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Wikipedia

M1 carbine

February 08, 2023

The M1 carbine (formally the United States Carbine, Caliber .30, M1) is a lightweight[8] semi-automatic carbine that was a standard firearm for the U.S. military during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The M1 carbine was produced in several variants and was widely used by paramilitary and police forces around the world, and also became a popular civilian firearm after World War II.

Carbine, Caliber .30, M1
M1 carbine
Type
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service
  • 1942–1973 (United States)
  • 1942–present (other countries)
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
Designer
Designed1938–1941
Manufacturer
Unit costAbout $45 (WWII) (equivalent to $700 in 2021)
Produced
  • July 1942 – August 1945 (U.S. military)
  • 1945–present (commercial)
No. built6,121,309 (WWII)[7]
VariantsM1A1, M1A2, M1A3, M2, M2A1, M2A2, M3
Specifications
Mass5.2 lb (2.4 kg) empty 5.8 lb (2.6 kg) loaded w/sling
Length35.6 in (900 mm)
Barrel length17.75 in (451 mm)
Cartridge.30 Carbine
ActionGas-operated (short-stroke piston), rotating bolt
Rate of fire
  • 60–70 aimed rounds/min (M1/A1)
  • 750 rounds/min (M2)[7]
Muzzle velocity1,990 ft/s (607 m/s)
Effective firing range300 yd (270 m)
Feed system15- or 30-round detachable box magazine
SightsRear sight: aperture; L-type flip or adjustable, front sight: wing-protected post

The M2 carbine is the selective-fire version of the M1 carbine, capable of firing in both semi-automatic and full-automatic. The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with an active infrared scope system.[9]

Despite having a similar name and physical outward appearance, the M1 carbine is not a carbine version of the M1 Garand rifle. On July 1, 1925, the U.S. Army began using the current naming convention where the "M" is the designation for "Model" and the number represents the sequential development of equipment and weapons.[10] Therefore, the "M1 carbine" was the first carbine developed under this system. The "M2 carbine" was the second carbine developed under the system, etc.

Development history

Limitations of weapons in the U.S. arsenal

 
The M1 rifle and M1 carbine share only a buttplate screw and use different-sized .30 caliber ammunition
 
Briefing for staff personnel. Folding stock M1A1 carbine on the table
 
81 mm mortar crew in action at Camp Carson, Colorado, April 24, 1943. The soldier on the left has a slung M1 carbine.
 
A U.S. anti-tank crew in combat in the Netherlands, November 4, 1944. The soldier on the far right is holding an M1 carbine

Prior to World War II, the U.S. Army Ordnance Department received reports that the full-size M1 rifle was too heavy and cumbersome for most support troops (staff, artillerymen, radiomen, etc.) to carry. During pre-war and early war field exercises, it was found that the M1 Garand impeded these soldiers' mobility, as a slung rifle would frequently catch on brush or hit the back of the helmet and tilt it over the eyes. Many soldiers found the rifle slid off the shoulder unless slung diagonally across the back, where it prevented the wearing of standard field packs and haversacks.[citation needed]

Additionally, Germany's use of glider-borne and paratrooper forces to launch surprise blitzkrieg attacks behind the front lines generated a request for a new compact infantry weapon to equip support troops.[11][12] This request called for a compact, lightweight defensive weapon with greater range, accuracy and firepower than a handgun, while weighing half as much as the Thompson submachine gun or the M1 rifle.[11] The U.S. Army decided that a carbine-type weapon would adequately fulfill all of these requirements, and specified that the new arm should weigh no more than 5 pounds (2.3 kg) and have an effective range of 300 yards (270 m).[13][14] Paratroopers were also added to the list of intended users and a folding-stock version would also be developed.[citation needed]

Design

In 1938, the chief of infantry requested that the ordnance department develop a "light rifle" or carbine, though the formal requirement for the weapon type was not approved until 1940.

Winchester developed the .30 Carbine cartridge for the ordnance department. Winchester at first did not submit a carbine design, as it was occupied in developing the .30-06 Winchester M2 military rifle. The M2 rifle originated as a design by Jonathan "Ed" Browning, brother of the famous firearm designer John Browning. A couple of months after Ed Browning's death in May 1939, Winchester hired David Marshall "Carbine" Williams who had begun work on a short-stroke gas piston design while serving a prison sentence at a North Carolina minimum-security work farm. Winchester, after Williams' release, had hired Williams on the strength of recommendations of firearms industry leaders and hoped Williams would be able to complete various designs left unfinished by Ed Browning, including the Winchester .30-06 M2 rifle. Williams incorporated his short-stroke piston in the existing design. After the Marine Corps' semi-automatic rifle trials in 1940, Browning's rear-locking tilting bolt design proved unreliable in sandy conditions. As a result, Williams redesigned the M2 to incorporate a Garand-style rotating bolt and operating slide, retaining the short-stroke piston. By May 1941, Williams had shaved the M2 rifle prototype from about 9.5 lb (4.3 kg) to a 7.5 lb (3.4 kg).

Ordnance found unsatisfactory the first series of prototype carbines submitted by several firearms companies and some independent designers.[14] Winchester had contacted the ordnance department to examine their rifle M2 design. Major René Studler of ordnance believed the rifle design could be scaled down to a carbine which would weigh 4.5 to 4.75 lb (2.0–2.2 kg) and demanded a prototype as soon as possible. The first model was developed at Winchester in 13 days by William C. Roemer, Fred Humeston and three other Winchester engineers under the supervision of Edwin Pugsley, and was essentially Williams' last version of the .30-06 M2 scaled down to the .30 SL cartridge.[15] This patchwork prototype was cobbled together using the trigger housing and lockwork of a Winchester M1905 rifle and a modified Garand operating rod. The prototype was an immediate hit with army observers.[16]

After the initial Army testing in August 1941, the Winchester design team set out to develop a more refined version. Williams participated in the finishing of this prototype. The second prototype competed successfully against all remaining carbine candidates in September 1941, and Winchester was notified of their success the next month. Standardization as the M1 carbine was approved on October 22, 1941. This story was the loose basis for the 1952 movie Carbine Williams starring James Stewart. Contrary to the movie, Williams had little to do with the carbine's development, with the exception of his short-stroke gas piston design. Williams worked on his own design apart from the other Winchester staff, but it was not ready for testing until December 1941, two months after the Winchester M1 carbine had been adopted and type-classified. Winchester supervisor Edwin Pugsley conceded that Williams' final design was "an advance on the one that was accepted", but noted that Williams' decision to go it alone was a distinct impediment to the project,[15] and Williams' additional design features were not incorporated into M1 production. In a 1951 memo written in fear of a patent infringement lawsuit by Williams, Winchester noted his patent for the short-stroke piston may have been improperly granted as a previous patent covering the same principle of operation was overlooked by the patent office.[15]

In 1973, the senior technical editor at the NRA contacted Edwin Pugsley for "a technical last testament" on M1 carbine history shortly before his death on November 19, 1975. According to Pugsley, "The carbine was invented by no single man," but was the result of a team effort including: William C. Roemer, David Marshall Williams, Fred Humeston, Cliff Warner, at least three other Winchester engineers, and Pugsley himself. Ideas were taken and modified from the Winchester M2 Browning rifle (Williams' gas system), the Winchester Model 1905 rifle (fire control group and magazine), M1 Garand (buttstock dimensions, and bolt and operating slide principles), and a percussion shotgun in Pugsley's collection (hook breech and barrel band assembly/disassembly).[17]

Features

 
WW II M1 carbine with a magazine pouch mounted on the stock that held two spare 15-round magazines
 
Closeup of M1 carbine receiver with original flip sight and push button safety
 
Comparison of M1 carbine magazines. Original 15-round magazine on left and 30-round on right.
 
U.S. Army Rangers resting in the vicinity of Pointe du Hoc, which they assaulted in support of "Omaha" Beach landings on "D-Day", June 6, 1944. Ranger in right center is apparently using his middle finger to push cartridges into an M-1 carbine magazine. The carbine and a backpack frame are nearby.
 
Paratrooper armed with a folding stock M1A1 carbine fires a bazooka at an enemy pillbox on Greary Point, Corregidor
 
A marine armed with an M1 carbine and M8 grenade launcher attached to the muzzle, during the Battle of Iwo Jima

Ammunition

The .30 Carbine cartridge is essentially a rimless version of the obsolete .32 Winchester Self-Loading cartridge introduced for the Winchester Model 1905 rifle.[18] The propellant was much newer, though, taking advantage of chemistry advances. As a result, the .30 Carbine cartridge is approximately 27% more powerful than its parent cartridge. A standard .30 Carbine ball bullet weighs 110 grains (7.1 g), a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains (12.6 g) and has a muzzle velocity of 1,990 ft/s (610 m/s) giving it 967 ft·lbf (1,311 joules) of energy, when fired from the M1 carbine's 17.75-inch barrel.

In comparison, the .30-06 Springfield ball round used by the M1 Garand is almost three times more powerful than the .30 Carbine, while the carbine round is twice as powerful as the .45 ACP-caliber Thompson submachine gun in common use at the time. As a result, the carbine offers much better range, accuracy and penetration than those submachine guns. The M1 is also half the weight of the Thompson, and fires a lighter cartridge. Therefore, soldiers armed with the carbine can carry much more ammunition than those armed with a Thompson.[11]

Categorizing the M1 carbine series has been the subject of much debate. Although commonly compared to the later German StG 44 and Russian AK-47, the M1 and M2 carbines are under-powered and outclassed.[19] Instead, the carbine falls somewhere between the submachine gun and assault rifle, and could be called a precursor of the personal defense weapon since it fulfilled a similar role.[11]

One characteristic of .30 caliber Carbine ammunition is that from the beginning of production, non-corrosive primers were specified. This was the first major use of this type of primer in a military firearm. Because the rifle had a closed gas system, not normally disassembled in the field, corrosive primers would have led to a rapid deterioration of the function of the gas system.[20] The use of non-corrosive primers was a novelty in service ammunition at this time.[21] Some failures to fire were reported in early lots of .30 caliber Carbine ammunition, attributed to moisture ingress of the non-corrosive primer compound.[22]

Sights, range and accuracy

The M1 carbine entered service with a simple flip sight, which had two settings: 150 and 300 yards.[23] However, field reports indicated that this sight was inadequate, and in 1944, it was replaced by a sliding ramp-type adjustable sight with four settings: 100, 200, 250 and 300 yards. This new rear sight was also adjustable for windage.[7]

At 100 yards (91 m), the M1 carbine can deliver groups between 3 and 5 inches, sufficient for its intended purpose as a close-range defensive weapon. The M1 carbine has a maximum effective range of 300 yards (270 m). However, bullet drop is significant past 200 yards (180 m).[18] Therefore, the M1 has a practical effective range of about 200 yards.[24]

Magazines

The M1 carbine entered service with a standard straight 15-round box magazine. The introduction of the select-fire M2 carbine in October 1944[25] also brought into service the curved 30-round magazine or "Banana Clip".[26] After WW2, the 30-round magazine quickly became the standard magazine for both the M1 and M2 carbines, although the 15-round magazine remained in service until the end of the Vietnam War.[19]

Perhaps the most common accessory used on the M1 carbine was a standard magazine belt pouch that was slid over the stock, and held two extra 15-round magazines. This field adaptation was never officially approved, but proved an efficient method to supply extra ammunition in combat. After the introduction of the 30-round magazine, it was common for troops to tape two 30-round magazines together, a practice that became known as "jungle style". This led the military to introduce the "Holder, Magazine T3-A1" also called the "jungle clip", a metal clamp that held two magazines together without the need for tape.[27]

The 30-round magazines introduced for use with the selective-fire M2 carbine would not be reliably retained by the magazine catch made for the original M1 carbine which was designed to retain a 15-round magazine, so the much heavier 30-round magazine would not be properly seated in the M1 carbine magazine well. The loaded 30-round magazine would typically slant (impairing feed reliability) or even fall out, which contributed to the poor reliability record of the 30-round magazines. Because of their thin steel construction, they were also more prone to damage due to their added length and weight when loaded. In response to these issues, early production M1 carbines had to be fitted with the type IV magazine catch used on the M2 carbine (and late production M1 carbines) if they were to be used with 30-round magazines in order to ensure reliable loading and feeding. The type IV magazine catch has a leg on the left side to correspond with the additional nub on the 30-round magazines.[28]

Initial combat reports noted that the M1 carbine's magazine release button was often mistaken for the safety button while under fire.[7] When this occurred, pressing the magazine release caused the loaded magazine to drop, while the safety remained in the off position. As a result, the push-button safety was redesigned using a rotating lever.[7][29]

Accessories

Originally the M1 carbine did not have a bayonet lug, but personnel equipped with it were often issued with an M3 fighting knife. Due to requests from the field, the carbine was modified to incorporate a bayonet lug attached to the barrel band starting in 1945.[30] However, very few carbines with bayonet lugs reached the front lines before the end of World War II. After the war, the bayonet lug was added to many M1 carbines during the arsenal refurbishing process. By the start of the Korean War, the bayonet lug-equipped M1 was standard issue. It is now rare to find an original M1 carbine without the bayonet lug. The M1 carbine mounts the M4 bayonet, which was based on the earlier M3 fighting knife and formed the basis for the later M5, M6 and M7 bayonet-knives.

A folding-stock version of the carbine, the M1A1, was also developed after a request for a compact and light infantry arm for airborne troops. The Inland Division of General Motors manufactured 140,000 of them in two product runs in late 1942.[25] They were originally issued to the 82nd and 101st airborne divisions but were later issued to all U.S. Army Airborne units and the U.S. Marine Corps.[25] The folding-stock M1A1 is an unusual design in that the stock is not locked in the open or closed position, but is instead held in place by a spring-loaded cam.

As carbines were reconditioned, parts such as the magazine catch, rear sight, barrel band without bayonet lug, and stock were upgraded with current standard-issue parts. Also, both during and after World War II, many semi-automatic M1 carbines were converted to select-fire M2 carbines by using the T17 and T18 conversion kits.[31] The conversion included a modified sear, slide, and trigger housing, and added a disconnector, disconnector lever, and selector switch that could be set for semi-auto or full-automatic fire.

During World War II, the T23 (M3) flash hider was designed to reduce the muzzle flash from the carbine, but was not introduced into service until the advent of the M3 carbine.[32] With the exception of T23 hiders mounted on M3 carbines, few if any T23 flash-hider attachments saw service during the war, though unit armorers occasionally hand-built improvised compensator-flash-hiders of their own design.[32][21]

Combat tests of the M2 carbine resulted in an Army Ground Forces request that led to development of the T13 recoil check adopted September 1945.[33]

The M1 carbine was used with the M8 grenade launcher (see M7 grenade launcher), which was developed in early 1944. It was fired with the .30 caliber Carbine M6 grenade blank cartridge to launch 22 mm rifle grenades. However, the stress from firing rifle grenades could eventually crack the carbine's stock, and it also could not use the launcher with the M7 auxiliary "booster" charge to extend its range without breaking the stock. This made the M1 carbine with M8 grenade launcher a type of emergency-use weapon.

Production

 
American infantrymen of the 290th Regiment fight in fresh snowfall near Amonines, Belgium. Soldier in foreground is armed with an M1 carbine.

A total of over 6.1 million M1 carbines of various models were manufactured, making it the most produced small arm for the American military during World War II (compared with about 5.4 million M1 rifles and about 1.3 million Thompson submachine guns). Despite being designed by Winchester, the great majority of these were made by other companies (see § Military contractors below). The largest producer was the Inland division of General Motors, but many others were made by contractors as diverse as IBM, the Underwood Typewriter Company, and Rock-Ola Manufacturing Corporation. Few contractors made all the parts for carbines bearing their names: some makers bought parts from other major contractors or sub-contracted minor parts to companies like Marlin Firearms or Auto-Ordnance. Parts by all makers were required to be interchangeable. Often one company would get ahead or behind in production and parts would be shipped from one company to the other to help them catch up on their quota. When receivers were shipped for this purpose the manufacturers would often mark them for both companies. Some of the strangest combinations were the M1s made by the combined efforts of Underwood and Quality Hardware, resulting in the manufacturer mark "Un-quality".[34] The receiver was subcontracted from Union Switch and Signal, not Underwood. Many carbines were refurbished at several arsenals after the war, with many parts interchanged from original maker carbines. True untouched war production carbines, therefore, are the most desirable for collectors.[35]

The M1 carbine was also one of the most cost effective weapons used by the United States military during World War II. At the beginning of World War II the average production cost for an M1 carbine was approximately $45, about half the cost of an M1 rifle at approximately $85 and about a fifth of the cost of a Thompson submachine gun at approximately $225. The .30 caliber Carbine ammunition was also far cheaper to produce than the standard .30-06 ammunition; used fewer resources, was smaller, lighter, faster and easier to make. These were major factors in the United States military decision to adopt the M1 carbine, especially when considering the vast numbers of weapons and ammunition manufactured and transported by the United States during World War II.[citation needed]

U.S. combat use

World War II

 
U.S. Marine in combat at Guam
 
M1 carbine at first Iwo Jima flag raising

The M1 carbine with its reduced-power .30 cartridge was not originally intended to serve as a primary weapon for combat infantrymen, nor was it comparable to more powerful assault rifles developed late in the war. However, it was markedly superior to the .45 caliber submachineguns in use at the time in both accuracy and penetration,[11] and its lighter .30 caliber cartridge allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition. As a result, the carbine was soon widely issued to infantry officers, American paratroopers, non-commissioned officers, ammunition bearers, forward artillery observers, and other frontline troops.[36] The first M1 carbines were delivered in mid-1942, with initial priority given to troops in the European Theater of Operations (ETO).[11]

During World War II a standard U.S. Army infantry company was issued a total of 28 M1 carbines.[37] The company headquarters was issued nine carbines (for the company commander, executive officer, first sergeant, mess sergeant, supply sergeant, bugler, and three messengers), the weapons platoon was issued sixteen carbines (for the platoon leader, platoon sergeant, two platoon messengers in the platoon headquarters, one messenger in each of the two mortar and machine gun section headquarters, and ten for the mortar and machine gun ammunition bearers), and the three rifle platoons were issued one each (for the platoon leader).[37]

The M1 carbine gained generally high praise for its small size, light weight and firepower, especially by those troops who were unable to use a full-size rifle as their primary weapon.[22][38] However, its reputation in front-line combat was mixed and negative reports began to surface with airborne operations in Sicily in 1943,[39] and increased during the fall and winter of 1944.[40]

In the Asiatic-Pacific Theater, soldiers and guerrilla forces operating in heavy jungle with only occasional enemy contact praised the carbine for its small size, light weight, and firepower.[41] However, soldiers and marines engaged in frequent daily firefights (particularly those serving in the Philippines) found the weapon to have insufficient penetration and stopping power.[21][42] While carbine bullets would easily penetrate the front and back of steel helmets, as well as the body armor used by Japanese forces of the era[43][44] reports of the carbine's failure to stop enemy soldiers, sometimes after multiple hits, appeared in individual after-action reports, postwar evaluations, and service histories of both the U.S. Army and the U.S. Marine Corps.[21][42]

The carbine's exclusive use of non-corrosive-primer ammunition was found to be ideal by troops and ordnance personnel serving in the Pacific, where barrel corrosion was a significant issue with the corrosive primers used in .30-06 caliber weapons.[21] However, in the European theatre, some soldiers reported misfires attributed to moisture ingress of the non-corrosive primer compound.[22]

Selective-fire version

 
U.S. Marines fighting in the streets of Seoul, South Korea. September 20, 1950. The M1 carbine in the foreground has a bayonet mounted.

Initially, the M1 carbine was intended to have a select-fire capability, but the requirement for rapid production of the new carbine resulted in the omission of this feature from the Light Rifle Program. On 26 October 1944, in response to the Germans' widespread use of automatic weapons, especially the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle, the select-fire M2 carbine was introduced, along with a new 30-round magazine. The M2 had a fully automatic rate-of-fire of 750-775 rounds-per-minute. Although actual M2 production began late in the war (April 1945), U.S. Ordnance issued conversion-part kits to allow field conversion of semi-auto M1 carbines to the selective-fire M2 configuration. These converted M1/M2 select-fire carbines saw limited combat service in Europe, primarily during the final Allied advance into Germany. In the Pacific, both converted and original M2 carbines saw limited use in the last days of the fighting in the Philippines.[21]

Infrared sight versions

The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with the M2 infrared night sight or sniperscope.[9] The M3 did not have iron sights.[9] It was first used in combat by Army units during the invasion of Okinawa, where about 150 M3 carbines were used. For the first time, U.S. soldiers had a weapon that allowed them to visually detect Japanese infiltrating into American lines at night, even during complete darkness. A team of two or three soldiers was used to operate the weapon and provide support.[36] At night, the scope would be used to detect Japanese patrols and assault units moving forward. At that point, the operator would fire a burst of automatic fire at the greenish images of enemy soldiers.[36] The M3 carbine had an effective range of about 70 yards (64 meters), limited by the visual capabilities of the sight.[45] Fog and rain further reduced the weapon's effective range.[36][45] However, it is estimated that fully 30% of Japanese casualties inflicted by rifle and carbine fire during the Okinawan campaign were caused by the M3 carbine.[36]

The system was refined over time, and by the Korean War the improved M3 infrared night sight was in service. The M3 sight has a longer effective range than its predecessor, about 125 yards (114 meters). However, it still required the user to carry a heavy backpack-mounted battery pack to power the scope and infrared light. They were used primarily in static defensive positions in Korea to locate troops attempting to infiltrate in darkness. M3 operators would not only use their carbines to dispatch individual targets, but also used tracer ammo to identify troop concentrations for machine gunners to decimate.[7] In total, about 20,000 sets were made before they became obsolete, and were surplussed to the public.[citation needed]

Korean War

 
M1 carbine in action during Korean War with 30-round magazine, stock pouch for two 15-round Magazine and grenade launcher near a captured Soviet DP-27 machine gun
 
U.S. Marines with M1 carbine with mounted bayonet holding captured Chinese soldiers during fighting on the central Korean front

By the Korean War, the select fire M2 carbine had largely replaced the submachine-gun in U.S. service[46] and was the most widely used carbine variant.[7][47] However, the semi-auto M1 carbine was also widely used- especially by support troops. However, in Korea, all versions of the carbine soon acquired a widespread reputation for jamming in extremely cold weather,[48][47][49] this being eventually traced to weak return springs, freezing of parts due to overly viscous lubricants and inadequate cartridge recoil impulse as the result of subzero temperatures.[50][51]

There were also many complaints from individual soldiers that the carbine bullets failed to stop heavily clothed[52][51][53][54] or gear-laden[55][54][56] North Korean and Chinese (PVA) troops even at close range and after multiple hits.[47][50][57] Marines of the 1st Marine Division also reported instances of carbine bullets failing to stop enemy soldiers, and some units issued standing orders for carbine users to aim for the head.[51][52] PVA infantry forces who had been issued captured U.S. small arms disliked the carbine for the same reason.[58]

A 1951 official U.S. Army evaluation reported that ..."There are practically no data bearing on the accuracy of the carbine at ranges in excess of 50 yards. The record contains a few examples of carbine-aimed fire felling an enemy soldier at this distance or perhaps a little more. But they are so few in number that no general conclusion can be drawn from them. Where carbine fire had proved killing effect, approximately 95 percent of the time the target was dropped at less than 50 yards."[50] The evaluation also reported that ..."Commanders noted that it took two to three engagements at least to settle their men to the automatic feature of the carbine so that they would not greatly waste ammunition under the first impulse of engagement. By experience, they would come to handle it semi-automatically, but it took prolonged battle hardening to bring about this adjustment in the human equation."[50]

Despite its mixed reputation, the M2 carbine's firepower often made it the weapon of choice, when it came to night patrols in Korea.[50] The M3 carbine with its infrared sniperscope was also used against night infiltrators, especially during the static stages of the conflict.[citation needed]

Vietnam War

 
ARVN soldiers with M1 carbines and U.S. Special Forces with M16s

The M1 and M2 carbines issued to U.S. forces were first given to American military advisors in Vietnam beginning in 1956,[59] and later, the United States Air Force Security Police and United States Army Special Forces. These weapons began to be replaced by the M16 in 1964, and they were generally out of service by the 1970s. By the war's end, it was estimated that a total of 1.5 million M1 and M2 carbines were left in Vietnam.[59]

At least 793,994 M1 and M2 carbines were given to the South Vietnamese and were widely used throughout the Vietnam War.[60] A number were captured during the war by Viet Cong,[61] with some made compact by shortening the barrel and/or stock.[7] "While the carbine's lighter weight and high rate of fire made it an excellent weapon for small-statured Asians, these guns lacked sufficient hitting power and penetration, and they were eventually outclassed by the AK-47 assault rifle."[19] The M1/M2/M3 carbines were the most heavily produced family of U.S. military weapons for several decades. They were used by every branch of the U.S. Armed Forces.[citation needed]

Foreign usage

 
Winston Churchill fires an American M1 carbine during a visit to the U.S. 2nd Armored Division on Salisbury Plain, 23 March 1944.
 
British officers: Brigadier "Mad" Mike Calvert (left) gives orders to Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw, while Major James Lumley stands with M1 carbine under his arm, after the capture of Mogaung in Burma during the second Chindit expedition, June 1944.

After World War II, the M1 and M2 carbines were widely exported to U.S. allies and client states (1,015,568 to South Korea, 793,994 to South Vietnam, 269,644 to France, etc.),[60] they were used as a frontline weapon well into the Vietnam War era, and they continue to be used by military, police, and security forces around the world to this day.

British Army

During World War II, the British SAS used the M1 and M1A1 carbines after 1943. The weapon was taken into use simply because a decision had been taken by Allied authorities to supply .30 caliber weapons from U.S. stocks in the weapons containers dropped to Resistance groups sponsored by an SOE, or later also Office of Strategic Services (OSS), organizer, on the assumption the groups so supplied would be operating in areas within the operational boundaries of U.S. forces committed to Operation Overlord.[citation needed] They were found to be suited to the kind of operation the two British, two French, and one Belgian Regiment carried out. It was handy enough to parachute with, and, in addition, could be easily stowed in an operational Jeep. Other specialist intelligence collection units, such as 30 Assault Unit sponsored by the Naval Intelligence Division of the British Admiralty, which operated across the entire Allied area of operations, also made use of this weapon.[citation needed]. The carbine continued to be utilized as late as the Malayan Emergency, by the Police Field Force of the Royal Malaysian Police, along with other units of the British Army, were issued the M2 carbine for both jungle patrols and outpost defense.[62][63][64] The Royal Ulster Constabulary also used the M1 carbine.[65]

German Army

Small numbers of captured M1 carbines were used by German forces in World War II, particularly after D-Day.[66] The German designation for captured carbines was Selbstladekarabiner 455(a). The "a" came from the country name in German; in this case, Amerika. It was also used by German police and border guards in Bavaria after World War II and into the 1950s. The carbines were stamped according to the branch they were in service with; for instance, those used by the border guard were stamped "Bundesgrenzschutz". Some of these weapons were modified with different sights, finishes, and sometimes new barrels.

Japanese GSDF

A variant was produced shortly after World War II by Japanese manufacturer Howa Machinery, under U.S. supervision. These were issued to all branches of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, and large numbers of them found their way to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. Howa also made replacement parts for US-made M1 carbines issued to Japanese police and military.[citation needed]

Israel Defense Forces

The M1 carbine was also used by the Israeli Palmach-based special forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. And, because of their compact size and semi-auto capabilities, they continued to be used by Israeli Defence Forces after the creation of Israel. The Israeli police still use the M1 carbine as a standard long gun for non-combat elements and Mash'az volunteers.

French Army

The U.S. provided France with 269,644 M1 and M2 carbines from World War II to 1963.[60] The carbines were used by the French Paratroopers and Legionnaires, as well as specialists (e.g., drivers, radio operators, engineers), during the Indo-China War,[67] the Algerian War[68] and the Suez Crisis.

 
South Vietnamese Popular Force members on patrol with M1 carbines
 
Che Guevara atop a mule in Las Villas province, Cuba, in November 1958, with an M2 Carbine

South Vietnam

The U.S. provided the Army of the Republic of Vietnam with 793,994 M1 and M2 carbines from 1963 to 1973.[60] Along with tens of thousands of carbines left behind by the French after the First Indochina War, the M1 and M2 carbines were the most widely issued small arm during the early stages in the Vietnam War and remained in service in large numbers until the fall of Saigon. The South Vietnamese would also receive 220,300 M1 Garands and 520 M1C/M1D rifles,[69] and 640,000 M-16 rifles.

The Viet Minh and the Viet Cong also used large numbers of M1 and M2 carbines, captured from the French, ARVN and local militia forces of South Vietnam, as well as receiving many thousands of carbines from the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), China and North Korea. Over time, the SKS and eventually the AK-47 would replace the carbine to become the dominant weapons used by the Viet Cong.

South Korea

The Republic of Korea Armed Forces received 1,015,568 M1 and M2 carbines from 1963 to 1972.[60] Along with hundreds of thousands of Carbines and M1 Garands provided by the United States Army before, during and shortly after the Korean war, South Korea would become the largest single recipient of American M1 and M2 carbines.

South Korea also took an active role in the Vietnam War. From 1964 to 1973, South Korea sent more than 300,000 troops to South Vietnam armed primarily with M1 and M2 carbines, as well as M1 Garands.

Philippines

The government of the Philippines still issues M1 carbines to the infantrymen of the Philippine Army's 2nd Infantry Division[citation needed] assigned in Luzon Island (some units are issued just M14 automatic rifles and M1 carbines) and the Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and Civilian Volunteer Organizations (CVO) spread throughout the Philippines. Certain provincial police units of the Philippine National Police (PNP) still use government-issued M1 carbines as well as some operating units of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). In many provinces in the Philippines, M1 carbines are still a highly valued light small arm. Elements of the New People's Army and Islamic Secessionist movement value the carbine as a lightweight weapon and preferred choice for mountain and ambush operations.

The M1 carbine has become one of the most recognized firearms in Philippine society, with the Marikina-based company ARMSCOR Philippines still continues to manufacture .30 caliber ammunition for the Philippine market.

Latin America

The M1 and M2 carbines were widely used by military, police, and security forces and their opponents during the many guerrilla and civil wars throughout Latin America until the 1990s, when they were mostly replaced by more modern designs. A notable user was Che Guevara who used them during the Cuban Revolution and in Bolivia where he was executed by a Bolivian soldier armed with an M2 carbine.[70] Guevara's fellow revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos also used an M2 carbine that he modified with the pistol grip and foregrip from a Thompson submachine gun. Cienfuegos' carbine is on display in the Museum of the Revolution (Cuba).

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a police battalion named Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais (BOPE, or "Special Police Operations Battalion") still uses the M1 carbine.[citation needed]

Users

The unit data provided below refers to original U.S. Ordnance contract carbines the United States provided these countries. Many countries sold, traded, destroyed, and/or donated these carbines to other countries and/or private gun brokers.[60]

Current users

Former users

 
Ethiopian soldiers deployed with U.S.-made weapons somewhere in Korea, 1953. The M1 carbine has two 30-round magazines taped together "jungle style".
 
Dutch police officer shoots teargas ammunition from the muzzle of an M1 carbine, during a blockade and demonstration against the nuclear power plant Dodewaard. September 18, 1981

Variants

The standard-issue versions of the carbine officially listed and supported were the M1, M1A1, M2 and M3.[96]

 
M1A1 carbine. Paratrooper model with folding buttstock and late issue adjustable sight and bayonet lug.

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A1

The M1A1 was designed in May 1942 for paratrooper units, and came with a folding stock, but was otherwise identical to a standard M1.[97] M1A1 carbines were made by Inland, a division of General Motors and originally came with the early "L" nonadjustable sight and barrel band without bayonet lug. Inland production of M1A1 carbines was interspersed with Inland production of M1 carbines with the standard stock. Stocks were often swapped out as carbines were refurbished at arsenals.

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A2

  • Proposed variant with improved sight adjustable for windage and elevation
  • Produced only as an "overstamped" model (an arsenal-refurbished M1 with new rear sight and other late M1 improvements)

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A3

  • Underside-folding pantograph stock, 15-round magazine
  • Type standardized to replace the M1A1 but may not have been issued
  • Pantograph stock was more rigid than the M1A1's folding stock and folded flush under the fore end. A more common name for this type of stock is an "underfolder".

Carbine, Cal .30, M2

 
M2 carbine with the selector lever on the left side, opposite the bolt handle
 
Exploded view of the M2 carbine
  • Early 1945
  • Selective fire (capable of fully automatic fire)
  • 30-round magazine or 15 standard issue
  • About 600,000 produced

Initially, the M1 carbine was intended to have a selective-fire capability, but the decision was made to put the M1 into production without this feature. Fully automatic capability was incorporated into the design of the M2 (an improved, selective-fire version of the M1), introduced in 1944. The M2 featured the late M1 improvements to the rear sight, addition of a bayonet lug, and other minor changes.

Research into a conversion kit for selective fire began May 1944; the first kit was developed by Inland engineers, and known as the T4. Inland was awarded a contract for 500 T4 carbines in September 1944. Although the conversion was seen as satisfactory, the heavier 30-round magazine put greater strain on the magazine catch, necessitating the development of a sturdier catch. The slide, sear, and stock design also had to be modified. On fully automatic fire, the T4 model could fire about 750 rounds per minute, and generated a manageable recoil.[7]

Although some carbines were marked at the factory as M2, the only significant difference between an M1 and M2 carbine is in the fire control group. The military issued field conversion kits (T17 and T18) to convert an M1 to an M2. Legally a carbine marked M2 is always a machine gun for national firearms registry purposes.[98]

These M2 parts including the heavier M2 stock were standardized for arsenal rebuild of M1 and M1A1 carbines.

A modified round bolt replaced the original flat top bolt to save machining steps in manufacture. Many sources erroneously refer to this round bolt as an "M2 bolt" but it was developed as a standard part for new manufacture M1 and later M2 carbines and as a replacement part, with priority given to use on M1A1 and M2 carbines.[14] The slightly heavier round bolt did moderate the cyclic rate of the M2 on full automatic.[99]

Despite being in demand, very few M2 carbines saw use during World War II, and then mostly in the closing days against Japan.[7] The M2 carbine was logistically compatible with the millions of M1 carbines in U.S. service, and offered longer range, better accuracy and better penetration than (pistol caliber) submachine guns like the M1 Thompsons and M3 Grease Guns.[100] Therefore, after World War II, the M2 carbine largely replaced the submachine-guns in U.S. service, until it was itself replaced by the M16 rifle.[46]

The M2 model was the most widely used carbine variant during the Korean War.[7] A detailed study of the effectiveness of the M2 in the war was assembled by S.L.A. Marshall. He found that many troops complained on the lack of effective range of the gun, which allowed the enemy to get close enough to throw hand grenades. A more detailed analysis showed however that most troops who complained actually tended to run low on ammo, because they fired their M2 on fully automatic too soon. Troops who fired their guns on semi-automatic at distance generally complained less about the M2's effectiveness. Generally, the more seasoned troops used the latter approach. The carbine was usually given to second line troops (administrative, support, etc.), who had little combat experience and also did not have much training in small-unit tactics, but who usually had to engage the enemy at some critical moment, like a breakthrough or ambush. Marshall noted that almost all killing shots with carbines in Korea were at ranges of 50 yards or less. The M2 was a preferred weapon for night patrols. The M2 was also used in the early stages of the Vietnam War by special forces, ARVN advisers, and air crews.[7]

Contemporary authors have struggled to categorize the M2 carbine. While it did introduce select-fire capability and an intermediate cartridge, its stopping power and weight was far below that of the StG 44. As such, it is considered by some to be an early predecessor to the assault rifle or personal defense weapon.[7]

Carbine, Cal .30, M2A1

  • M2 with an M1A1 folding stock. Like the M1A1, it was made for paratroopers.

Carbine, Cal .30, M2A2

  • Arsenal-refurbished (over stamped M2) model

Carbine, Cal .30, M3

  • M2 with mounting (T3 mount) for an early active (infrared) night vision sight
  • About 3,000 produced
  • Three versions of night sight (M1, M2, M3)
 
Original Korean War era USMC M3 night vision scope

The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine fitted with a mount designed to accept an infrared sight for use at night. It was initially used with the M1 sniperscope, and an active infrared sight, and saw action in 1945 with the Army during the invasion of Okinawa. Before the M3 carbine and M1 sniperscope were type-classified, they were known as the T3 and T120, respectively. The system continued to be developed, and by the time of the Korean War, the M3 carbine was used with the M3 sniperscope.

The M2 sniper scope extended the effective nighttime range of the M3 carbine to 100 yards. In the later stages of the Korean War, an improved version of the M3 carbine, with a revised mount, a forward pistol grip, and a new M3 sniperscope design was used in the latter stages of Korea and briefly in Vietnam. The M3 sniperscope had a large active infrared spotlight mounted on top of the scope body itself, allowing use in the prone position. The revised M3/M3 had an effective range of around 125 yards.[45] Eventually, the M3 carbine and its M3 sniperscope would be superseded by passive-design night vision scopes with extended visible ranges; the improved scopes in turn required the use of rifle-caliber weapons with flatter trajectories and increased hit probability.

Derivatives

Ingram SAM

The Ingram SAM rifles are M1 carbine derivatives in 5.56×45mm NATO (SAM-1), 7.62×39mm (SAM-2) and 7.62×51mm NATO (SAM-3). The 5.56×45mm versions accept M16 magazines, the 7.62×39mm accept AK magazines and the 7.62×51mm versions use FN FAL magazines. They did not catch on in competition against the Ruger Mini-14 in both the police and civilian markets. The Ingram SAM rifles are occasionally found on auction sites for collectors.[citation needed]

9×19mm Parabellum

Iver Johnson's 9×19mm Parabellum carbine was introduced in 1985 until 1986 using modified Browning High Power 20-round magazines.[citation needed]

Chiappa Firearms produces a 9mm M1 carbine derivative called the M1-9 which uses Beretta M9/92FS magazines. The Chiappa is not gas operated and instead relies on blowback operation.[citation needed]

Military contractors

  • Inland Division, General Motors (production: 2,632,097). Receiver marked "Inland Div." Sole producer of the M1A1 carbine.
  • Winchester Repeating Arms (production: 828,059). Receiver marked "Winchester"[101]
  • Underwood Elliot Fisher (production: 545,616). Receiver marked "Underwood"
  • Saginaw Steering Gear Division, General Motors (production: 517,213 ). Receivers marked "Saginaw S.G." (370,490), "Saginaw S'G'" (for weapons manufactured in Grand Rapids) and "Irwin-Pedersen" (146,723 )
  • Irwin-Pedersen (operated by Saginaw Steering Gear and production included with Saginaw total)
  • National Postal Meter (production: 413,017). Receiver marked "National Postal Meter"
  • Quality Hardware Manufacturing Corp. (production: 359,666). Receiver marked "Quality H.M.C." or "Un-quality" (receivers subcontracted to Union Switch & Signal).
  • International Business Machines (production: 346,500). Receiver marked "I.B.M. Corp." Also barrel marked "IBM Corp"
  • Standard Products (production: 247,100). Receiver marked "Std. Pro."
  • Rock-Ola Manufacturing Corporation (production: 228,500). Receiver marked "Rock-Ola"[102]
  • Commercial Controls Corporation (production: 239). Receiver marked "Commercial Controls". Formerly National Postal Meter.

Commercial copies

Several companies manufactured copies of the M1 carbine after World War II, which varied in quality. Some companies used a combination of original USGI and new commercial parts, while others manufactured entire firearms from new parts, which may or may not be of the same quality as the originals. These copies were marketed to the general public and police agencies but were not made for or used by the U.S. military.[103][page needed]

In 1963, firearms designer Col. Melvin M. Johnson developer of the M1941 Johnson rifle offered a conversion of US Military M1 carbines to his new Johnson MMJ 5.7mm Spitfire cartridge, while also introducing a newly manufactured version of the M1 carbine called the "Spitfire" made by his Johnson Arms, Inc. business that was designed and built specifically for this new 5.7 mm (.22 in) wildcat cartridge (also known as the 5.7 mm MMJ or .22 Spitfire).[18] The Spitfire was advertised firing a 40-grain (2.6 g) bullet with a muzzle velocity of 3050 ft/s (930 m/s), though handloaders with careful selection of modern powders and appropriate bullets consistently safely exceed those numbers while remaining within the M1 carbine's maximum pressure rating of 38,500 psi (265 MPa).[18] In comparison, the "standard" load for the .30 Carbine has a .30 Carbine ball bullet weighing 110 grains (7.1 g); a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains (12.6 g) and has a muzzle velocity of 1,990 ft/s (610 m/s), giving it 967 ft⋅lbf (1,311 joules) of energy when fired from the M1 carbine's 18-inch barrel.[18]

Johnson advertised the smaller caliber and the modified carbine as a survival rifle for use in jungles or other remote areas. It provided for light, easily carried ammunition in a light, fast handling carbine with negligible recoil. While the concept had some military application when used for this role in the selective-fire M2 carbine, it was not pursued, and few Spitfire carbines were made.

 
An Auto-Ordnance AOM-130 carbine manufactured in 2007

More recently, the Auto-Ordnance division of Kahr Arms began production of an M1 carbine replica in 2005 based on the typical M1 carbine as issued in 1944, without the later adjustable sight or barrel band with bayonet lug. The original Auto-Ordnance had produced various parts for IBM carbine production during World War II, but did not manufacture complete carbines until the introduction of this replica. The AOM110 and AOM120 models (no longer produced) featured birch stocks and handguards, Parkerized receivers, flip-style rear sights and barrel bands without bayonet lugs. The current AOM130 and AOM140 models are identical except for American walnut stocks and handguards.[104][105]

In 2014, Inland Manufacturing, LLC in Dayton, Ohio introduced the reproduction of the "Inland M1 carbine". Inland Manufacturing, LLC is a private entity that is producing reproductions of the M1 carbine and M1A1 paratrooper models that were built by the original Inland Division of General Motors from 1941 to 1945. The new Inland M1 carbines feature many of the same characteristics of the original Inland carbines and are manufactured in the US. The M1 carbine is modeled after the last production model that Inland manufactured in 1945 and features a Type 3 bayonet lug and barrel band, adjustable rear sights, push button safety, round bolt, and "low wood" walnut stock, and a 15-round magazine. A 30-round mag catch was utilized to allow high-capacity magazines. A "1944" M1 carbine is also available that has the same features as the 1945 only with a Type 2 barrel Band and 10-round magazine and is available for sale in most states with magazine capacity and bayonet lug restrictions. The M1A1 is modeled after a late production 1944 M1A1 paratrooper model with a folding "low wood" walnut stock, Type two barrel band, and includes the same adjustable sights which were actually introduced in 1944.[106]

An Israeli arms company (Advanced Combat Systems) offers a modernized bullpup variant called the Hezi SM-1. The company claims accuracy of 1.5 MOA at 100 yards (91 m).[107]

Commercial manufacturers

  • Alpine of Azusa, Calif.[108]
  • AMAC of Jacksonville, Ark. (acquired Iver Johnson Arms)[109]
  • AMPCO of Miami, Fla.[110]
  • Auto-Ordnance
  • Bullseye Gun Works of Miami, Fla.[111]
  • ERMA's Firearms Manufacturing of Steelville, MO.[112]
  • Erma Werke of Dachau, Bavaria serviced carbines used by the West German police post World War II. Manufactured replacement parts for the same carbines. Manufactured .22 replica carbines for use as training rifles for police in West Germany and Austria and for commercial export worldwide.[113][114]
  • Federal Ordnance of South El Monte, Calif.[115]
  • Fulton Armory of Savage, MD[116]
  • Global Arms[117]
  • H&S of Plainfield, NJ (Haas & Storck, predecessor of Plainfield Machine)[118]
  • Howa of Nagoya, Japan, made carbines and parts for the post-World War II Japanese and Thai militaries, and limited numbers of a hunting rifle version[119]
  • Inland Manufacturing of Dayton, Ohio[120]
  • Israel Arms International (IAI) of Houston, Texas assembled carbines from parts from other sources[121]
  • The Iver Johnson Arms of Plainfield, NJ and later Jacksonville, Ark., (acquired M1 carbine operations of Plainfield Machine) and followed the lead of Universal in producing a pistol version called the "Enforcer".[122]
  • Johnston-Tucker of St. Louis, Mo.[123]
  • Millvile Ordnance (MOCO) of Union, N.J. (predecessor of H&S)[124]
  • National Ordnance of Azusa, Calif. and later South El Monte, Calif.[125]
  • NATO of Atlanta, GA[126]
  • Plainfield Machine Company of Plainfield, N.J. and later Middlesex, N.J. (P.O. Box in Dunellen, N.J.), M1 Carbine manufacture later purchased and operated by Iver Johnson[127]
  • Rock Island Armory of Geneseo, Ill.[128]
  • Rowen, Becker Company of Waterville, Ohio[129]
  • Springfield Armory of Geneseo, Ill.[130]
  • Texas Armament Co. of Brownwood, Tex.[131]
  • Tiroler Sportwaffenfabrik und Apparatenbau GmbH of Kugstein, Austria manufactured an air rifle that looked and operated like the M1 carbine for use in training by Austria and West Germany.[132]
  • Universal Firearms of Hialeah, Fla. – Early Universal guns were, like other manufacturers, assembled from USGI parts. However, beginning in 1968, the company began producing the "new carbine", which externally resembled the M1 but was in fact a completely new firearm internally, using a different receiver, bolt carrier, bolt, recoil spring assembly, etc. with almost no interchangeability with GI-issue carbines.[133]
    Universal was acquired by Iver Johnson in 1983 and moved to Jacksonville, Ark. in 1985.
  • Williams Gun Sight of Davison, Mich. produced a series of 50 sporterized M1 carbines[134]

Hunting and civilian use

 
Patty Hearst holding a M1 "Enforcer" carbine during her infamous bank robbery attempt

Some U.S. states prohibit use of the .30 Carbine cartridge for hunting deer and larger animals due to a lessened chance of killing an animal in a single shot, even with expanding bullets. The M1 carbine is also prohibited for hunting in several states such as Pennsylvania[135] because of the semi-automatic function, and Illinois[136] which prohibits all non-muzzleloading rifles for big game hunting. Five-round magazines are commercially made for use in states that limit the capacity of semi-automatic hunting rifles.

The M1 carbine was also used by various law enforcement agencies and prison guards, and was prominently carried by riot police during the civil unrest of the late 1960s and early 1970s; until it was replaced in those roles by more modern .223 caliber semi-automatic rifles such as the Ruger Mini-14 and the Colt AR-15-type rifles in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The ease of use and great adaptability of the weapon led to it being used by Malcolm X and Patty Hearst. Both were featured in famous news photographs carrying a version the carbine. One of these firearms was also the weapon used in the 1947 assassination of notorious American mobster Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Bloomfield & Leiss 1967, pp. 80–81.
  2. ^ a b de Quesada, Alejandro (10 January 2009). The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961. Elite 166. Osprey Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 9781846033230.
  3. ^ "Rifles of Bolivia 1900-1990".
  4. ^ Katz, Sam (24 Mar 1988). Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars (2). Men-at-Arms 128. Osprey Publishing. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9780850458008.
  5. ^ "Warga Aceh serahkan delapan senjata api ke TNI AD". gorontalo.antaranews.com (in Indonesian). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  6. ^ "Small Arms Captured by SAA During Operation BASALT". Aug 7, 2018. Retrieved Jun 20, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thompson, Leroy (22 November 2011). The M1 Carbine. Osprey Publishing. pp. 25–30, 32, 41–56, 57–70. ISBN 9781849086196.
  8. ^ Meche, W. Derek (6 June 2013). . Guns.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  9. ^ a b c Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John S. (10 February 2000). Military Small Arms of the 20th Century (7th ed.). Krause Publications. p. 290. ISBN 9780873418249.
  10. ^ International Encyclopedia of Military History. James C. Bradford. Routledge, Dec 1, 2004. p. 886
  11. ^ a b c d e f George, John (1981). Shots Fired In Anger (2nd Revised & Enlarged ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Rifle Association of America. p. 394. ISBN 978-0935998429.
  12. ^ Weeks, John S. (1 May 1989). World War II Small Arms. Chartwell House. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-88365-403-3.
  13. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "M1 Carbine at 300 Yards" (Video). YouTube. 2 October 2012.
  14. ^ a b c Ruth, Larry L. (1988). M1 Carbine: Design, Development & Production. The Gun Room Press. ISBN 0-88227-020-6. contains many Ordnance documents related to the "Light Rifle" specification that led to the M1 carbine
  15. ^ a b c Canfield, Bruce N. (7 April 2016). "'Carbine' Williams: Myth & Reality" (February 2009 Reprint). The American Rifleman. NRA Publications.
  16. ^ Bishop, Chris (1998). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York: Orbis Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8..
  17. ^ E.H. Harrison, "Who Designed the M1 Carbine?", in U.S. Caliber .30 Carbine, NRA American Rifleman Reprint.
  18. ^ a b c d e Barnes, Frank C. (1997). Cartridges of the World (6th ed.). Iola, WI: DBI Books Inc. pp. 52, 127. ISBN 978-0-87349-033-7.
  19. ^ a b c Rottman, Gordon L. (20 June 2012). Green Beret in Vietnam: 1957–73. Osprey Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 9781782000518.
  20. ^ Roberts, Joseph B. (1992). The American rifleman goes to war: The guns, troops, and training of World War II as reported in NRA's magazine (First ed.). National Rifle Association of America. p. 20. ISBN 0935998632.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Dunlap, Roy F. (1993). Ordnance Went Up Front (1st ed.). R&R Books. pp. 240, 293–297.
  22. ^ a b c Shore, C. (Capt) (1988). With British Snipers To The Reich. Lancer Militaria. pp. 191–195. Small-statured men such as Capt. Shore and Sgt. Audie Murphy liked the carbine, as its small stock dimensions fit them particularly well.
  23. ^ "BASIC FIELD MANUAL - U.S. CARBINE, CALIBER .30, Ml" (FM 23-7). War Department. 20 May 1942.
  24. ^ Hogg, Ian; Gander, Terry (20 September 2005). Jane's Gun Recognition Guide. Harper Collins Publishers. p. 330. ISBN 9780007183289.
  25. ^ a b c d e "The M1 carbine – short history". RJ Militaria. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  26. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (15 May 1995). US Marine Corps 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. p. 14.
  27. ^ Leroy Thompson (2011). The M1 Carbine. p. 57. ISBN 978-1849086196.
  28. ^ "Carbine magazine catches". Civilian Marksmanship Program. January 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  29. ^ James, Garry (6 October 2014). "M1 Carbine: America's Unlikely Warrior". Guns & Ammo. The M1 carbine (M1A1 shown) was one of America's most widely used arms in three major conflicts and a popular lend/lease item to Allied countries.
  30. ^ "Collecting The M1 carbine". RJ Militaria. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  31. ^ Walker, Robert E. (2012-11-26). Cartridges and Firearm Identification (1st ed.). CRC Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1466502062.
  32. ^ a b Ruth, Larry L. (1992). War Baby: The U.S. Caliber .30 Carbine, Vol. 1 (1st Limited ed.). Collector Grade Publications. pp. 621–623. ISBN 978-0-88935-117-2.
  33. ^ Larry L. Ruth, M1 Carbine: Design, Development & Production, The Gun Room Press, 1979, ISBN 088227-020-6, p.193
  34. ^ . 11 November 2013. Archived from the original (Photo) on 11 November 2013.
  35. ^ Gibson, Robert. . Fulton Armory. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
  36. ^ a b c d e Rush, Robert S. (21 November 2003). GI: The US Infantryman in World War II. Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 33–35. ISBN 1-84176-739-5. Officers were issued .45 M1911 pistols as individual weapons until 1943, when they were issued the M1 carbine in place of the pistol
  37. ^ a b "T/O&E 7-17 Infantry Rifle Company" (PDF). U.S. Government (War Department). 1944-02-26. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  38. ^ McManus, John C. (27 April 1998). The Deadly Brotherhood: The American Combat Soldier in World War II. New York: Random House Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-0891416555. Armored infantryman Herb Miller, of the U.S. 6th Armored Division, pointed out one of the M1's strong points, "I was very happy with the carbine... It's fast, it's easy to use in a hurry. For churches and houses and things like that, it was good".
  39. ^ Gavin, James M. (Lt. Gen.) (1958). War and Peace in the Space Age. New York: Harper and Brothers. pp. 57, 63. Col. Gavin's love affair with his M1A1 carbine ended in Sicily, when his carbine and that of Maj. Vandervoort jammed repeatedly. Noticing that carbine fire rarely suppressed rifle fire from German infantry, he and Vandervoort traded with wounded soldiers for their M1 rifles and ammunition; Gavin carried an M1 rifle for the rest of the war.
  40. ^ Burgett, Donald (14 April 1999). Seven Roads To Hell. New York: Presidio Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0-440-23627-4. Burgett, a machine-gunner in the 101st Airborne from Normandy to the Battle of the Bulge, witnessed several failures of the .30 carbine to stop German soldiers after being hit.
  41. ^ Chapman, F. Spencer (2003). The Jungle Is Neutral: A Soldier's Two-Year Escape from the Japanese Army (1st ed.). Lyons Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-59228-107-7.
  42. ^ a b McManus, p. 52, "Richard Lovett, of the U.S. Americal Division, was one of several who did not like the carbine. "It didn't have stopping power. Enemy soldiers were shot many times but kept on coming."
  43. ^ Chapter X, Equipment (TM-E-30-480). Technical Manual, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces: Body armor. U.S. Army. 15 September 1944.
  44. ^ George, John, Shots Fired In Anger NRA Press (1981), p. 450
  45. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 5 October 2008.
  46. ^ a b Rottman, Gordon L. (20 December 2011). The M16. Osprey Publishing. p. 6.
  47. ^ a b c Canfield, Bruce (2 November 2010). "Arms of the Chosin Few". American Rifleman. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  48. ^ Dill, James (December 1982). Winter of the Yalu. Changjin Journal. A soldier remembers the freezing, fearful retreat down the Korean Peninsula after the Chinese armies smashed across the border
  49. ^ Hammel, Eric (1 March 1990). Chosin: Heroic Ordeal of the Korean War (1st ed.). Presidio Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7603-3154-5.
  50. ^ a b c d e S.L.A. Marshall. Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950–51, 1st Report ORO-R-13 of 27 October 1951, Project Doughboy [Restricted]. Operations Research Office (ORO), U.S. Army.
  51. ^ a b c Clavin, Tom; Drury, Bob (2009). Last Stand of Fox Company: A True Story of U.S. Marines in Combat. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 82, 113, 161. ISBN 978-0-87113-993-1. In addition to their bulky cotton-padded telegroika coats, which could freeze solid with perspiration, Chicom infantry frequently wore vests or undercoats of thick goatskin.
  52. ^ a b O'Donnell, Patrick K. (2 November 2010). Give Me Tomorrow: The Korean War's Greatest Untold Story: The Epic Stand of the Marines of George Company (1st ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 88, 168, 173. ISBN 978-0-306-81801-1.
  53. ^ Jowett, Philip S. (10 July 2005). The Chinese Army 1937–49: World War II and Civil War. Osprey Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84176-904-2.
  54. ^ a b Thomas, Nigel; Abbott, Peter (27 March 1986). The Korean War 1950–53. Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 37, 47. ISBN 978-0-85045-685-1. Many Chinese troops carried either rice or shaoping, an unleavened bread flour mixture in a fabric tube slung over the shoulder
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  56. ^ Chinese troops frequently wore bandolier-type ammunition pouches and carried extra PPSh or Thompson magazines in addition to 4–5 stick grenades.
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Further reading

  • Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, Iola, WI: DBI Books Inc., ISBN 0-87349-033-9, ISBN 978-0-87349-033-7, (6th ed., 1989).
  • Canfield, Bruce N. (June 2007). "A New Lease on Life: The Post-World War II M1 Carbine". American Rifleman.
  • Dunlap, Roy F. Ordnance Up Front, Plantersville, SC: Small-Arms Technical Pub. Co., The Samworth Press, ISBN 1-884849-09-1 (1948).
  • George, John (Lt. Col.), Shots Fired In Anger, (Second Edition, enlarged), Washington, D.C.: NRA Press, ISBN 0-935998-42-X, 9780935998429 (1981).
  • Hufnagl, Wolfdieter. U.S.Karabiner M1 Waffe und Zubehör, Motorbuchverlag, 1994.
  • IBM Archives
  • Korean War cold weather malfunctions
  • Laemlein, Tom., The M1 Carbine. Stamford, CT: Historical Archive Press, 2006. ISBN 0-9748389-2-6 OCLC 82494967
  • Marshall, S.L.A., Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950–51, 1st Report ORO-R-13, Project Doughboy, Report ORO-R-13 of 27 October 1951 [Restricted], Operations Research Office (ORO), U.S. Army (1951).ISBN 0-935856-02-1, ISBN 978-0-935856-02-6 (1988).
  • United States Government. Departments of the Army and Air Force. TM 9-1305-200/TO 11A13-1-101 Small-Arms Ammunition. Washington, DC: Departments of the Army and Air Force, 1961.
  • U.S. Army Catalog of Standard Ordnance Items. Second Edition 1944, Volume III, p. 419
  • Weeks, John, World War II Small Arms, London: Orbis Publishing Ltd. and New York: Galahad Books, ISBN 0-88365-403-2, ISBN 978-0-88365-403-3 (1979).
  • Riesch, Craig, U.S. M1 Carbines, Wartime Production (8th Edition), North Cape Publications, 2019. ISBN 1882391543

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to M1 Carbine.
  • Bonnier Corporation (June 1942). "Lightweight Carbine Increases Firepower". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 79–80.
  • M1 Carbine Family: M1, M1A1, M2, M3
  • The M1/M2 Carbine Magazine FAQ
  • 90th Reference manual page including FM 23-7 Carbine, 1942 manual
  • Articles page including information on blank adapting the M1 carbine
  • M1 Carbine Bayonet (M4 Bayonet-Knife)

February 08, 2023
carbine, formally, united, states, carbine, caliber, lightweight, semi, automatic, carbine, that, standard, firearm, military, during, world, korean, vietnam, produced, several, variants, widely, used, paramilitary, police, forces, around, world, also, became,. The M1 carbine formally the United States Carbine Caliber 30 M1 is a lightweight 8 semi automatic carbine that was a standard firearm for the U S military during World War II the Korean War and the Vietnam War The M1 carbine was produced in several variants and was widely used by paramilitary and police forces around the world and also became a popular civilian firearm after World War II Carbine Caliber 30 M1M1 carbineTypeM1 semi automatic carbine M2 M3 selective fire carbinePlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1942 1973 United States 1942 present other countries Used bySee UsersWarsWorld War II Hukbalahap Rebellion Chinese Civil War limited First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution 1 Korean War Malayan Emergency Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Algerian War Suez Crisis Cuban Revolution Vietnam War Laotian Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion 2 Indonesia Malaysia confrontation Nancahuazu Guerrilla 3 Six Day War Cambodian Civil War The Troubles Angolan Civil War Black September 4 Lebanese Civil War Insurgency in Aceh 5 Mexican Drug War Syrian Civil War 6 Production historyDesignerFred Humeston William C Roemer David Marshall WilliamsDesigned1938 1941ManufacturerMilitary contractors Commercial copiesUnit costAbout 45 WWII equivalent to 700 in 2021 ProducedJuly 1942 August 1945 U S military 1945 present commercial No built6 121 309 WWII 7 VariantsM1A1 M1A2 M1A3 M2 M2A1 M2A2 M3SpecificationsMass5 2 lb 2 4 kg empty 5 8 lb 2 6 kg loaded w slingLength35 6 in 900 mm Barrel length17 75 in 451 mm Cartridge 30 CarbineActionGas operated short stroke piston rotating boltRate of fire60 70 aimed rounds min M1 A1 750 rounds min M2 7 Muzzle velocity1 990 ft s 607 m s Effective firing range300 yd 270 m Feed system15 or 30 round detachable box magazineSightsRear sight aperture L type flip or adjustable front sight wing protected postThe M2 carbine is the selective fire version of the M1 carbine capable of firing in both semi automatic and full automatic The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with an active infrared scope system 9 Despite having a similar name and physical outward appearance the M1 carbine is not a carbine version of the M1 Garand rifle On July 1 1925 the U S Army began using the current naming convention where the M is the designation for Model and the number represents the sequential development of equipment and weapons 10 Therefore the M1 carbine was the first carbine developed under this system The M2 carbine was the second carbine developed under the system etc Contents 1 Development history 1 1 Limitations of weapons in the U S arsenal 1 2 Design 2 Features 2 1 Ammunition 2 2 Sights range and accuracy 2 3 Magazines 2 4 Accessories 3 Production 4 U S combat use 4 1 World War II 4 1 1 Selective fire version 4 1 2 Infrared sight versions 4 2 Korean War 4 3 Vietnam War 5 Foreign usage 5 1 British Army 5 2 German Army 5 3 Japanese GSDF 5 4 Israel Defense Forces 5 5 French Army 5 6 South Vietnam 5 7 South Korea 5 8 Philippines 5 9 Latin America 6 Users 6 1 Current users 6 2 Former users 7 Variants 7 1 Carbine Cal 30 M1A1 7 2 Carbine Cal 30 M1A2 7 3 Carbine Cal 30 M1A3 7 4 Carbine Cal 30 M2 7 5 Carbine Cal 30 M2A1 7 6 Carbine Cal 30 M2A2 7 7 Carbine Cal 30 M3 8 Derivatives 8 1 Ingram SAM 8 2 9 19mm Parabellum 9 Military contractors 10 Commercial copies 10 1 Commercial manufacturers 11 Hunting and civilian use 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Further reading 15 External linksDevelopment history EditLimitations of weapons in the U S arsenal Edit The M1 rifle and M1 carbine share only a buttplate screw and use different sized 30 caliber ammunition Briefing for staff personnel Folding stock M1A1 carbine on the table 81 mm mortar crew in action at Camp Carson Colorado April 24 1943 The soldier on the left has a slung M1 carbine A U S anti tank crew in combat in the Netherlands November 4 1944 The soldier on the far right is holding an M1 carbine Prior to World War II the U S Army Ordnance Department received reports that the full size M1 rifle was too heavy and cumbersome for most support troops staff artillerymen radiomen etc to carry During pre war and early war field exercises it was found that the M1 Garand impeded these soldiers mobility as a slung rifle would frequently catch on brush or hit the back of the helmet and tilt it over the eyes Many soldiers found the rifle slid off the shoulder unless slung diagonally across the back where it prevented the wearing of standard field packs and haversacks citation needed Additionally Germany s use of glider borne and paratrooper forces to launch surprise blitzkrieg attacks behind the front lines generated a request for a new compact infantry weapon to equip support troops 11 12 This request called for a compact lightweight defensive weapon with greater range accuracy and firepower than a handgun while weighing half as much as the Thompson submachine gun or the M1 rifle 11 The U S Army decided that a carbine type weapon would adequately fulfill all of these requirements and specified that the new arm should weigh no more than 5 pounds 2 3 kg and have an effective range of 300 yards 270 m 13 14 Paratroopers were also added to the list of intended users and a folding stock version would also be developed citation needed Design Edit In 1938 the chief of infantry requested that the ordnance department develop a light rifle or carbine though the formal requirement for the weapon type was not approved until 1940 Winchester developed the 30 Carbine cartridge for the ordnance department Winchester at first did not submit a carbine design as it was occupied in developing the 30 06 Winchester M2 military rifle The M2 rifle originated as a design by Jonathan Ed Browning brother of the famous firearm designer John Browning A couple of months after Ed Browning s death in May 1939 Winchester hired David Marshall Carbine Williams who had begun work on a short stroke gas piston design while serving a prison sentence at a North Carolina minimum security work farm Winchester after Williams release had hired Williams on the strength of recommendations of firearms industry leaders and hoped Williams would be able to complete various designs left unfinished by Ed Browning including the Winchester 30 06 M2 rifle Williams incorporated his short stroke piston in the existing design After the Marine Corps semi automatic rifle trials in 1940 Browning s rear locking tilting bolt design proved unreliable in sandy conditions As a result Williams redesigned the M2 to incorporate a Garand style rotating bolt and operating slide retaining the short stroke piston By May 1941 Williams had shaved the M2 rifle prototype from about 9 5 lb 4 3 kg to a 7 5 lb 3 4 kg Ordnance found unsatisfactory the first series of prototype carbines submitted by several firearms companies and some independent designers 14 Winchester had contacted the ordnance department to examine their rifle M2 design Major Rene Studler of ordnance believed the rifle design could be scaled down to a carbine which would weigh 4 5 to 4 75 lb 2 0 2 2 kg and demanded a prototype as soon as possible The first model was developed at Winchester in 13 days by William C Roemer Fred Humeston and three other Winchester engineers under the supervision of Edwin Pugsley and was essentially Williams last version of the 30 06 M2 scaled down to the 30 SL cartridge 15 This patchwork prototype was cobbled together using the trigger housing and lockwork of a Winchester M1905 rifle and a modified Garand operating rod The prototype was an immediate hit with army observers 16 After the initial Army testing in August 1941 the Winchester design team set out to develop a more refined version Williams participated in the finishing of this prototype The second prototype competed successfully against all remaining carbine candidates in September 1941 and Winchester was notified of their success the next month Standardization as the M1 carbine was approved on October 22 1941 This story was the loose basis for the 1952 movie Carbine Williams starring James Stewart Contrary to the movie Williams had little to do with the carbine s development with the exception of his short stroke gas piston design Williams worked on his own design apart from the other Winchester staff but it was not ready for testing until December 1941 two months after the Winchester M1 carbine had been adopted and type classified Winchester supervisor Edwin Pugsley conceded that Williams final design was an advance on the one that was accepted but noted that Williams decision to go it alone was a distinct impediment to the project 15 and Williams additional design features were not incorporated into M1 production In a 1951 memo written in fear of a patent infringement lawsuit by Williams Winchester noted his patent for the short stroke piston may have been improperly granted as a previous patent covering the same principle of operation was overlooked by the patent office 15 In 1973 the senior technical editor at the NRA contacted Edwin Pugsley for a technical last testament on M1 carbine history shortly before his death on November 19 1975 According to Pugsley The carbine was invented by no single man but was the result of a team effort including William C Roemer David Marshall Williams Fred Humeston Cliff Warner at least three other Winchester engineers and Pugsley himself Ideas were taken and modified from the Winchester M2 Browning rifle Williams gas system the Winchester Model 1905 rifle fire control group and magazine M1 Garand buttstock dimensions and bolt and operating slide principles and a percussion shotgun in Pugsley s collection hook breech and barrel band assembly disassembly 17 Features Edit 30 Carbine cartridge WW II M1 carbine with a magazine pouch mounted on the stock that held two spare 15 round magazines Closeup of M1 carbine receiver with original flip sight and push button safety Comparison of M1 carbine magazines Original 15 round magazine on left and 30 round on right U S Army Rangers resting in the vicinity of Pointe du Hoc which they assaulted in support of Omaha Beach landings on D Day June 6 1944 Ranger in right center is apparently using his middle finger to push cartridges into an M 1 carbine magazine The carbine and a backpack frame are nearby Paratrooper armed with a folding stock M1A1 carbine fires a bazooka at an enemy pillbox on Greary Point Corregidor A marine armed with an M1 carbine and M8 grenade launcher attached to the muzzle during the Battle of Iwo Jima Ammunition Edit The 30 Carbine cartridge is essentially a rimless version of the obsolete 32 Winchester Self Loading cartridge introduced for the Winchester Model 1905 rifle 18 The propellant was much newer though taking advantage of chemistry advances As a result the 30 Carbine cartridge is approximately 27 more powerful than its parent cartridge A standard 30 Carbine ball bullet weighs 110 grains 7 1 g a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains 12 6 g and has a muzzle velocity of 1 990 ft s 610 m s giving it 967 ft lbf 1 311 joules of energy when fired from the M1 carbine s 17 75 inch barrel In comparison the 30 06 Springfield ball round used by the M1 Garand is almost three times more powerful than the 30 Carbine while the carbine round is twice as powerful as the 45 ACP caliber Thompson submachine gun in common use at the time As a result the carbine offers much better range accuracy and penetration than those submachine guns The M1 is also half the weight of the Thompson and fires a lighter cartridge Therefore soldiers armed with the carbine can carry much more ammunition than those armed with a Thompson 11 Categorizing the M1 carbine series has been the subject of much debate Although commonly compared to the later German StG 44 and Russian AK 47 the M1 and M2 carbines are under powered and outclassed 19 Instead the carbine falls somewhere between the submachine gun and assault rifle and could be called a precursor of the personal defense weapon since it fulfilled a similar role 11 One characteristic of 30 caliber Carbine ammunition is that from the beginning of production non corrosive primers were specified This was the first major use of this type of primer in a military firearm Because the rifle had a closed gas system not normally disassembled in the field corrosive primers would have led to a rapid deterioration of the function of the gas system 20 The use of non corrosive primers was a novelty in service ammunition at this time 21 Some failures to fire were reported in early lots of 30 caliber Carbine ammunition attributed to moisture ingress of the non corrosive primer compound 22 Sights range and accuracy Edit The M1 carbine entered service with a simple flip sight which had two settings 150 and 300 yards 23 However field reports indicated that this sight was inadequate and in 1944 it was replaced by a sliding ramp type adjustable sight with four settings 100 200 250 and 300 yards This new rear sight was also adjustable for windage 7 At 100 yards 91 m the M1 carbine can deliver groups between 3 and 5 inches sufficient for its intended purpose as a close range defensive weapon The M1 carbine has a maximum effective range of 300 yards 270 m However bullet drop is significant past 200 yards 180 m 18 Therefore the M1 has a practical effective range of about 200 yards 24 Magazines Edit The M1 carbine entered service with a standard straight 15 round box magazine The introduction of the select fire M2 carbine in October 1944 25 also brought into service the curved 30 round magazine or Banana Clip 26 After WW2 the 30 round magazine quickly became the standard magazine for both the M1 and M2 carbines although the 15 round magazine remained in service until the end of the Vietnam War 19 Perhaps the most common accessory used on the M1 carbine was a standard magazine belt pouch that was slid over the stock and held two extra 15 round magazines This field adaptation was never officially approved but proved an efficient method to supply extra ammunition in combat After the introduction of the 30 round magazine it was common for troops to tape two 30 round magazines together a practice that became known as jungle style This led the military to introduce the Holder Magazine T3 A1 also called the jungle clip a metal clamp that held two magazines together without the need for tape 27 The 30 round magazines introduced for use with the selective fire M2 carbine would not be reliably retained by the magazine catch made for the original M1 carbine which was designed to retain a 15 round magazine so the much heavier 30 round magazine would not be properly seated in the M1 carbine magazine well The loaded 30 round magazine would typically slant impairing feed reliability or even fall out which contributed to the poor reliability record of the 30 round magazines Because of their thin steel construction they were also more prone to damage due to their added length and weight when loaded In response to these issues early production M1 carbines had to be fitted with the type IV magazine catch used on the M2 carbine and late production M1 carbines if they were to be used with 30 round magazines in order to ensure reliable loading and feeding The type IV magazine catch has a leg on the left side to correspond with the additional nub on the 30 round magazines 28 Initial combat reports noted that the M1 carbine s magazine release button was often mistaken for the safety button while under fire 7 When this occurred pressing the magazine release caused the loaded magazine to drop while the safety remained in the off position As a result the push button safety was redesigned using a rotating lever 7 29 Accessories Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Originally the M1 carbine did not have a bayonet lug but personnel equipped with it were often issued with an M3 fighting knife Due to requests from the field the carbine was modified to incorporate a bayonet lug attached to the barrel band starting in 1945 30 However very few carbines with bayonet lugs reached the front lines before the end of World War II After the war the bayonet lug was added to many M1 carbines during the arsenal refurbishing process By the start of the Korean War the bayonet lug equipped M1 was standard issue It is now rare to find an original M1 carbine without the bayonet lug The M1 carbine mounts the M4 bayonet which was based on the earlier M3 fighting knife and formed the basis for the later M5 M6 and M7 bayonet knives A folding stock version of the carbine the M1A1 was also developed after a request for a compact and light infantry arm for airborne troops The Inland Division of General Motors manufactured 140 000 of them in two product runs in late 1942 25 They were originally issued to the 82nd and 101st airborne divisions but were later issued to all U S Army Airborne units and the U S Marine Corps 25 The folding stock M1A1 is an unusual design in that the stock is not locked in the open or closed position but is instead held in place by a spring loaded cam As carbines were reconditioned parts such as the magazine catch rear sight barrel band without bayonet lug and stock were upgraded with current standard issue parts Also both during and after World War II many semi automatic M1 carbines were converted to select fire M2 carbines by using the T17 and T18 conversion kits 31 The conversion included a modified sear slide and trigger housing and added a disconnector disconnector lever and selector switch that could be set for semi auto or full automatic fire During World War II the T23 M3 flash hider was designed to reduce the muzzle flash from the carbine but was not introduced into service until the advent of the M3 carbine 32 With the exception of T23 hiders mounted on M3 carbines few if any T23 flash hider attachments saw service during the war though unit armorers occasionally hand built improvised compensator flash hiders of their own design 32 21 Combat tests of the M2 carbine resulted in an Army Ground Forces request that led to development of the T13 recoil check adopted September 1945 33 The M1 carbine was used with the M8 grenade launcher see M7 grenade launcher which was developed in early 1944 It was fired with the 30 caliber Carbine M6 grenade blank cartridge to launch 22 mm rifle grenades However the stress from firing rifle grenades could eventually crack the carbine s stock and it also could not use the launcher with the M7 auxiliary booster charge to extend its range without breaking the stock This made the M1 carbine with M8 grenade launcher a type of emergency use weapon Production Edit American infantrymen of the 290th Regiment fight in fresh snowfall near Amonines Belgium Soldier in foreground is armed with an M1 carbine A total of over 6 1 million M1 carbines of various models were manufactured making it the most produced small arm for the American military during World War II compared with about 5 4 million M1 rifles and about 1 3 million Thompson submachine guns Despite being designed by Winchester the great majority of these were made by other companies see Military contractors below The largest producer was the Inland division of General Motors but many others were made by contractors as diverse as IBM the Underwood Typewriter Company and Rock Ola Manufacturing Corporation Few contractors made all the parts for carbines bearing their names some makers bought parts from other major contractors or sub contracted minor parts to companies like Marlin Firearms or Auto Ordnance Parts by all makers were required to be interchangeable Often one company would get ahead or behind in production and parts would be shipped from one company to the other to help them catch up on their quota When receivers were shipped for this purpose the manufacturers would often mark them for both companies Some of the strangest combinations were the M1s made by the combined efforts of Underwood and Quality Hardware resulting in the manufacturer mark Un quality 34 The receiver was subcontracted from Union Switch and Signal not Underwood Many carbines were refurbished at several arsenals after the war with many parts interchanged from original maker carbines True untouched war production carbines therefore are the most desirable for collectors 35 The M1 carbine was also one of the most cost effective weapons used by the United States military during World War II At the beginning of World War II the average production cost for an M1 carbine was approximately 45 about half the cost of an M1 rifle at approximately 85 and about a fifth of the cost of a Thompson submachine gun at approximately 225 The 30 caliber Carbine ammunition was also far cheaper to produce than the standard 30 06 ammunition used fewer resources was smaller lighter faster and easier to make These were major factors in the United States military decision to adopt the M1 carbine especially when considering the vast numbers of weapons and ammunition manufactured and transported by the United States during World War II citation needed U S combat use EditWorld War II Edit U S Marine in combat at Guam M1 carbine at first Iwo Jima flag raising The M1 carbine with its reduced power 30 cartridge was not originally intended to serve as a primary weapon for combat infantrymen nor was it comparable to more powerful assault rifles developed late in the war However it was markedly superior to the 45 caliber submachineguns in use at the time in both accuracy and penetration 11 and its lighter 30 caliber cartridge allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition As a result the carbine was soon widely issued to infantry officers American paratroopers non commissioned officers ammunition bearers forward artillery observers and other frontline troops 36 The first M1 carbines were delivered in mid 1942 with initial priority given to troops in the European Theater of Operations ETO 11 During World War II a standard U S Army infantry company was issued a total of 28 M1 carbines 37 The company headquarters was issued nine carbines for the company commander executive officer first sergeant mess sergeant supply sergeant bugler and three messengers the weapons platoon was issued sixteen carbines for the platoon leader platoon sergeant two platoon messengers in the platoon headquarters one messenger in each of the two mortar and machine gun section headquarters and ten for the mortar and machine gun ammunition bearers and the three rifle platoons were issued one each for the platoon leader 37 The M1 carbine gained generally high praise for its small size light weight and firepower especially by those troops who were unable to use a full size rifle as their primary weapon 22 38 However its reputation in front line combat was mixed and negative reports began to surface with airborne operations in Sicily in 1943 39 and increased during the fall and winter of 1944 40 In the Asiatic Pacific Theater soldiers and guerrilla forces operating in heavy jungle with only occasional enemy contact praised the carbine for its small size light weight and firepower 41 However soldiers and marines engaged in frequent daily firefights particularly those serving in the Philippines found the weapon to have insufficient penetration and stopping power 21 42 While carbine bullets would easily penetrate the front and back of steel helmets as well as the body armor used by Japanese forces of the era 43 44 reports of the carbine s failure to stop enemy soldiers sometimes after multiple hits appeared in individual after action reports postwar evaluations and service histories of both the U S Army and the U S Marine Corps 21 42 The carbine s exclusive use of non corrosive primer ammunition was found to be ideal by troops and ordnance personnel serving in the Pacific where barrel corrosion was a significant issue with the corrosive primers used in 30 06 caliber weapons 21 However in the European theatre some soldiers reported misfires attributed to moisture ingress of the non corrosive primer compound 22 Selective fire version Edit U S Marines fighting in the streets of Seoul South Korea September 20 1950 The M1 carbine in the foreground has a bayonet mounted Initially the M1 carbine was intended to have a select fire capability but the requirement for rapid production of the new carbine resulted in the omission of this feature from the Light Rifle Program On 26 October 1944 in response to the Germans widespread use of automatic weapons especially the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle the select fire M2 carbine was introduced along with a new 30 round magazine The M2 had a fully automatic rate of fire of 750 775 rounds per minute Although actual M2 production began late in the war April 1945 U S Ordnance issued conversion part kits to allow field conversion of semi auto M1 carbines to the selective fire M2 configuration These converted M1 M2 select fire carbines saw limited combat service in Europe primarily during the final Allied advance into Germany In the Pacific both converted and original M2 carbines saw limited use in the last days of the fighting in the Philippines 21 Infrared sight versions Edit The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with the M2 infrared night sight or sniperscope 9 The M3 did not have iron sights 9 It was first used in combat by Army units during the invasion of Okinawa where about 150 M3 carbines were used For the first time U S soldiers had a weapon that allowed them to visually detect Japanese infiltrating into American lines at night even during complete darkness A team of two or three soldiers was used to operate the weapon and provide support 36 At night the scope would be used to detect Japanese patrols and assault units moving forward At that point the operator would fire a burst of automatic fire at the greenish images of enemy soldiers 36 The M3 carbine had an effective range of about 70 yards 64 meters limited by the visual capabilities of the sight 45 Fog and rain further reduced the weapon s effective range 36 45 However it is estimated that fully 30 of Japanese casualties inflicted by rifle and carbine fire during the Okinawan campaign were caused by the M3 carbine 36 The system was refined over time and by the Korean War the improved M3 infrared night sight was in service The M3 sight has a longer effective range than its predecessor about 125 yards 114 meters However it still required the user to carry a heavy backpack mounted battery pack to power the scope and infrared light They were used primarily in static defensive positions in Korea to locate troops attempting to infiltrate in darkness M3 operators would not only use their carbines to dispatch individual targets but also used tracer ammo to identify troop concentrations for machine gunners to decimate 7 In total about 20 000 sets were made before they became obsolete and were surplussed to the public citation needed Korean War Edit M1 carbine in action during Korean War with 30 round magazine stock pouch for two 15 round Magazine and grenade launcher near a captured Soviet DP 27 machine gun U S Marines with M1 carbine with mounted bayonet holding captured Chinese soldiers during fighting on the central Korean front By the Korean War the select fire M2 carbine had largely replaced the submachine gun in U S service 46 and was the most widely used carbine variant 7 47 However the semi auto M1 carbine was also widely used especially by support troops However in Korea all versions of the carbine soon acquired a widespread reputation for jamming in extremely cold weather 48 47 49 this being eventually traced to weak return springs freezing of parts due to overly viscous lubricants and inadequate cartridge recoil impulse as the result of subzero temperatures 50 51 There were also many complaints from individual soldiers that the carbine bullets failed to stop heavily clothed 52 51 53 54 or gear laden 55 54 56 North Korean and Chinese PVA troops even at close range and after multiple hits 47 50 57 Marines of the 1st Marine Division also reported instances of carbine bullets failing to stop enemy soldiers and some units issued standing orders for carbine users to aim for the head 51 52 PVA infantry forces who had been issued captured U S small arms disliked the carbine for the same reason 58 A 1951 official U S Army evaluation reported that There are practically no data bearing on the accuracy of the carbine at ranges in excess of 50 yards The record contains a few examples of carbine aimed fire felling an enemy soldier at this distance or perhaps a little more But they are so few in number that no general conclusion can be drawn from them Where carbine fire had proved killing effect approximately 95 percent of the time the target was dropped at less than 50 yards 50 The evaluation also reported that Commanders noted that it took two to three engagements at least to settle their men to the automatic feature of the carbine so that they would not greatly waste ammunition under the first impulse of engagement By experience they would come to handle it semi automatically but it took prolonged battle hardening to bring about this adjustment in the human equation 50 Despite its mixed reputation the M2 carbine s firepower often made it the weapon of choice when it came to night patrols in Korea 50 The M3 carbine with its infrared sniperscope was also used against night infiltrators especially during the static stages of the conflict citation needed Vietnam War Edit ARVN soldiers with M1 carbines and U S Special Forces with M16s The M1 and M2 carbines issued to U S forces were first given to American military advisors in Vietnam beginning in 1956 59 and later the United States Air Force Security Police and United States Army Special Forces These weapons began to be replaced by the M16 in 1964 and they were generally out of service by the 1970s By the war s end it was estimated that a total of 1 5 million M1 and M2 carbines were left in Vietnam 59 At least 793 994 M1 and M2 carbines were given to the South Vietnamese and were widely used throughout the Vietnam War 60 A number were captured during the war by Viet Cong 61 with some made compact by shortening the barrel and or stock 7 While the carbine s lighter weight and high rate of fire made it an excellent weapon for small statured Asians these guns lacked sufficient hitting power and penetration and they were eventually outclassed by the AK 47 assault rifle 19 The M1 M2 M3 carbines were the most heavily produced family of U S military weapons for several decades They were used by every branch of the U S Armed Forces citation needed Foreign usage EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Winston Churchill fires an American M1 carbine during a visit to the U S 2nd Armored Division on Salisbury Plain 23 March 1944 British officers Brigadier Mad Mike Calvert left gives orders to Lieutenant Colonel Shaw while Major James Lumley stands with M1 carbine under his arm after the capture of Mogaung in Burma during the second Chindit expedition June 1944 After World War II the M1 and M2 carbines were widely exported to U S allies and client states 1 015 568 to South Korea 793 994 to South Vietnam 269 644 to France etc 60 they were used as a frontline weapon well into the Vietnam War era and they continue to be used by military police and security forces around the world to this day British Army Edit During World War II the British SAS used the M1 and M1A1 carbines after 1943 The weapon was taken into use simply because a decision had been taken by Allied authorities to supply 30 caliber weapons from U S stocks in the weapons containers dropped to Resistance groups sponsored by an SOE or later also Office of Strategic Services OSS organizer on the assumption the groups so supplied would be operating in areas within the operational boundaries of U S forces committed to Operation Overlord citation needed They were found to be suited to the kind of operation the two British two French and one Belgian Regiment carried out It was handy enough to parachute with and in addition could be easily stowed in an operational Jeep Other specialist intelligence collection units such as 30 Assault Unit sponsored by the Naval Intelligence Division of the British Admiralty which operated across the entire Allied area of operations also made use of this weapon citation needed The carbine continued to be utilized as late as the Malayan Emergency by the Police Field Force of the Royal Malaysian Police along with other units of the British Army were issued the M2 carbine for both jungle patrols and outpost defense 62 63 64 The Royal Ulster Constabulary also used the M1 carbine 65 German Army Edit Small numbers of captured M1 carbines were used by German forces in World War II particularly after D Day 66 The German designation for captured carbines was Selbstladekarabiner 455 a The a came from the country name in German in this case Amerika It was also used by German police and border guards in Bavaria after World War II and into the 1950s The carbines were stamped according to the branch they were in service with for instance those used by the border guard were stamped Bundesgrenzschutz Some of these weapons were modified with different sights finishes and sometimes new barrels Japanese GSDF Edit A variant was produced shortly after World War II by Japanese manufacturer Howa Machinery under U S supervision These were issued to all branches of the Japan Self Defense Forces and large numbers of them found their way to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War Howa also made replacement parts for US made M1 carbines issued to Japanese police and military citation needed Israel Defense Forces Edit The M1 carbine was also used by the Israeli Palmach based special forces in the 1948 Arab Israeli War And because of their compact size and semi auto capabilities they continued to be used by Israeli Defence Forces after the creation of Israel The Israeli police still use the M1 carbine as a standard long gun for non combat elements and Mash az volunteers French Army Edit The U S provided France with 269 644 M1 and M2 carbines from World War II to 1963 60 The carbines were used by the French Paratroopers and Legionnaires as well as specialists e g drivers radio operators engineers during the Indo China War 67 the Algerian War 68 and the Suez Crisis South Vietnamese Popular Force members on patrol with M1 carbines Che Guevara atop a mule in Las Villas province Cuba in November 1958 with an M2 Carbine South Vietnam Edit The U S provided the Army of the Republic of Vietnam with 793 994 M1 and M2 carbines from 1963 to 1973 60 Along with tens of thousands of carbines left behind by the French after the First Indochina War the M1 and M2 carbines were the most widely issued small arm during the early stages in the Vietnam War and remained in service in large numbers until the fall of Saigon The South Vietnamese would also receive 220 300 M1 Garands and 520 M1C M1D rifles 69 and 640 000 M 16 rifles The Viet Minh and the Viet Cong also used large numbers of M1 and M2 carbines captured from the French ARVN and local militia forces of South Vietnam as well as receiving many thousands of carbines from the North Vietnamese Army NVA China and North Korea Over time the SKS and eventually the AK 47 would replace the carbine to become the dominant weapons used by the Viet Cong South Korea Edit The Republic of Korea Armed Forces received 1 015 568 M1 and M2 carbines from 1963 to 1972 60 Along with hundreds of thousands of Carbines and M1 Garands provided by the United States Army before during and shortly after the Korean war South Korea would become the largest single recipient of American M1 and M2 carbines South Korea also took an active role in the Vietnam War From 1964 to 1973 South Korea sent more than 300 000 troops to South Vietnam armed primarily with M1 and M2 carbines as well as M1 Garands Philippines Edit The government of the Philippines still issues M1 carbines to the infantrymen of the Philippine Army s 2nd Infantry Division citation needed assigned in Luzon Island some units are issued just M14 automatic rifles and M1 carbines and the Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit CAFGU and Civilian Volunteer Organizations CVO spread throughout the Philippines Certain provincial police units of the Philippine National Police PNP still use government issued M1 carbines as well as some operating units of the National Bureau of Investigation NBI In many provinces in the Philippines M1 carbines are still a highly valued light small arm Elements of the New People s Army and Islamic Secessionist movement value the carbine as a lightweight weapon and preferred choice for mountain and ambush operations The M1 carbine has become one of the most recognized firearms in Philippine society with the Marikina based company ARMSCOR Philippines still continues to manufacture 30 caliber ammunition for the Philippine market Latin America Edit The M1 and M2 carbines were widely used by military police and security forces and their opponents during the many guerrilla and civil wars throughout Latin America until the 1990s when they were mostly replaced by more modern designs A notable user was Che Guevara who used them during the Cuban Revolution and in Bolivia where he was executed by a Bolivian soldier armed with an M2 carbine 70 Guevara s fellow revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos also used an M2 carbine that he modified with the pistol grip and foregrip from a Thompson submachine gun Cienfuegos carbine is on display in the Museum of the Revolution Cuba In Rio de Janeiro Brazil a police battalion named Batalhao de Operacoes Policiais Especiais BOPE or Special Police Operations Battalion still uses the M1 carbine citation needed Users EditThe unit data provided below refers to original U S Ordnance contract carbines the United States provided these countries Many countries sold traded destroyed and or donated these carbines to other countries and or private gun brokers 60 Current users Edit Brazil In service with BOPE 71 Indonesia Used by Indonesian Armed Forces in 1950s and 1960s received from the United States Fielded during the Indonesia Malaysia confrontation 72 Still in service in the Indonesian National Police 73 Former users Edit Algeria Captured in large numbers from French military personnel during the Algerian Independence War 74 Angola 12 215 units 60 FNLA Unknown number captured illegally acquired for use during the Angolan Civil War 75 Argentina 12 621 units 60 Austria 39 005 units 60 76 1950s 70s Austrian Army and police Bolivia 13 438 units 60 Cambodia 115 568 units 60 Khmer Republic 1967 1975 77 Canada 230 units 60 Chile 2 877 units 60 Republic of China 361 units during World War II 60 Colombia 7 037 units 60 Costa Rica 6 000 units 60 Cuba 118 units in 1963 60 M1 carbines were used by Batista forces by Castrist militias and by Brigade 2506 2 Democratic Republic of Congo 78 Ecuador 576 units 60 El Salvador 5 000 M1s and 156 M2s until 1965 more delivered during the 1960s and 1970s 79 Ethiopian soldiers deployed with U S made weapons somewhere in Korea 1953 The M1 carbine has two 30 round magazines taped together jungle style Ethiopia 16 417 units 60 80 France 269 644 units 60 French Indochina 35 429 units 60 Germany Nazi Germany No recorded issue 81 dubious discuss Captured M1 carbines were classified as the Selbstladekarabiner 455 a Self loading carbine No 455 American 25 There are staged pictures of late war Fallschirmjager troops and SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler s SS Bodyguard Regiment soldiers armed with them 25 West Germany 34 192 units 60 Bavaria 14 647 units 82 1945 early 1950s border guard Greece 38 264 units 60 from 1963 to 1973 Guatemala 6 063 units 60 83 Honduras 5 581 units 60 Iran 10 000 units 60 Ireland 1969 1980s Used by the Provisional IRA Official IRA INLA and IPLO during the early years of their campaign and beyond 84 85 Israel 10 000 units 60 Italy 146 863 units 60 First used by Italian partisans 86 Later classified by the Italian Army as the Carabina Winchester M1 cal 7 62 and Carabina Winchester M2 cal 7 62 In service until the 1990s with the Carabinieri 87 88 Japan 3 974 units 60 from 1950 to 1989 Jordan 1912 units 60 Fielded during the Six Day War 89 Kingdom of Laos Received 74 587 units during Vietnam War and the Laotian Civil War 1955 1975 60 90 Lebanon 900 units 60 Liberia 80 units 60 91 Libya 106 units 60 Malaysia 92 Mexico 48 946 units 60 Morocco 945 units 60 Myanmar 28 792 units 60 Dutch police officer shoots teargas ammunition from the muzzle of an M1 carbine during a blockade and demonstration against the nuclear power plant Dodewaard September 18 1981 Netherlands 84 523 units 60 1940s 1970s Army Korps Mariniers 1 and Police Nicaragua 121 units 60 Nigeria 100 units 60 Norway 98 267 units 60 Norwegian Army 1951 1970 with some Norwegian police units until the 1990s Pakistan 45 units 60 Panama 917 units 60 Peru 821 units 60 Philippines 8 831 units 60 South Korea The Armed Forces was equipped with 19 402 M1 M2 carbines before the Korean War and 159 393 were in service with the Army by the end of the war 93 1 015 558 additional M1 M2 M3 carbines also received from the U S between 1963 to 1972 60 Taiwan 115 948 units from 1963 to 1968 60 Thailand 73 012 units from 1963 to 1976 60 Tunisia 771 units 60 Turkey 450 units 60 United Kingdom 200 766 units 60 United States 6 110 730 units 60 1940s 1960s 1970s Armed Forces and 1940s present various law enforcement agencies and the Tennessee Valley Authority Uruguay 32 346 units 60 Soviet Union 7 units 60 Vietnam Largely captured and or inherited from now defunct Army of the Republic of Vietnam 60 94 Some used by the Viet Cong and the Viet Minh taken from American French and South Vietnamese forces armories with a few modified to make them compact 7 South Vietnam 793 994 units 60 1960s 70s Chetniks OSS supplied during WW2 95 Variants EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The standard issue versions of the carbine officially listed and supported were the M1 M1A1 M2 and M3 96 M1A1 carbine Paratrooper model with folding buttstock and late issue adjustable sight and bayonet lug Carbine Cal 30 M1A1 Edit Side folding stock 15 round magazine Paratrooper model About 150 000 producedThe M1A1 was designed in May 1942 for paratrooper units and came with a folding stock but was otherwise identical to a standard M1 97 M1A1 carbines were made by Inland a division of General Motors and originally came with the early L nonadjustable sight and barrel band without bayonet lug Inland production of M1A1 carbines was interspersed with Inland production of M1 carbines with the standard stock Stocks were often swapped out as carbines were refurbished at arsenals Carbine Cal 30 M1A2 Edit Proposed variant with improved sight adjustable for windage and elevation Produced only as an overstamped model an arsenal refurbished M1 with new rear sight and other late M1 improvements Carbine Cal 30 M1A3 Edit Underside folding pantograph stock 15 round magazine Type standardized to replace the M1A1 but may not have been issued Pantograph stock was more rigid than the M1A1 s folding stock and folded flush under the fore end A more common name for this type of stock is an underfolder Carbine Cal 30 M2 Edit M2 carbine with the selector lever on the left side opposite the bolt handle Exploded view of the M2 carbine Early 1945 Selective fire capable of fully automatic fire 30 round magazine or 15 standard issue About 600 000 producedInitially the M1 carbine was intended to have a selective fire capability but the decision was made to put the M1 into production without this feature Fully automatic capability was incorporated into the design of the M2 an improved selective fire version of the M1 introduced in 1944 The M2 featured the late M1 improvements to the rear sight addition of a bayonet lug and other minor changes Research into a conversion kit for selective fire began May 1944 the first kit was developed by Inland engineers and known as the T4 Inland was awarded a contract for 500 T4 carbines in September 1944 Although the conversion was seen as satisfactory the heavier 30 round magazine put greater strain on the magazine catch necessitating the development of a sturdier catch The slide sear and stock design also had to be modified On fully automatic fire the T4 model could fire about 750 rounds per minute and generated a manageable recoil 7 Although some carbines were marked at the factory as M2 the only significant difference between an M1 and M2 carbine is in the fire control group The military issued field conversion kits T17 and T18 to convert an M1 to an M2 Legally a carbine marked M2 is always a machine gun for national firearms registry purposes 98 These M2 parts including the heavier M2 stock were standardized for arsenal rebuild of M1 and M1A1 carbines A modified round bolt replaced the original flat top bolt to save machining steps in manufacture Many sources erroneously refer to this round bolt as an M2 bolt but it was developed as a standard part for new manufacture M1 and later M2 carbines and as a replacement part with priority given to use on M1A1 and M2 carbines 14 The slightly heavier round bolt did moderate the cyclic rate of the M2 on full automatic 99 Despite being in demand very few M2 carbines saw use during World War II and then mostly in the closing days against Japan 7 The M2 carbine was logistically compatible with the millions of M1 carbines in U S service and offered longer range better accuracy and better penetration than pistol caliber submachine guns like the M1 Thompsons and M3 Grease Guns 100 Therefore after World War II the M2 carbine largely replaced the submachine guns in U S service until it was itself replaced by the M16 rifle 46 The M2 model was the most widely used carbine variant during the Korean War 7 A detailed study of the effectiveness of the M2 in the war was assembled by S L A Marshall He found that many troops complained on the lack of effective range of the gun which allowed the enemy to get close enough to throw hand grenades A more detailed analysis showed however that most troops who complained actually tended to run low on ammo because they fired their M2 on fully automatic too soon Troops who fired their guns on semi automatic at distance generally complained less about the M2 s effectiveness Generally the more seasoned troops used the latter approach The carbine was usually given to second line troops administrative support etc who had little combat experience and also did not have much training in small unit tactics but who usually had to engage the enemy at some critical moment like a breakthrough or ambush Marshall noted that almost all killing shots with carbines in Korea were at ranges of 50 yards or less The M2 was a preferred weapon for night patrols The M2 was also used in the early stages of the Vietnam War by special forces ARVN advisers and air crews 7 Contemporary authors have struggled to categorize the M2 carbine While it did introduce select fire capability and an intermediate cartridge its stopping power and weight was far below that of the StG 44 As such it is considered by some to be an early predecessor to the assault rifle or personal defense weapon 7 Carbine Cal 30 M2A1 Edit M2 with an M1A1 folding stock Like the M1A1 it was made for paratroopers Carbine Cal 30 M2A2 Edit Arsenal refurbished over stamped M2 modelCarbine Cal 30 M3 Edit M2 with mounting T3 mount for an early active infrared night vision sight About 3 000 produced Three versions of night sight M1 M2 M3 Original Korean War era USMC M3 night vision scope The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine fitted with a mount designed to accept an infrared sight for use at night It was initially used with the M1 sniperscope and an active infrared sight and saw action in 1945 with the Army during the invasion of Okinawa Before the M3 carbine and M1 sniperscope were type classified they were known as the T3 and T120 respectively The system continued to be developed and by the time of the Korean War the M3 carbine was used with the M3 sniperscope The M2 sniper scope extended the effective nighttime range of the M3 carbine to 100 yards In the later stages of the Korean War an improved version of the M3 carbine with a revised mount a forward pistol grip and a new M3 sniperscope design was used in the latter stages of Korea and briefly in Vietnam The M3 sniperscope had a large active infrared spotlight mounted on top of the scope body itself allowing use in the prone position The revised M3 M3 had an effective range of around 125 yards 45 Eventually the M3 carbine and its M3 sniperscope would be superseded by passive design night vision scopes with extended visible ranges the improved scopes in turn required the use of rifle caliber weapons with flatter trajectories and increased hit probability Derivatives EditIngram SAM Edit The Ingram SAM rifles are M1 carbine derivatives in 5 56 45mm NATO SAM 1 7 62 39mm SAM 2 and 7 62 51mm NATO SAM 3 The 5 56 45mm versions accept M16 magazines the 7 62 39mm accept AK magazines and the 7 62 51mm versions use FN FAL magazines They did not catch on in competition against the Ruger Mini 14 in both the police and civilian markets The Ingram SAM rifles are occasionally found on auction sites for collectors citation needed 9 19mm Parabellum Edit Iver Johnson s 9 19mm Parabellum carbine was introduced in 1985 until 1986 using modified Browning High Power 20 round magazines citation needed Chiappa Firearms produces a 9mm M1 carbine derivative called the M1 9 which uses Beretta M9 92FS magazines The Chiappa is not gas operated and instead relies on blowback operation citation needed Military contractors EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Inland Division General Motors production 2 632 097 Receiver marked Inland Div Sole producer of the M1A1 carbine Winchester Repeating Arms production 828 059 Receiver marked Winchester 101 Underwood Elliot Fisher production 545 616 Receiver marked Underwood Saginaw Steering Gear Division General Motors production 517 213 Receivers marked Saginaw S G 370 490 Saginaw S G for weapons manufactured in Grand Rapids and Irwin Pedersen 146 723 Irwin Pedersen operated by Saginaw Steering Gear and production included with Saginaw total National Postal Meter production 413 017 Receiver marked National Postal Meter Quality Hardware Manufacturing Corp production 359 666 Receiver marked Quality H M C or Un quality receivers subcontracted to Union Switch amp Signal International Business Machines production 346 500 Receiver marked I B M Corp Also barrel marked IBM Corp Standard Products production 247 100 Receiver marked Std Pro Rock Ola Manufacturing Corporation production 228 500 Receiver marked Rock Ola 102 Commercial Controls Corporation production 239 Receiver marked Commercial Controls Formerly National Postal Meter Commercial copies EditSeveral companies manufactured copies of the M1 carbine after World War II which varied in quality Some companies used a combination of original USGI and new commercial parts while others manufactured entire firearms from new parts which may or may not be of the same quality as the originals These copies were marketed to the general public and police agencies but were not made for or used by the U S military 103 page needed In 1963 firearms designer Col Melvin M Johnson developer of the M1941 Johnson rifle offered a conversion of US Military M1 carbines to his new Johnson MMJ 5 7mm Spitfire cartridge while also introducing a newly manufactured version of the M1 carbine called the Spitfire made by his Johnson Arms Inc business that was designed and built specifically for this new 5 7 mm 22 in wildcat cartridge also known as the 5 7 mm MMJ or 22 Spitfire 18 The Spitfire was advertised firing a 40 grain 2 6 g bullet with a muzzle velocity of 3050 ft s 930 m s though handloaders with careful selection of modern powders and appropriate bullets consistently safely exceed those numbers while remaining within the M1 carbine s maximum pressure rating of 38 500 psi 265 MPa 18 In comparison the standard load for the 30 Carbine has a 30 Carbine ball bullet weighing 110 grains 7 1 g a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains 12 6 g and has a muzzle velocity of 1 990 ft s 610 m s giving it 967 ft lbf 1 311 joules of energy when fired from the M1 carbine s 18 inch barrel 18 Johnson advertised the smaller caliber and the modified carbine as a survival rifle for use in jungles or other remote areas It provided for light easily carried ammunition in a light fast handling carbine with negligible recoil While the concept had some military application when used for this role in the selective fire M2 carbine it was not pursued and few Spitfire carbines were made An Auto Ordnance AOM 130 carbine manufactured in 2007 More recently the Auto Ordnance division of Kahr Arms began production of an M1 carbine replica in 2005 based on the typical M1 carbine as issued in 1944 without the later adjustable sight or barrel band with bayonet lug The original Auto Ordnance had produced various parts for IBM carbine production during World War II but did not manufacture complete carbines until the introduction of this replica The AOM110 and AOM120 models no longer produced featured birch stocks and handguards Parkerized receivers flip style rear sights and barrel bands without bayonet lugs The current AOM130 and AOM140 models are identical except for American walnut stocks and handguards 104 105 In 2014 Inland Manufacturing LLC in Dayton Ohio introduced the reproduction of the Inland M1 carbine Inland Manufacturing LLC is a private entity that is producing reproductions of the M1 carbine and M1A1 paratrooper models that were built by the original Inland Division of General Motors from 1941 to 1945 The new Inland M1 carbines feature many of the same characteristics of the original Inland carbines and are manufactured in the US The M1 carbine is modeled after the last production model that Inland manufactured in 1945 and features a Type 3 bayonet lug and barrel band adjustable rear sights push button safety round bolt and low wood walnut stock and a 15 round magazine A 30 round mag catch was utilized to allow high capacity magazines A 1944 M1 carbine is also available that has the same features as the 1945 only with a Type 2 barrel Band and 10 round magazine and is available for sale in most states with magazine capacity and bayonet lug restrictions The M1A1 is modeled after a late production 1944 M1A1 paratrooper model with a folding low wood walnut stock Type two barrel band and includes the same adjustable sights which were actually introduced in 1944 106 An Israeli arms company Advanced Combat Systems offers a modernized bullpup variant called the Hezi SM 1 The company claims accuracy of 1 5 MOA at 100 yards 91 m 107 Commercial manufacturers Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Alpine of Azusa Calif 108 AMAC of Jacksonville Ark acquired Iver Johnson Arms 109 AMPCO of Miami Fla 110 Auto Ordnance Bullseye Gun Works of Miami Fla 111 ERMA s Firearms Manufacturing of Steelville MO 112 Erma Werke of Dachau Bavaria serviced carbines used by the West German police post World War II Manufactured replacement parts for the same carbines Manufactured 22 replica carbines for use as training rifles for police in West Germany and Austria and for commercial export worldwide 113 114 Federal Ordnance of South El Monte Calif 115 Fulton Armory of Savage MD 116 Global Arms 117 H amp S of Plainfield NJ Haas amp Storck predecessor of Plainfield Machine 118 Howa of Nagoya Japan made carbines and parts for the post World War II Japanese and Thai militaries and limited numbers of a hunting rifle version 119 Inland Manufacturing of Dayton Ohio 120 Israel Arms International IAI of Houston Texas assembled carbines from parts from other sources 121 The Iver Johnson Arms of Plainfield NJ and later Jacksonville Ark acquired M1 carbine operations of Plainfield Machine and followed the lead of Universal in producing a pistol version called the Enforcer 122 Johnston Tucker of St Louis Mo 123 Millvile Ordnance MOCO of Union N J predecessor of H amp S 124 National Ordnance of Azusa Calif and later South El Monte Calif 125 NATO of Atlanta GA 126 Plainfield Machine Company of Plainfield N J and later Middlesex N J P O Box in Dunellen N J M1 Carbine manufacture later purchased and operated by Iver Johnson 127 Rock Island Armory of Geneseo Ill 128 Rowen Becker Company of Waterville Ohio 129 Springfield Armory of Geneseo Ill 130 Texas Armament Co of Brownwood Tex 131 Tiroler Sportwaffenfabrik und Apparatenbau GmbH of Kugstein Austria manufactured an air rifle that looked and operated like the M1 carbine for use in training by Austria and West Germany 132 Universal Firearms of Hialeah Fla Early Universal guns were like other manufacturers assembled from USGI parts However beginning in 1968 the company began producing the new carbine which externally resembled the M1 but was in fact a completely new firearm internally using a different receiver bolt carrier bolt recoil spring assembly etc with almost no interchangeability with GI issue carbines 133 Universal was acquired by Iver Johnson in 1983 and moved to Jacksonville Ark in 1985 Williams Gun Sight of Davison Mich produced a series of 50 sporterized M1 carbines 134 Hunting and civilian use EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Patty Hearst holding a M1 Enforcer carbine during her infamous bank robbery attempt Some U S states prohibit use of the 30 Carbine cartridge for hunting deer and larger animals due to a lessened chance of killing an animal in a single shot even with expanding bullets The M1 carbine is also prohibited for hunting in several states such as Pennsylvania 135 because of the semi automatic function and Illinois 136 which prohibits all non muzzleloading rifles for big game hunting Five round magazines are commercially made for use in states that limit the capacity of semi automatic hunting rifles The M1 carbine was also used by various law enforcement agencies and prison guards and was prominently carried by riot police during the civil unrest of the late 1960s and early 1970s until it was replaced in those roles by more modern 223 caliber semi automatic rifles such as the Ruger Mini 14 and the Colt AR 15 type rifles in the late 1970s and early 1980s The ease of use and great adaptability of the weapon led to it being used by Malcolm X and Patty Hearst Both were featured in famous news photographs carrying a version the carbine One of these firearms was also the weapon used in the 1947 assassination of notorious American mobster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel See also EditList of U S Army weapons by supply catalog designation SNL B 28Notes Edit a b Bloomfield amp Leiss 1967 pp 80 81 a b de Quesada Alejandro 10 January 2009 The Bay of Pigs Cuba 1961 Elite 166 Osprey Publishing p 60 ISBN 9781846033230 Rifles of Bolivia 1900 1990 Katz Sam 24 Mar 1988 Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 Men at Arms 128 Osprey Publishing pp 40 41 ISBN 9780850458008 Warga Aceh serahkan delapan senjata api ke TNI AD gorontalo antaranews com in Indonesian 3 January 2019 Retrieved 3 May 2021 Small Arms Captured by SAA During Operation BASALT Aug 7 2018 Retrieved Jun 20 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thompson Leroy 22 November 2011 The M1 Carbine Osprey Publishing pp 25 30 32 41 56 57 70 ISBN 9781849086196 Meche W Derek 6 June 2013 M1 Carbine The collector s item you can actually use Guns com Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 a b c Hogg Ian V Weeks John S 10 February 2000 Military Small Arms of the 20th Century 7th ed Krause Publications p 290 ISBN 9780873418249 International Encyclopedia of Military History James C Bradford Routledge Dec 1 2004 p 886 a b c d e f George John 1981 Shots Fired In Anger 2nd Revised amp Enlarged ed Washington D C National Rifle Association of America p 394 ISBN 978 0935998429 Weeks John S 1 May 1989 World War II Small Arms Chartwell House p 130 ISBN 978 0 88365 403 3 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine M1 Carbine at 300 Yards Video YouTube 2 October 2012 a b c Ruth Larry L 1988 M1 Carbine Design Development amp Production The Gun Room Press ISBN 0 88227 020 6 contains many Ordnance documents related to the Light Rifle specification that led to the M1 carbine a b c Canfield Bruce N 7 April 2016 Carbine Williams Myth amp Reality February 2009 Reprint The American Rifleman NRA Publications Bishop Chris 1998 The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II New York Orbis Publishing Ltd ISBN 0 7607 1022 8 E H Harrison Who Designed the M1 Carbine in U S Caliber 30 Carbine NRA American Rifleman Reprint a b c d e Barnes Frank C 1997 Cartridges of the World 6th ed Iola WI DBI Books Inc pp 52 127 ISBN 978 0 87349 033 7 a b c Rottman Gordon L 20 June 2012 Green Beret in Vietnam 1957 73 Osprey Publishing p 41 ISBN 9781782000518 Roberts Joseph B 1992 The American rifleman goes to war The guns troops and training of World War II as reported in NRA s magazine First ed National Rifle Association of America p 20 ISBN 0935998632 a b c d e f Dunlap Roy F 1993 Ordnance Went Up Front 1st ed R amp R Books pp 240 293 297 a b c Shore C Capt 1988 With British Snipers To The Reich Lancer Militaria pp 191 195 Small statured men such as Capt Shore and Sgt Audie Murphy liked the carbine as its small stock dimensions fit them particularly well BASIC FIELD MANUAL U S CARBINE CALIBER 30 Ml FM 23 7 War Department 20 May 1942 Hogg Ian Gander Terry 20 September 2005 Jane s Gun Recognition Guide Harper Collins Publishers p 330 ISBN 9780007183289 a b c d e The M1 carbine short history RJ Militaria Retrieved 29 October 2015 Rottman Gordon L 15 May 1995 US Marine Corps 1941 45 Osprey Publishing p 14 Leroy Thompson 2011 The M1 Carbine p 57 ISBN 978 1849086196 Carbine magazine catches Civilian Marksmanship Program January 2010 Retrieved 10 February 2016 James Garry 6 October 2014 M1 Carbine America s Unlikely Warrior Guns amp Ammo The M1 carbine M1A1 shown was one of America s most widely used arms in three major conflicts and a popular lend lease item to Allied countries Collecting The M1 carbine RJ Militaria Retrieved 29 October 2015 Walker Robert E 2012 11 26 Cartridges and Firearm Identification 1st ed CRC Press p 254 ISBN 978 1466502062 a b Ruth Larry L 1992 War Baby The U S Caliber 30 Carbine Vol 1 1st Limited ed Collector Grade Publications pp 621 623 ISBN 978 0 88935 117 2 Larry L Ruth M1 Carbine Design Development amp Production The Gun Room Press 1979 ISBN 088227 020 6 p 193 UN QUALITY Stamp 11 November 2013 Archived from the original Photo on 11 November 2013 Gibson Robert A Pocket History of the M1 Carbine Fulton Armory Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 a b c d e Rush Robert S 21 November 2003 GI The US Infantryman in World War II Osprey Publishing Ltd pp 33 35 ISBN 1 84176 739 5 Officers were issued 45 M1911 pistols as individual weapons until 1943 when they were issued the M1 carbine in place of the pistol a b T O amp E 7 17 Infantry Rifle Company PDF U S Government War Department 1944 02 26 Retrieved 15 June 2018 McManus John C 27 April 1998 The Deadly Brotherhood The American Combat Soldier in World War II New York Random House Publishing p 52 ISBN 978 0891416555 Armored infantryman Herb Miller of the U S 6th Armored Division pointed out one of the M1 s strong points I was very happy with the carbine It s fast it s easy to use in a hurry For churches and houses and things like that it was good Gavin James M Lt Gen 1958 War and Peace in the Space Age New York Harper and Brothers pp 57 63 Col Gavin s love affair with his M1A1 carbine ended in Sicily when his carbine and that of Maj Vandervoort jammed repeatedly Noticing that carbine fire rarely suppressed rifle fire from German infantry he and Vandervoort traded with wounded soldiers for their M1 rifles and ammunition Gavin carried an M1 rifle for the rest of the war Burgett Donald 14 April 1999 Seven Roads To Hell New York Presidio Press pp 153 154 ISBN 0 440 23627 4 Burgett a machine gunner in the 101st Airborne from Normandy to the Battle of the Bulge witnessed several failures of the 30 carbine to stop German soldiers after being hit Chapman F Spencer 2003 The Jungle Is Neutral A Soldier s Two Year Escape from the Japanese Army 1st ed Lyons Press p 300 ISBN 978 1 59228 107 7 a b McManus p 52 Richard Lovett of the U S Americal Division was one of several who did not like the carbine It didn t have stopping power Enemy soldiers were shot many times but kept on coming Chapter X Equipment TM E 30 480 Technical Manual Handbook on Japanese Military Forces Body armor U S Army 15 September 1944 George John Shots Fired In Anger NRA Press 1981 p 450 a b c M3 Infra Red Night Sight Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 a b Rottman Gordon L 20 December 2011 The M16 Osprey Publishing p 6 a b c Canfield Bruce 2 November 2010 Arms of the Chosin Few American Rifleman Retrieved 10 May 2011 Dill James December 1982 Winter of the Yalu Changjin Journal A soldier remembers the freezing fearful retreat down the Korean Peninsula after the Chinese armies smashed across the border Hammel Eric 1 March 1990 Chosin Heroic Ordeal of the Korean War 1st ed Presidio Press p 205 ISBN 978 0 7603 3154 5 a b c d e S L A Marshall Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950 51 1st Report ORO R 13 of 27 October 1951 Project Doughboy Restricted Operations Research Office ORO U S Army a b c Clavin Tom Drury Bob 2009 Last Stand of Fox Company A True Story of U S Marines in Combat New York Atlantic Monthly Press pp 82 113 161 ISBN 978 0 87113 993 1 In addition to their bulky cotton padded telegroika coats which could freeze solid with perspiration Chicom infantry frequently wore vests or undercoats of thick goatskin a b O Donnell Patrick K 2 November 2010 Give Me Tomorrow The Korean War s Greatest Untold Story The Epic Stand of the Marines of George Company 1st ed Da Capo Press pp 88 168 173 ISBN 978 0 306 81801 1 Jowett Philip S 10 July 2005 The Chinese Army 1937 49 World War II and Civil War Osprey Publishing p 47 ISBN 978 1 84176 904 2 a b Thomas Nigel Abbott Peter 27 March 1986 The Korean War 1950 53 Osprey Publishing Ltd pp 37 47 ISBN 978 0 85045 685 1 Many Chinese troops carried either rice or shaoping an unleavened bread flour mixture in a fabric tube slung over the shoulder Andrew Martin Dr March April 2010 Logistics in the PLA Army Sustainment PB 700 10 02 Volume 42 Issue 2 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint location link Chinese troops frequently wore bandolier type ammunition pouches and carried extra PPSh or Thompson magazines in addition to 4 5 stick grenades Russ Martin 1 April 1999 Breakout The Chosin Reservoir Campaign Korea 1950 Penguin Publishing p 40 ISBN 978 0 14 029259 6 The failure of the 30 carbine round to stop enemy soldiers may not have been due to inadequate penetration Marine Lt James Stemple reported that he shot an enemy soldier with his M2 carbine four times in the chest and saw the padding fly out the back of the soldier s padded jacket as the bullets penetrated his body yet the enemy soldier kept on coming Spurr Russell 1988 Enter the Dragon China s Undeclared War Against the U S in Korea 1950 51 New York NY Newmarket Press p 182 ISBN 978 1 55704 914 8 Chinese frontline PLA troops disliked the M1 M2 carbine as they believed its cartridge had inadequate stopping power Captured U S carbines were instead issued to runners and mortar crews a b Laemlein Tom The M1 Carbine in Vietnam American Rifleman a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Foreign Military Assistance and the U S M1 amp M2 Carbines BavarianM1Carbines com 1963 Diagram Group 1991 Weapons An international encyclopedia from 5000 B C to 2000 A D New York St Martin s Press Inc ISBN 0 312 03950 6 Moran Jack William Grace Sir 1959 Spearhead in Malaya 1st ed London Peter Davies p 239 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Crawford Oliver 1958 The Door Marked Malaya 1st ed London Rupert Hart Davis p 88 The Jungle Beat Roy Follows of Fort Brooke and Cameron Highlands Retrieved 29 October 2015 Central Office of Information British Information Services Survey of Current Affairs 1977 H M Stationery Office Goldstein Donald M Dillon Katherine V Wenger J Michael 4 November 1994 Nuts The Battle of the Bulge 1st ed University of Nebraska Press p 75 ISBN 978 0028810690 captured German film shows German officer armed with a M1 carbine in the Battle of the Bulge Dec 1944 McNab Chris 31 July 2002 Unwin Charles C Vanessa U Mike R eds 20th Century Military Uniforms 2nd ed Kent Grange Books p 84 ISBN 1 84013 476 3 Huon Jean March 1992 L armement francais en A F N Gazette des Armes in French No 220 pp 12 16 Walter John 2006 Rifles of the World 3rd ed Iola WI Krause Publications p 147 ISBN 0 89689 241 7 The Death of Che Guevara Declassified The National Security Archive Retrieved 2016 01 24 Da Redacao 25 March 2011 Armas da vida real Real life weapons Super Interessante in Portuguese Retrieved 5 May 2016 Carabina M 1 Bloomfield Lincoln P Leiss Amelia Catherine 30 June 1967 The Control of local conflict a design study on arms control and limited war in the developing areas PDF Vol 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for International Studies p 191 hdl 2027 uiug 30112064404368 Archived PDF from the original on August 4 2020 Liputan6 com This World War Legacy Rifle is Still Used by Malang Police in Indonesian 1 February 2016 McNab 2002 p 17 sfn error no target CITEREFMcNab2002 help David Thompkins Interview GWU 14 February 1999 Retrieved 17 October 2011 Austria s Story Retrieved 29 October 2015 Small Arms Survey Working Papers PDF 4 March 2015 Archived from the original PDF on August 11 2006 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Abbott Peter 20 February 2014 Modern African Wars 4 The Congo 1960 2002 Oxford Osprey Publishing p 37 ISBN 978 1782000761 Montes Julio A May 2000 Infantry Weapons of the Salvadoran Forces Small Arms Review Vol 3 no 8 Hogg Ian V ed 1989 Jane s Infantry Weapons 1989 90 15th Edition Jane s Information Group p 216 ISBN 0 7106 0889 6 U S Carbines in Germany and Austria BavarianM1Carbines com U S M1 Carbine in Germany and the American Occupation Zone Retrieved 29 October 2015 Gander Terry J Hogg Ian V 1 May 1995 Jane s Infantry Weapons 1995 1996 21st ed Jane s Information Group ISBN 978 0 7106 1241 0 Families Acting for Innocent Relatives FAIR Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Improvised Weapons of the Irish Underground Ulster www smallarmsreview com Gianluigi Usai Riccio Ralph January 28 2017 Italian partisan weapons in WWII Schiffer Military History pp 170 171 ISBN 978 0764352102 L armamento dei Carabinieri fbone it in Italian Retrieved 18 July 2020 Ministero della difesa italiano 1955 Armi e mezzi in dotazione all esercito Arms and means supplied to the army in Italian Katz Samuel M Volstad Ron 23 Jun 1988 Israeli Elite Units since 1948 Elite 18 Osprey Publishing p 14 ISBN 9780850458374 Conboy Kenneth 23 November 1989 The War in Laos 1960 75 Men at Arms 217 Osprey Publishing p 15 ISBN 9780850459388 Gander Terry Ness Leland S eds 27 January 2009 Jane s Infantry Weapons 2009 2010 Jane s Information Group p 898 ISBN 978 0710628695 Skennerton 2007 Bak Dongchan March 2021 Korean War Weapons of the United Nations PDF in Korean Republic of Korea Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History pp 29 31 ISBN 979 11 5598 079 8 Plaster John L 20 January 1997 SOG The Secret Wars of America s Commandos in Vietnam 1st ed Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 451 19508 6 Scarlata Paul 1 October 2017 Yugoslav Part II World War II small arms an assortment of small arms from friends and foe alike Firearms News Department of the Army Technical Manual TM9 1276 and Department of the Air Force Technical Order TO39A 5AD 2 Cal 30 Carbines M1 M1A1 M2 and M3 February 1953 Harrison E H 1992 U S Cal 30 Carbine National Rifle Association p 6 Firearms Guide Identification of Firearms Section 1 BATFE Retrieved August 19 2021 Smith W H B May 1990 Small Arms of the World 12th ed Stackpole ISBN 978 0880296014 illustrates an M2 carbine in an M1A1 stock on p 642 and a parts breakdown of the M2 on p 646 is shown with a flat top bolt America s Favorite Gun by Gold V Sanders Popular Science Aug 1944 pp 84 87 221 Canfield June 2007 p 37 Rock Ola M1 Carbine Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 29 October 2015 THE M1 CARBINE OWNER S GUIDE Auto Ordnance M1 Carbines Auto Ordnance com Kahr Arms Archived from the original on 3 May 2006 M1 Carbine American Rifleman Archived from the original on 11 September 2011 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Robert A Sadowski 2014 10 13 Inland Manufacturing Releases American Classic M1 Carbines Tactical Life Gun Magazine Gun News and Gun Reviews Retrieved 29 October 2015 ACS ADVANCED COMBAT SYSTEMS Ltd Hezi SM 1 SecurityArms com 15 March 2001 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Alpine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 AMAC M1 Carbine Retrieved 29 October 2015 AMPRO Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Bullseye Gun Works Miami Florida Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Erma s Firearms Manufacturing Co Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 U S Carbines during the American Occupation of Germany and Austria Bavarian M1 Carbines com Retrieved 29 October 2015 Erma WerkeThe ERMA Werke Model E M1 22 LR Self Loading Rimfire Rifle ERMA Werke Dachau Bavaria Retrieved 29 October 2015 Federal Ordnance Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 The Fulton Armory M1 Carbine Fulton Armory Retrieved 29 October 2015 Global Arms Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 H amp S M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 HOWA M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 About Inland Manufacturing Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Israel Arms International Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Iver Johnson Arms Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Johnston Tucker M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A permanent dead link Millville Ordnance Company Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 National Ordnance M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 NATO M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Plainfield Machine Co Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Rock Island Armory M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A permanent dead link Rowen Becker M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A permanent dead link Springfield Armory Inc Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Texas Armaments M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A permanent dead link Tiroler Sportwaffenfabrik und Apparatenbau GmbH Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Kufstein Austria Retrieved 29 October 2015 Universal Firearms Corp Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Williams Gun Sight M1 Carbines Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Hunting amp Trapping Digest Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Illinois Digest of Hunting and Trapping Regulations 2007 2008 Statewide Deer Hunting Information PDF Illinois Department of Natural Resources p 11 Archived from the original PDF on 27 February 2008 Further reading EditBarnes Frank C Cartridges of the World Iola WI DBI Books Inc ISBN 0 87349 033 9 ISBN 978 0 87349 033 7 6th ed 1989 Canfield Bruce N June 2007 A New Lease on Life The Post World War II M1 Carbine American Rifleman Dunlap Roy F Ordnance Up Front Plantersville SC Small Arms Technical Pub Co The Samworth Press ISBN 1 884849 09 1 1948 George John Lt Col Shots Fired In Anger Second Edition enlarged Washington D C NRA Press ISBN 0 935998 42 X 9780935998429 1981 Hufnagl Wolfdieter U S Karabiner M1 Waffe und Zubehor Motorbuchverlag 1994 IBM Archives Korean War cold weather malfunctions Laemlein Tom The M1 Carbine Stamford CT Historical Archive Press 2006 ISBN 0 9748389 2 6 OCLC 82494967 Marshall S L A Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950 51 1st Report ORO R 13 Project Doughboy Report ORO R 13 of 27 October 1951 Restricted Operations Research Office ORO U S Army 1951 ISBN 0 935856 02 1 ISBN 978 0 935856 02 6 1988 United States Government Departments of the Army and Air Force TM 9 1305 200 TO 11A13 1 101 Small Arms Ammunition Washington DC Departments of the Army and Air Force 1961 U S Army Catalog of Standard Ordnance Items Second Edition 1944 Volume III p 419 Weeks John World War II Small Arms London Orbis Publishing Ltd and New York Galahad Books ISBN 0 88365 403 2 ISBN 978 0 88365 403 3 1979 Riesch Craig U S M1 Carbines Wartime Production 8th Edition North Cape Publications 2019 ISBN 1882391543External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to M1 Carbine US Army M1 Carbine Technical Manual Bonnier Corporation June 1942 Lightweight Carbine Increases Firepower Popular Science Bonnier Corporation pp 79 80 M1 Carbine Article M1 Carbine Family M1 M1A1 M2 M3 The M1 M2 Carbine Magazine FAQ 90th Reference manual page including FM 23 7 Carbine 1942 manual Articles page including information on blank adapting the M1 carbine M1 Carbine page at Modern Firearms M1 Carbine Bayonet M4 Bayonet Knife Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title M1 carbine amp oldid 1136873562, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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