, Ratnesh (2012). Nanoparticulate drug delivery perspectives on the transition from laboratory to market (1. publ. ed.). Oxford: Woodhead Pub. p. 212. ISBN 9781908818195.
  5. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  7. ^ a b c "Hepatitis A Vaccine Information Statement". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). October 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2022.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ "Hepatitis A: Vaccine Licensed | History of Vaccines". historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 6 February 2021.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Tulchinsky, Theodore H. (2018). "Maurice Hilleman: Creator of Vaccines That Changed the World". Case Studies in Public Health: 443–470. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00003-2. ISBN 9780128045718. PMC 7150172.
  10. ^ "Materials Documenting the Contribution of Dr. Maurice Hilleman to the Millennium Time Capsule Ceremony". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  11. ^ . Vaccine Information. ImmunizationInfo. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  12. ^ "Hepatitis A Vaccine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d "Hepatitis A Vaccine: What you need to know" (PDF). Vaccine Information Statement. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 21 March 2006. (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
  14. ^ . Travelers' Health: Yellow Book (CDC). Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
  15. ^ a b . NHS Direct. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
  16. ^ Ott JJ, Irving G, Wiersma ST (December 2012). "Long-term protective effects of hepatitis A vaccines. A systematic review". Vaccine. 31 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.104. PMID 22609026.
  17. ^ Irving GJ, Holden J, Yang R, Pope D (2012). "Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 7 (7): CD009051. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2. PMC 6823267. PMID 22786522.
  18. ^ Patient Information Leaflet 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, sanofi pasteur, July 2010. Archived on the electronic Medicines Compendium of the UK. Accessed 30 November 2010.
  19. ^ Epaxal 19 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Crucell website. Accessed 30 November 2010.
  20. ^ Full Prescribing Information 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, GlaxoSmithKline, July 2010. Archived on FDA website. Accessed 30 November 2010.
  21. ^ "VAQTA (Hepatitis A Vaccine, Inactivated)" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). p. 11. (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  22. ^ "Twinrix". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  23. ^ "Australian Product Information – Vivaxim (Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide and hepatitis A virus antigen) Vaccine". Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  24. ^ "Vivaxim Salmonella typhi vaccine; Hepatitis A vaccine". 6 March 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  25. ^ . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Summary for ARTG Entry: 82745 Vivaxim 1mL injection syringe composite pack". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Retrieved 18 October 2020.[permanent dead link]

Further reading

  • Ramsay M, ed. (2013). "Chapter 17: Hepatitis A". Immunisation against infectious disease. Public Health England.
  • Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021). "Chapter 9: Hepatitis A". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

External links

March 04, 2023
hepatitis, vaccine, vaccine, that, prevents, hepatitis, effective, around, cases, lasts, least, twenty, years, possibly, person, entire, life, given, doses, recommended, beginning, after, given, injection, into, muscle, first, hepatitis, vaccine, approved, eur. Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A 1 2 It is effective in around 95 of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person s entire life 3 If given two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one 1 It is given by injection into a muscle 1 The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991 and the United States in 1995 4 It is on the World Health Organization s List of Essential Medicines 5 6 Hepatitis A vaccineHavrix junior monodose hepatitis A for childrenVaccine descriptionTargetHepatitis A virusVaccine typeInactivated or attenuatedClinical dataTrade namesBiovac A Havrix Vaqta othersAHFS Drugs comMonographMedlinePlusa695003PregnancycategoryAU B2Routes ofadministrationIntramuscularATC codeJ07BC02 WHO Legal statusLegal statusAU S4 Prescription only US only EU Rx onlyIdentifiersDrugBankDB10989 YChemSpidernoneUNIIG54MT8V18G N Y what is this verify The World Health Organization WHO recommends universal vaccination in areas where the disease is moderately common 1 Where the disease is very common widespread vaccination is not recommended as all people typically develop immunity through infection during childhood 1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC recommends vaccinating All children aged 12 23 months Unvaccinated children and adolescents aged 2 18 years International travelers Men who have sex with men People who use injection or non injection drugs People who have occupational risk for infection People who anticipate close contact with an international adoptee People experiencing homelessness People with HIV People with chronic liver disease Any person wishing to obtain immunity 7 In addition a person who has not previously received hepatitis A vaccine and who has direct contact with someone with hepatitis A should get hepatitis A vaccine within two weeks after exposure 7 Severe side effects are very rare 1 Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 15 of children and half of adults 1 Most hepatitis A vaccines contain inactivated virus while a few contain weakened virus 1 The ones with weakened virus are not recommended during pregnancy or in those with poor immune function 1 A few formulations combine hepatitis A with either hepatitis B or typhoid vaccine 1 Soreness or redness where the shot is given fever headache tiredness or loss of appetite can happen after hepatitis A vaccine As with any medicine there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction other serious injury or death 7 Contents 1 Medical uses 2 Commercial vaccines 2 1 Combination vaccines 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksMedical uses EditWithin the U S the vaccine Vaqta developed by Maurice Hilleman and his team at Merck amp Co was licensed in 1995 8 9 10 The vaccine was phased in around 1996 for children living in high risk areas In 1999 its usage was spread to areas with elevating levels of infection In the U S as of 2007 update the vaccine is strongly recommended for all children 12 to 23 months of age in an attempt to eradicate the virus nationwide Although the original Food and Drug Administration FDA license for Havrix by GlaxoSmithKline is dated in 1995 11 it had been approved in Europe in 1991 4 12 The U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC recommends vaccination of all children over one year of age people whose sexual activity puts them at risk people with chronic liver disease people who are being treated with clotting factor concentrates people working in close proximity to the virus and people who are living in communities where an outbreak is present 13 Hepatitis A is the most common vaccine preventable virus acquired during travel 14 so people traveling to places where the virus is common like the Indian subcontinent Africa Central America South America Asia and Eastern Europe should be vaccinated 13 15 The vaccine is given in the muscle of the upper arm in two doses for the best protection The initial dose of the vaccine should be followed up by a booster six to twelve months later 13 Protection against hepatitis A begins approximately two to four weeks after the initial vaccination 13 15 Protection lasts at least 15 years and is estimated to last at least 25 years if the booster is administered 16 A Cochrane review found that both types of vaccines offer significant protection for at least two years using the inactivated vaccine and at least five years with the attenuated vaccine The review concluded that the inactivated vaccine is safe but required more high quality evidence to assess the safety of the attenuated vaccine 17 needs update Commercial vaccines Edit Havrix vaccine Several commercial hepatitis A vaccines are available The definition of U nits varies among manufacturers depending on how hepatitis A antigen is measured in their products Avaxim made by Sanofi Pasteur Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC 5 cells Each dose contains 160 U of antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide 0 3 mg Al 18 Epaxal made by Crucell Also sold under the brand names HAVpur and VIROHEP A This vaccine consists of virosomes artificial particles composed of synthetic lipids and influenza proteins in addition to the hepatitis A antigen It does not contain aluminium 19 Havrix made by GlaxoSmithKline Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC 5 cells Each adult dose contains 1440 ELISA units of viral antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide 0 5 mg Al The pediatric child doses contain half the amount of viral antigen and aluminium 20 Healive made by Sinovac Inactivated hepatitis A virus cultured in human diploid cell followed by harvest purification inactivation and aluminium adsorption Each adult dose contains 500 U of viral antigen The pediatric dose contains 250 U of viral antigen citation needed Vaqta made by Merck Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC 5 cells An adult dose contains 50 U of antigen adsorbed onto 0 45 mg of aluminium as aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate a child dose contains half the amounts of antigen and aluminium 21 Biovac A made by Pukang sold under the brand name Biovac A in India and under the brand names Mevac A in Guatemala Philippines Bangladesh Nepal Uzbekistan and Chile etc It is a freeze dried live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis A virus H2 strain is produced in human diploid cells A pack of 0 5ml vial of Biovac A and 0 5ml ampoule of SWFI sterile water for injection contains not be less than 6 5 Lg CCID50 Only a single dose is needed It is recommended by the WHO Long term persistence research data predicated that sero conversion remained and antibody titre was not less than 128 IU ml 15 years after vaccination citation needed Combination vaccines Edit Hepatitis A and B vaccine is a vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B 22 Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine is a vaccine against hepatitis A and typhoid 23 24 25 26 References Edit a b c d e f g h i j World Health Organization 2012 WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines June 2012 Weekly Epidemiological Record 87 28 29 261 76 hdl 10665 241938 PMID 22905367 World Health Organization 2022 WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines October 2022 Weekly Epidemiological Record 97 40 493 512 hdl 10665 363397 Hepatitis a Q amp As for Health Professionals CDC 19 January 2022 a b Patravale Vandana Dandekar Prajakta Jain Ratnesh 2012 Nanoparticulate drug delivery perspectives on the transition from laboratory to market 1 publ ed Oxford Woodhead Pub p 212 ISBN 9781908818195 World Health Organization 2019 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 21st list 2019 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 325771 WHO MVP EMP IAU 2019 06 License CC BY NC SA 3 0 IGO World Health Organization 2021 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 22nd list 2021 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 345533 WHO MHP HPS EML 2021 02 a b c Hepatitis A Vaccine Information Statement Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC October 2021 Retrieved 13 July 2022 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Hepatitis A Vaccine Licensed History of Vaccines historyofvaccines org Retrieved 6 February 2021 permanent dead link Tulchinsky Theodore H 2018 Maurice Hilleman Creator of Vaccines That Changed the World Case Studies in Public Health 443 470 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 804571 8 00003 2 ISBN 9780128045718 PMC 7150172 Materials Documenting the Contribution of Dr Maurice Hilleman to the Millennium Time Capsule Ceremony National Museum of American History Retrieved 14 February 2021 Hepatitis A Vaccine Information Vaccine Information ImmunizationInfo Archived from the original on 30 June 2007 Retrieved 19 June 2008 Hepatitis A Vaccine an overview ScienceDirect Topics sciencedirect com Retrieved 14 February 2021 a b c d Hepatitis A Vaccine What you need to know PDF Vaccine Information Statement Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 21 March 2006 Archived PDF from the original on 20 November 2007 Retrieved 12 March 2007 Hepatitis Viral Type A Travelers Health Yellow Book CDC Archived from the original on 28 March 2007 Retrieved 12 March 2007 a b Hepatitis A Introduction NHS Direct 10 October 2006 Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 Retrieved 12 March 2007 Ott JJ Irving G Wiersma ST December 2012 Long term protective effects of hepatitis A vaccines A systematic review Vaccine 31 1 3 11 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2012 04 104 PMID 22609026 Irving GJ Holden J Yang R Pope D 2012 Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7 7 CD009051 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD009051 pub2 PMC 6823267 PMID 22786522 Patient Information Leaflet Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine sanofi pasteur July 2010 Archived on the electronic Medicines Compendium of the UK Accessed 30 November 2010 Epaxal Archived 19 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Crucell website Accessed 30 November 2010 Full Prescribing Information Archived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine GlaxoSmithKline July 2010 Archived on FDA website Accessed 30 November 2010 VAQTA Hepatitis A Vaccine Inactivated PDF U S Food and Drug Administration FDA p 11 Archived PDF from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 7 February 2014 Twinrix U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 3 October 2019 Retrieved 18 October 2020 Australian Product Information Vivaxim Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide and hepatitis A virus antigen Vaccine Retrieved 18 October 2020 Vivaxim Salmonella typhi vaccine Hepatitis A vaccine 6 March 2020 Retrieved 18 October 2020 Vivaxim 1mL injection syringe composite pack Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA Archived from the original on 19 October 2020 Retrieved 18 October 2020 Summary for ARTG Entry 82745 Vivaxim 1mL injection syringe composite pack Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA Retrieved 18 October 2020 permanent dead link Further reading EditRamsay M ed 2013 Chapter 17 Hepatitis A Immunisation against infectious disease Public Health England Hall E Wodi AP Hamborsky J Morelli V Schillie S eds 2021 Chapter 9 Hepatitis A Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases 14th ed Washington D C U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC External links EditHepatitis A Vaccines at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Portals Medicine Viruses Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hepatitis A vaccine amp oldid 1141118892, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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