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Darunavir

December 15, 2023

Darunavir (DRV), sold under the brand name Prezista among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS.[1] It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals.[1][3] It is often used with low doses of ritonavir or cobicistat to increase darunavir levels.[1] It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure.[1] It is taken by mouth once to twice a day.[1]

Darunavir
Clinical data
Trade namesPrezista, others[1]
Other namesTMC114, DRV, darunavir ethanolate
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa607042
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • CA: ℞-only
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • EU: Rx-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability37% (without ritonavir), 82% (with ritonavir)
Protein binding95%
Metabolismhepatic (CYP3A4)
Elimination half-life15 hours (with ritonavir)
ExcretionFeces (80%), urine (14%)
Identifiers
  • [(1R,5S,6R)-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-yl] N-[(2S,3R)-4- [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl- (2-methylpropyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl- butan-2-yl] carbamate
CAS Number
  • 206361-99-1 Y
PubChem CID
  • 213039
DrugBank
  • DB01264 Y
ChemSpider
  • 184733 Y
UNII
  • YO603Y8113
KEGG
  • D03656 Y
  • as salt: D06478 Y
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:367163 Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL1323 N
NIAID ChemDB
  • 073035
PDB ligand
  • 017 (PDBe, RCSB PDB)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID0046779
ECHA InfoCard100.111.730
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC27H37N3O7S
Molar mass547.67 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
  • O=S(=O)(c1ccc(N)cc1)N(CC(C)C)C[C@@H](O)[C@@H](NC(=O)O[C@H]2CO[C@H]3OCC[C@@H]23)Cc4ccccc4
  • InChI=1S/C27H37N3O7S/c1-18(2)15-30(38(33,34)21-10-8-20(28)9-11-21)16-24(31)23(14-19-6-4-3-5-7-19)29-27(32)37-25-17-36-26-22(25)12-13-35-26/h3-11,18,22-26,31H,12-17,28H2,1-2H3,(H,29,32)/t22-,23-,24+,25-,26+/m0/s1 Y
  • Key:CJBJHOAVZSMMDJ-HEXNFIEUSA-N Y
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, rash and vomiting.[1][3] Severe side effects include allergic reactions, liver problems, and skin rashes such as toxic epidermal necrolysis.[1] While poorly studied in pregnancy it appears to be safe for the baby.[2] It is of the protease inhibitor (PI) class and works by blocking HIV protease.[1]

Developed by pharmaceutical company Tibotec, darunavir is named after Arun K. Ghosh, the chemistry professor who discovered the molecule at the University of Illinois at Chicago.[4] It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2006.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6] It is available as a generic medication.[7]

The fixed-dose combination medication darunavir/cobicistat (Prezcobix, Rezolsta) is available as a single pill.[8]

Medical uses edit

Darunavir is an Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council (DHHS) recommended treatment option for adults and adolescents, regardless of whether they have received HIV treatment in the past.[9][10] In a study of patients that had never received HIV treatment, darunavir was as effective as lopinavir/ritonavir at 96 weeks with a once-daily dosing.[11] It was approved by the FDA on 21 October 2008 for people not previously treated for HIV.[12] As with other antiretrovirals, darunavir does not cure HIV/AIDS.[13]

It is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in adults and children three years of age and older when co-administered with ritonavir, in combination with other antiretroviral agents.[3][14]

Adverse effects edit

Darunavir is generally well tolerated by people. Rash is the most common side effect (7% of patients).[13] Other common side effects are diarrhea (2.3%), headache (3.8%), abdominal pain (2.3%), constipation (2.3%), and vomiting (1.5%).[13] Darunavir can also cause allergic reactions, and people allergic to ritonavir can also have a reaction to darunavir.[13]

High blood sugar, diabetes or worsening of diabetes, muscle pain, tenderness or weakness, and increased bleeding in people with hemophilia have been reported in patients taking protease inhibitor medicines like darunavir.[13] Changes in body fat have been seen in some patients taking medicines for HIV, including loss of fat from legs, arms and face, increased fat in the abdomen and other internal organs, breast enlargement, and fatty lumps on the back of the neck. The cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known.[13]

Drug interactions edit

Darunavir may interact with medications commonly taken by people with HIV/AIDS such as other antiretrovirals, and antacids such as proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists.[13] St. John's wort may reduce the effectiveness of darunavir by increasing the breakdown of darunavir by the metabolic enzyme CYP3A.[13]

Mechanism of action edit

Darunavir is a nonpeptidic inhibitor of protease (PR) that lodges itself in the active site of PR through a number of hydrogen bonds.[15] It was developed to increase interactions with HIV-1 protease and to be more resistant against HIV-1 protease mutations. With a Kd (dissociation constant) of 4.5 x 10−12 M, darunavir has a much stronger interaction with PR and its dissociation constant is 1/100 to 1/1000 of other protease inhibitors.[16] This strong interaction comes from increased hydrogen bonds between darunavir and the backbone of the PR active site (Figure 2). Darunavir's structure allows it to create more hydrogen bonds with the PR active site than most PIs that have been developed and approved by the FDA.[17] Furthermore, the backbone of HIV-1 protease maintains its spatial conformation in the presence of mutations.[18] Because darunavir interacts with this stable portion of the protease, the PR-PI interaction is less likely to be disrupted by a mutation.[17]

 
Figure 3. Ribbon structure of PR with darunavir in active site: Structures colored as in Fig. 1. with certain residues partaking in hydrogen bonding further highlighted. The catalytic aspartates, 25 and 25’, are in orange and the other interacting residues in green. Right image is a magnified view of the image on the left (PDB 4qdb).

Catalytic site edit

The chemical activity of the HIV-1 protease depends on two residues in the active site, Asp25 and Asp25’, one from each copy of the homodimer.[19] Darunavir interacts with these catalytic aspartates and the backbone of the active site through hydrogen bonds, specifically binding to residues Asp25, Asp25’, Asp 29, Asp 30, Asp 30’, and Gly 27 (Figure 3). This interaction prevents viral replication, as it competitively inhibits the viral polypeptides from gaining access to the active site and strongly binds to the enzymatic portions of this protein.[15]

Cost edit

In the US and UK, healthcare costs were estimated to be lower with boosted darunavir than with investigator-selected control protease inhibitors in treatment-experienced patients.[20]

History edit

 
Figure 2. Hydrogen bonds between darunavir and HIV-1 protease: The bonds with the red residues indicate hydrogen bonds that are also present between the PI saquinavir and HIV-1 protease. The hydrogen bonds with the blue residue are unique to darunavir.

Darunavir was approved for use in the United States in June 2006 and for use in the European Union in February 2007.[21][22][23][24][14][excessive citations]

The development of first-generation clinical inhibitors was founded on creating more protease-ligand interactions through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.[15] The first HIV protease inhibitor approved by the FDA was saquinavir, which was designed to target wild-type HIV-1 protease.[25] However, this inhibitor is no longer effective due to resistance-causing mutations on the HIV-1 protease structure. The HIV genome has high plasticity, so has been able to become resistant to multiple HIV-1 protease inhibitors.[26] Since saquinavir, the FDA has approved several PIs, including darunavir.[23]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Darunavir". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Darunavir (Prezista) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b c "Prezista- darunavir tablet, film coated Prezista- darunavir suspension". DailyMed. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  4. ^ "HIV/AIDS Research". Purdue Chemistry: The Ghosh Laboratory. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  5. ^ MacArthur RD (April 2007). "Darunavir: promising initial results". Lancet. 369 (9568): 1143–1144. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60499-1. PMID 17416241. S2CID 31175809.
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  7. ^ "2022 First Generic Drug Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 March 2023. from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  8. ^ . AIDSinfo. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  9. ^ Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents (18 December 2019). (PDF). Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  10. ^ . AIDSinfo. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  11. ^ hivandhepatitis.com 13 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Efficacy and Safety of Boosted Darunavir (Prezista) Are Superior to Lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) at 96 Weeks: ARTEMIS Trial, 2008-10-28, URL 19 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ hivandhepatitis.com 13 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Darunavir (Prezista) Receives Full Traditional Approval, Dose Set for Treatment-naive Patients, Caution Urged for Pregnant Women, 2008-10-24, URL 19 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h "Drug Monograph, Prezista". from the original on 11 November 2016.
  14. ^ a b "Prezista EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2020.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. ^ a b c Leonis G, Czyżnikowska Ż, Megariotis G, Reis H, Papadopoulos MG (June 2012). "Computational studies of darunavir into HIV-1 protease and DMPC bilayer: necessary conditions for effective binding and the role of the flaps". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 52 (6): 1542–1558. doi:10.1021/ci300014z. PMID 22587384.
  16. ^ King NM, Prabu-Jeyabalan M, Nalivaika EA, Wigerinck P, de Béthune MP, Schiffer CA (November 2004). "Structural and thermodynamic basis for the binding of TMC114, a next-generation human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor". Journal of Virology. 78 (21): 12012–12021. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.21.12012-12021.2004. PMC 523255. PMID 15479840. S2CID 828919.
  17. ^ a b Lefebvre E, Schiffer CA (2008). "Resilience to resistance of HIV-1 protease inhibitors: profile of darunavir". AIDS Reviews. 10 (3): 131–142. PMC 2699666. PMID 18820715.
  18. ^ Lascar RM, Benn P (2009). "Role of darunavir in the management of HIV infection". HIV/AIDS: Research and Palliative Care. 1: 31–39. doi:10.2147/hiv.s5397. PMC 3218677. PMID 22096377.
  19. ^ Li D, Zhang Y, Zhao RN, Fan S, Han JG (February 2014). "Investigation on the mechanism for the binding and drug resistance of wild type and mutations of G86 residue in HIV-1 protease complexed with Darunavir by molecular dynamic simulation and free energy calculation". Journal of Molecular Modeling. 20 (2): 2122. doi:10.1007/s00894-014-2122-y. PMID 24526384. S2CID 23262721.
  20. ^ McKeage K, Perry CM, Keam SJ (2009). "Darunavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection in adults". Drugs. 69 (4): 477–503. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969040-00007. PMID 19323590.
  21. ^ MacArthur RD (April 2007). "Darunavir: promising initial results". Lancet. 369 (9568): 1143–1144. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60499-1. PMID 17416241. S2CID 31175809.
  22. ^ . U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  23. ^ a b . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 5 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  24. ^ "Drug Approval Package: Prezista (Darumavir) NDA #021976". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 6 September 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  25. ^ Liu F, Kovalevsky AY, Tie Y, Ghosh AK, Harrison RW, Weber IT (August 2008). "Effect of flap mutations on structure of HIV-1 protease and inhibition by saquinavir and darunavir". Journal of Molecular Biology. 381 (1): 102–115. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.062. PMC 2754059. PMID 18597780.
  26. ^ Eron JJ (June 2000). "HIV-1 protease inhibitors". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 30 (Suppl 2): S160–S170. doi:10.1086/313853. PMID 10860901.

Further reading edit

  • Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents (18 December 2019). (PDF). Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

External links edit

  • "Darunavir". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

December 15, 2023
darunavir, sold, under, brand, name, prezista, among, others, antiretroviral, medication, used, treat, prevent, aids, generally, recommended, with, other, antiretrovirals, often, used, with, doses, ritonavir, cobicistat, increase, darunavir, levels, used, prev. Darunavir DRV sold under the brand name Prezista among others is an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV AIDS 1 It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals 1 3 It is often used with low doses of ritonavir or cobicistat to increase darunavir levels 1 It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure 1 It is taken by mouth once to twice a day 1 DarunavirClinical dataTrade namesPrezista others 1 Other namesTMC114 DRV darunavir ethanolateAHFS Drugs comMonographMedlinePlusa607042License dataEU EMA by INN US DailyMed DarunavirPregnancycategoryAU B2 2 Routes ofadministrationBy mouthATC codeJ05AE10 WHO Legal statusLegal statusAU S4 Prescription only CA only UK POM Prescription only US only EU Rx only In general Prescription only Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailability37 without ritonavir 82 with ritonavir Protein binding95 Metabolismhepatic CYP3A4 Elimination half life15 hours with ritonavir ExcretionFeces 80 urine 14 IdentifiersIUPAC name 1R 5S 6R 2 8 dioxabicyclo 3 3 0 oct 6 yl N 2S 3R 4 4 aminophenyl sulfonyl 2 methylpropyl amino 3 hydroxy 1 phenyl butan 2 yl carbamateCAS Number206361 99 1 YPubChem CID213039DrugBankDB01264 YChemSpider184733 YUNIIYO603Y8113KEGGD03656 Yas salt D06478 YChEBICHEBI 367163 YChEMBLChEMBL1323 NNIAID ChemDB073035PDB ligand017 PDBe RCSB PDB CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID0046779ECHA InfoCard100 111 730Chemical and physical dataFormulaC 27H 37N 3O 7SMolar mass547 67 g mol 13D model JSmol Interactive imageSMILES O S O c1ccc N cc1 N CC C C C C H O C H NC O O C H 2CO C H 3OCC C H 23 Cc4ccccc4InChI InChI 1S C27H37N3O7S c1 18 2 15 30 38 33 34 21 10 8 20 28 9 11 21 16 24 31 23 14 19 6 4 3 5 7 19 29 27 32 37 25 17 36 26 22 25 12 13 35 26 h3 11 18 22 26 31H 12 17 28H2 1 2H3 H 29 32 t22 23 24 25 26 m0 s1 YKey CJBJHOAVZSMMDJ HEXNFIEUSA N Y N Y what is this verify Common side effects include diarrhea nausea abdominal pain headache rash and vomiting 1 3 Severe side effects include allergic reactions liver problems and skin rashes such as toxic epidermal necrolysis 1 While poorly studied in pregnancy it appears to be safe for the baby 2 It is of the protease inhibitor PI class and works by blocking HIV protease 1 Developed by pharmaceutical company Tibotec darunavir is named after Arun K Ghosh the chemistry professor who discovered the molecule at the University of Illinois at Chicago 4 It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration FDA in June 2006 5 It is on the World Health Organization s List of Essential Medicines 6 It is available as a generic medication 7 The fixed dose combination medication darunavir cobicistat Prezcobix Rezolsta is available as a single pill 8 Contents 1 Medical uses 2 Adverse effects 2 1 Drug interactions 3 Mechanism of action 3 1 Catalytic site 4 Cost 5 History 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksMedical uses editDarunavir is an Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council DHHS recommended treatment option for adults and adolescents regardless of whether they have received HIV treatment in the past 9 10 In a study of patients that had never received HIV treatment darunavir was as effective as lopinavir ritonavir at 96 weeks with a once daily dosing 11 It was approved by the FDA on 21 October 2008 for people not previously treated for HIV 12 As with other antiretrovirals darunavir does not cure HIV AIDS 13 It is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus HIV 1 infection in adults and children three years of age and older when co administered with ritonavir in combination with other antiretroviral agents 3 14 Adverse effects editDarunavir is generally well tolerated by people Rash is the most common side effect 7 of patients 13 Other common side effects are diarrhea 2 3 headache 3 8 abdominal pain 2 3 constipation 2 3 and vomiting 1 5 13 Darunavir can also cause allergic reactions and people allergic to ritonavir can also have a reaction to darunavir 13 High blood sugar diabetes or worsening of diabetes muscle pain tenderness or weakness and increased bleeding in people with hemophilia have been reported in patients taking protease inhibitor medicines like darunavir 13 Changes in body fat have been seen in some patients taking medicines for HIV including loss of fat from legs arms and face increased fat in the abdomen and other internal organs breast enlargement and fatty lumps on the back of the neck The cause and long term health effects of these conditions are not known 13 Drug interactions edit Darunavir may interact with medications commonly taken by people with HIV AIDS such as other antiretrovirals and antacids such as proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists 13 St John s wort may reduce the effectiveness of darunavir by increasing the breakdown of darunavir by the metabolic enzyme CYP3A 13 Mechanism of action editDarunavir is a nonpeptidic inhibitor of protease PR that lodges itself in the active site of PR through a number of hydrogen bonds 15 It was developed to increase interactions with HIV 1 protease and to be more resistant against HIV 1 protease mutations With a Kd dissociation constant of 4 5 x 10 12 M darunavir has a much stronger interaction with PR and its dissociation constant is 1 100 to 1 1000 of other protease inhibitors 16 This strong interaction comes from increased hydrogen bonds between darunavir and the backbone of the PR active site Figure 2 Darunavir s structure allows it to create more hydrogen bonds with the PR active site than most PIs that have been developed and approved by the FDA 17 Furthermore the backbone of HIV 1 protease maintains its spatial conformation in the presence of mutations 18 Because darunavir interacts with this stable portion of the protease the PR PI interaction is less likely to be disrupted by a mutation 17 nbsp Figure 3 Ribbon structure of PR with darunavir in active site Structures colored as in Fig 1 with certain residues partaking in hydrogen bonding further highlighted The catalytic aspartates 25 and 25 are in orange and the other interacting residues in green Right image is a magnified view of the image on the left PDB 4qdb Catalytic site edit The chemical activity of the HIV 1 protease depends on two residues in the active site Asp25 and Asp25 one from each copy of the homodimer 19 Darunavir interacts with these catalytic aspartates and the backbone of the active site through hydrogen bonds specifically binding to residues Asp25 Asp25 Asp 29 Asp 30 Asp 30 and Gly 27 Figure 3 This interaction prevents viral replication as it competitively inhibits the viral polypeptides from gaining access to the active site and strongly binds to the enzymatic portions of this protein 15 Cost editIn the US and UK healthcare costs were estimated to be lower with boosted darunavir than with investigator selected control protease inhibitors in treatment experienced patients 20 History edit nbsp Figure 2 Hydrogen bonds between darunavir and HIV 1 protease The bonds with the red residues indicate hydrogen bonds that are also present between the PI saquinavir and HIV 1 protease The hydrogen bonds with the blue residue are unique to darunavir Darunavir was approved for use in the United States in June 2006 and for use in the European Union in February 2007 21 22 23 24 14 excessive citations The development of first generation clinical inhibitors was founded on creating more protease ligand interactions through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions 15 The first HIV protease inhibitor approved by the FDA was saquinavir which was designed to target wild type HIV 1 protease 25 However this inhibitor is no longer effective due to resistance causing mutations on the HIV 1 protease structure The HIV genome has high plasticity so has been able to become resistant to multiple HIV 1 protease inhibitors 26 Since saquinavir the FDA has approved several PIs including darunavir 23 See also editBrecanavirReferences edit a b c d e f g h i Darunavir The American Society of Health System Pharmacists Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 Retrieved 28 November 2016 a b c Darunavir Prezista Use During Pregnancy Drugs com 23 October 2018 Retrieved 21 April 2020 a b c Prezista darunavir tablet film coated Prezista darunavir suspension DailyMed 6 June 2019 Retrieved 21 April 2020 HIV AIDS Research Purdue Chemistry The Ghosh Laboratory Retrieved 24 June 2021 MacArthur RD April 2007 Darunavir promising initial results Lancet 369 9568 1143 1144 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 07 60499 1 PMID 17416241 S2CID 31175809 World Health Organization 2019 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 21st list 2019 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 325771 WHO MVP EMP IAU 2019 06 License CC BY NC SA 3 0 IGO 2022 First Generic Drug Approvals U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 3 March 2023 Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 Retrieved 30 June 2023 Darunavir Cobicistat AIDSinfo U S Department of Health and Human Services Archived from the original on 3 March 2020 Retrieved 29 June 2018 Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents 18 December 2019 Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV PDF Department of Health and Human Services Archived from the original PDF on 13 August 2020 Retrieved 21 April 2020 What s New in the Guidelines Adult and Adolescent ARV AIDSinfo 26 June 2018 Archived from the original on 14 September 2020 Retrieved 22 April 2023 hivandhepatitis com Archived 13 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Efficacy and Safety of Boosted Darunavir Prezista Are Superior to Lopinavir ritonavir Kaletra at 96 Weeks ARTEMIS Trial 2008 10 28 URL Archived 19 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine hivandhepatitis com Archived 13 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Darunavir Prezista Receives Full Traditional Approval Dose Set for Treatment naive Patients Caution Urged for Pregnant Women 2008 10 24 URL Archived 19 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine a b c d e f g h Drug Monograph Prezista Archived from the original on 11 November 2016 a b Prezista EPAR European Medicines Agency EMA 17 September 2018 Retrieved 21 April 2020 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a b c Leonis G Czyznikowska Z Megariotis G Reis H Papadopoulos MG June 2012 Computational studies of darunavir into HIV 1 protease and DMPC bilayer necessary conditions for effective binding and the role of the flaps Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 52 6 1542 1558 doi 10 1021 ci300014z PMID 22587384 King NM Prabu Jeyabalan M Nalivaika EA Wigerinck P de Bethune MP Schiffer CA November 2004 Structural and thermodynamic basis for the binding of TMC114 a next generation human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor Journal of Virology 78 21 12012 12021 doi 10 1128 JVI 78 21 12012 12021 2004 PMC 523255 PMID 15479840 S2CID 828919 a b Lefebvre E Schiffer CA 2008 Resilience to resistance of HIV 1 protease inhibitors profile of darunavir AIDS Reviews 10 3 131 142 PMC 2699666 PMID 18820715 Lascar RM Benn P 2009 Role of darunavir in the management of HIV infection HIV AIDS Research and Palliative Care 1 31 39 doi 10 2147 hiv s5397 PMC 3218677 PMID 22096377 Li D Zhang Y Zhao RN Fan S Han JG February 2014 Investigation on the mechanism for the binding and drug resistance of wild type and mutations of G86 residue in HIV 1 protease complexed with Darunavir by molecular dynamic simulation and free energy calculation Journal of Molecular Modeling 20 2 2122 doi 10 1007 s00894 014 2122 y PMID 24526384 S2CID 23262721 McKeage K Perry CM Keam SJ 2009 Darunavir a review of its use in the management of HIV infection in adults Drugs 69 4 477 503 doi 10 2165 00003495 200969040 00007 PMID 19323590 MacArthur RD April 2007 Darunavir promising initial results Lancet 369 9568 1143 1144 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 07 60499 1 PMID 17416241 S2CID 31175809 FDA Approves New HIV Treatment for Patients Who Do Not Respond to Existing Drugs U S Food and Drug Administration FDA Press release Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 Retrieved 10 November 2016 a b HIV AIDS Historical Time Line 2000 2010 U S Food and Drug Administration 5 January 2018 Archived from the original on 1 July 2019 Retrieved 21 April 2020 Drug Approval Package Prezista Darumavir NDA 021976 U S Food and Drug Administration FDA 6 September 2006 Retrieved 21 April 2020 Liu F Kovalevsky AY Tie Y Ghosh AK Harrison RW Weber IT August 2008 Effect of flap mutations on structure of HIV 1 protease and inhibition by saquinavir and darunavir Journal of Molecular Biology 381 1 102 115 doi 10 1016 j jmb 2008 05 062 PMC 2754059 PMID 18597780 Eron JJ June 2000 HIV 1 protease inhibitors Clinical Infectious Diseases 30 Suppl 2 S160 S170 doi 10 1086 313853 PMID 10860901 Further reading editPanel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents 18 December 2019 Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV PDF Department of Health and Human Services Archived from the original PDF on 13 August 2020 Retrieved 21 April 2020 External links edit Darunavir Drug Information Portal U S National Library of Medicine Portals nbsp Medicine nbsp Viruses Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Darunavir amp oldid 1182497817, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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