Letrozole
Letrozole, sold under the brand name Femara among others, is an aromatase inhibitor medication that is used in the treatment of breast cancer.[1]
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| Trade names | Femara, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a698004 |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
| Drug class | Aromatase inhibitor; Antiestrogen |
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| Bioavailability | 99.9% |
| Protein binding | 60%, mainly to albumin |
| Metabolism | pharmacologically-inactive metabolites Bis(4-cyanophenyl)methanol and 4,4'-dicyanobenzophenone.[3] |
| Elimination half-life | 2 days[3] |
| Excretion | Kidney[3] |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.200.357 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H11N5 |
| Molar mass | 285.310 g·mol−1 |
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It was patented in 1986 and approved for medical use in 1996.[4] In 2021, it was the 222nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.[5][6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7]
Medical uses edit
Breast cancer edit
Letrozole is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of local or metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive or has an unknown receptor status in postmenopausal women.[8]
Comparison with tamoxifen edit
Tamoxifen is also used to treat hormonally-responsive breast cancer, but it does so by interfering with the estrogen receptor. However, letrozole is effective only in post-menopausal women, in whom estrogen is produced predominantly in peripheral tissues (i.e. in adipose tissue, like that of the breast) and a number of sites in the brain.[9] In pre-menopausal women, the main source of estrogen is from the ovaries not the peripheral tissues, and letrozole is ineffective.
In the BIG 1–98 Study, of post-menopausal women with hormonally-responsive breast cancer, letrozole reduced the recurrence of cancer, but did not change survival rate, compared to tamoxifen.[10][11]
Ovulation induction edit
Letrozole has been used for ovulation induction by fertility doctors since 2001, because it has fewer side-effects than clomiphene (Clomid) and less chance of multiple gestation.[citation needed] A study of 150 babies following treatment with either letrozole alone or letrozole and gonadotropins presented at the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 2005 Conference found no difference in overall abnormalities but did find a significantly higher rate of locomotor and cardiac abnormalities among the group having taken letrozole compared to natural conception.[12] A larger, follow-up study with 911 babies compared those born following treatment with letrozole to those born following treatment with clomiphene.[13] That study also found no significant difference in the rate of overall abnormalities, but found that congenital cardiac anomalies was significantly higher in the clomiphene group compared to the letrozole group. Despite this, India banned the usage of letrozole in 2011, citing potential risks to infants.[14] In 2012, an Indian parliamentary committee said that the drug controller office colluded with letrozole's makers to approve the drug for infertility in India and also stated that letrozole's use for infertility was illegal worldwide;[15] however, such off-label uses are legal in many countries such as the US and UK.[16][17]
Medical Abortion edit
Tests have shown that the efficacy of first-trimester medical abortions (using misoprostol) can be improved by including letrozole in the drug regimen.[18][19][20]
Contraindications edit
Letrozole is contraindicated in women having a pre-menopausal hormonal status, during pregnancy and lactation.[21]
Side effects edit
The most common side effects are sweating, hot flushes, arthralgia (joint pain), and fatigue.[21]
Generally, side effects include signs and symptoms of hypoestrogenism. There is concern that long term use may lead to osteoporosis,[8] which is why in certain patient populations such as post-menopausal women or osteoporotics, bisphosphonates may also be prescribed.[citation needed]
Interactions edit
Letrozole inhibits the liver enzyme CYP2A6, and to a lesser extent CYP2C19, in vitro, but no relevant interactions with drugs like cimetidine and warfarin have been observed.[21]
Pharmacology edit
Pharmacodynamics edit
Letrozole is an orally active, nonsteroidal, selective aromatase inhibitor and hence an antiestrogen. It prevents aromatase from producing estrogens by competitive, reversible binding to the heme of its cytochrome P450 unit. The action is specific, and letrozole does not reduce production of corticosteroids.[citation needed]
| Generation | Medication | Dosage | % inhibitiona | Classb | IC50c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Testolactone | 250 mg 4x/day p.o. | ? | Type I | ? |
| 100 mg 3x/week i.m. | ? | ||||
| Rogletimide | 200 mg 2x/day p.o. 400 mg 2x/day p.o. 800 mg 2x/day p.o. | 50.6% 63.5% 73.8% | Type II | ? | |
| Aminoglutethimide | 250 mg mg 4x/day p.o. | 90.6% | Type II | 4,500 nM | |
| Second | Formestane | 125 mg 1x/day p.o. 125 mg 2x/day p.o. 250 mg 1x/day p.o. | 72.3% 70.0% 57.3% | Type I | 30 nM |
| 250 mg 1x/2 weeks i.m. 500 mg 1x/2 weeks i.m. 500 mg 1x/1 week i.m. | 84.8% 91.9% 92.5% | ||||
| Fadrozole | 1 mg 1x/day p.o. 2 mg 2x/day p.o. | 82.4% 92.6% | Type II | ? | |
| Third | Exemestane | 25 mg 1x/day p.o. | 97.9% | Type I | 15 nM |
| Anastrozole | 1 mg 1x/day p.o. 10 mg 1x/day p.o. | 96.7–97.3% 98.1% | Type II | 10 nM | |
| Letrozole | 0.5 mg 1x/day p.o. 2.5 mg 1x/day p.o. | 98.4% 98.9%–>99.1% | Type II | 2.5 nM | |
| Footnotes: a = In postmenopausal women. b = Type I: Steroidal, irreversible (substrate-binding site). Type II: Nonsteroidal, reversible (binding to and interference with the cytochrome P450 heme moiety). c = In breast cancer homogenates. Sources: See template. | |||||
Research edit
The antiestrogen action of letrozole has been shown to be useful in pretreatment for termination of pregnancy, in combination with misoprostol. It can be used in place of mifepristone, which is expensive and unavailable in many countries.[22]
Letrozole is sometimes used as a treatment for gynecomastia, although it is probably most effective at this if caught in an early stage (such as in users of anabolic steroids).[23][24][unreliable source?]
Some studies have shown that letrozole can be used to promote spermatogenesis in male patients with nonobstructive azoospermia.[25]
Letrozole has also been shown to delay the fusing of the growth plates in mice.[26] When used in combination with growth hormone, letrozole has been shown effective in one adolescent boy with a short stature.[27]
Letrozole has also been used to treat endometriosis.[28]
Endometrial stromal sarcomas are hormonally sensitive tumors as it is represented that letrozole reduces serum estrogen levels. Letrozole is well-tolerated and is a good option for long-term management of this disease.[29] Also in a study on Uterine myoma the volume was successfully reduced by use of an aromatase inhibitor. Rapid onset of action and avoidance of initial gonadotropin flare with an aromatase inhibitor.[28]
Letrozole has been documented to be safe and effective for improving height and pubertal outcomes in children living with constitutional delay in growth and puberty, and is better than testosterone with regard to improvement in testicular volume and delaying bone-age progression. This was documented in a meta-analysis published by Dutta et al. which analyzed data from 7 different randomized controlled trials.[30]
References edit
- ^ a b "Femara- letrozole tablet, film coated". DailyMed. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
- ^ "List of nationally authorised medicinal products : Active substance(s): letrozole : Procedure No. PSUSA/00001842/202110" (PDF). Ema.europa.eu. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ a b c . 24 January 2003. Archived from the original on 24 January 2003. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 516. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Letrozole - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
- ^ a b Drugs.com: Monograph for letrozole. It is also used for ovarian cancer patients after they have completed chemotherapy.
- ^ Simpson ER (September 2003). "Sources of estrogen and their importance". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 86 (3–5): 225–30. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00360-1. PMID 14623515. S2CID 11210435.
- ^ Regan MM, Neven P, Giobbie-Hurder A, Goldhirsch A, Ejlertsen B, Mauriac L, Forbes JF, Smith I, Láng I, Wardley A, Rabaglio M, Price KN, Gelber RD, Coates AS, Thürlimann B (November 2011). "Assessment of letrozole and tamoxifen alone and in sequence for postmenopausal women with steroid hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: the BIG 1-98 randomised clinical trial at 8·1 years median follow-up". The Lancet. Oncology. 12 (12): 1101–8. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70270-4. PMC 3235950. PMID 22018631.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 16 May 2010.
- ^ Biljan MM, Hemmings R, Brassard N (2005). "The Outcome of 150 Babies Following the Treatment With Letrozole or Letrozole and Gonadotropins". Fertility and Sterility. 84: S95. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.230.
- ^ Tulandi T, Martin J, Al-Fadhli R, Kabli N, Forman R, Hitkari J, et al. (June 2006). "Congenital malformations among 911 newborns conceived after infertility treatment with letrozole or clomiphene citrate". Fertility and Sterility. 85 (6): 1761–5. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.03.014. PMID 16650422.
- ^ Sinha K (18 October 2011). . The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ . The Times of India. 10 April 2007. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ Chen DT, Wynia MK, Moloney RM, Alexander GC (November 2009). "U.S. physician knowledge of the FDA-approved indications and evidence base for commonly prescribed drugs: results of a national survey". Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 18 (11): 1094–100. doi:10.1002/pds.1825. PMID 19697444. S2CID 9779191.
- ^ . Gmc-uk.org. 16 February 2007. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X (May 2022). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (5): CD002855. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5. PMC 9128719. PMID 35608608.
- ^ Zhuo Y, Cainuo S, Chen Y, Sun B. The efficacy of letrozole supplementation for medical abortion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021 May;34(9):1501-1507. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1638899. Epub 2019 Jul 29. PMID 31257957.
- ^ Yeung, Tracy Wing Yee; Lee, Vivian Chi Yan; Ng, Ernest Hung Yu; Ho, Pak Chung (December 2012). "A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days". Contraception. 86 (6): 763–769. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009. PMID 22717187.
- ^ a b c Haberfeld H, ed. (2009). Austria-Codex (in German) (2009/2010 ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. ISBN 978-3-85200-196-8.
- ^ Lee VC, Ng EH, Yeung WS, Ho PC (February 2011). "Misoprostol with or without letrozole pretreatment for termination of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 117 (2 Pt 1): 317–23. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182073fbf. PMID 21252745. S2CID 25581158.
- ^ Santen RJ, Brodie H, Simpson ER, Siiteri PK, Brodie A (June 2009). "History of aromatase: saga of an important biological mediator and therapeutic target". Endocrine Reviews. 30 (4): 343–75. doi:10.1210/er.2008-0016. PMID 19389994.
- ^ . GYNECOMASTIA-GYNO.COM. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ Patry G, Jarvi K, Grober ED, Lo KC (August 2009). "Use of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole to treat male infertility". Fertility and Sterility. 92 (2): 829.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.014. PMID 19524225.
- ^ Eshet R, Maor G, Ben Ari T, Ben Eliezer M, Gat-Yablonski G, Phillip M (July 2004). "The aromatase inhibitor letrozole increases epiphyseal growth plate height and tibial length in peripubertal male mice". The Journal of Endocrinology. 182 (1): 165–72. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1820165. PMID 15225141.
- ^ Zhou P, Shah B, Prasad K, David R (February 2005). "Letrozole significantly improves growth potential in a pubertal boy with growth hormone deficiency". Pediatrics. 115 (2): e245-8. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1536. PMID 15653791. S2CID 36741346.
- ^ a b Nothnick WB (June 2011). "The emerging use of aromatase inhibitors for endometriosis treatment". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 9: 87. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-9-87. PMC 3135533. PMID 21693036.
- ^ Sylvestre VT, Dunton CJ (April 2010). "Treatment of recurrent endometrial stromal sarcoma with letrozole: a case report and literature review". Hormones & Cancer. 1 (2): 112–5. doi:10.1007/s12672-010-0007-9. PMC 10358008. PMID 21761354. S2CID 26057966.
- ^ Dutta D, Singla R, Surana V, Sharma M (September 2021). "Efficacy and Safety of Letrozole in the Management of Constitutional Delay in Growth and Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 14 (2): 131–144. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021.0169. PMC 9176083. PMID 34477355. S2CID 237400443.