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Turkistan Islamic Party

February 06, 2023

This article is about the Islamist organization. For the secessionist movement, see East Turkestan independence movement. For the Syrian branch of the Islamic Movement, see Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.

The Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP)[note 1] or the Turkistan Islamic Movement (TIM), formerly known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and other names,[note 2] is a Uyghur Islamic extremist organization founded in Western China. Its stated goals are to establish an independent state called East Turkestan replacing Xinjiang.[18] The UN Security Council Al-Qaeda Sanctions Committee has listed ETIM as a terrorist organization since 2002.[19] The United States removed it from its list of Terrorist Organizations in 2020, claiming it ceased to exist.[20]

Turkistan Islamic Party
تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى
Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party
Leaders
Governing bodyShura Council
Dates of operation1988–present
Group(s)Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria[4]
MotivesAn Islamic state in Xinjiang and the entire Central Asia, eventually Caliphate[5]
HeadquartersIdlib Governorate, Syria (largest operation base)
Active regions
(2014–2016)
IdeologyUyghur nationalism
Anti-Chinese sentiment
Sunni Islamism
Islamic fundamentalism
Pan-Islamism
Salafist jihadism
Separatism
StatusDesignated as a terrorist organization by China, the European Union, the United Nations and multiple other governments; no longer designated as a Terrorist Organization by the United States since 2020. (see below
Size1,000 (2022 UN report)[10]
Allies
Opponents
Battles and wars
Turkistan Islamic Party
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese突厥斯坦伊斯兰党
Traditional Chinese突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTūjuésītǎn Yīsīlán Dǎng
Uyghur name
Uyghurتۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiTürkistan Islam Partiyisi
Siril Yëziqiтүркистан ислам партийиси

Influenced by the success of the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviets in the Soviet–Afghan War, the TIP became prominent in 1990 during the Baren Township riot. The conflict took the form of a jihad which envisioned a similar result to the earlier creation of the First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934).[21] Their slogans contained anti-Communist rhetoric and calls for uniting Turks, indicating a movement akin to Islamic pan-Turkism historically congruent with southern Xinjiang rather than pure, radical Salafi jihadism or religious extremism. The revolt lasted several days and was put down by the Chinese government, which deployed significant forces to suppress the insurrection. The Chinese government viewed them as a jihadist movement akin to the mujahideen in Afghanistan across the border which gave birth to more radical movements such as the Party of Allah and the Islamic Movement of East Turkistan.[21]

The Syrian branch of the TIP is active in the Syrian civil war and are largely grouped in Idlib.[22][13]

History

Earlier groups

Abdul Hameed, Abdul Azeez Makhdoom and Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom launched the Hizbul Islam Li-Turkestan (Islamic Party of Turkistan or Turkistan Islamic Movement) in 1940. They were killed, imprisoned or driven underground by the Chinese state by the late 1950s.[23] After being set free from prison in 1979, Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom instructed Muhammad Amin Jan and other Uyghurs in his version of Islam.[24]

Founding

In 1989, Zeydin Yusup created the East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP),[note 3][23][25][26] which reportedly developed a network of mosques in Xinjiang.[21] It gained prominence during the Baren Township conflict, which led to Yusup's death.[21] The group was briefly led by Abudu Rehmen and Muhammed Tuhit but it collapsed again.[25]

The group in its present incarnation was organised in Pakistan by Hasan Mahsum and Abudukadir Yapuquan in September 1997.[27][28][29] In 1998, Mahsum moved ETIM's headquarters to Kabul, taking shelter under Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.[30] The group's infrastructure was crippled after the United States invaded Afghanistan and bombed Al Qaeda bases in the mountainous regions along the border with Pakistan.[citation needed] The leader, Hasan Mahsum, was killed by a Pakistani raid on a suspected Al-Qaeda camp in South Waziristan in 2003, leading to the group's collapse.[31][29]

However, ETIM resurged after the Iraq War inflamed mujaheddin sentiment.[32] The group was mentioned again in 2007, when China announced it raided its militants in Akto County.[15] China alleged that ETIM received material support from the Taliban and had links to the Pakistani Taliban (Tehreek i Taliban Pakistan),[30] prompting China to urge Pakistan to take action against the militants in 2009.[33]

From ETIP to TIP

The new organization called itself the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) to reflect its new domain and abandoned usage of the name ETIP,[when?] although China still calls it by the name ETIM.[15][34] The Turkistan Islamic Party was originally subordinated to the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) but then[when?] split off and declared its name as TIP and started making itself known by promoting itself with its Islamic Turkistan magazine and Voice of Islam media in Chinese, Arabic, Russian, and Turkish in order to reach out to global jihadists.[35] Control over the Uyghur and Uzbek militants was transferred to the Pakistani Taliban from the Afghan Taliban after 2001, so violence against the militant's countries of origins can no longer restrained by the Afghan Taliban since the Pakistani Taliban does not have a stake in doing so.[36][37]

In 2013, the group announced it was moving fighters to Syria, its profile in China and even Afghanistan and Pakistan has decisively waned since then, while in Syria it has risen.[38]

Al-Qaeda links

The TIP are believed[by whom?] to have links to al-Qaeda and affiliated groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan,[39] and the Pakistani Taliban.[40] The US has designated it as having received "training and financial assistance" from al-Qaeda.[41]

University of Virginia associate professor Philip B. K. Potter wrote in 2013 that, despite the fact that "throughout the 1990s, Chinese authorities went to great lengths to publicly link organizations active in Xinjiang—particularly the ETIM—to al-Qaeda [...] the best information indicates that prior to 2001, the relationship included some training and funding but relatively little operational cooperation."[42][41] Meanwhile, specific incidents were downplayed by Chinese authorities as isolated criminal acts.[43][44] However, in 1998 the group's headquarters were moved to Kabul, in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, while "China’s ongoing security crackdown in Xinjiang has forced the most militant Uyghur separatists into volatile neighboring countries, such as Pakistan," Potter writes, "where they are forging strategic alliances with, and even leading, jihadist factions affiliated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban."[43]

However, according to the US Treasury, TIP member Abdul Haq al Turkistani joined al-Qaeda's Majlis-ash-Shura (executive leadership council) in 2005[45] and TIP member Abdul Shakoor Turkistani was appointed military commander of its forces in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.[46] Abdul Haq was considered sufficiently influential by the al-Qaeda leadership that he served as a mediator between rival Taliban factions and played a role in military planning.[47]

In the mid-2010s, TIP's relationship to al-Qaeda was still contested but they became more closely aligned and TIP leader head Abdul Haq confirmed loyalty to al-Qaeda in May 2016.[48] In 2014, according to the SITE Intelligence Group, the al-Qaeda aligned al-Fajr Media Center began to distribute TIP promotional material, placing it in the "jihadist mainstream".[49] The East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serial Islamic Spring's 9th release by Ayman Al-Zawahiri in 2016. Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9/11 included the participation of Uighurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi, Bin Ladin and the Uighur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule.[50][vague][51] This was before the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing.[52] The Turkistan Islamic Party slammed and attacked Assad, Russia, NATO, the United States and other western countries in its propaganda outlets such as the Islamic Turkestan magazine and its Telegram channel.[53]

Afghanistan and Waziristan

In February 2018, airstrikes were conducted by American forces in Afghanistan’s Badakhshan province against training camps belonging to the Taliban and the Turkistan Islamic Party.[54][55][56][57][58] Speaking with Pentagon reporters, U.S. Air Force Maj. Gen. James B. Hecker, commander of NATO Air Command Afghanistan was quoted "The destruction of these training facilities prevents terrorists from planning any acts near the border with China and Tajikistan. The strikes also destroyed stolen Afghan National Army vehicles in the process of being converted to vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices. ETIM enjoys support from the Taliban in the mountains of Badakhshan, so hitting these Taliban training facilities and squeezing the Taliban's support networks degrades ETIM capabilities."[57]

After the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, TIP was removed from Badakhshan, as the new Afghan government seeks aid from China.[59]

Syria

Main article: Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria

TIP (ETIM) sent the "Turkistan Brigade" (Katibat Turkistani), also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria to take part in the Syrian Civil War as part of a network of al-Qaeda linked groups alongside al-Nusra, most notably in the 2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive where they were part of the Army of Conquest coalition.[60][61][62] They have been described as well organized, experienced and as having an important role in offensives against President Bashar al-Assad's forces in Syria's northern regions.[13]

Ideology

The NEFA Foundation, an American terrorist analyst foundation, translated and released a jihad article from ETIM, whose membership it said consisted primarily of "Uyghur Muslims from Western China." The TIP's primary goal is the independence of East Turkestan.[18] ETIM continues this theme of contrasting "Muslims" and "Chinese", in a six-minute video in 2008, where "Commander Seyfullah" warns Muslims not to bring their children to the 2008 Summer Olympics, and also saying "do not stay on the same bus, on the same train, on the same plane, in the same buildings, or any place the Chinese are".[16]

Structure

TIP is led by Abdul Haq al-Turkistani, who's the group's Emir and leader of the Shura Council.[25] The Council also includes a Deputy Emir, and the heads of at least three groups: Religious Education Division, Military Affairs Division and Information Center.[25] There have also been reports of a Intelligence Division and a Logistics Division.[25]

Media

In 2008, TIP's Ṣawt al-Islām (Voice of Islam) media arm was created and began releasing video messages.[38] The full name of their media center is "Turkistan Islamic Party Voice of Islam Media Center" (Uyghur: تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى ئىسلام ئاۋازى تەشۋىقات مەركىزى; Türkistan Islam Partiyisi Islam Awazi Teshwiqat Merkizi).[63][64][65]

Members

In October 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security released a list of eight terrorists linked to ETIM, including some of the leadership, with detailed charges.[66] They are:

Name Aliases Charges Whereabouts
Memetimin Memet (Memetiming Memeti) Abdul Haq Leading the organization, inciting ethnic tensions in 2006 and 2007, buying explosives, organizing terrorist attacks against the 2008 Summer Olympics Thought to have been killed in North Waziristan drone attack[67][68] Resurfaced in 2014[1]
Emeti Yakuf
(Ehmet Yakup) 		Abu Abdurehman, Sayfullah, Abdul Jabar Threatening to use biological and chemical weapons against servicepeople and Western politicians for the 2008 Olympics, disseminating manuals on explosives and poisons Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[69]
Memetituersun Yiming
(Memet Tursun Imin) 		Abdul Ali Raised funds for ETIM, tested bombs in the run-up to the Olympics Since 2008, Western Asia
Memetituersun Abuduhalike
(Memet Tursun Abduxaliq) 		Metursun Abduxaliq, Ansarul, Najmuddin Attacked government organizations, money laundering for ETIM operations, buying vehicles and renting houses for attacks Unknown
Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti
(Shamseden ehmet Abdumijit) 		Sayyid Recruiting for ETIM in the Middle East, blew up a Chinese supermarket Unknown
Aikemilai Wumaierjiang
(Akrem Omerjan) 		Assisted Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti in the supermarket attack Unknown
Yakuf Memeti
(Yakup Memet) 		Abdujalil Ahmet, Abdullah, Punjab Sneaked into China illegally to gather information on Chinese neighborhoods, a failed suicide attack against oil refinery Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[70]
Tuersun Toheti
(Tursun Tohti) 		Mubather, Nurullah Organizing a terror team for the 2008 Olympics, buying raw materials for them and requesting chemical formulas for explosives Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[70]

Guantanamo Bay detainees

Main article: Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Allegations against the East Turkistan Islamic Movement, from Nag Mohammed, captive 102's Tribunal

The United States captured 22 Uyghur militants from combat zones in Afghanistan in 2006 on information that they were linked to Al-Qaeda.[71] They were imprisoned without trial for five to seven years, where they testified that they were trained by ETIM leader Abdul Haq, at an ETIM training camp. After being found No Longer Enemy Combatant,[72] i.e. never having been enemy combatants, a panel of judges ordered them released into the United States. Despite the alarm of politicians that the release of embittered former Guantanamo detainees into the United States was unsafe and illegal, the United States did not want to release them back to China as they were wanted on charges that included arson and illegal manufacture of explosives,[73][74] though ABC News wrote that "It is believed that if the United States returned the men to China, they could be tortured."[75]

Attacks

Further information: Xinjiang conflict § Timeline
  • Between 1990-2001, Chinese government has attributed to ETIP over 200 acts of terrorism, which claimed 162 lives and over 440 injured.[76] However, in many Chinese official statements "east Turkestan terrorist forces" are referred to rather than any specific group.[77]
  • Between 1992 and 1998, four imams of mosques in Xinjiang were assassinated by ETIM.[78][79]
  • In 2007, ETIM militants in cars shot Chinese nationals in Pakistani Balochistan, which Pakistani authorities believed to be in retaliation for an execution of an ETIM official earlier that July.[80] ETIM militants sent a videotape of the attack to Beijing.[citation needed]
  • ETIM also took credit for a spate of attacks before the 2008 Summer Olympics, including a series of bus bombings in Kunming, an attempted plane hijacking in Urumqi,[72] and an attack on paramilitary troops in Kashgar that killed 17 officers.[81]
  • On 29 June 2010, a court in Dubai convicted two members of an ETIM cell for plotting to bomb a government-owned shopping mall that sold Chinese goods. This was the first ETIM plot outside of China or Central Asia. The key plotter was recruited during Hajj and was flown to Waziristan for training.[82]
  • In July 2010, officials in Norway interrupted a terrorist bomb plot; one perpetrator was Uyghur, leading to speculation about TIP involvement. New York Times correspondent Edward Wong says that ETIM "give[s] them a raison d'être at a time when the Chinese government has... defused any chance of a widespread insurgency... in Xinjiang."[81]
  • Several attacks in 2011 in Xinjiang were claimed by the Turkistan Islamic Party.[83]
  • In October 2013, a suicide attack in Tiananmen Square caused 5 deaths and 38 injuries. Chinese police described it as the first terrorist attack in Beijing's recent history. Turkistan Islamic Party later claimed responsibility for the attack.[84]
  • In March 2014, a knife-armed group attacked passengers at the Kunming's railway station, resulting in 31 civilians dead and +140 injured.[85] No group claimed responsibility. Chinese authorities and state media stated that the attack had been linked to TIP, while other sources were skeptical of this claim.[86][87]
  • Between July and December 2014, a series of riots, bombings, arson and knife attacks in Xinjiang which led to the deaths over 183 people (including civilians, attackers and security forces) and left dozens injured. Chinese authorities attributed attacks to "gangs" and "terrorists".[88][89][90][91]
  • Assassination of Juma Tayir, a government-appointed Imam in Id Kah mosque was attributed to by the Chinese government to TIP-insipired militants.[92]
  • On 18 September 2015 in Aksu, a group of knife-wielding terrorists attacked sleeping workers at a coalmine and killed 50 of them. The Turkistan Islamic Party claimed responsibility for the attack.[93]
  • On 30 August 2016, the Chinese Embassy in Kyrgyzstan was targeted in a suicide bombing which left Kyrgyz staffers injured; the attack was later attributed by Kyrgyzstan’s state security service to TIP.[94][95]
  • On 14 February 2017, attackers killed 5 people in Pishan county before killed by police. Chinese authorities stated that the attackers were affiliated with TIP.[96][97]
  • On 14 July 2021, an attack killed 13 people, including 9 Chinese engineers who were working on the Dasu Dam in Kohistan, Pakistan. Asia Times reported that a "joint China-Pakistan investigation" showed ETIM and TTP colluded in the attack,[98] but Reuters and Al Jazeera reported that Pakistan blamed the TTP, with support from Afghan and Indian intelligence services, without mentioning ETIM. The claims were denied by both the Indian government and TTP.[99][100]

Terrorist designation

Since the September 11 attacks, the group has been designated as a terrorist organization by China, the European Union,[101] Kyrgyzstan,[note 4][80][104] Kazakhstan,[105][106][107][108] Malaysia,[109] Pakistan,[110] Russia,[111] Turkey,[112][113] United Arab Emirates,[114][115] the United Kingdom,[116][117] and the United Nations.[118]

The organization was also formerly classified as a terrorist organization under Title 8 of the United States Code Section 1189 by the United States since 2002.[119][120] The United States Department of the Treasury has blocked the property and prohibited transactions with the organization according to Executive Order 13224[121] and the State Department has blocked its members for immigration purposes.[122] The U.S. revoked that classification in October 2020 on the basis that "there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist."[123] China accused the U.S. of double standards as it dropped ETIM from its terrorism list,[124][125][126] while the U.S. contends that the label has been broadly misused to oppress Muslims including ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang.[127][128][129]

Analysis

In 2009, Dru C. Gladney, an authority on Uyghurs, said that there was "a credibility gap" about the group since the majority of information on ETIM "was traced back to Chinese sources", and that some believe ETIM to be part of a US-China quid pro quo, where China supported the US-led War on Terror, and "support of the US for the condemnation of ETIM was connected to that support."[130] The Uyghur American Association has publicly doubted the ETIM's existence.[131]

Andrew McGregor, writing for the Jamestown Foundation in 2010, noted that "though there is no question a small group of Uyghur militants fought alongside their Taliban hosts against the Northern Alliance [...] the scores of terrorists Beijing claimed that Bin Laden was sending to China in 2002 never materialized" and that "the TIP’s "strategy" of making loud and alarming threats (attacks on the Olympics, use of biological and chemical weapons, etc.) without any operational follow-up has been enormously effective in promoting China's efforts to characterize Uyghur separatists as terrorists."[132]

On 16 June 2009, Representative Bill Delahunt convened hearings to examine how organizations were added to the US blacklist in general, and how the ETIM was added in particular.[133] Uyghur expert Sean Roberts testified that the ETIM was new to him, that it wasn't until it was blacklisted that he heard of the group, and claimed that "it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the organization no longer exists at all."[133][dead link] The Congressional Research Service reported that the first published mention of the group was in the year 2000, but that China attributed attacks to it that had occurred up to a decade earlier.[133][dead link]

Stratfor has noted repeated unexplained attacks on Chinese buses in 2008 have followed a history of ETIM targeting Chinese infrastructure, and noted the group's splintering and subsequent reorganization following the death of Mahsum.[134]

In 2010, intelligence analysts J. Todd Reed and Diana Raschke acknowledge that reporting in China presents obstacles not found in countries where information is not so tightly controlled. However, they found that ETIM's existence and activities could be confirmed independently of Chinese government sources, using information gleaned from ETIM's now-defunct website, reports from human rights groups and academics, and testimony from the Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Reed & Raschke also question the information put out by Uyghur expatriates that deny ETIM's existence or impact, as the Uyghurs who leave Xinjiang are those who object most to government policy, are unable to provide first-hand analysis, and have an incentive to exaggerate repression and downplay militancy. They say that ETIM was "obscure but not unknown" before the September 11 attacks, citing "Western, Russian, and Chinese media sources" that have "documented the ETIM's existence for nearly 20 years".[135]

In 2010, Raffaello Pantucci of Jamestown Foundation wrote about the convictions of two men linked to a ETIM cell in Dubai with a plot to attack a shopping mall.[136]


Nick Holdstock, in a 2015 New York Times interview, said that no organization is taking responsibility for attacks in Xinjiang, and that there is not enough proof to blame any organization for the attacks, that most "terrorism" there is "unsubstantiated", and that posting internet videos online is the only thing done by the "vague and shadowy" ETIM.[137]


In 2016, David Volodzko wrote that the Al-Qaeda allied Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members were fighting in Syria, and refuted and disproved the claims that Uyghurs were not in Syria made by "The Sydney Morning Herald", the Daily Mail, and Bernstein's article in the New York Review of Books.[138] Muhanad Hage Ali wrote an exposé on Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party jihadists in Syria.[139]

In 2019, Uran Botobekov from ModernDiplomat has written about the Turkistan Islamic Party along with other Central-Asian jihadist groups in a report titled "Think like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups"[140][141]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Arabic: الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني, romanized: al-Ḥizb al-Islāmī al-Turkistānī;
    Uyghur: تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى, romanized: Türkistan Islam Partiyisi;
    Turkish: Türkistan İslam Partisi;
    Chinese: 突厥斯坦伊斯兰党, Pinyin: "Tūjuésītǎn yīsīlán dǎng"
  2. ^ Since 1999, the organization has officially named itself the "Turkistan Islamic Movement", but in English it is known by its old name and acronym, ETIM.[15][16] Other aliases which the organization has adopted over the years are "East Turkistan Islamic Party", "Allah Party" and "East Turkistan National Revolution Association".[17]
  3. ^ Uyghur: شەرقىي تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى, romanized: Sherqiy Türkistan Islam Partiyisi; Turkish: Doğu Türkistan İslam Partisi
  4. ^ The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party, Organization for Freeing Eastern Turkistan and the Islamic Party of Turkistan were outlawed by Kyrgyzstan's Lenin District Court and its Supreme Court in November 2003[102][103]

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Further reading

  • Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-36540-9.

February 06, 2023
turkistan, islamic, party, this, article, about, islamist, organization, secessionist, movement, east, turkestan, independence, movement, syrian, branch, islamic, movement, syria, note, turkistan, islamic, movement, formerly, known, east, turkestan, islamic, m. This article is about the Islamist organization For the secessionist movement see East Turkestan independence movement For the Syrian branch of the Islamic Movement see Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria The Turkistan Islamic Party TIP note 1 or the Turkistan Islamic Movement TIM formerly known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement ETIM and other names note 2 is a Uyghur Islamic extremist organization founded in Western China Its stated goals are to establish an independent state called East Turkestan replacing Xinjiang 18 The UN Security Council Al Qaeda Sanctions Committee has listed ETIM as a terrorist organization since 2002 19 The United States removed it from its list of Terrorist Organizations in 2020 claiming it ceased to exist 20 Turkistan Islamic Partyتۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسىFlag of the Turkistan Islamic PartyLeadersZeydin Yusup 1988 1990 Hasan Mahsum 1997 2003 Abdul Haq al Turkistani 2003 2010 1 2 Abdul Shakoor al Turkistani 2010 2012 Abdullah Mansour 2013 2014 3 Abdul Haq al Turkistani 2014 Governing bodyShura CouncilDates of operation1988 presentGroup s Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria 4 MotivesAn Islamic state in Xinjiang and the entire Central Asia eventually Caliphate 5 HeadquartersIdlib Governorate Syria largest operation base Active regionsChina Xinjiang Pakistan North Waziristan 6 until 2017 7 Afghanistan Badakhshan 8 Central Asia Syria Idlib Governorate Latakia Governorate 9 Indonesia 2014 2016 IdeologyUyghur nationalismAnti Chinese sentimentSunni IslamismIslamic fundamentalismPan IslamismSalafist jihadismSeparatismStatusDesignated as a terrorist organization by China the European Union the United Nations and multiple other governments no longer designated as a Terrorist Organization by the United States since 2020 see belowSize1 000 2022 UN report 10 AlliesAl Qaeda 11 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan splinter faction allied with main faction until 2015 12 OpponentsChina Syria 13 Indonesia Hezbollah 14 Battles and warsXinjiang conflict Baren Township conflict War in Afghanistan 2001 2021 Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Syrian civil war Operation Madago RayaTurkistan Islamic PartyChinese nameSimplified Chinese突厥斯坦伊斯兰党Traditional Chinese突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTujuesitǎn Yisilan DǎngUyghur nameUyghurتۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى TranscriptionsLatin YeziqiTurkistan Islam PartiyisiSiril Yeziqitүrkistan islam partijisi Influenced by the success of the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviets in the Soviet Afghan War the TIP became prominent in 1990 during the Baren Township riot The conflict took the form of a jihad which envisioned a similar result to the earlier creation of the First East Turkestan Republic 1933 1934 21 Their slogans contained anti Communist rhetoric and calls for uniting Turks indicating a movement akin to Islamic pan Turkism historically congruent with southern Xinjiang rather than pure radical Salafi jihadism or religious extremism The revolt lasted several days and was put down by the Chinese government which deployed significant forces to suppress the insurrection The Chinese government viewed them as a jihadist movement akin to the mujahideen in Afghanistan across the border which gave birth to more radical movements such as the Party of Allah and the Islamic Movement of East Turkistan 21 The Syrian branch of the TIP is active in the Syrian civil war and are largely grouped in Idlib 22 13 Contents 1 History 1 1 Earlier groups 1 2 Founding 1 3 From ETIP to TIP 1 4 Al Qaeda links 1 5 Afghanistan and Waziristan 1 6 Syria 2 Ideology 3 Structure 3 1 Media 3 2 Members 4 Guantanamo Bay detainees 5 Attacks 6 Terrorist designation 7 Analysis 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further readingHistory EditEarlier groups Edit Abdul Hameed Abdul Azeez Makhdoom and Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom launched the Hizbul Islam Li Turkestan Islamic Party of Turkistan or Turkistan Islamic Movement in 1940 They were killed imprisoned or driven underground by the Chinese state by the late 1950s 23 After being set free from prison in 1979 Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom instructed Muhammad Amin Jan and other Uyghurs in his version of Islam 24 Founding Edit In 1989 Zeydin Yusup created the East Turkistan Islamic Party ETIP note 3 23 25 26 which reportedly developed a network of mosques in Xinjiang 21 It gained prominence during the Baren Township conflict which led to Yusup s death 21 The group was briefly led by Abudu Rehmen and Muhammed Tuhit but it collapsed again 25 The group in its present incarnation was organised in Pakistan by Hasan Mahsum and Abudukadir Yapuquan in September 1997 27 28 29 In 1998 Mahsum moved ETIM s headquarters to Kabul taking shelter under Taliban controlled Afghanistan 30 The group s infrastructure was crippled after the United States invaded Afghanistan and bombed Al Qaeda bases in the mountainous regions along the border with Pakistan citation needed The leader Hasan Mahsum was killed by a Pakistani raid on a suspected Al Qaeda camp in South Waziristan in 2003 leading to the group s collapse 31 29 However ETIM resurged after the Iraq War inflamed mujaheddin sentiment 32 The group was mentioned again in 2007 when China announced it raided its militants in Akto County 15 China alleged that ETIM received material support from the Taliban and had links to the Pakistani Taliban Tehreek i Taliban Pakistan 30 prompting China to urge Pakistan to take action against the militants in 2009 33 From ETIP to TIP Edit The new organization called itself the Turkistan Islamic Party TIP to reflect its new domain and abandoned usage of the name ETIP when although China still calls it by the name ETIM 15 34 The Turkistan Islamic Party was originally subordinated to the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IMU but then when split off and declared its name as TIP and started making itself known by promoting itself with its Islamic Turkistan magazine and Voice of Islam media in Chinese Arabic Russian and Turkish in order to reach out to global jihadists 35 Control over the Uyghur and Uzbek militants was transferred to the Pakistani Taliban from the Afghan Taliban after 2001 so violence against the militant s countries of origins can no longer restrained by the Afghan Taliban since the Pakistani Taliban does not have a stake in doing so 36 37 In 2013 the group announced it was moving fighters to Syria its profile in China and even Afghanistan and Pakistan has decisively waned since then while in Syria it has risen 38 Al Qaeda links Edit The TIP are believed by whom to have links to al Qaeda and affiliated groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 39 and the Pakistani Taliban 40 The US has designated it as having received training and financial assistance from al Qaeda 41 University of Virginia associate professor Philip B K Potter wrote in 2013 that despite the fact that throughout the 1990s Chinese authorities went to great lengths to publicly link organizations active in Xinjiang particularly the ETIM to al Qaeda the best information indicates that prior to 2001 the relationship included some training and funding but relatively little operational cooperation 42 41 Meanwhile specific incidents were downplayed by Chinese authorities as isolated criminal acts 43 44 However in 1998 the group s headquarters were moved to Kabul in Taliban controlled Afghanistan while China s ongoing security crackdown in Xinjiang has forced the most militant Uyghur separatists into volatile neighboring countries such as Pakistan Potter writes where they are forging strategic alliances with and even leading jihadist factions affiliated with al Qaeda and the Taliban 43 However according to the US Treasury TIP member Abdul Haq al Turkistani joined al Qaeda s Majlis ash Shura executive leadership council in 2005 45 and TIP member Abdul Shakoor Turkistani was appointed military commander of its forces in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan 46 Abdul Haq was considered sufficiently influential by the al Qaeda leadership that he served as a mediator between rival Taliban factions and played a role in military planning 47 In the mid 2010s TIP s relationship to al Qaeda was still contested but they became more closely aligned and TIP leader head Abdul Haq confirmed loyalty to al Qaeda in May 2016 48 In 2014 according to the SITE Intelligence Group the al Qaeda aligned al Fajr Media Center began to distribute TIP promotional material placing it in the jihadist mainstream 49 The East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serial Islamic Spring s 9th release by Ayman Al Zawahiri in 2016 Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9 11 included the participation of Uighurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi Bin Ladin and the Uighur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule 50 vague 51 This was before the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing 52 The Turkistan Islamic Party slammed and attacked Assad Russia NATO the United States and other western countries in its propaganda outlets such as the Islamic Turkestan magazine and its Telegram channel 53 Afghanistan and Waziristan Edit In February 2018 airstrikes were conducted by American forces in Afghanistan s Badakhshan province against training camps belonging to the Taliban and the Turkistan Islamic Party 54 55 56 57 58 Speaking with Pentagon reporters U S Air Force Maj Gen James B Hecker commander of NATO Air Command Afghanistan was quoted The destruction of these training facilities prevents terrorists from planning any acts near the border with China and Tajikistan The strikes also destroyed stolen Afghan National Army vehicles in the process of being converted to vehicle borne improvised explosive devices ETIM enjoys support from the Taliban in the mountains of Badakhshan so hitting these Taliban training facilities and squeezing the Taliban s support networks degrades ETIM capabilities 57 After the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan TIP was removed from Badakhshan as the new Afghan government seeks aid from China 59 Syria Edit Main article Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria TIP ETIM sent the Turkistan Brigade Katibat Turkistani also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria to take part in the Syrian Civil War as part of a network of al Qaeda linked groups alongside al Nusra most notably in the 2015 Jisr al Shughur offensive where they were part of the Army of Conquest coalition 60 61 62 They have been described as well organized experienced and as having an important role in offensives against President Bashar al Assad s forces in Syria s northern regions 13 Ideology EditThe NEFA Foundation an American terrorist analyst foundation translated and released a jihad article from ETIM whose membership it said consisted primarily of Uyghur Muslims from Western China The TIP s primary goal is the independence of East Turkestan 18 ETIM continues this theme of contrasting Muslims and Chinese in a six minute video in 2008 where Commander Seyfullah warns Muslims not to bring their children to the 2008 Summer Olympics and also saying do not stay on the same bus on the same train on the same plane in the same buildings or any place the Chinese are 16 Structure EditTIP is led by Abdul Haq al Turkistani who s the group s Emir and leader of the Shura Council 25 The Council also includes a Deputy Emir and the heads of at least three groups Religious Education Division Military Affairs Division and Information Center 25 There have also been reports of a Intelligence Division and a Logistics Division 25 Media Edit In 2008 TIP s Ṣawt al Islam Voice of Islam media arm was created and began releasing video messages 38 The full name of their media center is Turkistan Islamic Party Voice of Islam Media Center Uyghur تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى ئىسلام ئاۋازى تەشۋىقات مەركىزى Turkistan Islam Partiyisi Islam Awazi Teshwiqat Merkizi 63 64 65 Members Edit In October 2008 the Chinese Ministry of Public Security released a list of eight terrorists linked to ETIM including some of the leadership with detailed charges 66 They are Name Aliases Charges WhereaboutsMemetimin Memet Memetiming Memeti Abdul Haq Leading the organization inciting ethnic tensions in 2006 and 2007 buying explosives organizing terrorist attacks against the 2008 Summer Olympics Thought to have been killed in North Waziristan drone attack 67 68 Resurfaced in 2014 1 Emeti Yakuf Ehmet Yakup Abu Abdurehman Sayfullah Abdul Jabar Threatening to use biological and chemical weapons against servicepeople and Western politicians for the 2008 Olympics disseminating manuals on explosives and poisons Killed in North Waziristan drone attack 69 Memetituersun Yiming Memet Tursun Imin Abdul Ali Raised funds for ETIM tested bombs in the run up to the Olympics Since 2008 Western AsiaMemetituersun Abuduhalike Memet Tursun Abduxaliq Metursun Abduxaliq Ansarul Najmuddin Attacked government organizations money laundering for ETIM operations buying vehicles and renting houses for attacks UnknownXiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti Shamseden ehmet Abdumijit Sayyid Recruiting for ETIM in the Middle East blew up a Chinese supermarket UnknownAikemilai Wumaierjiang Akrem Omerjan Assisted Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti in the supermarket attack UnknownYakuf Memeti Yakup Memet Abdujalil Ahmet Abdullah Punjab Sneaked into China illegally to gather information on Chinese neighborhoods a failed suicide attack against oil refinery Killed in North Waziristan drone attack 70 Tuersun Toheti Tursun Tohti Mubather Nurullah Organizing a terror team for the 2008 Olympics buying raw materials for them and requesting chemical formulas for explosives Killed in North Waziristan drone attack 70 Guantanamo Bay detainees EditMain article Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay Wikisource has original text related to this article Allegations against the East Turkistan Islamic Movement from Nag Mohammed captive 102 s Tribunal The United States captured 22 Uyghur militants from combat zones in Afghanistan in 2006 on information that they were linked to Al Qaeda 71 They were imprisoned without trial for five to seven years where they testified that they were trained by ETIM leader Abdul Haq at an ETIM training camp After being found No Longer Enemy Combatant 72 i e never having been enemy combatants a panel of judges ordered them released into the United States Despite the alarm of politicians that the release of embittered former Guantanamo detainees into the United States was unsafe and illegal the United States did not want to release them back to China as they were wanted on charges that included arson and illegal manufacture of explosives 73 74 though ABC News wrote that It is believed that if the United States returned the men to China they could be tortured 75 Attacks EditFurther information Xinjiang conflict Timeline Between 1990 2001 Chinese government has attributed to ETIP over 200 acts of terrorism which claimed 162 lives and over 440 injured 76 However in many Chinese official statements east Turkestan terrorist forces are referred to rather than any specific group 77 Between 1992 and 1998 four imams of mosques in Xinjiang were assassinated by ETIM 78 79 In 2007 ETIM militants in cars shot Chinese nationals in Pakistani Balochistan which Pakistani authorities believed to be in retaliation for an execution of an ETIM official earlier that July 80 ETIM militants sent a videotape of the attack to Beijing citation needed ETIM also took credit for a spate of attacks before the 2008 Summer Olympics including a series of bus bombings in Kunming an attempted plane hijacking in Urumqi 72 and an attack on paramilitary troops in Kashgar that killed 17 officers 81 On 29 June 2010 a court in Dubai convicted two members of an ETIM cell for plotting to bomb a government owned shopping mall that sold Chinese goods This was the first ETIM plot outside of China or Central Asia The key plotter was recruited during Hajj and was flown to Waziristan for training 82 In July 2010 officials in Norway interrupted a terrorist bomb plot one perpetrator was Uyghur leading to speculation about TIP involvement New York Times correspondent Edward Wong says that ETIM give s them a raison d etre at a time when the Chinese government has defused any chance of a widespread insurgency in Xinjiang 81 Several attacks in 2011 in Xinjiang were claimed by the Turkistan Islamic Party 83 In October 2013 a suicide attack in Tiananmen Square caused 5 deaths and 38 injuries Chinese police described it as the first terrorist attack in Beijing s recent history Turkistan Islamic Party later claimed responsibility for the attack 84 In March 2014 a knife armed group attacked passengers at the Kunming s railway station resulting in 31 civilians dead and 140 injured 85 No group claimed responsibility Chinese authorities and state media stated that the attack had been linked to TIP while other sources were skeptical of this claim 86 87 Between July and December 2014 a series of riots bombings arson and knife attacks in Xinjiang which led to the deaths over 183 people including civilians attackers and security forces and left dozens injured Chinese authorities attributed attacks to gangs and terrorists 88 89 90 91 Assassination of Juma Tayir a government appointed Imam in Id Kah mosque was attributed to by the Chinese government to TIP insipired militants 92 On 18 September 2015 in Aksu a group of knife wielding terrorists attacked sleeping workers at a coalmine and killed 50 of them The Turkistan Islamic Party claimed responsibility for the attack 93 On 30 August 2016 the Chinese Embassy in Kyrgyzstan was targeted in a suicide bombing which left Kyrgyz staffers injured the attack was later attributed by Kyrgyzstan s state security service to TIP 94 95 On 14 February 2017 attackers killed 5 people in Pishan county before killed by police Chinese authorities stated that the attackers were affiliated with TIP 96 97 On 14 July 2021 an attack killed 13 people including 9 Chinese engineers who were working on the Dasu Dam in Kohistan Pakistan Asia Times reported that a joint China Pakistan investigation showed ETIM and TTP colluded in the attack 98 but Reuters and Al Jazeera reported that Pakistan blamed the TTP with support from Afghan and Indian intelligence services without mentioning ETIM The claims were denied by both the Indian government and TTP 99 100 Terrorist designation EditSince the September 11 attacks the group has been designated as a terrorist organization by China the European Union 101 Kyrgyzstan note 4 80 104 Kazakhstan 105 106 107 108 Malaysia 109 Pakistan 110 Russia 111 Turkey 112 113 United Arab Emirates 114 115 the United Kingdom 116 117 and the United Nations 118 The organization was also formerly classified as a terrorist organization under Title 8 of the United States Code Section 1189 by the United States since 2002 119 120 The United States Department of the Treasury has blocked the property and prohibited transactions with the organization according to Executive Order 13224 121 and the State Department has blocked its members for immigration purposes 122 The U S revoked that classification in October 2020 on the basis that there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist 123 China accused the U S of double standards as it dropped ETIM from its terrorism list 124 125 126 while the U S contends that the label has been broadly misused to oppress Muslims including ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang 127 128 129 Analysis EditIn 2009 Dru C Gladney an authority on Uyghurs said that there was a credibility gap about the group since the majority of information on ETIM was traced back to Chinese sources and that some believe ETIM to be part of a US China quid pro quo where China supported the US led War on Terror and support of the US for the condemnation of ETIM was connected to that support 130 The Uyghur American Association has publicly doubted the ETIM s existence 131 Andrew McGregor writing for the Jamestown Foundation in 2010 noted that though there is no question a small group of Uyghur militants fought alongside their Taliban hosts against the Northern Alliance the scores of terrorists Beijing claimed that Bin Laden was sending to China in 2002 never materialized and that the TIP s strategy of making loud and alarming threats attacks on the Olympics use of biological and chemical weapons etc without any operational follow up has been enormously effective in promoting China s efforts to characterize Uyghur separatists as terrorists 132 On 16 June 2009 Representative Bill Delahunt convened hearings to examine how organizations were added to the US blacklist in general and how the ETIM was added in particular 133 Uyghur expert Sean Roberts testified that the ETIM was new to him that it wasn t until it was blacklisted that he heard of the group and claimed that it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the organization no longer exists at all 133 dead link The Congressional Research Service reported that the first published mention of the group was in the year 2000 but that China attributed attacks to it that had occurred up to a decade earlier 133 dead link Stratfor has noted repeated unexplained attacks on Chinese buses in 2008 have followed a history of ETIM targeting Chinese infrastructure and noted the group s splintering and subsequent reorganization following the death of Mahsum 134 In 2010 intelligence analysts J Todd Reed and Diana Raschke acknowledge that reporting in China presents obstacles not found in countries where information is not so tightly controlled However they found that ETIM s existence and activities could be confirmed independently of Chinese government sources using information gleaned from ETIM s now defunct website reports from human rights groups and academics and testimony from the Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay Reed amp Raschke also question the information put out by Uyghur expatriates that deny ETIM s existence or impact as the Uyghurs who leave Xinjiang are those who object most to government policy are unable to provide first hand analysis and have an incentive to exaggerate repression and downplay militancy They say that ETIM was obscure but not unknown before the September 11 attacks citing Western Russian and Chinese media sources that have documented the ETIM s existence for nearly 20 years 135 In 2010 Raffaello Pantucci of Jamestown Foundation wrote about the convictions of two men linked to a ETIM cell in Dubai with a plot to attack a shopping mall 136 Nick Holdstock in a 2015 New York Times interview said that no organization is taking responsibility for attacks in Xinjiang and that there is not enough proof to blame any organization for the attacks that most terrorism there is unsubstantiated and that posting internet videos online is the only thing done by the vague and shadowy ETIM 137 In 2016 David Volodzko wrote that the Al Qaeda allied Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members were fighting in Syria and refuted and disproved the claims that Uyghurs were not in Syria made by The Sydney Morning Herald the Daily Mail and Bernstein s article in the New York Review of Books 138 Muhanad Hage Ali wrote an expose on Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party jihadists in Syria 139 In 2019 Uran Botobekov from ModernDiplomat has written about the Turkistan Islamic Party along with other Central Asian jihadist groups in a report titled Think like Jihadist Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups 140 141 See also EditTerrorism in China Xinjiang raid Turkistan Islamic Party in SyriaNotes Edit Arabic الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني romanized al Ḥizb al Islami al Turkistani Uyghur تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى romanized Turkistan Islam Partiyisi Turkish Turkistan Islam Partisi Chinese 突厥斯坦伊斯兰党 Pinyin Tujuesitǎn yisilan dǎng Since 1999 the organization has officially named itself the Turkistan Islamic Movement but in English it is known by its old name and acronym ETIM 15 16 Other aliases which the organization has adopted over the years are East Turkistan Islamic Party Allah Party and East Turkistan National Revolution Association 17 Uyghur شەرقىي تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى romanized Sherqiy Turkistan Islam Partiyisi Turkish Dogu Turkistan Islam Partisi The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party Organization for Freeing Eastern Turkistan and the Islamic Party of Turkistan were outlawed by Kyrgyzstan s Lenin District Court and its Supreme Court in November 2003 102 103 References Edit a b Turkestan Islamic Party emir thought killed in 2010 reemerged to lead group in 2014 The Long War Journal 11 June 2015 Archived from the original on 17 May 2016 Retrieved 13 May 2016 TIP Leader Congratulates Attack in Hotan in Video SITE Intel Group 10 June 2015 Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 13 May 2016 MacLean William 23 November 2013 Islamist group calls Tiananmen attack jihadi operation SITE Reuters Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 Retrieved 2 July 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Revealing the role of Uighur fighters Al Arabiya English Archived from the original on 15 November 2016 15577848 Think like Jihadist Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups Issuu Retrieved 11 April 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Botobekov Uran 29 May 2019 Think like Jihadist Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups Modern Diplomacy Retrieved 11 April 2021 Further reading EditReed J Todd Raschke Diana 2010 The ETIM China s Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat Westport Connecticut Praeger ISBN 978 0 313 36540 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Turkistan Islamic Party amp oldid 1136716989, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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